1Brief look at the history of temples in IIT Madras

campusArun Ayyar, Harish Ganapathy, Hemanth C

Alumnus of Department of Electrical Engg., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036.Email: arun.ayyar@gmail.com

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engg., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036Email: agriniharish@gmail.com

Department of Electrical Engg., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036Email: hemanthdreamz@gmail.com

27-February-2014, Vijaya Varsha Maha Shivaratri.

I. INTRODUCTION

Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) was commissioned in 1957. A part of the land for establishment of IITM was

transferred by the Raj bhavan. The land on which the existing hostel zone is located belonged to the then Taramani village.

Some of the erstwhile Taramani villagers and their families still reside in the area outside the existing Taramani gate of IITM.

There are three temples in the IITM campus, namely (i) Sri Jalakantheswara temple on the Delhi Avenue (ii) Sri Peeliamman

Temple on the Delhi Avenue near the stadium (iii) Sri Varasidhdhi Vinayaka Temple behind Taramani Guest House. The

Taramani villagers used to worship the deities in these temples before the establishment of IITM. However, no written material

is available with the temples regarding their history during the pre-IITM period.

To reconstruct the history of these temples, informal interviews were conducted with the people connected to the area before

and during the establishment of IITM. In order to gain the archaeological view point we sought the help of Dr. Nagaswamy,

a renowned archaeologist and epigraphist. He served as the Director of Archaeology of Tamil Nadu state Government for 22

years. This document is a summary of the findings of this exercise.

II. SRI JALAKANTHESWARA TEMPLE

The Jalakantheswara temple is located near the main gate of IITM on the Delhi Avenue. The main deity in this temple

is Lord Shiva worshipped in name of Sri Jalakantheswara along with his consort Devi Katyayani. Prior to the establishment

(a) Sri Jalakantheswara (b) Devi Katyayani

Fig. 1. Photographs of Sri Jalakantheswara and Devi Katyayani

of IITM, the Shiva linga was present under a mandapam with thatched roof near the IITM lake area and was inspiring even

by its size. Residents of the nearby villages offered daily worship to the Shiva lingam. During the establishment of IITM,

the residents of IITM then approached Mahaperiyavaa (Kanchi Kamakoti Peethadhipathi Jagadguru Sri Chandrasekharendra

2Saraswathi Swamiji) about the procedure to be followed for worshipping the linga. He told them to construct a temple and

continue the puja.

When the question of naming the Lord came, He told them that there was no need to give a new name to the lingam

since it had been previously worshipped by Appaya Deekshitar. Appaya Deekshitar (1520-1593) was an Advaita Vedanta

scholar who composed the famous Margabandhu Stotram and Atmarpana stuti. Mahaperiyavaa told that the lingam had been

previously worshipped as Jalakantheswara. He also directed them to check the documents available in the nearby Raj Bhavan

for further details. According to the information furnished by the Controller of Raj Bhavan area in 1959, the precincts of the

temple once formed the route from an ancient place of worship in Vedashreni (present Velachery) to Thiruvanmiyur and had

been frequented by great saints including Appaya Deekshitar. During a recent visit to Kanchipuram, Balaperiyavaa (Kanchi

Kamakoti Peethadhipathi Jagadguru Sri Shankara Vijayendra Saraswathi Swamiji) mentioned that the then king performed the

Shastiabdapurthi (60th birthday) of Appaya Deekshitar in the temple where the Jalakantheshwara lingam had been present.

The construction of the current Jalakantheswara temple started around 1962 and got over by 1965. The vimana Kalasam

of Sri Jalakantheswara is about 300 kg. The first kumbhabhishekam of the Sri Jalakantheswara temple was performed on

18th June, 1965 in the holy presence of Puduperiyavaa (Kanchi Kamakoti Peethadhipathi Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswati

Swamiji). Sringeri Sharada Peethadhipati Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Swamiji visited the temple on 7th November, 1965, while

Mahaperiyavaa himself visited the temple on 20th February, 1966. Based on the information available, the lingam is at least

400 years old.

In the souvenir printed for the Sri Jalakantheswara temple kumbhabhishekam in 1986 the following text is present:

The story of the lingam, summarized from the reading of the Kakabujander Nadi which was with the Raj Bhavan authorities

is as follows:

There was a Gandharva Kumaran by name of Vanavilangan. While he was passing through the sky, he spotted

a lovely lake with a charming swan on it. He attempted to capture and take the swan away but as the swan was

goddess Kali herself, she cursed Vanavilangan that he would become a stone. The gandharva kumaran accepted

the punishment but prayed to the Goddess for redemption. The Goddess relented and commanded him to build a

temple and perform penance as a stone, until he was redeemed by the touch of holy feet of Thrikala Gnanis and saints.

