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Technologies for LFG Abatement, Extrac9on and U9liza9on
Philippine Landfill Forum June 27, 2012
Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
Presented by Bryce Lloyd
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Presenta)on Outline
§ What is landfill biogas (LFG)? § Proper)es of LFG § How to collect and control LFG? § Typical LFG collec)on system components § How to beneficially use the LFG? § Conver)ng the LFG to electrical power or process heat § Examples of the technologies that have been used to convert LFG to Power and/or Heat
§ Poten)al benefits and revenue from LFG recovery and u)liza)on
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Background § Even aKer the 3R’s (reduce, reuse, recycle) and with the
employment of other waste management op)ons (incinera)on, compos)ng, anaerobic diges)on), some waste will con)nue to be landfilled)
§ Landfills will con)nue to produce some landfill biogas ( LFG), which can and should be controlled, collected and u)lized
§ Benefits of controlling and u)lizing LFG include: § elimina)ng odor nuisance and safety hazards § improving local and regional air quality § reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and § harves)ng a renewable energy resource
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What is LFG?
§ Formed during anaerobic decomposi)on of organic materials in landfills § Amount & composi)on dependent on solid waste characteris)cs § Increase in organics equals an increase in gas genera)on § Gas produc)on ends with end of decomposi)on § Collec)on efficiency can vary from 20% to 80% § Landfill fires destroy organics and reduce the amount of LFG generated
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Characteris)cs of LFG § Methane (CH4) -‐ 50% to 65% § Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -‐ 35% to 50% § Vola)le Organic Compounds (VOCs) – trace § Ammonia, H2S, Mercaptans, etc. § Explosive and asphyxia)on danger § Health hazards associated with trace gases (VOCs; HAPs)
§ Groundwater contamina)on (in some areas this means drinking water!)
§ Methane is a potent greenhouse gas (CH4 GWP – 23 )mes CO2)
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§ Local, Available Fuel Source § Rela)vely Easy to Capture and Use § Source of Energy that Otherwise would have been Wasted
§ Con)nuous Supply -‐ 24 Hours a Day & 7 Days a Week
§ Reliable Technologies Exist for Using LFG § >95% On Line Availability
§ Improves the Environment by Reducing Uncontrolled Emissions of LFG
Why Use LFG?
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LFGE Project Benefits § Improves air quality and reduces greenhouse gas
§ Offsets non-‐renewable resource use § Each 1 MW Of Genera)on Capacity:
§ Annual environmental equivalent to plan)ng 4,900 hectare of trees or removing the CO2 emissions of 9,000 cars
§ Annual energy equivalent to preven)ng the use of 99,000 barrels of oil, offselng the use of 200 railcars of coal, or powering more than 650 homes
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Conver)ng LFG to U)lizable Energy
§ Energy Recovery Poten)al (~18 MJ/m3) § Approx. amount of electrical energy that can be produced by LFG from a small, medium, large LFGE: § Small: 25kW to 1MW § Medium: 1~ 3MW § Large: 3 ~ 30MW
§ A moderate frac)on of landfills in Asia have LFGE
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LFGE System Design
§ Array of ver)cal or horizontal extrac)on wells § Main header and lateral piping network with control valves and monitoring ports
§ Moisture (condensate) removal ( KOP and sumps)
§ Gas extrac)on blowers
§ Flares § LFG Pretreatment equipment
§ LFGE equipment 9
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Ver)cal Wells
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Horizontal Collectors
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LFG Well Field
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Blowers 吹风机类别….
