teleuse@bop4
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Teleuse@BOP4: Preliminary findingsRohan Samarajiva, CEO
9 December 2011, Bangkok
The work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada (www.idrc.ca) and UKaid from the Department for International Development, UK (www.dfid.uk).
Understanding emerging Asian BOP's use of ICTs (mostly phones) via Teleuse@BOP studies
• Multi-country studies conducted in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011– Bangladesh, Pakistan , India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia (Java), Philippines, Thailand– Quantitative (representative survey) and qualitative research conducted
• Target group: BOP teleusers aged 15-60– BOP defined as Socio-Economic Classification (SEC) groups D and E– Teleusers defined as having used any phone in previous three months
• Different methodology and target group (USD1.25/day group) in Java
2
2011 focus on productive use of ICTs
• Representative sample of BOP teleusers (6 countries)– Questions on how ICTs used for productive uses; perceptions of
economic benefits, etc.
• Non-representative sample of agricultural micro-entrepreneurs: Growers (farmers) & non-growers (4 countries)– Questions on knowledge and information needs, sources, uses, etc, as
well as ICT use.– Separate presentation follows
Sample sizes
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka [1] Java[2] Thailand Total BOP teleusers 2,050 1,835 3,181 1,200 1,088 800 10,154Margin of error @ 95% CL (%) + 2.% + 2% + 2% + 3% + 2% + 4%
5[1] Sri Lanka: Includes North and East[2] Java region only; separate sampling procedures and BOP definition used
Multi-staged stratified sampling by probability proportionate to size to ensure representation of target group
• Primary sampling units (Regions/states/provinces/districts) randomly selected in 2006; kept the same for comparison in 2008 and 2011.
• Within selected PSUs, urban and rural centers randomly selected• Within selected urban and rural centers, starting points randomly
selected– Number of starting points within each center determined in
proportion to its population – 10 HH per starting point selected using right-hand rule
• Kish grid used to select from eligible respondents within HH
AGENDA
• SAMPLE PROFILE• ACCESS• MOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USE• MORE-THAN-VOICE• PERCEIVED BENEFITS• QUALITY OF SERVICE• SUMMARY
8
SAMPLE PROFILEFindings
9
Sample profile
10
Gender Age Location
Male (%) Female (%) Mean SD Urban (%) Rural (%)
Bangladesh 49 51 33 12 26 74
Pakistan 42 58 31 10 38 62
India 45 56 32 12 19 81
Sri Lanka 40 60 35 12 15 85
Java 52 48 34 13 25 75
Thailand 49 51 36 13 43 57
Majority either have no, or irregular personal incomes
11
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand6%
25% 21%
5%
23%31%
0%
1%0%
5%
9%1%
38%9%
24%41%
41% 40%
56%65%
54% 50%
27% 28%
Personal income status (% of BOP teleusers)
No personal incomeIrregular personal incomeRegular and irregular personal incomeRegular personal income
Most of BOP only have primary education
13Among BOP teleusers
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
33% 38% 40%
10% 6% 5%
50%51%
39%
69% 71%67%
15% 7%17% 20% 20%
13%
0% 2% 2% 1% 2%
10%
1% 2% 3% 1% 2% 6%
Highest educational achievement (% BOP teleusers)
UniversityDiploma, technical/vocational educa-tionSecondary schoolingprimary schoolingNo formal schooling
ACCESSFindings
14
90% of BOP have used a phone in previous 3 months
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
2008 95% 96% 86% 88% - 77 %
2011 99% 96% 89% 90% 90% 91%
15
Used a phone in the last 3 months (% of BOP)
Among BOP (OUTER SAMPLE)
More 70-80% of BOP has made a call during the last week, except in IN
16
Among BOP teleusers
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
70% 69%
50%
85%
70%
85%
Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers)
2-3 months ago1-2 months ago3-4 weeks ago2-3 weeks ago1-2 weeks agoIn the last weekToday / Yesterday
2008 vs 2011: Increase in % of BOP who made a call on the "day" of the survey
17
Among BOP teleusers
2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
62%70%
45%
69%
48% 50%66%
85% 81% 85%
Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers)
About 2-3 months agoAbout 1-2 month agoAbout a month agoAbout 2-3 weeks agoAbout 1-2 weeks agoDuring the last one weekYesterday / Today
Urban vs rural: Urban BOP make calls more frequently, except LK and Java
18
Among BOP teleusers
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban RuralBangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
74% 68%85%
60%52% 50%
83% 86%
67% 71%
91%80%
Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers)
Between 2-3 months ago
Between 1-2 months ago
Between three to four weeks ago
Between 2-3 weeks ago
Between 1-2 weeks ago
During the last one week
Today / Yesterday
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
Public access phones A friends or relatives phone **A neighbours phone *Other household members personal phoneI use the household (common) phoneI use my own phone