Comforted by this blessing of the Goddess, he built a temple where goddess rested and established a shivalingam at

the foot of which he lays as a stone for ages, until he regained his original form. The lingam was shifted as years

passed, and once a king (hunter) attained salvation by spotting it. Finally a Brahmin Yogi with great efforts lifted

the lingam and planted at the bank of the lake, where it was subsequently found in 1959. The nadi describes the

shivalingam as a composite whole, fusing Lord Jalakantheswara and Devi Katyayani as one cognate expression of

universal peace, prosperity and glory.

The following photographs in Fig.2 and Fig. 3 were taken from souvenir printed during kumbhabhishekam of Sri Jalakan-

theswara temple conducted in 1986. We have included the other photographs in the Photo Gallery section at the end.

Fig. 2. Kumbhabhishekam to Jalakantheswara temple vimanam in presence of Puduperiyavaa. The vimana kalasam is about 300 kg. Also seen in photographProf Krishnamurty.

3Fig. 3. Jagadguru Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Swamiji of Sringeri Sharada peetham visiting Sri Jalakantheswara temple on 07-Nov-1965. Also seen inphotograph Prof Krishnamurty.

Fig. 4. Mahaperiyavaa visiting visiting Sri Jalakantheswara temple on 20-Feb-1966. Also seen in photograph Prof Krishnamurty, Sri Y. S. Ramaswamy andSri T. R. Rajagopal. (Courtesy IITM Heritage center)

4III. SRI DURGA PEELIAMMMAN TEMPLE

This temple is located on the Delhi avenue near the stadium. The main deity in this temple is Goddess Durga Peeliamman

who was worshipped as the grama devata/ yellai amman (the protecting goddess of the village) by the people of the Taramani

village. Before the establishment of IITM, there was small Devi idol which the villagers used to worship. The villagers of

Taramani worshipped Durga Peeliamman as a benevolent goddess as opposed to the usual fierce form associated with any yellai

amman. The vigrahas of Peeliamman and Vinayaka (present in the Vinayaka temple) have been worshipped by the villagers

for many generations.

Fig. 5. Sri Durga Peeliamman temple

Fig. 6. Photograph of Sri Durga Peeliamman

5The people mentioned an interesting ritual which persons with health problems used to undertake once they were cured

of the disease after praying to Goddess Peeliamman. The ritual was called Kodaikalyanam. The afflicted person would

take a shakthi karagam (pot filled with water) on their head and go around the boundaries of other villages which were near

Taramani. The journey would start from Sri Durga Peeliamman temple and go through Thiruvanmiyur, Kottivakkam, Perungudi,

Narayanapuram, Puzhidivakkam , Velachery, etc. villages and finally end at Sri Durga Peeliamman temple. The person would

visit the grama devata temples of each of these villages before returning back to Sri Durga Peeliamman temple. It was believed

Fig. 7. Sketch of route possibly taken for the Kodaikalyanam ritual

that if a person with health problem would pray that they would perform this ritual then it would cure the person of their

health problems. A sketch of the possible route using Google maps is shown in Fig. 7. The exact route taken in those days

would be different from the one shown since we could not locate the grama devata temples of the respective villages.

6IV. SRI VARASIDHDHI VINAYAKA TEMPLE

Sri Varasidhdhi Vinayaka temple is situated in the hostel zone behind Taramani Guest house. The main deity in this temple

is the Varsidhdhi Vinayaka. The temple also houses two Shiva lingas.

A. Sri Varasidhdhi Vinayaka

The erstwhile Taramani villagers say that the Vinayaka murti has been present in its current place since a long time. In fact

one of the persons we spoke to said, Yen paten nukku paten kalatule irundu iruku. (The Ganesha murti has been there since

the time of my grandfathers grandfather). This easily makes it at least 200 years old.

