television in the 1920s - aps physicsthe history of television, 1880 to 1941 albert abramson,...
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Televisionin the 1920s
Brian BelangerNational Capital Radio &
Television Museum
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Sources Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1880 to 1941 Albert Abramson, Zworykin: Pioneer of Television George Everson, The Story of Television David and Marshall Fisher, Tube: The Invention of
Television Jeff Kisseloff, The Box National Radio Institute 1927 Radio Correspondence
Course Struan Reid, John Logie Baird Michael Ritchie, Please Stand By: A Prehistory of
Television Joseph Udelson, The Great Television Race Early Television Museum Website
(www.earlytelevision.org)
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Television Eras Pre-television ( < 1920 – basic
concepts envisioned) Mechanical scanning B&W television
(1920 to 1935) Electronic B&W television
(1930s to early 1950s) Analog Color TV era
(Mid 1950s to 2000) Internet, digital HD flat panel era
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Television’s Precursor Technologies
Before there was television, people first envisioned:
Wired transmission of still pictures (facsimile)
Then wireless transmission of still pictures Then wireless transmission of moving
images
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Television’s Precursor Technologies
For television as we think of it, one needs progress in photocells, optics, vacuum tubes, radio
broadcasting, etc.
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Who Invented Television?
Multiple inventors in England Germany Russia United States France Austria
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19th Century Ideas (1)
Low resolution B&W still images via wires (telegraphy).Images
broken down into pixels. Information about each pixel transmitted via acoded scheme
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19th Century Ideas (2)
Joseph May’s 1873 observation of the electrical
response of selenium to light – the idea of using
photocells to scanan image
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19th Century Ideas (3)
If you can transmit the information from a frame fast enough, you can transmit moving images over wires!
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19th Century Ideas (4)
If you can transmit moving images over
wires, why not send the images wirelessly?
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Television Milestones
First use of the term “Television”?
First book on the history of television?
First color television patent?
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Television Milestones
First use of the term “Television”?Constatin Persky, Paris 1900
First book on the history of television?1911
First color television patent?1904
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19th Century Ideas (5)
Karl Braun invents the cathode ray tube - 1897
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Envisioning Electronic Television
Following Braun’s invention of the CRT, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton envisioned all-electronic television in 1911, with cathode ray devices at the transmitter and at the receiver
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Envisioning Television
Paul Nipkow :Concept of mechanical scanning of image with a rotating disk (1884)
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Television in the 1920s
The image produced by a scanning disc with progressive scanning
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Scanning Disc TV Scheme
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Television Pioneers
Max Dieckmann(Austrian)
Television patent in 1906 (using CRTs to
display images)
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Television Pioneers
Boris Rosing
Russian television patent in 1907
(with CRT display)
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Television Pioneers
John Logie Baird
(England)
His 1st television patent: 1923
(scanning disc)
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Television Pioneers
C. Francis Jenkins (US)
His 1st television patent: 1922
(scanning disc)
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Television Pioneers
C. Francis Jenkins
Television station W3XK
onGeorgia Ave.
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Television Pioneers
Philo Farnsworth
Farnsworthwith 1928
image dissector
(camera) tube
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Cover of
All About Television
Published 1927
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Television in the 1920s
The image produced by a scanning disc with progressive scanning
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Television in the 1920s
A discused for interlaced scanning
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Television in the 1920s
Transmitter Receiver
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Television in the 1920s
Typical 1920s scanning disc apparatus
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1920s Television Transmision
Two receivers needed:
Sound usually transmitted in the AM broadcast band
Picture (AM) usually transmitted in a low-frequency shortwave band, e.g. 1.6 to 3 Megahertz
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Lack of Standards in the 1920s• Lack of agreement on:
Number of lines and number of frames per second
Sequential vs. interlaced scanning
• Synchronization by relying on synchronous electric motors tied to same electric grid
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U.S. Companies Engaged In Television Research or
Manufacturing, Circa 1930
General Electric AT&T Westinghouse RCA Jenkins (DC area) Shortwave and Television Laboratories
(Boston) Western Television (Chicago) Farnsworth (San Francisco) Others (Echophone, etc.)
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Television in the 1920s
Westinghouse (Later RCA)
Vladimir Zworykin with photocell,circa 1925
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Television in the 1920sWestinghouse
Zworykin’s camera tube, circa 1925
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Television in the 1920sWestinghouse
Zworykinwith 1929
Westinghouse prototype
TV set
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Television in the 1920s
General Electric Ernst
Alexanderson with projection TV
apparatus (W2XAF, 8-MHz demo in 1928)
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Television in the 1920s
General Electric
Prototype TV set
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Television in the 1920s
General ElectricFirst televised
drama(September 1928)
The Queen’s Messenger
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Television in the 1920sRCA
NBC/RCA’s television station W2XBS(CBS had W2XAB on the air 1931-32)
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Television in the 1920sRCA
60-line RCA TV, circa 1929
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Television in the 1920sBell Labs/AT&T
Herbert Ives, with large
display. (AT&T used a flying spot scanner)
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Television in the 1920s
Secretary of Commerce
Hoover on TVin 1927
(AT&T wired demo)
Washington to NYC
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Television in the 1920sWestern Television (Chicago)
Western Television,
typical model
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Television in the 1920s
Shortwave and Television Laboratories, Inc. receiver for home use(W1XAV –Hollis Baird)
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Trans-Atlantic Television in 1928
John Logie Baird wanted to demonstrate trans-Atlantic television
February 1928 – Baird’s assistant Ben Clapp traveled to Hartsdale, NY, and received moving images from Baird’s station 2UK; sound from station 2KZ
Thirty-four years later (1962), thanks to Telstar, trans-Atlantic television again took place
Today, optical fibers and satellites make world-wide TV possible
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Example of an Educational TV Station:
University of Iowa’s W9XK
1931-1939Lectures on
Constellations, Shorthand, Identifying Trees, etc.
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Mechanical Television Dies
The Depression killed consumer demand, companies bankrupt
Scanning disc images: too small, low resolution
By the mid-1930s, electronic television (camera tubes and CRTs) looked promising
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Mechanical TelevisionReplaced by Electronic TV
RCA and DuMont began to sell electronic television sets in 1939
RCA began regular TV broadcasts at the World’s Fair in April 1939
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Visit the National Capital Radio & Television Museum
1931 Daven 1931 See-All
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Visit the National Capital Radio & Television Museum
Become aMuseum member and receive multiple benefits!