technician module 2 unit 6 slide 1 module 2 unit 6 cbrne

Technician Module 2 Unit 6 Slide 1

MODULE 2UNIT 6

CBRNE


Unit 6 Learning Objective

At the completion of this unit the student will be able to give specific considerations to rescue, evacuation and mitigation when

dealing with WMD releases.


Student Performance Objectives• Be able to recognize types of WMD agents or materials. Know

how to use and read • results from diagnostic and sampling equipment and reading

instruments. Understand the limitations of the detection or diagnostic instruments and devices provided by the department.

• Know how to use and read results from diagnostic and sampling equipment and reading instruments.

• Understand the limitations of the detection or diagnostic instruments and devices provided by the department.

• Know how to use and read results from medical diagnostic and sampling equipment and reading instruments.

• Be able to recognize the types of hazardous materials or WMD agents that may be present on victims.


Student Performance Objectives• Recognize the dangers and aspects inherent in hazardous materials or

WMD events.

• Know the methods, limitations, and operating procedures for sampling equipment use to collect solids (including particulate materials), liquids, and gases for detection, identification, classification, and verification of hazardous materials and WMD agents.

• Have training and experience in emergency medical basic life support treatment, rescue of contaminated victims and responders, selection of appropriate procedures for decontamination of persons and equipment, and in protection of personnel involved in transporting victims exposed to WMD agents. Assist the emergency medical group that is on the scene and the incident commander in coordinating this support.


Student Performance Objectives• Have the training and experience to assist the incident

commander in establishing safety procedures for performing specialized tasks to lower the level of hazard from the potential WMD agent or hazardous materials.

• Follow procedures for operating sampling equipment. Understand limitations for collecting solids (including particulate materials), liquids, and gases for detection, identification, and classification of potential WMD agents and materials and for verification of such materials if needed. Use technical reference materials as needed in performing these tasks.


WMD Recognition

• Occupancy & Locations

• Type of Event

• Timing of Event

• On Scene Warning Signs


CAUTION

ALWAYS BE ALERT FOR SECONDARY DEVICES !


Chemical (CBRNE)

Industrial Chemicals

Chemical Agents


Chemical Use

It has been shown in Iraq that a chlorine laden commercial vehicle makes an

incredible WMD.

In the recent past there have been increasing attacks utilizing chlorine

tankers with explosives used to release the poisonous gas.


Biological (CBRNE)

Bacteria

Rickettsiae

Viruses

Toxins

AGENT DETECTION TREATMENT

Anthrax I: 1–6 d. FLS. Possible widened mediastinum. Gram stain (gram-positive rod) of blood and blood culture (late).

TBI: treatment may be delayed 24 h. until cultures from incident site available.

PEP (only if instructed by govt. officials): ciprofloxacin or doxycycline po x 8 wks.

Severe cases: ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, or penicillin IV.

Cholera I: 4 h–5 d. Severe gastroenteritis with "rice water" diarrhea.

Oral rehydration with WHO solution or IV hydration.Tetracycline, doxycycline (dosage as below or 300 mg one

time) po for 3 d. Ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin po for 3 d. if resistant strains.

Plague I: 2-3 d. FLS.CXR: patchy infiltrates or consolidation.Gram stain of lymph node aspirate, sputum, or CSF

(gram negative, non-spore forming rods).

Isolation.PEP: doxycycline or ciprofloxacin for 7 daysSymptomatic: gentamicin or doxycycline IV for 10–14 days.Meningitis: chloramphenicol.

Tularemia I: 2-10 d. FLS. Gentamicin for 10–14 d.

Q Fever I: 10-40 d. FLS. Most cases self-limited.Tetracycline or doxycycline po for 5–7 d.

Smallpox I: 7-17 (avg. 12) d. FLS. Later erythematous rash that progresses to pustular vesicles.

Electron or light microscopy of pustular scrapings. PCR.

Isolation.PEP: vaccinia vaccine scarification and vaccinia immune

globulin IM.