Fig. 8. Vigraha of Sri Varasidhdhi Vinayaka

B. Bhajana Matam and Tulasi Maadam

The people we spoke to mentioned that there was also a matam with a Mahavishnu photo next to the Vinayaka murti where

the villagers used to conduct bhajans in the month of Margazhi (Dec-15 to Jan-15). There was also a tulasi maadam, which

can be seen even now. As of today, the bhajana matam does not exist. However, the same space is used for conducting lectures

on Bhagavad Gita on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

Fig. 9. Tulasi maadam and Bhajana matam

7C. Sri Adipureeshwara Lingam

The svayambhu Shiva Lingam adjacent to Sri Varasidhi Vinayaka is worshipped as Sri Adipureeshwara. There was a security

officer by name of T. N. Venkatraman who joined IITM during its establishment in 1959. He resided in the building where the

current Taramani Guest House exists. He was also affectionately called as Bullet Iyer since he rode a Royal Enfield Bullet.

At that time, the place next to the Vinayaka murti was full of thorns and dense growth. He found the svayambhu Shiva lingam

in the bushes and did the initial pujas.

When Mahaperiyavaa visited the Jalakantheswara temple on 20th February 1966, He also visited this temple and performed

pujas to both Sri Varasidhdhi Vinayaka and Sri Adipureeshwara. This information was provided to us by Smt. Shanta

Venkatraman (aged 85), w/o late T. N. Venkatraman who resides in Adyar.

Brahmashri. Somu Gurukal, who was the priest at the temple during the years (1976-2008), currently serving at Dandeesh-

waram temple, when contacted gave more information about Sri Adipureeshwara. He told that Puduperiyavaa visited this

temple around 1975-1976. During his visit, Puduperiyavaa kept his dandam on the lingam and went into deep meditation for

few minutes. He then instructed Somu Gurukal to take proper care of Shri Adipureeshwara since the murti is a svayambhu

murti and also told him to establish an aavudayar (support stone structure surrounding the lingam). Due to financial constraints

at that point of time, Shri Venkatraman provided a temporary cement aavudayar which still exists. Somu Gurukal also cites

several instances when he found a snake curled around the lingam.

Later in 2000, in order to preserve the deity a copper kavacham was adorned to the lord. The kavacham is removed for 3

days in a year starting from purnima of thiru karthigai month according to tamil almanac. During this period sambrani tailam

is applied in order to prevent the formation of moths and insects etc.

(a) Sri Adipureeshwara Lingam (b) Sri Adipureeshwara with Kavacham

Fig. 10.

D. Nandi

In front of the Adipureeshwara Shiva linga is a Nandi. Different views of the Nandi are shown in Fig. 11.

Fig. 11. Different views of Nandi in front of Sri Adipureeshwara in the Vinayaka Temple

From an archaeological viewpoint, Dr. Nagaswamys scholarly view points about the Nandi are very interesting. According

to him, the Nandi was sculpted during the Pallava period. The Pallava period ended around 850 A.D. The Pallava sculptors

8fashioned the Nandi after a variety of bull called the Nellore/Ongole Bull. The speciality of this variety was that the distance

from the hump to the tail was larger than that of the other bulls. Also this variety was characterised by a distinct hump,

short ears and small horns. The Nandis sculpted during the Pallava period had the aforementioned characteristics while those

sculpted during the later Chola and Pandya periods did not have them. The nandi is sculpted from laterite stone. It is red in

color, but years of abhishekam have made the color black. He estimated the Nandis age to be atleast 1200 years.

E. Sri Kailasanatha Lingam

This Shiva lingam is present behind the Vinayaka Sannidhi. While digging for the foundation of the Ganga hostel, this

lingam was found in the ground. The lingam was initially placed behind CCW office. In 2005, the lingam was shifted to

Vinayaka temple and placed behind the Vinayaka Sannidhi under a Bilva tree.

Fig. 12. Sri Kailasanatha beneath the bilva tree

F. Black Stone behind Nandi

There is a tall black stone about 3 feet high behind the Nandi as shown in Fig. 13. A photograph of the stone is shown

Fig. 13. Arrangement of Sri Adipureeshwara, Nandi and the stone in the Vinayaka Temple

in Fig. 14(a). The photograph shows some distinct inscriptions on the stone. Towards the bottom of the stone, 3 lines can be

seen which could possibly represent the symbol of a Trishul (trident).

9(a) Photo of the Stone (b) Wet paper on Stone

Fig. 14.

To read the inscriptions clearly, they had to be transferred on to a paper. This process is called stone rubbing. One of the

team members had the experience of performing the process while briefly working with Dr. V Vedachalam, a noted epigraphist.

The procedure used was as follows:

Wet unbleached thick paper is put on the stone and beaten with a brush till an impression is formed on the paper.

A specially prepared dye is then applied gently on the surface. As a result the depressed region will not be dark.