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Flare and Pre-‐treatment Unit
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LFGE Technology Op)ons
§ Electrical Power Genera)on § On-‐site Use § Connec)on to Grid
§ Gas Purifica)on § Direct Thermal Applica)ons
§ Combined Heat and Power
(CHP)
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Electrical Power Genera)on
Available Technologies
§ Reciproca)ng internal combus)on engine § ~80 % of LFGE projects worldwide
§ Gas turbine§ Steam turbine
§ Microturbine
§ Cogenera)on
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Electricity Genera)on§ Most prevalent type of LFG u)liza)on
§ In US, 1100 MW of capacity from over 250 opera)onal projects
Advantages § Electricity can be used on-‐site, or sold to nearby customer, coopera)ve or u)lity
Disadvantages § LFG will require pre-‐treatment
§ Connec)ng to the grid could be expensive § Capital cost typically higher than for direct use, but less than for purifica)on/high BTU
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LFG Electricity Genera)on Projects Technology No. of Projects in
USA*
Internal Combus)on (55kW-‐3MW) 279
Gas Turbine (1-‐10MW) 28
Cogenera)on 26
Steam Turbine (1-‐10MW) 14
Microturbine (30-‐200kW) 13
Combined Cycle (1-‐10MW) 6
S)rling Engine (25-‐55kW) 2
*Source: LMOP (2010)18
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Example – Electricity Genera)on Kam Phaeng Saen Landfill, Thailand
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (16 MW) § Connected to electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 26 Million tonnes Landfilling began: 2005 (10 years design life) Waste In place: 12 Million tonnes Waste Intake: ~ 5000 tpd LFG Recovery: ~ 6000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera)on Xiaping Landfill, Shenzhen
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (7.5MW+) § Tied into electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 47 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1997 (30 years design life) Waste In place: 13 Million tonnes Waste Intake: 3000~3500 tpd LFG Recovery: >9000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera)on Gaoantun Landfill, Beijing
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (2.5MW+) § Provides electricity to on-‐site leachate treatment plant and offices
Landfill Capacity: 8.92 Million m3
Landfilling began: 2002 (20 years design life) Waste In place: 6.5 Million tonnes Waste Intake: ~1000 tpd (upto 3200 tpd) LFG Recovery: 2500 m3/hr
Flaring System and Generator House
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Example – Electricity Genera)on Bantar Gebang Landfill, Indonesia
§ Design Electricity Power Genera9on Capacity (14 MW+) § Connected to electrical grid
Landfill Capacity: 35 Million tonnes Landfilling began: 1989 (~30 years design life) Waste In place: ~26 Million tonnes Waste Intake: ~5000 tpd LFG Recovery: >3000 m3/hr
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Example – Electricity Genera)on Jordan Valley Landfill, Hong Kong
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Waste in Place: 1.3 Million tonnes Landfill operated from 1986-‐1991 Waste intake: ~400 to 1000 tpd LFG Recovery: ~50 m3/hr (up to 500 m3/hr)
§ Design electrical power genera9on capacity: 220 kW § Produces electrical power for onsite leachate pre-‐treatment works
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Purifica)on for Use as Process Heat
§ Technology § Gas is purified from 50% to 97-‐ 99% methane § Removal of carbon dioxide is primary step
§ Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) § Pipeline quality gas § Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
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§ Advantages § Inject treated product into pipeline § Methane can be used as raw material § Reduc)on in use of fossil fuels
§ Disadvantages § Must meet strict standards of pipeline/user § Economical for large scale only § Requires extensive pretreatment to remove all components other than methane
§ Very expensive, massive size, high demand on O&M
Purifica)on PCIEERD-DOST
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Example – Purifica)on NENT Landfill, Hong Kong
§ 6600 m3/hr of LFG purified to 90%+ CH4 and compressed into 18 km pipeline to provide process heat to industrial facility
§ 4MW On-‐site Power Genera9on § On-‐site leachate treatment Landfill Capacity: 35 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1995 (~30 years design life) Waste Intake: ~3500 tpd LFG Recovery: >6600 m3/hr
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Example – Purifica)on (LFG to CNG) Xiaping Landfill, Shenzhen
§ 500 m3/hr of LFG purified to 90%+ CH4 and compressed into CNG § Provides fuel to on-‐site vehicles Landfill Capacity: 47 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1997 (30 years design life) Waste In place: 13 Million tonnes Waste Intake: 3000~3500 tpd LFG Recovery: >9000 m3/hr
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Example – Purifica)on (LFG to LNG) Altamount Landfill, California, USA
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Waste In place: 36.8 Million tonnes LFG to LNG opera9on began in 2009 LFG Recovery: ~3500 m3/hr
§ 85,000 m3 of LFG converted to 49,000 liters of LNG daily § Provides fuel to 300 garbage trucks
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§ Boilers § Kilns § Furnaces § Process heat § Leachate pretreatment and evapora)on § Cement manufacturing § Lumber drying § Co-‐combus)on (e.g., in waste incinerator)§ Innova)ve applica)ons
§ Greenhouses § Infrared heaters § Porery kilns
Direct Thermal Applica)ons
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§ Gas piped to a nearby customer for use in boiler, kiln or other process
§ 100 projects in the US § Pipeline length range from .5 to 18 km
§ Less than 5 kilometers is most feasible
§ LFG can be used on-‐site or off-‐site § Best suited when need for fuel is con)nuous
Direct Thermal Applica)ons
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Direct Thermal Applica)ons
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Example – Process Heat Shuen Wan Landfill, Hong Kong
§ Delivered 2,000m3/hr LFG (50%+CH4) to Towngas plant as process heat for use in reformers during the produc9on of town gas
Landfill operated from 1973 to 1995 Waste in place: 16 Million tonnes LFGE System in opera9on since 1999 Design Capacity: 2200 m3/hr LFG Recovery: 300 m3/hr to 2000 m3/hr)
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Direct Thermal Applica)ons
Greenhouse § Direct heat
genera)on or residual heat from power genera)on
§ Carbon dioxide can be used to grow greenhouse plants
§ 6 projects in the US (opera)ng or under construc)on)
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Infrared Heater § Provide heat to store
room or maintenance workplace
§ A small amount of LFG can heat a large volume
§ Simple installa)on § 4 opera)ng projects in
the USA
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Direct Thermal Applica)ons PCIEERD-DOST
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LFG as Process Heat for Leachate Evapora9on
§ Evaporate leachate and other contaminants with LFG§ Reduce leachate volume by 95%+ § Commercially Available Technology § Units Opera)ng in Asia § 16 opera)onal units in the U.S.
