tema 2: penerokaan unsur dalam alam bab 5 sebatian karbon

Sebatian KarbonCarbon Compounds

Konsep PENTINGIMPORTANT concepts

5BIDANGPEMBELAJARAN

BA

B

APAKAH ITU SEBATIAN KARBON? WHAT IS CARBON COMPOUND?

Karbon ialah unsur asas semua bentuk hidupan dan bahan semula jadi serta buatan manusia di sekeliling kita. Tahukah anda karbohidrat dan protein yang merupakan binaan asas sel adalah contoh-contoh sebatian karbon?Carbon is the basic element of all life forms as well as various natural and man-made objects around us. Did you know that carbohydrates and proteins which are the basic building blocks of cells are examples of carbon compounds?

TEMA 2: Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam

HidrokarbonHydrocarbons

AlkanaAlkane

Sebatian organikdan bukan organikOrganic and inorganic compounds

Sebatian tepu dan tak tepuSaturated and unsaturated compounds

Dari karbon 1 hingga 6From carbon 1 to 6

Penghasilan alkoholProduction of alcohol

Ciri-ciri alkoholCharacteristics of alcohol

Tindak balasalkoholReactions of alcohol

Melalui penapaianThroughfermentation

Dari karbon 1 hingga 6From carbon 1 to 6

AlkenaAlkene

Contoh: larutdalam air Example: dissolvein water

Pembakaran dan PengesteranCombustion andesterification

Buah kelapa sawitOil palm fruit

Pembuatan sabunMaking of soap

Tindakanpencucian sabunCleansing action of soaps

Pengekstrakan minyak sawitExtraction of palm oil

Lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepuSaturated and unsaturated fats

Jenis lemakTypes of fat

MelaluisaponifikasiThroughsaponification

Melibatkanmolekul sabunInvolve soapmolecule

as as

asas as

asas as

Faktor penghubungRelating factors

iaituthat is


iaituthat is

Sebatian karbonCarbon compounds


iaituthat is

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NOTA BESTARI

Sebatian Karbon 1. Sebatian karbon organik ialah sebatian karbon yang

berasal daripada benda hidup. Contohnya ialah kanji, protein, alkohol dan minyak sawit.

2. Sebatian karbon bukan organik ialah sebatian karbon yang bukan berasal daripada benda hidup. Contohnya ialah karbon dioksida dan kalsium karbonat (marmar).

Carbon Compounds 1. Organic carbon compounds are compounds of carbon

derived from living things. Examples are starch, proteins, alcohol and palm oil.

2. Inorganic carbon compounds are compounds of carbon which are not derived from living things. Examples are carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate (marble).

Kitar Karbon 1. Kitar karbon ialah proses peredaran karbon yang

berlaku antara benda hidup dan persekitarannya. 2. Kitar karbon mengekalkan kandungan karbon dioksida

di atmosfera.

The Carbon Cycle 1. Carbon cycle is the process of circulation of carbon

which occurs between living things and their environment.

2. The carbon cycle maintains carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.

Sebatian Hidrokarbon 1. Sebatian hidrokarbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi

unsur hidrogen dan karbon sahaja. 2. Petroleum, gas asli dan arang batu ialah contoh-contoh

sumber asli hidrokarbon.

Hydrocarbon Compounds 1. Hydrocarbon compounds are compounds that contain

only hydrogen and carbon elements. 2. Petroleum, natural gas and coal are examples of

natural resources of hydrocarbon.

Alkana dan Alkena 1. Alkana ialah sebatian hidrokarbon tepu. 2. Alkana boleh diwakili oleh satu formula am iaitu

CnH2n+2 di mana n = 1, 2, 3, … Simbol ‘n’ mewakili bilangan atom karbon dalam molekul alkana.

3. Alkena ialah sebatian hidrokarbon tak tepu. 4. Alkena boleh diwakili oleh satu formula am iaitu CnH2n

di mana n = 2, 3, 4, …

Alkane and Alkene 1. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon compounds. 2. Alkanes can be represented by a general formula

CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3,.... The symbol ‘n’ represents the number of carbon atoms in an alkane molecule.

3. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds. 4. Alkenes can be represented by a general formula CnH2n

where n = 2, 3, 4, …

Alkohol 1. Alkohol boleh disediakan secara penapaian ke atas

makanan berkarbohidrat dan ditulenkan secara penyulingan.

2. Alkohol (etanol) merupakan cecair tidak berwarna, pelarut organik yang baik, terbakar dengan nyalaan biru tanpa jelaga dalam oksigen yang berlebihan untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air.

3. Alkohol bertindak balas dengan asid organik seperti asid etanoik menghasilkan ester yang berbau harum atau buah-buahan. Asid sulfurik pekat ditambahkan sebagai mangkin. Tindak balas yang berlaku disebut tindak balas pengesteran.

4. Alkohol digunakan sebagai pelarut dalam kosmetik seperti minyak wangi, losyen cukur dan varnis kuku, dan sebagai pelarut bagi syelek dan dakwat percetakan.

5. Pengambilan alkohol yang berlebihan (etanol) akan menjejaskan deria penglihatan, pendengaran dan percakapan, dan boleh menyebabkan sirosis hati.

Alcohol 1. Alcohol can be prepared by fermentation on

carbohydrate foods and purified by distillation. 2. Alcohol (ethanol) is a colourless liquid, good organic

solvent, burns with a sootless blue flame in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

3. Alcohol reacts with organic acids such as ethanoic acid to produce esters with a fragrant or fruity smell. Concentrated sulphuric acid is added as a catalyst. This reaction is called esterification.

4. Alcohol is used as a solvent in cosmetics such as perfumes, shaving lotions and nail polish and as a solvent for shellac and printing ink.

5. Excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) will affect the sense of sight, hearing and speech, and may cause liver cirrhosis.

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Lemak dan Kesannya Terhadap Kesihatan 1. Lemak ialah sebatian karbon organik yang mengandungi

unsur karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen. 2. Contoh lemak tepu ialah lemak ayam dan minyak sapi. 3. Contoh lemak tak tepu ialah minyak zaitun dan minyak

kelapa. 4. Pengambilan lemak tepu (lemak haiwan) secara

berlebihan pada tempoh masa yang panjang boleh menyebabkan pemendapan kolesterol pada saluran darah yang mungkin akan mengakibatkan strok, tekanan darah tinggi dan serangan jantung.

5. Pengambilan lemak tak tepu adalah baik untuk kesihatan. Lemak tak tepu dapat menurunkan kepekatan kolesterol dalam darah.

6. Lemak tepu (marjerin) boleh disediakan daripada lemak tak tepu (minyak sawit) dengan menambahkan atom hidrogen kepada molekul lemak tak tepu dalam tindak balas penghidrogenan.