Viral Encephalitides I: 1-6 d. FLS.Immunoassay.

Supportive.

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers I: 4-21 d. FLS. Easy bleeding and petechiae.Enzyme immunoassay.

Isolation. Supportive care.Some respond to ribavirin.

Botulism I: 1-5 d. Descending bulbar, muscular and respiratory weakness.

Supportive.PEP: toxoid.Symptomatic: anti-toxin.

StaphylococcusEnterotoxin B I: 3-12 h. FLS. Supportive.

Ricin I: 18-24 h. FLS, pulmonary edema, and severe respiratory distress.

Supportive.

T-2 Mycotoxins I: 2-4 h. Skin, respiratory and GI symptoms. Supportive.

Abbreviations: CSF: cerebro-spinal fluid. CXR: chest x-ray. d: days. h: hours. FLS: flu-like symptoms. GI: gastro-intestinal. I: incubation period.PCR: polymerase chain reaction. PEP: post-exposure prophylaxis. TBI: threatened biologic incident. WHO: World Health Organization.Dosages: Chloramphenicol: 50-75 mg/kg/d, divided q 6 hrs. Ciprofloxacin: po: 500 mg q 12 h.; IV: 400 mg q 8-12 h. Doxycycline: po: 100 mg q 12 hrs; IV: 200 mg initially

then 100 mg q 12 h. Erythromycin: po: 500 mg q 6 h. Gentamicin: 3-5 mg/kg/d. Norfloxacin: po: 400 mg. Penicillin: IV: 2 million units q 2 h. Tetracycline: po: 500 mg q 6 h. Streptomycin: IM: 15 mg/kg, BID. Vaccinia immune globulin: IM: 0.6 mL/kg.

WHO solution: 3.5 g NaCl, 2.5 g NaHCO3, 1.5 g KCl and 20 g of glucose per liter of water.


AgentType

Name of Agent Rate of ActionEffective

DosageSymptoms/Effects

Bacteria

Bacillus anthracis Causes anthrax

Incubation: 1 to 6 days

Length of illness:1 to 2 days

Extremely high mortality rate

8,000 to 50,000 spores

Fever and fatigue; often followed by a slight improvement, then abrupt onset of severe respiratory problems; shock; pneumonia and death within 2 to 3 days

Yersinia pestis Causes plague

Incubation:2 to 10 days


Variable mortality rate

100 to 500 organisms

Malaise, high fever, tender lymph nodes, skin lesions, possible hemorrhages, circulatory failure, and eventual death

Brucella suis Causes brucellosis


2% mortality rate

100 to 1,000 organisms

Flu-like symptoms, including fever and chills, headache, appetite loss, mental depression, extreme fatigue, aching joints, sweating, and possibly gastrointestinal symptoms.

Pasturella tularensis Causes tularemia Also known as

rabbit fever and deer fly fever


Length of illness:1 to 3 weeks

30% mortality rate

10 to 50 organismsFever, headache, malaise, general discomfort,

irritating cough, weight loss

RickettsiaeCoxiella burnetti Causes Q-fever



1% mortality rate

10 organisms Cough, aches, fever, chest pain, pneumonia


AgentType

Name of Agent Rate of ActionEffective


Viruses

Variola virus Causes

smallpox

Incubation:average 12 days

Length of illness:several weeks

35% mortality rate in un-vaccinated individuals

10 to 100 organisms

Malaise, fever, vomiting, headache appear first, followed 2 to 3 days later by lesions

Highly infectious

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus



Low mortality rate

10 to 100 organisms

Sudden onset of fever, severe headache, and muscle pain

Nausea, vomiting, cough, sore throat and diarrhea can follow

Yellow fever virus



5% mortality rate

1 to 10 organisms

Severe fever, headache, cough, nausea, vomiting, vascular complications (including easy bleeding, low blood pressure)