> 75 % of BOP have access within the household
19
Among BOP teleusers
2008 vs 2011: Fall in public phone and increase in household access
20
Among BOP teleusers
2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011 2008 2011Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
43% 48%37%
65%
36% 37% 31%
71%81%
88%0%
13%
3%
16%
7%17%
39%
16%9%
3%
20%
24%
32%
13%
13%
24%
10%
7% 6% 5%
32%
6% 8%1%
33%
8% 7% 3% 3% 0%
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
I use my own phone I use the household (common) phoneOther household members personal phone A neighbours phone A friends or relatives phone Public access phones My work place / Office phone/employers phone
Male vs female: More females using household phones and others' phones within household
21
Among BOP teleusers
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleBangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
66%
31%
86%
50%57%
21%
76%68%
86% 91%
8%
17%
4%
25% 11%
21%
15%17%
3%4%
11%
36%
19%
11%
34%
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
I use my own phone I use the household (common) phoneOther household members personal phone A neighbours phone A friends or relatives phone Public access phones
Urban vs rural: More reliance on other peoples' phones in rural areas
22
Among BOP teleusers
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban RuralBangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers)
I use my own phone I use the household (common) phoneOther household members personal phone A neighbours phoneA friends or relatives phone Public access phones My work place / Office phone/employers phone
Fixed phones popular only in Sri Lanka
23
Among BOP teleusers’ households
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
49%64%
36%49%
65%
85%0%
1%
1%
24%2%
4%
0%
1%
1%
15%
2%
1%
51%34%
62%
12%
30%
11%
Household phone ownership (%of BOP teleusers' households)
Own mobile Own mobile and fixed Own fixed Own nothing
Phones overtaken radio everywhere except LK
24
Among BOP teleusers
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Elec
tric
ity
Phone
Phon
e
Phon
e
Phon
e
Phon
e
Phone
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Tele
visi
on
Radio Radio
Radi
o
Radi
o
Radi
o
Radi
o
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Com
pute
r
Household access (% of BOP teleusers)
Mobile or fixed
phone
Access to household phones greater than to personal transport in PK, BD, LK and Java
25
Among BOP teleusers
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Mo
tori
zed
tr
ansp
ort
Motorized transport
Motorized transport
Motorized transport M
oto
rize
d
tran
spo
rt
Mo
tori
zed
tr
ansp
ort
Bic
ycle
Bic
ycle
Bic
ycle
Bic
ycle
Bic
ycle
Bic
ycle
Phone
Phone
Phone
Phone
Phone
Phone
Household access to phones vs transport (% of BOP teleusers)
Incl. motor bike, three-wheeler,
scooter, tractor, etc
Computer usage low overall
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
5% 4% 2%17% 21% 22%
83%96%
81%
83% 74% 76%
12% 16%
Usage of computers (% of BOP teleusers)
Don't know what a computer is
No
Can't remember when, but I have used one before
Yes
Among BOP teleusers
Not used a computer in last 12 months
Used a computer in last 12 months
Internet use similarly low; awareness problems in BD and IN
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Use the Internet (% of BOP teleusers) 2% 2% 1% 9% 21%
Among BOP teleusers
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
82%
98%
74%
89%78%
17%24%
Internet use (% of BOP teleusers)
I haven't heard of the internetNoCan't remember when, but i have used it beforeLess than once a month At least once a monthAt least two to three times a monthAt least once a weekAt least two times a weekAt least once a day
Non-phone owners find phones too expensive or have no need for a phone
28
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
51%60% 57%
40%
56%
11%
47% 24%40%
57%
32%
89%
Main reason for not owning a phone (% BOP who do not own phone)
Don't know to operatorCan't get a connection where I live (service not available)I am restricted from purchasing a phone by a particular persI don't see a need to have my own phoneIt is too expensive for me to afford
Among BOP who don’t own a phone
MOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USEFindings
29
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
43% 38% 40% 36%
90%
49%
65%
37%
71% 68%
89%
23%9%
22%
76%
Mobile phone ownership 2006-2011 - individual (% of BOP teleusers)
2006 2008 2011
Significant increases in BOP mobile ownership in Sri Lanka and Pakistan
30
Among BOP teleusers
Male vs female: Gender gap in BOP mobile ownership in Sub-continent
31
Among BOP teleusers
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Mobile ownership - individual (% of BOP teleusers)
Male Female
Urban vs rural: Urban mobile ownership higher than rural
32
Among BOP teleusers
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%Mobile ownership - individual (% BOP teleusers)
Urban Rural
Majority of BOP phones have radio; 24% have a browser (perceived)