Fats and Their Effects on Health 1. Fats are organic carbon compounds that contain

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 2. Examples of saturated fats are chicken fat and ghee. 3. Examples of unsaturated fats are olive oil and coconut

oil. 4. Excessive consumption of saturated fat (animal fat)

can cause the deposition of cholesterol in blood vessels that may lead to stroke, high blood pressure and heart attack.

5. Consumption of unsaturated fat is good for health. Unsaturated fat can lower cholesterol concentrations in the blood.

6. Saturated fats (margarine) can be prepared from unsaturated fats (palm oil) by adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty molecules in the hydrogenation reaction.

Minyak Sawit 1. Minyak sawit digunakan untuk membuat pembersih

muka dan dakwat percetakan. 2. Minyak sawit sesuai digunakan sebagai minyak masak

kerana tidak berbuih pada suhu tinggi dan tidak mengandungi kolesterol.

3. Institut seperti Penyelidikan Minyak Sawit Malaysia (PORIM) dan Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB) telah menjalankan banyak penyelidikan untuk membangunkan industri minyak kelapa sawit Malaysia.

Palm Oil 1. Palm oil is used for making facial cleansers and printing

inks. 2. Palm oil is suitable as cooking oil as it does not foam

at high temperatures and contains no cholesterol. 3. Organisations such as the Palm Oil Research Institute

of Malaysia (PORIM) and Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) have conducted extensive research to develop the Malaysian palm oil industry.

Pembuatan Sabun 1. Minyak sayuran seperti minyak kelapa sawit, minyak

kelapa dan minyak zaitun boleh digunakan untuk membuat sabun melalui proses saponifikasi.

2. Proses pembuatan sabun disebut saponifikasi. Minyak sayuran + natrium hidroksida → sabun + gliserol

Manufacture of Soap 1. Vegetable oils such as palm oil, coconut oil and olive

oil can be used for making soap through the process of saponification.

2. The process of making soap is called saponification. Vegetable oil + sodium hydroxide → soap + glycerol

Tindakan Pencucian Sabun 1. Sabun ialah agen pencuci yang digunakan untuk

menanggalkan kotoran bahan organik. 2. Sabun mengurangkan ketegangan permukaan air

supaya air dapat membasahi permukaan bahan. 3. Molekul sabun terdiri daripada dua bahagian:

(a) bahagian kepala atau hidrofilik yang larut dalam air

(b) bahagian ekor atau hidrofobik yang larut dalam kotoran seperti minyak atau gris.

4. Semasa pencucian, kotoran diemulsi dan dipecahkan menjadi titisan-titisan kecil. Apabila air dikocak, bahagian kepala molekul sabun yang larut dalam air dibawa ke atas oleh air. Seterusnya, bahagian ekor yang larut dalam kotoran ditarik oleh bahagian kepala. Buih sabun menyebabkan gris terapung. Kotoran tertanggal.

The Cleansing Action of Soap 1. Soap is a cleaning agent used for removing organic

dirt. 2. Soap reduces the surface tension of water so that

water can wet the surface of the material. 3. The soap molecule consists of two parts:

(a) the head or hydrophilic part which is soluble in water

(b) the tail or hydrophobic part which is soluble in dirt such as oil or grease.

4. During washing, the dirt is emulsified and broken down into small droplets. When water is agitated, the head of the soap molecules which dissolve in water is brought up to the surface by the water. Then, the oil-soluble tail is pulled by the head. Soap bubbles cause grease to float. The grease is removed.

Nota Grafik

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2007 BHG. B, S7(a) & (c) 2011 BHG. C, S12(b)

1 Lengkapkan peta konsep yang berikut tentang pengelasan sebatian karbon. Kemudian, berikan maksud sebatian karbon, sebatian karbon organik dan sebatian karbon bukan organik. TP1

Complete the following concept map on the classification of carbon compounds. Then, give the meanings of carbon compounds, organic carbon compounds and inorganic carbon compounds.

Karbon dioksida Hidupan Arang batu Gula Etanol KertasCarbon dioxide Living things Coal Sugar Ethanol PaperKain kapas Minyak sawit Bukan hidupan Karbon Kalsium karbonat (marmar)Cotton cloth Palm oil Non-living things Carbon Calcium carbonate (marble)

Sebatian karbon organikOrganic carbon compounds

Sebatian karbon bukan organikInorganic carbon compounds

contoh examples contoh examples

dikelaskan kepada are classified into

(a) Sebatian karbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur karbon .

Carbon compounds are compounds that contain carbon element.

(b) Sebatian karbon organik ialah sebatian karbon yang berasal daripada hidupan .

Organic carbon compounds are carbon compounds which originate from living things .

(c) Sebatian bukan organik ialah sebatian karbon yang berasal daripada bukan hidupan .

Inorganic compounds are carbon compounds which originate from non-living things .

Gula, etanol, minyak sawit, arang batu, kain kapas, kertasSugar, ethanol, palm oil, coal, cotton cloth, paper

Karbon dioksida, kalsium karbonat (marmar)Carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate (marble)

Sebatian karbon/Carbon compounds

Standard Kandungan5.1 Pengenalan sebatian karbon Tarikh:

AKTIVITIPERBINCANGAN Konstruktivisme

PBD 5.1 Sebatian karbon dan kitar karbonCarbon compounds and carbon cycle

Praktis Kendiri

2013 BHG. B, S7(a)

2 Berdasarkan pernyataan di bawah, nyatakan proses-proses yang berlaku dalam kitar karbon yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah yang berikut. TP1 Based on the statement below, state the processes that occur in the carbon cycle shown in the following diagram.

Kitar karbon mengekalkan kandungan karbon dalam alam semula jadi.The carbon cycle maintains the carbon content of nature.

Panduan/Guide:Respirasi/RespirationFotosintesis/PhotosynthesisPembakaran/CombustionRespirasi/RespirationPenguraian/Decomposition

Proses/Processes:

P: Fotosintesis/Photosynthesis

Q: Respirasi/Respiration

R: Penguraian/Decomposition

S: Respirasi/Respiration

T: Pembakaran/Combustion

Karbon dioksidaCarbon dioxide

TS

R

QP

RumputGrass

Dimakan oleh haiwanEaten by animals

Diuraikan oleh penguraiDecomposed by decomposers

Buku teks m/s 142 – 144

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Tarikh:

EKSPERIMENINKUIRI Penemuan

Inkuiri

PBD5.2

Standard Kandungan5.2 Hidrokarbon

Penyulingan berperingkat petroleumFractional distillation of petroleum

KBATKBAT

Mengkaji proses penyulingan berperingkat petroleum To study the fractional distillation of petroleum

Minyak mentah (petroleum), ais, kapas kaca, tabung didih, penunu Bunsen, kaki retort dan pengapit, tabung uji, penyumbat, termometer (–10°C hingga 360°C), bikar 250 ml, tiub penghantar, mangkuk pijarCrude oil (petroleum), ice, glass wool, boiling tube, Bunsen burner, retort stand and clamp, test tube, stopper, thermometer (–10°C to 360°C), 250 ml beaker, delivery tube, crucible

PanaskanHeat

Termometer (–10°C hingga 360°C) Thermometer (–10°C to 360°C)

Tabung ujiTest tube

Salur penghantarDelivery tube

AisIce

Minyak mentahCrude oil

Wul kacaGlass wool

Pecahan petroleumPetroleum fraction

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas.Set up the apparatus as shown in the above diagram.