Toxins

Saxitoxin Produced by

blue-green algae commonly ingested by shellfish, mussels in particular

Time to effect:minutes to hours

Length of illness:Fatal after inhalation of lethal dose

10 micrograms per kilogram of body weight

Dizziness, paralysis of respiratory system, and death within minutes


AgentType

Name of Agent

Rate of ActionEffective


Toxins

Botulinum toxin Causes

botulism Produced by

Clostridium botulinum bacterium

Time to effect: 24 to 36 hours

Length of illness:24 to 72 hours

65% mortality rate

.001 microgram per kilogram of body weight

Weakness, dizziness, dry throat and mouth, blurred vision, progressive weakness of muscles

Interruption of neurotransmission leading to paralysis

Abrupt respiratory failure may result in death

Ricin Derived from

castor beans

Time to effect:few hours

Length of illness:3 days

High mortality rate

3 to 5 micrograms per kilogram of body weight

Rapid onset of weakness, fever, cough, fluid build-up in lungs, respiratory distress

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)

Produced by Staphylococcus aureus

Time to effect:3 to 12 hours

Length of illness:Up to 4 weeks

30 nanograms per person

Fever, chills, headache, nausea, cough, diarrhea, and vomiting


Radiological & Nuclear (CBRNE)

The nuclei of certain naturally occurring isotopes, and of others produced

artificially, contain excess energy, i.e., they are unstable. To attain stability, nuclei with excess energy emit that

energy in the form of nuclear, ionizing radiation and, in that process, frequently

change into different elements.


Radiation Stability

• Radioactive Decay - Radioactive decay is the process by which radionuclides decay, emitting ionizing radiation.

• Half-Life - is defined as the time required for half of the atoms of a given sample of radioisotope to decay.


Types of Radiation

• Alpha

• Beta

• Gamma

• Neutron


Explosive (CBRNE)

Explosives are classified as low or high explosives according to their rates of decomposition. Low explosives burn

rapidly (or deflagrate). High explosives ordinarily detonate.


Low Explosive

• Black Powder

• Safety Fuse

• Photoflash Powder


High Explosive

These are normally employed in warheads. They undergo detonation at rates of 3,300 to 28,500 feet per second. High explosives are conventionally subdivided into two classes

and differentiated by sensitivity:

Primary

Secondary


Monitoring / Detection

Ion Mobility SpectrometryPhoto Ionization Detectors (PID)Flame Ionization Detectors (FID)

Flame Spectrophotometer Detector (FPD)Surface Acoustic Wave / Gas

Chromatograph (SAAW/GC)


Ion Spectrometry

An ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) is a spectrometer capable of detecting and identifying very low concentrations of chemicals based upon the differential migration of gas phase ions through a

homogeneous electric field.


Photo Ionization Detectors

A photo ionization detector or PID uses an ultraviolet (UV) lightsource to break molecules to positively charged ions

that can easily be counted with a detector.


Flame Ionization Detectors

An FID is an ion detector which uses an air-hydrogen flame to produce ions. As

components elute from the GC's column they pass through the flame and are

burned, producing ions.


Flame Spectrophotometer Detector (FPD)

The flame spectrophotometer detector is a relatively new technology that shows great promise to detect and quantify all associated IDLH issues for emergency

responders that have to perform an initial assessment during a WMD event.


Surface Acoustic Wave / Gas Chromatograph (SAAW/GC)

SAW/GC meters are another of the new and emerging technologies to show great potential in the detection

and identification of TICs and chemical warfare materials.

The acoustic values of the crystals can be applied in conjunction with engineered principles of operation found in gas chromatograph systems for an very

accurate reading of a possibly toxic environment to the emergency responder.


Medical Monitoring

The WMD Tech should have a working knowledge of how to read results from

medical diagnostic and sampling equipment and reading instruments.


Unit 6 Quiz


Questions

technician module 2 unit 6 slide 1 module 2 unit 6 cbrne

Documents

particulate materials

types of wmd agents

types of hazardous materials

incredible wmd

wmd releases

wmd events

diagnostic instruments

operating sampling equipment