Among BOP mobile owners
Infa-red Touch Screen
BrowserDownload feature
Converter Bluetooth /USB
MMS Video recorder and player
CameraMusic player
TorchFM Radio
Color ScreenCalculator
GamesSMS
Calendar Alarm clock
3%5%
14%15%16%
22%22%
27%35%
38%48%
52%72%
83%86%86%
90%92%
Features present on mobile handset (% of BOP mobile owners; all countries except Java)
2006-2011: Dramatic drop in Pakistan multiple SIM ownership; increase in BD
34
Among BOP mobile owners
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Multiple SIM ownership (% of BOP mobile owners)
2006 2008 2011
• Multiple SIM ownership higher among males than females
Cheaper on-net calls the main reason for multiple SIM ownership
35
To get low local call charges within each
network
To get free services (e.g., calls, SMS, etc)
One for business, the other for personal
In case one runs out of credit
To get coverage everywhere
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Reason for multiple SIM ownership (% BOP MSOs)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Among BOP multiple SIM owners
Most BOP owners have one handset currently, but are on their second
36
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
No. of handsets owned currently (mean)
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0
No. owned until now (mean)
2.5 1.9 1.7 2.1 3.9 2.5
What they do with mobile phones
% of BOP mobile owners
B’desh Pakistan India S’Lanka Java Thailand Make phone calls 100 99 100 99 96 100
Receive phone calls 100 95 99 100 94 99
Send/receive missed calls 86 71 78 65 54 24
Send/receive SMS 19 38 23 55 89 37
Send/receive MMS 1 2 3 5 14 8
Send/receive e-mail 1 3 2
Browse the Internet 3 1 1 10 5
Take photos/video 19 7 8 14 26 19
Play games 27 21 18 11 31 16
Listen to radio 13 15 12 17 26 18
Listen to music 25 5 15 8 26 30
Share that you have content created 1 1 3 2 8 3
Send/receive or download/upload other content 1 1 2 2 6 3
Use as an organizer 7 5 8 2 15 8
Check my bill/credit 13 20 11 18 16 3
Send/receive talk time/load 10 5 2 2 35 0
Access facebook 1 1 7 2
Access other social networking or blog applications 2 1
Among BOP mobile owners
What they did in 2008% of BOP mobile owners
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Taking phone calls 100 100 99 100 100
Receiving phone calls 100 100 98 100 100
Sending/receiving missed calls / beeps/ flashes / ring-cuts 94 84 84 73 39
Sending/receiving SMS 32 47 33 52 53
Sending/receiving MMS 1 4 4 6 4
Sending/receiving emails 0 0 1 0 1
Browsing the Internet 0 1 1 2 2
Taking photos /video clips 4 2 1 8 18
To play games by myself 13 18 7 21 17
To listen to the radio 0 7 3 12 22
To listen to music 4 5 3 7 22
To share content that you have created 1 2 2 6 3
To send or receive or download or upload other content 0 2 3 8 9
As an organizer 1 7 8 4 14
To check my bill / credit balance 11 40 25 50 39
Sending/receiving talk-time/load 8 35 7 3 6
38
Male vs female: No big difference in SMS frequency amongst those who SMS
39 Among mobile owners who use SMS
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleBangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
SMS frequency (% mobile owners who use SMS)
Less frequently than once a week Once or twice a week Several times a week Once or twice a day Several times a day
Top reasons for not using SMS: Don't know what it is; it's too confusing; too difficult to type
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
I don't know what it is 54 11 61 14 3
Using SMS is too confusing to me 41 50 42 50 20It is too difficult for me to go through menu and open it 6 20 25 17 8
It is too difficult for me to type 10 31 34 33 33
It is too expensive for me 3 5 8 4 13
It takes too much time to do it 12 27 19 21 27
I cannot read or write (my language) 8 33 12 5 0
SMS is not available in my own language 3 2 4 9 0
I don't see any benefits of using it 11 6 9 13 16
SMS does not fit into my lifestyle 5 5 4 28 17
I don't trust SMS in delivering what I want to say 4 2 2 10 2
I'm afraid if it fails to deliver my message 1 4 1 1 4
No one has sent me an SMS before 1 1 3 9 10
I don't know anyone I can send SMS to 4 1 1 25 50
People in my community don't like SMS 0 2 3 5 10
40
Among BOP mobile owners who don’t use SMS
Postpaid at BOP only in Sri Lanka and Thailand
41
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Pre paid 100 100 100 95 100 96
Post paid - - - 5 - 4
Among BOP mobile owners
Primary mobile connection (% BOP mobile owners)
Top-up cards still most popular in Sri Lanka and India
42
Top-up cards/scratch cards SMS top-up or reload from a shop/agent/dealer
SMS top-up or reload from others (family members/
friends)
I dont know how0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Method of top-up (%BOP mobile owners with prepaid connections)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Among BOP mobile owners with prepaid connection
Majority don't use mobiles for financial, business or work related communication, except Java
43
Among BOP who own personal or household phones
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