2 Masukkan kira-kira 20 cm3 minyak mentah ke dalam tabung didih bersama sedikit wul kaca.Add about 20 cm3 of crude oil into the boiling tube together with some glass wool.

3 Panaskan minyak mentah dalam tabung didih secara perlahan-lahan.Heat the crude oil in the boiling tube slowly.

4 Kumpulkan tiga pecahan petroleum pertama yang tersuling keluar pada suhu yang berikut:Collect the first three fractions that are distilled at the following temperatures:

Pecahan/Fraction Suhu (°C)/Temperature (°C)

PertamaFirst

30 – 80

KeduaSecond

80 – 150

KetigaThird

150 – 230

KeempatFourth

230 – 250

5 Bagi setiap pecahan petroleum yang terkumpul, bandingkan warna dan kelikatannya.For each petroleum fraction collected, compare the colour and viscosity.

6 Bakar setiap pecahan petroleum dalam mangkuk pijar. Perhatikan kemudahan terbakar, warna nyalaan dan kuantiti jelaga yang terhasil.Burn each petroleum fraction in a crucible. Observe the flammability, the colour of the flame and the amount of soot produced.

Tujuan

Bahan danRadas

ProsedurGaleri InfoGaleri Info

• Semua pecahan petroleum tidak larut dalam air.All the petroleum fractions do not dissolve in water.

• Wul kaca diguna-kan untuk memecahkan gelembung udara. Ais digunakan dalam bikar untuk mengkondensasi-kan wap menjadi cecair.Glass wool is used to break up gas bubbles. Ice is used in the beaker to condense the vapour into a liquid.

• Petroleum (minyak mentah) ialah cecair hitam yang likat.Petroleum (crude oil) is a black viscous liquid.

(Demonstrasi Guru/Teacher’s demonstration)

Video


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1 Apakah proses pengasingan pecahan petroleum dalam aktiviti ini? TP1

What is the process of separation of the petroleum fractions in this activity?Penyulingan berperingkat/Fractional distillation

2 Apakah sifat petroleum yang membolehkannya diasingkan kepada pecahan-pecahannya? TP2

What is the characteristic of petroleum that enables it to be separated into fractions?

Pecahan-pecahan petroleum mempunyai takat didih yang berlainan.

The petroleum fractions have different boiling points .

3 Pilih perkataan yang sesuai tentang hubungan antara takat didih pecahan dengan sifat pecahan./Choose the suitable words about the relationship between the boiling point of the fraction and the characteristics of the fraction. TP2

Semakin tinggi takat didih, semakin (terang, gelap) warnanya, semakin (kurang likat, likat) pecahan itu, semakin (mudah, sukar) terbakar pecahan itu dan semakin (kurang, banyak) jelaga nyalaannya akan terhasil.The higher the boiling point, the (lighter, darker) the colour, the (less viscous, more viscous) the fraction, the (easier, more difficult) it is for the fraction to burn and the (less, more) soot the flame will produce.

4 Pecahan petroleum terdiri daripada campuran sebatian hidrokarbon. Berikan maksud sebatian hidrokarbon./Petroleum fractions consist of a mixture of hydrocarbon compound. Give the meaning of hydrocarbon compounds. TP2

Sebatian yang mengandungi unsur hidrogen dan karbon sahaja.

Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon elements.

5 Tandakan ( ✓ ) sumber-sumber sebatian hidrokarbon dalam alam semula jadi.Tick ( ✓ ) the sources of hydrocarbon compounds in nature. TP1

Bahan radioaktifRadioactive substance

PetroleumPetroleum

Gas asliNatural gas

Arang batuCoal

✓ ✓ ✓

6 Nyatakan dua jenis sebatian hidrokarbon yang terdapat dalam petroleum.State two types of hydrocarbon compound found in petroleum. TP1

Sebatian hidrokarbon tepu dan tak tepu .Saturated and Unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds.

Pecahan-pecahan petroleum dapat diasingkan melalui penyulingan berperingkat

disebabkan setiap pecahan petroleum mempunyai takat didih yang berlainan.

Petroleum fractions can be separated by fractional distillation because the petroleum

fractions have a different boiling points .

PemerhatianPecahanFraction

WarnaColour

KelikatanViscosity

Keboleh-bakaran

Flammability

Warna nyalaanColour of the

flame

Kuantiti jelaga

Amount of soot

1Tidak berwarnaColourless

Tidak likat/Not viscous

Sangat mudahVery easy

KuningYellow

SedikitA little

2Tidak berwarnaColourless

Tidak likat/Not viscous

MudahEasy

KuningYellow

BanyakA lot

3

Kuning mudaLight yellow

Sedikit likatSlightly viscous

SukarDifficult

KuningYellow

Lebih banyakMore

4 KuningYellow

Lebih likat/More

Paling sukarthe most

KuningYellow

Paling banyakThe most

Perbincangan

Kesimpulan

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Tarikh:


PBD 5.3 Siri homolog alkana dan alkenaHomologous series of alkane and alkene

1 Tuliskan formula molekul dan formula struktur bagi alkana dan alkena. TP1

Write the molecular and structural formulas of alkane and alkene. (a) Alkana/Alkane (Hidrokarbon tepu dengan hanya ikatan kovalen tunggal di antara atom karbon Saturated hydrokarbon with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms)

Formula am/General formula = CnH2n+2bilangan atom karbon/number of carbon atoms, n = 1, 2, 3, …

n Penamaan Naming

Formula molekulMolecular formula

Formula strukturStructural formula

1 Metana Methane

CH4 H|

H – C – H|

H

2 EtanaEthane

C2H6 H H | |

H – C – C – H | | H H

3 PropanaPropane

C3H8 H H H | | |

H – C – C – C – H | | | H H H

4 ButanaButane

C4H10 H H H H | | | |

H – C – C – C – C – H | | | | H H H H

5 PentanaPentane

C5H12 H H H H H | | | | |

H – C – C – C – C – C – H | | | | | H H H H H

6 HeksanaHexane

C6H14 H H H H H H | | | | | |

H – C – C – C – C – C – C – H | | | | | | H H H H H H

(b) Alkena/Alkene (Hidrokarbon tak tepu dengan ikatan kovalen ganda dua antara atom karbon Saturated hydrocarbon with a double covalent bonds between carbon atoms)