The paper is then removed carefully and dried.

Fig. 14(b) shows the result at the end of the above mentioned procedure. As seen from the figure, the visibility of the inscriptions

has improved drastically.

(a) Lower inscription- Pandya emblem (b) Upper inscription - Vijayanagar emblem

Fig. 15.

Looking at the imprint, Dr. Nagaswamy said that it has two sets of inscriptions, (i) the lower one is the older one while the

(ii) upper one is a later inscription. He explained the inscriptions as follows:

10

The lower inscription contains a sun, a moon and a sceptre. In addition it also contains two curved lines on the sides.

The two curved lines are actually parts of two fishes. Hence, the complete inscription consists of a sun, a moon, a sceptre

in the centre and two fishes on the sides. This was the old royal emblem of the Pandya empire. On stone, the Pandyas

used to inscribe the fishes vertically and not horizontally. This emblem might have been engraved in the 12th century.

The inscription on the top consists of a bull. Bull was the emblem used by the Vijayanagara empire. This emblem might

have been engraved in the 15th century.

Based on the symbols present, he concluded that the stone might have been a boundary stone used to mark a geographical

area like a village. Since the symbols of two different empires are intact, it was likely that the boundary which was drawn

during the Pandya reign remained the same during the Vijayanagara reign too.

V. DURGA DEVI VIGRAHA

During our meetings with the Taramani villagers, Sri Elumalai mentioned that there is a small vigraha of Sri Durga Devi

beneath a banyan tree near swimming pool which the villagers used to worship. The vigraha is made of black stone. Shown

below is the photograph of the vigraha.

Fig. 16. Vigraha of Durga Devi.

Dr. Nagaswamy estimates the age of this vigraha to be same as that of the Nandi present in front of Sri Adipureeshwara

shrine. Hence, this vigraha of the Sri Durga Devi is also around 1200 years old. He is also of the opinion that the vigraha

might be that of one of the 7 matrukas (7 divine mothers).

VI. MISCELLANEOUS

Consider the following temples : (a) Sri Dandeeswaram temple in Velachery (b) Sri Marundeeswarar temple in Thiruvanmiyur

(c) Sri Kapaleeswarar temple in Mylapore and (d) Karaneeswarar temple in Saidapet. Few devotees mentioned that Sri Jalakan-

theswara temple is in line with 2 of the above mentioned 4 temples. Some devotees also mentioned that Sri Jalakantheswara

temple is at the centroid of the triange formed by taking 3 out of the 4 temples.

In Fig. 17 we present the location of all the temples on google maps. As can be seen from Fig. 17, location of Sri

Jalakantheswara temple is not exactly on the line joining Sri Marundeeswarar and Sri Karaneeswarar temples nor is itexactly

on the line joining Sri Kapaleeswarar and Sri Dandeeshwaram temples. The location of Sri Jalakantheswara temple is also not

the centroid of any of the triangles. However, since the Sri Jalakantheswara lingam was found near the lake region, we included

a marker in the approximate location, which may seem to be at the centroid of the triangle formed by Sri Karaneeswarar, Sri

Marundeeswarar and Sri Dandeeswaram temples.

11

Fig. 17. Map with location of various temples.

VII. SUMMARY

In this article, we have described the rich history of the temples in the IITM campus. We have also included some rare

photographs so that they are preserved for posterity. The Nandi, the black stone in Sri Adipureeshwara temple and the Durga

Devi vigraha are pieces of great archaeological importance which should be preserved with great care.

VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are extremely thankful to the Taramani villagers, the members of Shri T. N. Venkatramans family, Brahmashri. Somu

Gurukal, members of Temple Samajam, Sri Gnanasekaran, Sri V. Balasubramanian, Shri Chandrashekaran, Sri Subramanian

for providing us with the necessary information for compiling this document. Special thanks are due to Shri M. J. Shankar

Raman for arranging meetings with Dr. Nagaswamy. We cannot express our gratitude enough to Dr. Nagaswamy for spending

his time and giving detailed scholarly explanations. We would like to extend special thanks to Shri D. K . Natarajan, Prof

Radhakrishnan, Prof Ajit kumar Kolar and IITM Heritage center for providing us with some rare photos. Finally we would

like to thank our friends whose critical comments helped in improving the quality of the document.

IX. REFERENCES

Informal interviews with people of Taramani village, namely 1) Sri Bharathi Mudaliar (age-70) 2) Sri Thiagarajan Pillai

(age-87) 3) Sri Elumalai (age-80) 4) Sri Govindaswamy (age-80) 5) Sri Vedachalam (age- 75) 6) Sri Kodandaraman

(Age-75) 7) Sri Manavalan (age-85).

