technical reference document c5 plant identification guide · lucas specific module on soil (soil...
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Regional statistics and Geographic Information
Author: E4.LUCAS (ESTAT)
TechnicalDocuments 2018
LUCAS 2018 (Land Use / Cover Area Frame Survey)
Technical reference document C5 Plant Identification Guide
C5 - Plant Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 2
Table of Contents
Scope and Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 5
B11 Common wheat 6
B12 Durum wheat 6
B13 Barley 8
B14 Rye 8
B15 Oats 9
B16 Maize 11
B17 Rice 12
B18 Triticale 12
B19 Other Cereals Buckwheat 13
B21 Potatoes 16
B22 Sugar Beet 16
B23 Other Root Crops 17
B31 Sunflower 19
B32 Rape and turnip rape 20
B33 Soya 21
B34 Cotton 23
B35 Other fibre and oleaginous crops 24
B36 Tobacco 26
B37 Other Non-permanent industrial crops 26
B41 Dry pulses 27
B42 Tomatoes 31
B43 Other fresh vegetables 31
B44 Floriculture and ornamental plants 37
B45 Strawberries 38
B52 Lucerne 40
B53 Other Leguminous and mixtures for fodder 40
B54 Mix of cereals 41
B55 Temporary grassland 42
B71 Apple fruit 43
B72 Pear fruit 45
B73 Cherry fruit 46
B74 Nuts-trees 47
B75 Other fruit tree and berries 47
B76 Oranges 48
B77 Other citrus fruits 50
B81 Olive groves 51
B82 Vineyards 52
B83 Nurseries 53
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B84 Permanent industrial crops 53
B84 Permanent industrial crops (cont.) 54
Sources 56
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DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD
ISSUE DATE CHANGE AUTHORITY / AUTHOR REASON FOR CHANGE AND AFFECTED SECTIONS
V0.1 2014/05/08 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS
V0.2 2017/05/03 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS Formatting. Introduction for LUCAS 2018
V1.0 2018/02/20 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS Fine tuning
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Scope and Introduction This document is part of a series of reference documents defining the framework of the Land Use / Cover Area frame statistical Survey (LUCAS). The document at hand provides images that will help in the identification of the different crop species, organized by their classes in the LUCAS classification.
The drafting of the document was part of the Eurostat contract N° 40301.2011.004-2011.256 on Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey (LUCAS) 2012 Lot 6 Technical Assistance & Quality Control entrusted to LuxSpace Sàrl and was developed by Prof. Dr. Hans Peter Piorr (University of for Sustainable and Applied Sciences – Eberswalde).
The LUCAS reference documents are periodically improved and adapted taking into account the experience from the implemented surveys and the requirements of the LUCAS data & information users.
LUCAS stands for Land use and land cover area frame survey. It is a survey that takes place in the field, and in the current form it has been run every 3 years since 2009. LUCAS survey 2018 can be divided in 3 parts:
LUCAS core
LUCAS specific module on grassland (Grassland module)
LUCAS specific module on soil (Soil module)
LUCAS core includes the identification of the point, different aspects of land cover and land use information and land and water management. The grassland module is a test module on 3734 points, to assess the practical and scientific feasibility to collect the relevant information. The soil module, which takes place in 26,014 LUCAS points, consists of different parts. In all points a topsoil sample is collected either on its own (standard soil sample), or with the bulk density sample (9000 points). Furthermore a sample for biodiversity is collected in 1000 points and in 1470 points specifically selected the extend of the organic horizon is assessed. The feasibility of the LUCAS core part and the standard topsoil sample have been assessed over the years and a thorough quality control takes place for these parts. On the other hand the grassland module, some smaller additions to the core part (EUNIS, Copernicus) and the new parts of the soil module have been introduced for testing purposes. The practical feasibility and in some cases the scientific feasibility of these modules are to be assessed during the LUCAS survey 2018. It is therefore of uttermost importance that this part of the survey is carefully planned and the assessment is done thoroughly. However the quality assessment is not as strict as in the other parts and aims at assessing the general plausibility of the results. On the other hand a request for correction is always possible. To assess the scientific validity of the grassland module a detailed vegetation survey will take place in a selected number of points in parallel to the LUCAS survey. The data collected during the LUCAS survey is used to produce statistical tables on land cover and land use, it is used for modelling agro-environmental aspects and it is used as ground control for satellite images. More information on land cover/use statistics and on LUCAS in general can be found on the Eurostat website: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/lucas/introduction. The LUCAS survey is co-ordinated by the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat).