Formula am/General formula = CnH2nbilangan atom karbon/number of carbon atoms, n = 2, 3, 4, …

n Penamaan Naming


Formula strukturStructural molecule

1 Etena Ethene

C2H4 H H | |

H – C C – H


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n Penamaan Naming


Formula strukturStructural molecule

2 PropenaPropene

C3H6 H H H | | |

H – C C – C – H | H

3 ButenaButene

C4H8 H H H H | | | |

H – C C – C – C – H | | H H

4 PentenaPentene

C5H10 H H H H H | | | | |

H – C C – C – C – C – H | | | H H H

5 HeksenaHexene

C6H12 H H H H H H | | | | | |

H – C – C – C – C – C C – H | | | | H H H H

2 Baca petikan di bawah./Read the passange below. TP2

Bahan kumbahan membebaskan gas metana hasil daripada pereputan bahan buangan organik. Terdapat negara yang menggunakan gas metana sebagai sumber tenaga alternatif. Tenaga biojisim tersebut merupakan tenaga boleh baharu./Sewages release methane gas as a result of decomposition of organic wastes. There are countries that use methane gas as an alternative source of energy. This biomass energy is a renewable energy.

Lengkapkan petikan di bawah tentang tenaga biojisim. TP2

Complete the passage below about biomass energy.

Mereput/Decay Najis lembu/Cow dungGas metana/Methane gas Tangki penapaian/Fermentation tank

Bahan seperti najis lembu disimpan

dalam sebuah tangki penapaian atau pencerna

yang tertutup dan dibiarkan mereput .

Kemudian, gas metana yang terhasil disalurkan melalui paip untuk tujuan pemanasan dan memasak.

Material such as cow dung is placed in

a closed fermentation tank or digester and left to decay . The methane gas that is

formed is piped away to be used for heating and cooking.

AKTIVITI HANDS-ONProjek 2: Sumber tenaga alternatif dan tenaga boleh baharu. (rujuk silang m.s.139 – 140).Project 2: Alternative energy sources and renewable energy. (cross reference pp.139 – 140).

Video

Biojisim (hasil buangan haiwan dan tumbuhan Biomass (animal and plant waste)

Paip salur masukInlet pipe

Paip gasGas pipe

Tangki penapaian (pencerna)Fermentationtank (digester)

Gas metanaMethane gas

Paip jalur keluarOutlet pipe

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2008 BHG. A, S4(c) & (d) 2013 BHG. B, S8(a) & (d)(i) 2015 BHG. A, S4(a) & (c) 2017 BHG. B, S5(a)(i), (b) & (c)

Menghasilkan etanol tulen melalui proses penapaian dan penyulinganTo produce pure ethanol through the processes of fermentation and distillation

Larutan glukosa, yis, air kapur, kelalang kon, tabung uji, penyumbat getah, salur penghantar, bikar, kelalang penyulingan, kondenser Liebig, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, termometer, bikar, salur getah, kaki retort Glucose solution, yeast, limewater, conical flask, test tube, rubber stopper, delivery tube, beaker, distillation flask, Liebig condenser, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, thermometer, beaker, rubber hose, retort stand

Jalankan aktiviti-aktiviti yang berikut. Kemudian, rekodkan pemerhatian dan berikan inferens anda.Carry out the following activities. Then, record the observations and give your inferences.

AktivitiActivity

Pemerhatian dan inferensObservation and inference

A.

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2 Tambah dua spatula yis ke dalam larutan glukosa.Add two spatulas of yeast into the glucose solution.

3 Biarkan radas selama dua hingga tiga hari dan rekodkan perubahan yang berlaku.Leave the apparatus for two to three days and record the changes that occur.

•Larutanjernihglukosabertukar menjadi

keruh . The clear glucose solution

turns cloudy .•Airkapurbertukarmenjadi

keruh . The lime water turns

cloudy .

Inferens/Inference:

Gas karbon dioksida terbebas.Carbon dioxide gas is released.

B.

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas.Set up the apparatus as shown in the above diagram.

2 Panaskan hasil penapaian dengan perlahan. Heat the product of fermentation slowly.

3 Alirkan air pili ke dalam kondenser Liebig.Pass tap water through the Liebig condenser.

4 Kumpul hasil sulingan dalam kelalang kon.Collect the distillate in the conical flask.

5 Perhatikan warna, bau dan takat didih hasil sulingan yang dikumpul./Observe the colour, odour and the boiling point of the distillate collected.

Hasil penyulingan adalah

cecair tidak berwarna ,

berbau alkohol dan mempunyai takat didih78 – 80°C .

The distillate is a colourless

liquid, smells like alcohol and has a boiling point of

78 – 80°C .Inferens/Inference:

Sejenis alkohol iaitu etanol terhasil.

A type of alcohol i.e. ethanol is produced.

Tujuan

Bahan danRadas

Prosedur danPemerhatian

Tarikh:


Inkuiri

PBD5.4

Standard Kandungan5.3 Alkohol

Penghasilan dan penulenan etanolProduction and the purification of ethanol

KBATKBAT

Air kapurLimewater

Larutanglukosaglucosesolution

+Yisyeast

TermometerThermometer

Air keluarwater out

Kondenser LiebigLiebig condenser

AirmasukWaterin Hasil sulingan

Distillate

Hasil penapaianProduct offermentation

SerpihanporselinPorcelainchips Panaskan

heat

Galeri InfoGaleri InfoPenapaian berlaku ke atas karbohidrat.Fermentation takes place on carbohydrates.


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1 Namakan proses-proses yang berlaku dalam aktiviti A dan B. TP1

Name the processes that occur in activities A and B. (a) Aktiviti A/Activity A

Penapaian/Fermentasi/Fermentation

(b) Aktiviti B/Activity BPenyulingan/Distillation

2 Mengapakah yis digunakan dalam aktiviti A? TP1

Why is yeast used in activity A?

Yis mengandungi enzim zimase yang dapat menguraikan glukosa.

Yeast contains zymase enzyme which decomposes glucose.

3 Daripada inferens anda, lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili proses penapaian. TP2

From your inference, complete the word equation to represent the process of fermentation.

4 Bulatkan makanan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan glukosa dalam aktiviti ini. TP1

Circle other foods which can be used to replace the glucose solution in this activity.

Jus nanasPineapple juice

Ubi kayuTapioca

KejuCheese

Jus anggurGrape juice

5 Berdasarkan aktiviti ini, nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi penapaian. TP4/KBAT Based on this activity, state the operational definition of fermentation.

