telemetry - mn.uio.no · the functions of telemetry slide 2 narom 2011 telemetry – the collection...
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NAROM 2011 Slide 1
Prof. Gunnar Stette [email protected]
TELEMETRY the efficient transfer of information
The functions of telemetry
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Telemetry – the collection of information from distance
Tele (Greek: far away, far off, at a distance) – can be anything from inside the body to deep space
At Andøya it means receiving information from sounding rockets travelling to the ionosphere, both from the scientific instruments and also the position and state of the rocket.
The topic will be covered more broadly, because telemetry is processing
and transport of information.
Example: Telemetry system
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Example: Telemetry from Cassini
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Cassini's 12 instruments have returned a daily stream of data from Saturn's system since arriving at Saturn in 2004
Telemetry system
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Source Channel Receiver
• parameter extraction • required resolution • encoding • source compression • formating • transmission
• tracking • demodulation • decoding • data analysis • presentation
• modulation • channel coding
Telemetry for a sounding rocket
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Telemetry system
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Source Channel Receiver
• parameter extraction • required resolution • encoding • source compression • formating • transmission
• tracking • demodulation • decoding • data analysis • presentation
• modulation • channel coding
Example: Information source
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Claude Shannon
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Source Coding
1log( )ii
Hp
=The information content of symbol i with probability pi:
Information source Symbols
N
i
aaaa
2
1
With probabilities
N
i
pppp
2
1
)log(1ii
iaverage pp
NH ⋅−= ∑
The average information content per symbol: (if the symbols are statistical independent)
If the symbols are NOT statistically independent, - then source compression
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A well known example
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The signal processing in an ordinary camera
Typical data volume reduction from RAW to JPEG, from 15 to 5 Mbit
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More advanced compression (1)
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More advanced compression (2)
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More advanced compression (3)
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Formatting of information
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PICTURE CODING
Scanned TV picture
625 lines Number of pixels per picture 625 x (625X4/3) = 500 000 pixels
Quantization of each pixel individually, (8+8) bit/pixel
500 000 x 16 = 8 Mbit/picture
Transmisson of 25 pictures per second:
8 Mbit/picture x 25 pictures/s = 200 Mbit/s
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Video Coding Evolution and Revolution
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Bit
-rat
e (M
bit
/s)
MPEG-4 part2
MPEG-2
H.264/AVC
The «RAW» format data rate is > 200 Mbit/s
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Telemetry system
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Source Channel Receiver
• parameter extraction • required resolution • encoding • source compression • formating • transmission
• tracking • demodulation • decoding • data analysis • presentation
• modulation • channel coding
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SHANNON on CHANNEL CAPACITY
C R bit/s
Forbidden region
Region for error free transmission
Erro
r pro
babi
lity
Information source
Information channel
R bit/s Channel capacity C bit/s
(2) Defined the INFORMATION CAPACITY of information channels.
bit/s )1(log2 NS
BC +⋅=The channel capacity
S is the signal power and N is the noise power in the channel.
Important parameters for information transfer are - power requirement - bandwidth requirement There is a general trade-off between power- and bandwidth efficiency
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Pt Pr
Transmission link (Physical layer)
10)(1)(1)d 4
()()( 2
0=×××××= • KG
RTG
kGP
NE
m
msatsat
b
πλ
Bit energy
Noise power density
Transmit power Transmit antenna
Distance Boltzmanns constant
Receive antenna
Receiver noise temperature
Coding gain
Data rate
Wavelength
Source A/D FEC MOD AMPL
Low noise a.
Demod. FEC D/A Sink.
Distance d
Noise
”Typical Value”
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Goldstone – 70 meter antenna
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When the source is far away and the transmit
power limited the receiver antenna must be
large.
Received power is power flux density multiplied
by the antenne effective area
ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying
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FSK - Frequency shift keying
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PSK – Phase Shift Keying
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Shannon
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Slide 25
TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE
BPSK (and QPSK) is the most efficient modulation method for bit-by-bit transmission.
BPSK and QPSK
8PSK
But we are still far from SHANNON’s limit, error free at -1.6 dB
0
1 ( )2
be
EP erfN
= ⋅
BPSK QPSK
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CODING
Example: Code performance
for a particular method, BCH-codes
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Convolutional coding
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Coding gain
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Turbo codes
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Turbo coder
”Closing in on the perfect code” IEEE Spectrum March 2004
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Satellite telemetry
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OLYMPUS, ESA
Marisat
Deep Space Networks development
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Display- according to the application
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