Informal interviews with present and retired-staff of IITM - 1) Sri Thiagarajan (present staff) 2) Sri K. Venkatraman

(retired staff) 3) Prof Radhakrishnan (retired faculty - Civil dept).

Informal interview with family members of Late Shri T.N. Venkatraman - 1)Smt. Shantha Venkatraman (wife) 2) Shri

Vasudev (son-in-law) 3) Rama (daughter).

Informal interview with Brahmasri. Somu Gurukal.

Informal interview with Brahmasri Ramakrishna Deekshitar (descendant of Sri Appaya Deekshitar) in Kanchipuram.

Granite commemoration stones in Jalakantheswara temple.

Sri Jalakantheswara temple Kumbhabhishekam Temple souviner-1986.

X. REQUEST

We request the people with any extra information/photo about the above mentioned temples to kindly contact us on our

email ids or to contact the temple samajam office in Sri Jalakantheswara temple.

12

XI. PHOTO GALLERY

In this section, we present the photographs taken during the visit of some noted personalities such as Sri Abhinava

Theertha swamiji, Mahaperiyavaa, Puduperiyavaa and Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore to Sri

Jalakantheswara temple.

Fig. 18. Photograph taken inside Sri Jalakantheswara temple during the visit of Sri Abhinava Vidyateertha swamiji. Also seen in photograph are Shri Y. S.Ramaswamy, Prof Krishnamurthy and Prof E. G. Ramachandran. (Courtesy IITM Heritage Center)

Fig. 19. Sri Abhinava Vidyateertha swamiji planting a tree in Sri Jalakantheswara temple. Also seen in photograph are Shri Y. S. Ramaswamy, ProfKrishnamurthy. (Courtesy IITM Heritage Center)

13

Fig. 20. Mahaperiyavaa welcomed with a Poornakumbham. Also seen are Krishnaswamy (with folded hands), Prof Krishnamurthy. (Courtesy Sri D. K.Natarajan)

Fig. 21. Harati being performed to Mahaperiyavaa. Also seen in the photgraph are Sri Y.S. Ramaswamy (Superintendent Engg), Sri Krishnaswamy (withfolded hands), Prof R. Radhakrishnan (Civil Engg) (only head is seen), Sri Ananthanarayanan (Asst Engg), Sri T R Rajagopal (Asst Registrar). (Courtesy SriD. K. Natarajan)

14

Fig. 22. Puduperiyavaa being welcomed in the IITM campus. Also seen are - Prof Radhakrishnan and Prof Shrikantakumaraswamy. (Courtesy Prof RRadhakrishnan)

Fig. 23. Puduperiyavaa within Sri Jalakantheswara temple premises. Also seen are Sri Y.S.Ramaswamy, Sri Krishnaswamy and Prof Krishnamurthy. (CourtesySri D. K. Natarajan)

15

Fig. 24. Puduperiyavaa during first kumbhabhishekam of Jalaknatheswara temple. Also seen are Mr. Krishnaswamy and Prof Krishnamurthy. (Courtesy SriD. K. Natarajan)

Fig. 25. Puduperiyavaa planting a tree in Sri Jalakantheswara temple. Also seen in photograph are Shri Y. S. Ramaswamy, Prof Krishnamurthy. (CourtesyIITM Heritage center)

16

Fig. 26. Puduperiyavaa in Sri Jalakantheswara temple. Also seen in photograph are Shri Y. S. Ramaswamy, Prof Krishnamurthy. (Courtesy IITM Heritagecenter)

Fig. 27. Photograph taken during the first kumbhabhishekam in 1965. Seen in the photograph are Prof Sengupto (Director IITM), Sri Y. S. Ramaswamy,Prof R Radhakrishnan, Prof Krishnamurthy. (Courtesy IITM Heritage center)

17

Fig. 28. Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore in Sri Jalakantheswara temple. Also seen in the photograph are Sri Y. S. Ramaswamyand Prof Krishnamurthy. (Courtesy IITM Heritage center)

Fig. 29. Sri Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore in Sri Jalakantheswara temple. Also seen in the photograph are Sri Y. S. Ramaswamy,Prof E. G. Ramachandran, Sri S.V. Sethunathan (Registrar), Sri T R Rajagopal (Asst. Registrar). (Courtesy IITM Heritage center)