Penapaian ialah proses yang menyebabkan larutan glukosa/air kapur menjadi

keruh ./Fermentation is a process that causes the glucose solution/limewater to turn cloudy .

6 Carta alir di bawah menunjukkan langkah-langkah untuk memperoleh etanol tulen daripada larutan glukosa. Namakan proses P dan Q. TP1

The flow chart below shows the steps to obtain pure ethanol from a glucose solution. Name processes P and Q.

7 Mengapakah etanol tulen dapat disuling keluar dalam aktiviti B? TP2

Why can pure ethanol be distilled out in activity B?

Takat didih etanol lebih rendah daripada takat didih air.

The boiling point of ethanol is lower than the boiling point of water.

8 Tandakan ( ✓ ) unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam suatu alkohol. TP1

Tick ( ✓ ) the elements contained in an alcohol.

✓KarbonCarbon

NitrogenNitrogen

✓HidrogenHydrogen

✓OksigenOxygen

9 Tandakan ( ✓ ) satu contoh lain alkohol. TP1

Tick ( ✓ ) one example of other alcohol.

Ammonia/Ammonia Sukrosa/Sucrose ✓ Metanol/Methanol

Etanol dapat disediakan melalui proses penapaian dan dapat ditulenkan melalui

proses penyulingan ./ Ethanol can be prepared through the process of fermentation

and can be purified through the process of distillation .

Perbincangan

GlukosaGlucose

etanolethanol

karbon dioksidacarbon dioxide

yis/yeast

enzim zimasezymase enzyme

+

P: Penapaian/Fermentation

Q: Penyulingan/Distillation

Larutan glukosaGlucose solution

Etanol tulenPure ethanol

P QEtanolEthanol

Kesimpulan

Video

Video

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63

2001 BHG. B, S4 2003 BHG. C, S2(a) 2007 BHG. B, S7(b) 2013 BHG. B, S8(d)(ii) & (iii) 2017 BHG. B, S5(a)(ii) & (d)

Mengkaji ciri-ciri alkohol/To study the characteristics of alcohol

Etanol (sejenis alkohol), asid etanoik, asid sulfurik pekat, air, kayu uji, kertas turas, mancis, tabung uji, piring penyejat, bikar, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu BunsenEthanol (a type of alcohol), ethanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, water, wooden splinter, filter paper, matches, test tube, evaporating dish, beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner

Jalankan aktiviti-aktiviti yang berikut. Kemudian, rekodkan pemerhatian dan berikan inferens anda./Carry out the following activities. Then, record the observations and give your inferences.

Tujuan

Bahan danRadas

Prosedur danPemerhatian

Asid sulfurik pekat bersifat mengakis.

Concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive.

Tarikh:


Inkuiri

PBD5.5 Ciri-ciri alkohol

Characteristics of alcoholKBATKBAT

AktivitiActivity

Pemerhatian dan inferensObservation and inference

A. 1 Masukkan sedikit etanol ke dalam air. Add a little ethanol into

the water. 2 Goncang campuran

dalam tabung uji. Shake the mixture in the

test tube.

Etanol larut dalam air.

Ethanol dissolves in the water.

Inferens/Inference:

Alkohol larut dalam air.

Alcohol dissolves in water.

B.

Piring penyejatEvaporating dish Etanol

Ethanol

1 Bakar cecair etanol.Burn the ethanol.

2 Letakkan sekeping kertas turas di atas nyalaan itu. Place a piece of filter paper above the flame.

Etanol mudah terbakar dalam udara dengan nyalaan

biru tanpa jelaga .Ethanol burns easily in air to produce a blue sootless flame.

Inferens/Inference:

Takat didih alkohol rendah .

Alkohol mudah terbakar dalam udara.The boiling point of alcohol is low . Alcohol is easily burned/flammable in air.

C.

1 Sediakan susunan radas di atas. Set up the above apparatus.

2 Didihkan campuran dalam tabung uji beberapa minit dan tuangkan ke dalam air. Boil the mixture in the test tube a few minutes and pour it into water.

Bau wangi/buah terhasil.

Campuran tidak larut dalam air.

A fragrant/fruity smellis produced. The mixture

does not dissolve in water.

Inferens/Inference:Alkohol bertindak balas dengan asid organik untuk membentuk

ester . Alcohol reacts with an organic acid to form an ester .

EtanolEthanol

AirWater

PanaskanHeat

Kukus airWater bath

5 cm3 etanol/ethanol+

5 cm3 asid etanoik/ethanoic acid

+Beberapa titik asidsulfurik pekat (mangkin)A few drops of concentratedsulphuric acid (catalyst)


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1 Pembakaran etanol menghasilkan gas yang mengeruhkan air kapur dan titisan tidak berwarna yang menukarkan kertas kobalt klorida daripada biru ke merah jambu. Lengkapkan persamaan di bawah.

The combustion of ethanol produces a gas that clouds lime water and colourless droplets that turn cobalt chloride paper from blue to pink. Complete the equation below. TP2

2 (a) Namakan proses yang berlaku dalam aktiviti C.Name the process which takes place in activity C.Pengesteran/Esterification

(b) Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili proses yang dinamakan di 2(a). Complete the word equation to represent the process named in 2(a). TP2

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) ciri-ciri lain bagi alkohol (etanol). TP1

Tick ( ✓ ) other properties of alcohol (ethanol).

✓Mudah meruapVolatile

MengakisCorrosive

✓Mudah terbakarFlammable

4 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kegunaan alkohol./Tick ( ✓ ) the uses of alcohol. TP1

✓Sebagai antiseptikAs an antiseptic

✓Sebagai bahan apiAs a fuel

Mengawet makananFor preserving food

✓Menghasilkan minuman beralkoholFor producing alcoholic drinks

✓Sebagai pelarut organikAs an organic solvent

✓Menghasilkan perisa tiruanFor producing an artificial flavouring

5 Bulatkan kegunaan ester./Circle the uses of ester. TP1

Sebagai perisa makananAs a food flavouring

Sebagai pelarut organikAs an organic solvent

Membuat minyak wangiMaking perfumes

6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan etanol terhadap kesihatan jika diambil secara berlebihan.Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of ethanol on health if consumed excessively. TP1

✓Menyebabkan sesak nafasCauses shortness of breathMenambahkan keluasan perutIncreases the stomach area

✓Melambatkan gerak balas terhadap rangsanganSlows down response to stimulation

✓Merosakkan sel-sel hati dan menyebabkan sirosis hatiDamages liver cells and causes liver cirrhosis

✓Menjejaskan koordinasi otot dan keseimbangan badan Affects muscle coordination and body balance

✓Menjejaskan pemikiran, pendengaran, penglihatan dan percakapan Affects thinking, hearing, vision and speech

✓Mengakis dinding dalam perut dan menyebabkan gastrik atau ulserCorrodes the inner stomach walls and causes gastritis or ulcers

✓Meningkatkan kadar degupan jantung dan tekanan darah tinggiIncreases the rate of heartbeat and high blood pressureMenyebabkan pengecutan arteri dan mengakibatkan haba terkumpul dalam badan/Causes the constriction of arteries and leading to the accumulation of heat in the body

Alkohol larut dalam air, mudah terbakar dan bertindak balas dengan asid

organik untuk menghasilkan ester ./Alcohol dissolves in water, is flammable

and reacts with organic acids to produce esters .