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Direct Thermal Applica)ons PCIEERD-DOST
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Example – Leachate Evapora)on System Anding Landfill, Beijing
Landfill Capacity: 3.56 Million m3
Landfilling began: 11/1996 (14 years design life) Waste In place: >4.2 Million tonnes Waste Intake: 800~2000 tpd LFG Recovery: ~400 m3/hr
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§ Design capacity of EVAP: 40 m3 of leachate daily § First approved CDM project in China § First applica9on of leachate evapora9on in Asia
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Advantages: § Low pretreatment requirement; mainly
dehumidifica)on § Conven)onal equipment can be used with minimal
modifica)ons § Boilers not sensi)ve to trace components § Rela)vely low capital and O&M costs
Disadvantages: § End user needs to be within reasonably close distance
of landfill § Care must be taken to avoid contamina)on of products
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Direct Thermal Applica)ons PCIEERD-DOST
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Purifica)on and Direct Thermal Applica)ons
Technology No. of Projects in USA *
Boiler 54 Direct Hea)ng 42 High BTU Fuel 22 Leachate Evapora)on 16 Greenhouse 6 Alterna)ve Fuel (CNG or LNG) 3 Medium BTU Fuel injected into Natural Gas Pipeline
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*Source: LMOP (2010) 38
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Combined Heat and Power
§ Large Industrial Applica)ons § Microturbine Applica)ons § Advantages
§ Greater overall energy recovery efficiency from waste heat recovery -‐ up to 80%
§ Specialized CHP systems available § Flexible -‐ hot water or steam genera)on from recovered heat
§ Disadvantages § Addi)onal capital and opera)ng costs
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§ 9.5 mile pipeline from landfill
§ 4 turbines retrofired to burn LFG
§ 4.8 MW = 25% of plant’s electrical needs
§ 72 MMBtu/hr = 80% of plant’s thermal needs (hot water, space hea)ng, cooling)
§ BMW saves $1 million/yr
Combined Heat and Power – South Carolina, USA
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§ First School Co-‐genera)on (CHP) Project On LFG
§ 12 Microturbines With 360 kW Capacity
§ Exhaust Energy Produces 290,000 Btus/Hour At 550o
§ School Expects To Save $100,000/Year
Combined Heat and Power -‐ Illinois, USA
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Significant Co-‐benefits of Methane Recovery and Use Projects
BENEFITS OF METHANE PROJECTS
§ Reduced waste of a valuable fuel and important local energy source and
§ Improved industrial safety and produc)vity § Improved air quality, water quality and reduced odors § Reduced greenhouse gas emissions § Progress toward sustainable development goals § Economic growth and energy security BUT BARRIERS EXIST…
§ Lack of awareness of emission levels and value of lost fuel § Lack of informa)on on and training in available technologies and
management prac)ces § Tradi)onal industry prac)ces § Regulatory and legal issues § Limited methane markets and infrastructure § Uncertain investment climate
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Poten)al Revenue Streams • Cash from Trash!
§ Energy sales § Direct use: $2~8/MMBTU § Electricity: $0.05~0.10/kWh
§ Renewable / green incen)ves: varies § Grid connec)on subsidy: depends on loca)on § Emission reduc)on credits (CER; VER; Gold Standard): $3~20/tCO2e
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