46%
74%64% 62%
27%
68%
Use of phone for financial, business or work related communications (% of phone owners)
I do not use for these purposesLess than once a month Once a monthTwo to three times a monthOnce a weekTwo times a weekEveryday
MORE-THAN-VOICE Findings
45
Awareness of entertainment and competition polls highest in Sri Lanka
Bankin
g and finan
cial se
rvice
s
Mak
ing or rec
eiving pay
ments
Govern
mental se
rvice
s
Health
Servi
ces
Competition polls
or parti
cipati
on
Enter
tainment r
elated
info
rmati
on servi
ces
Liveli
hood relat
ed in
form
ation
Other
genera
l info
rmati
on0%
20%40%60%80%
100%Awareness of MTV services that can be accessed through phone or computers (% of BOP teleusers)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Among BOP teleusers
2008 vs 2011: Awareness of MTV services has declined in some countries on some services
Among BOP teleusers
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
Banking and financial ser-
vices
Payment services
Government services
Health services Voting, compe-titions, reality
shows, etc
Entertainment information
services
Livelihood in-formation
services
Other general information
services
At least one MTV service
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
2008 vs 2011Awareness of MTV services available on phones and computers (% of BOP
teleusers)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
BOP not taking up MTV services
Bankin
g and finan
cial se
rvice
s
Paymen
t serv
ices
Govern
ment s
ervice
s
Health
servi
ces
Voting, co
mpetitions,
reality
shows,
etc
Enter
tainment in
form
ation se
rvice
s
Liveli
hood info
rmati
on service
s
Other
genera
l info
rmati
on servi
ces
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
MTV service usage through phone or computer (% BOP aware of services)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand
Among BOP who are aware of MTV services
2008 vs 2011: MTV usage at BOP has fallen
Among BOP teleusers who are aware of MTV services
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
2008
2011
Banking and fi-nancial services
Payment services Government services
Health services Voting, competi-tions, reality shows,
etc
Entertainment in-formation services
Livelihood informa-tion services
Other general in-formation services
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
More-than-voice usage, 2008 vs 2011 (% of BOP teleusers who are aware of those services)
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
PERCEIVED BENEFITSFindings
50
Main economic benefit of phone is reducing travel
51
Among BOP teleusers
Ability to reduce travel
Efficiency of your day to day work
Ability to contact people related to your work or job
Access to finance
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Benefits of phones (%BOP teleuser)1=No change 5=Improved greatly
Thailand
Sri Lanka
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
The phone mainly benefits personal life
52
Among BOP teleusers
Ability to act or contact others in an emergency
relationships with family and friends
Social status/ recognition in the community
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Benefits of phones (%BOP teleuser)1=No change 5=Improved greatly
Thailand
Sri Lanka
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
QUALITY OF SERVICEFindings
53
Sri Lanka performs best on perceptions of how frequent quality problems are faced by BOP
55
Often cant get signal, or signal strength is weak
Often cant get a call through (network is busy)
Connection not clear Calls get dropped (cut off)0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Frequency of the problem faced (among mobile owners that face the problem) 0 = Never, 4=Always
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
Among BOP mobile owners
Over 50% of BOP handsets were brand new when obtained
56
Among BOP mobile owners
Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
How handsets were obtained (%BOP mobile owners)
Brand new Second hand Gifted or handed over
Male vs female: Males more often obtained brand new handsets in sub-continent
57
Among BOP mobile owners
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleBangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
How main handset was obtained (%BOP mobile owners)
Brand new Second hand Gifted or handed over
Thailand handset costs well ahead of other countries
58
Mean SD
Bangladesh 37 24.5
Pakistan 43 129.3
India 45 63.7
Sri Lanka 51 32.2
Thailand 93 82.2
Approximate price paid for handset (USD)
Among BOP mobile owners
SUMMARYFindings
59
Summary
• Access is improving at both personal and household levels– Phones overtaken TV and radio– Mostly mobile: majority of BOP own a mobile; many on second
handset– QOS problems perceived by BOP are moderate
• Usage is still limited to voice (with some SMS, radio, games etc)– Little use of mobile for productive purposes; benefits mostly
perceived in emergency communication and maintaining relationships
– Awareness and use of MTV services among BOP not progressed much since 2008
60