Perbincangan

EtanolEthanol

oksigenoxygen

Karbon dioksidaKarbon dioksida

AirWater+ +

asid sulfurik pekatAlkohol

Alcoholasid organikorganic acid

esterester

airwater+ +

concentrated sulphuric acid

Kesimpulan

Praktis Kendiri

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65

2011 BHG. C, S12(a) 2014 BHG. B S8

1 Tandakan ( ✓ ) jawapan yang betul untuk membandingkan lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu. Kemudian, isi tempat kosong untuk menunjukkan persamaan antara kedua-dua jenis lemak tersebutTick ( ✓ ) the correct answers to compare saturated fats with unsaturated fats. Then, fill in the blanks to show the similarities between the two types of fat. TP1

Karbon Pepejal Rendah Tumbuhan Organik Kurang CecairCarbon Solid Low Plant Organic Less Liquid

Tinggi Baik Haiwan Lebih Oksigen Buruk HidrogenHigh Good Animal More Oxygen Bad Hydrogen

Ciri-ciriProperties

Lemak tepuSaturated fat

Lemak tak tepuUnsaturated fat

(a) Sumber lemakSource of fat

Haiwan Animal

TumbuhanPlant

(b) Keadaan pada suhu bilikState at room temperature

Pepejal Solid

CecairLiquid

(c) Takat lebur/Takat didihMelting point/Boiling point

TinggiHigh

Rendah Low

(d) Kandungan kolesterol Cholesterol content

TinggiHigh

Rendah Low

(e) Bilangan atom hidrogen Number of hydrogen atoms

LebihMore

Kurang Less

(f) Kesan terhadap kesihatanEffect on health

Buruk Bad

BaikGood

Persamaan/Similarities

Lemak ialah sebatian karbon organik yang mengandungi unsur karbon , hidrogen

dan oksigen ./Fats are organic carbon compounds that contain the elements of carbon ,hydrogen and oxygen .

2 Tuliskan (LT) untuk mewakili lemak tepu dan (LTT) untuk mewakili lemak tak tepu. TP1

Write (SF) to represent saturated fat and (UF) to represent unsaturated fat.

LTSF

Minyak sapi Ghee

LTSF

MentegaButter

LTTUF

Minyak bijanSesame oil

LTSF

MarjerinMargarine

LTTUF

Minyak zaitunOlive oil

LTSF

Lemak ayam Chicken fat

LTTUF

Minyak sawit Palm oil

LTTUF

Minyak jagungCorn oil

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) jenis penyakit yang mungkin dihidapi akibat pengambilan lemak tepu secara berlebihan. TP1

Tick ( ✓ ) the types of diseases that might be experienced as a result of consuming excessive amounts of saturated fat.

✓Arteri tersumbatBlocked arteries

✓Tekanan darah tinggiHigh blood pressure

DiabetesDiabetes

✓Strok Stroke

✓Penyakit jantungHeart diseases

Sirosis hatiLiver cirrhosis

Galeri InfoGaleri InfoMentega dibuat daripada susu lembu. Marjerin, sejenis lemak tepu, dibuat dengan menambahkan atom hidrogen ke dalam minyak tumbuhan (lemak tak tepu). Proses yang berlaku disebut penghidrogenan.Butter is made from cow’s milk. Margarine, a type of saturated fat, is made by adding hydrogen atoms into plant oil (unsaturated fat). The process that takes place is called hydrogenation.

Standard Kandungan5.4 Lemak Tarikh:


PBD 5.6 Lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepuSaturated fats and unsaturated fats


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2004 BHG. B, S2 2005 BHG. C, S8

1 Jawab soalan yang diberi tentang buah kelapa sawit. Answer the given questions about oil palm fruit.

(a) Label keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit dengan menggunakan perkataan-perkataan berikut. Label the cross-section of the oil palm fruit with the following words. TP1

Sabut (Mesokarp Tempurung (Endokarp) Isirung (Kernel)Pulp (Mesocarp) Shell (Endocarp) Kernel

(b) Bahagian manakah pada buah kelapa sawit yang menghasilkan minyak yang paling banyak? Which part of the oil palm fruit produces the most oil? TP1

Sabut (Mesokarp)/Pulp (Mesocarp)

(c) Bahagian lain yang manakah pada buah kelapa sawit menghasilkan sedikit minyak tetapi berkualiti tinggi?

Which other part of the oil palm fruit produces a little oil but of high quality? TP1

Isirung (Kernel)/Kernel

2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kelebihan minyak sawit. Tick ( ✓ ) the advantages of palm oil. TP1

✓Tiada kolesterol Cholesterol-free

✓Mengandungi vitamin A dan EContains vitamin A and E

✓Mengandungi asid lemak dan beta karotena (antioksida)Contains fatty acid and beta carotene (anti-oxidant)

Mengandungi vitamin CContains vitamin C

✓Mengandungi lemak tak tepuContains unsaturated fat

3 Lengkapkan peta alir tentang langkah-langkah pemprosesan minyak daripada buah kelapa sawit.Complete the flow map about the steps of oil processing from the oil palm fruit. TP1

PenurasanFiltration

PensterilanSterilisation

PenulenanPurification

PengekstrakanExtraction

PencernaanDigesting

PenanggalanThreshing

(a) Isirung (Kernel) Kernel

(b) Sabut (Mesokarp) Pulp (Mesocarp)

(c) Tempurung (Endokarp) Shell (Endocarp)Buah kelapa sawit

Oil palm fruit

(a) Pensterilan/Sterilisation

•Buahdistimkanuntuk membunuh mikroorganisma

Fruits are steamed to kill microorganisms

(f) Penulenan/Purification

•Baudanwarnaminyakdisingkirkan

The odour and colour of the oil are removed

(b) Penanggalan/Threshing

•Buahdipisahkandaripada tandan

Fruits are separated from the bunch

(e) Penurasan/Filtration

•Bendasingdisingkirkan

Impurities are removed

(c) Pencernaan/Digesting

•Mesokarpdipisahkandaripada tempurung

Mesocarp is separated from the shell

(d) Pengekstrakan/Extraction

•Minyakditekankeluar Oil is pressed out

Praktis Kendiri

Standard Kandungan5.5 Minyak sawit Tarikh:

AKTIVITIPERBINCANGAN Kontekstual

PBD5.7 Buah kelapa sawitOil palm fruit


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Tarikh:


Inkuiri

PBD5.8 Pengekstrakan minyak sawit

Extraction of palm oil

Mengkaji proses pengekstrakan minyak daripada sabut (mesokarp) dan isirung (kernel) kelapa sawit/To study the process of oil extraction from the pulps (mesocarp) and kernels of oil palm fruits.

5 biji buah kelapa sawit, pisau, forsep, alat penekan 5 oil palm fruits, knife, forcep, press

Rajah/Diagram (a) Rajah/Diagram (b)

1 Rebus lima biji buah kelapa sawit dalam air didih selama kira-kira 20 minit. (Rajah (a))./Boil five oil palm fruit in boiling water for about 20 minutes (Diagram (a)).

2 Keluarkan buah kelapa sawit dari bikar dengan menggunakan forsep.Remove the palm oil from the beaker using a forcep.

3 Asingkan sabut daripada tempurung buah kelapa sawit dengan pisau.Separate the pulp from the oil palm fruit using a knife.

4 Masukkan sabut ke dalam alat penekan untuk diperah (Rajah (b)). Put the pulp into the a presser for squeezing out the oil (Diagram (b)).

5 Kumpulkan minyak sawit yang diekstrakkan daripada sabut di dalam bikar.Collect the extracted palm oil from the pulp in a beaker.

6 Potong tempurung buah kelapa sawit dan keluarkan isirung.Cut the shells of the oil palm fruits and remove the kernel.

7 Ulang langkah 4 hingga 5 untuk memperoleh minyak isirung. Repeat steps 4 to 5 to get the kernel oil.

8 Banding dan bezakan warna dan kuantiti minyak yang diekstrakkan daripada sabut dan isirung./Compare and contrast the colours and quantities of extracted oils from the pulps and kernels.

1 Apakah tujuan memanaskan sabut dalam air didih? TP2

What is the purpose of heating the soap in boiling water?Untuk melembutkan buah./To soften the fruit.

2 Gambar di sebelah menunjukkan minyak masak. Nyatakan bahagian buah kelapa sawit yang membekalkan minyak tersebut.The photo on the right shows a cooking oil. State the part of the oil palm fruit that supplies the oil. TP1

Sabut (Mesokarp)/Pulp (Mesocarp).

Sabut membekalkan lebih banyak minyak berbanding dengan isirung .

The pulps supply more oil as compared to kernels .

Tujuan

Bahan danRadas

Prosedur

Pemerhatian Jenis minyak/Type of oil Warna/Colour Kuantiti/Quantity

Sabut/Pulp Merah/Red Banyak/A lot

Isirung/Kernel Kuning/Yellow Sedikit/A little

Perbincangan

Kesimpulan

PanaskanHeat

AirWater

Buah kelapasawitOil palmfruit

Alat penekanPress

Minyak sawitPalm oil

Video


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Tarikh:

AKTIVITIPERBINCANGAN Kontekstual

PBD 5.9 Sifat kimia dan pengunaan minyak sawitThe chemical property and the uses of palm oil

1 Minyak sawit menjadi tengik disebabkan satu proses. Nyatakan proses dalam ruang yang disediakan.Palm oil becomes rancid because of a process. State the processs in the space provided. TP1

2 Namakan satu perubahan fizik bagi minyak sawit di mana minyak sawit dipecahkan kepada titisan-titisan minyak kecil oleh hempedu di badan kita./Name a physical change for palm oil where palm oil is broken down into small oil droplets by bile in our body. TP1

Pengemulsian./Emulsification.

3 Namakan tindak balas antara molekul minyak sawit dengan air dalam kehadiran enzim pencernaan lipase atau asid untuk menghasilkan gliserol dan tiga asid lemak./Name the reaction between palm oil molecul with water in the presence of the digestive enzyme lipase or acid to produce glycerol and three fatty acids. TP1

Hidrolisis./Hydrolysis.

4 Tandakan ( ✓ ) produk berasaskan minyak sawit dalam bidang penjagaan kesihatan, makanan dan bukan makanan./Mark ( ✓ ) palm oil based products in healthcare, food and non-food. TP1

(a) ✓

Minyak masak Cooking oil

(b) ✓

Lilin Candle

(c)

Yogurt Yogurt

(d) ✓

Coklat Chocolate

(e)

Sos tiram Oyster sauce

(f) ✓

Susu pekat Condensed milk

(g) ✓

Marjerin Margarine

(h) ✓

Krim rambut Hair cream

(i) ✓

Makanan tambahan Food supplement

(j) ✓

Minyak pelincir Lubricating oil

(k) ✓

Sabun Soap

(l) ✓

Kosmetik Cosmetics

Minyak dibiarkan beberapa minggu atau bulan

Oil is left for weeks or months

Pengoksidaan/Oxidation


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Tarikh:

AKTIVITIPERBINCANGAN Masteri

PBD 5.10 Tindakan pencucian sabunThe cleansing action of soap

2003 BHG. C, S2(b)

1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu molekul sabun. Label bahagian P dan Q. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang tentang molekul sabun itu. TP1

The diagram below shows a soap molecule. Label parts P and Q. Then, complete the spaces on the soap molecule.

AirWater

HidrofilikHydrophilic

GrisGrease

HidrofobikHydrophobic

MinyakOil

(a) Bahagian ekor/Tail part (b) Bahagian kepala/Head

2 Lengkapkan ruang tentang tindakan pencucian sabun. TP1 Complete the spaces on the cleansing action of soap.

Menarik/AttractsDipecahkan/Broken down

Mengelilingi/SurroundHidrofobik/Hydrophobic

Hidrofilik/HydrophilicTerapung/Float

Larut/DissolvesKetegangan/Tension

(a) Sabun larut dalam air dan molekul sabun

mengelilingi permukaan gris.

Soap dissolves in water and the soap molecules

surround the grease.

(b) Bahagian hidrofilik larut dalam air.

The hydrophilic part dissolves in water.

(c) Bahagian hidrofobik larut dalam gris.

The hydrophobic part dissolves in grease.

(d) Air menarik bahagian hidrofilik untuk menanggalkan gris daripada permukaan kain.

The water attracts the hydrophilic part to lift the grease off the surface of cloth.

(e) Semasa bilasan, kotoran dipecahkan menjadi titisan-titisan kecil.

Upon rinsing, the dirt is broken down into small droplets.

(f) Buih sabun menyebabkan gris terapung dan kotoran disingkirkan.

The soap bubbles cause the grease to float and dirt is removed.

Praktis Kendiri

P: Hidrofobik/Hydrophobic

•Larutdalamminyak

atau gris

Dissolves in oil or grease

Q: Hidrofilik/Hydrophilic

•Larutdalam

air

Dissolves in water

Molekul sabunSoap molecule

AKTIVITI HANDS-ONEksperimen Wajib 10: Menghasilkan sabun melalui proses saponifikasi (rujuk silang m.s.183 – 184).Compulsory Experiment 10: Produces soup through saponification process (cross reference pp.183 – 184).

GrisGrease

AirWater

Permukaan kainSurface of cloth


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Kertas 1

PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 5SPM

Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah sebatian karbon bukan organik?/Which of the following is an inorganic carbon compound?A Glukosa/GlucoseB Protein/ProteinC Etanol/EthanolD Kalsium karbonat

Calcium carbonate

2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan proses penghasilan etanol.Diagram 1 shows the production of ethanol.

Glukosa ⎯→ etanol + karbon

dioksidaGlucose ethanol carbon dioxide

Rajah 1/Diagram 1

Apakah proses itu? What is the process?

A Saponifikasi/SaponificationB Pengesteran/EsterificationC Penapaian/FermentationD Penghabluran

Crystallisation

3 Seorang murid ingin menghasilkan etanol tetapi dia telah kehabisan larutan glukosa. Apakah bahan yang paling sesuai untuk menggantikan larutan glukosa?/A student wants to produce ethanol but he has run out of glucose solution. What is the most suitable substance to replace the glucose solution?A Peria/Bitter gourdB Anggur/GrapeC Timun/CucumberD Tomato/Tomato

4 Makanan yang manakah se kiranya diambil secara ber le bihan akan menyebabkan pengecilan saiz lumen arteri?Which food if taken excessively, will narrow the size of the lumens of the arteries?

KLON SPM 2009/2011

yis/yeast

enzim zimase zymase enzyme

KLON SPM 2003/2004/2009/2013/2015

KLON SPM 2017

A Nasi/RiceB Telur putih/Egg whiteC Minyak sapi/GheeD Betik/Papaya

KLON SPM 2012

5 Rajah 2 menunjukkan persamaan kimia yang mewakili pengesteran./Diagram 2 shows a chemical equation that represents esterification.

Alkohol + K → L + airAlcohol + K → L + water

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Apakah bahan K dan L?What are substances K and L?

K L

A Asid organikOrganic acid

EsterEster

B Minyak sawitPalm oil

EsterEster

C EsterEster

Asid organikOrganic acid

D Asid organikOrganic acid

SabunSoap

KLON SPM 2008/2010

6 Rajah 3 menunjukkan struktur buah kelapa sawit.Diagram 3 shows the structure of an oil palm fruit.

D

C

B

A

Rajah 3/Diagram 3

Bahagian manakah yang berlabel A, B, C dan D, membekalkan paling banyak minyak?/Which of the labelled parts A, B, C or D, supplies the most amount of oil?

KLON SPM 2011/2013

7 Rajah 4 menunjukkan per samaan perkataan tentang proses pembuatan sabun.Diagram 4 shows a word equation for the process of making soap.

Minyak sawit + X → Y + gliserolPalm oil + X → Y + glycerol

Rajah 4/Diagram 4

Apakah bahan X dan Y?What are substances X and Y?

X Y

A EsterEster

SabunSoap

B AlkoholAlcohol

EsterEster

C Asid organikOrganic acid

SabunSoap

D Natrium hidroksidaSodium hydroxide

SabunSoap

KLON SPM 2006/2007/2008/2010/2012/2015/2016

8 Makanan yang manakah kaya dengan lemak tak tepu?/Which food is rich in unsaturated fat?A Minyak jagung

Corn oil B Minyak sapi/GheeC Mentega/ButterD Ayam goreng

Fried chickenKLON SPM 2007/2008/2016

9 Bahan manakah merupakan bahan antioksida dalam minyak sawit?/Which substances are antioxidant in palm oil?I Karotena/CaroteneII Vitamin E/Vitamin EIII Lemak tepu/Saturated fatIV Lemak tak tepu/Unsaturated

fatA I dan II B I dan III

I and II I and IIIC II dan IV D I, II dan III

II and IV I, II and IIIKLON SPM 2003/2017

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Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.Instructions: Answer all the questions.Bahagian B/Section B

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan aktiviti untuk menyediakan sejenis bahan kimia di dalam makmal.Diagram 1 shows activity to prepare a tpe of chemical in the laboratory.

Rajah 1/Diagram 1

(a) Namakan bahan kimia itu./Name the chemical. Etanol/Ethanol

[1 markah/1 mark]

(b) (i) Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada air kapur?/What is your observation of the lime water?Air kapur menjadi keruh/It turns cloudy

[1 markah/1 mark]

(ii) Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda./Give an inference to your observation.Karbon dioksida terbebas/Carbon dioxide is released

[1 markah/1 mark]

(c) Tulis satu persamaan dalam perkataan bagi tindak balas kimia yang berlaku.Write one equation in words for the chemical reaction that occured.Jus tebu/Sugarcane juice → etanol/ethanol + karbon dioksida/carbon dioxide

[1 markah/1 mark]

(d) Berikan satu contoh lain yang dapat menggantikan jus tebu dalam eksperimen ini.Give one other example that can replace sugarcane juice in this experiment.Glukosa/Jus nanas/Glucose/Pineapple juice

[1 markah/1 mark]

(e) Bagaimanakah hasil yang dihasilkan dapat ditulenkan?/How do we purify the product produced?Melalui proses penyulingan/Through distillation

[1 markah/1 mark]

Bahagian C/Section C KLON SPM 2011 BHG. C, S12 2(a) and (B)

2 (a) Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara lemak haiwan dengan lemak tumbuhan.State two differences between animal fat and plant fat. [2 markah/2 marks]

(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan tiga contoh sebatian karbon organik.Diagram 2 shows three examples of organic carbon compounds.

PetroleumPetroleum

Minyak sawitPalm oil

Protein/Proteins

Sebatian karbon organikOrganic carbon compounds

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Kaji maklumat dalam Rajah 2 dan bina konsep sebatian karbon organik. Study the information given in Diagram 2 and construct a concept of organic carbon compounds.

[6 markah/6 marks]

(c) Lemak tepu merupakan sejenis sebatian karbon organik. Pada pendapat anda adakah makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu boleh diambil dalam kuantiti yang besar? Wajarkan jawapan anda.Saturated fats are a type of organic carbon compound. In your opinion, can foods rich in saturated fat be consumed in large quantities? Justify your answer. [4 markah/4 marks]

Kertas 2

KBAT

Praktis SPM

Air kapurLimewater

LarutanglukosaGlucosesolution

+YisYeast

BAB

5

72

tema 2: penerokaan unsur dalam alam bab 5 sebatian karbon

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