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Seed/Grain
Germinated seed with roots, coleoptile and first leaf
©W.Lehnert
Spike without awns
Spike with awns Wheat without awns, time for harvesting
Time for harvesting, strutting apart of awns because of thick kernels
B11 Common wheat
Wheat with awns Wheat without awns
©USDA-ARS
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Young Durum spike, beginning of bloom
Seed/Grain
Often cropped in warmer climates (southern European countries). Danger of confusion with barley, common wheat with awns, triticale, rye In case of doubt choose common wheat Typical stalk Long awns of Durum, often black
Crop of Durum
©W.Lehnert
Emmer
©P.Piorr
B12 Durum wheat
Gappy crop of Durum
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B13 Barley
©USDA-ARS
Auricles
Big overlapping auricles of Barley
Seed, glume connected with kernel Slim two-row Barley
Slim two-row Barley, generally Barley has the longest awns.
Slim two-row Barley, time for harvesting
Four-row Barley, Common barley, time for harvesting
Four-row barley, Common Barley
Four-row barley, Common Barley
Slim two-row Barley
Four-row barley, typical long awns Common Barley
©W.Lehnert
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Gappy crop Crop of Rye Auricles hardly visible
Typical slim spike at the beginning of bloom
Grain, long thin kernels are typical Stage of maturity Graining phase Typical slim spike
©W.Lehner
t
©USDA-ARS
B14 Rye
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Standing crop of Oats
Tillering of Oats Shooting phase before panicles appear
Oats have no auricles but a bigger sized ligule
Panicle of Oats Slim grains of Oats Maturation phase of Oats
©W.Lehnert
©USDA-ARS
B15 Oats
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Standing crop of Maize
Maize ear abloom Maize ear abloom Seeding of Maize with red seed dressing of kernel
Male flowers of Maize
Maize ear at the end of maturity Big Maize kernel Wide row spacing of Maize Maize ear with green husks
©W.Lehnert
B16 Maize
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©Robert Soreng
©Steve Hurst
©USDA-ARS
Seed
Finished tillering phase
Development of first leaves after planting
B17 Rice
Standing crop of Rice Rice abloom
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Spikes always with awns
Auricles
Grains
Spiking stage of Triticale
Spikes during maturation
©W.Lehnert
©USDA-ARS
Might be confounded with Rye. Wheat with awns looks different, compare. If you are not sure choose Wheat. Rye typically is cropped under cooler climate conditions in northern EU.
Danger of confusion with Rye
Spikes always with awns
B18 Triticale
Big, eugenic spikes are typical for Triticale
Big, eugenic spikes are typical for Triticale
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Typical triangular kernels of Buckwheat
©W.Lehnert
©USDA-ARS
White blossom
Typical triangular leaves Crop of Buckwheat Buckwheat is no cereal, cotyledons still visible in two leaf stage o ceral
Gappy crop Beginning of bloom
B19 Other Cereals Buckwheat
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©W.Lehnert
Seed/Grain
©USDA-ARS
Sorghum bicolor
Millet (Pennisetum americanum)
Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Sorghum after crop covering
Panicles of Sorghum during maturation Leaves look like Maize leaves, panicles are positioned terminal
Maturity of Sorghum
B19 Other Cereals Sorghum (Millet)
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Field view: Potatoes after harrowing Red Blossom
Cultivation of Potatoes
©P.Piorr
First leaves of Potatoes
White blossom
Normally Potatoes are cropped in Potatoe hills
B21 Potatoes
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Seeds
©W.Lehnert
Wide row spacing of Sugar Beets Sugar Beets are cultivated on fertile soils
Four leaf stage, cotyledons are still visible
Only beet top of Sugar Beets can be seen
Eugonic leaves of Sugar Beets completely covering the soil
B22 Sugar Beet
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Shallots Onions
Onions
Garlic Garlic
Radishes
Vegetable and fodder carrots
Vegetable and fodder carrots
Vegetable and fodder carrots
Daucus carota: Development of carot root has begun
Daucus carota: Two slim cotyledons and 3 leaves are visible
©P.Piorr
©P.Piorr
B23 Other Root Crops
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Red beet
Cylindric body of Red beet Bigger part of the root grows above ground. Root body can be more cylindric
Scheme of other crops: A=Radish, B=Root celery, C=Cabbage turnip
©Franke 1998
©F
ranke 1
998
Cabbage turnip (red) Cabbage turnip (white)
©P.Piorr
©P.Piorr ©P.Piorr
©P.Piorr
B23 Other Root Crops (cont.)
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Seed
Seeding of Sunflower with blue seed dressing of kernel
©W.Lehnert
Sun flowers in an early growing stage Cotyledons still visible
Blossoms of Sunflower
Maturation of Sunflower
Short before harvest Bud of Sunflower
B31 Sunflower
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Seeds Short before harvesting
Blooming rapefield
Blossom
Rape blossom, elder siliquae are already in the grain filling stage
©W.Lehnert
Rape after development of first two leaves.
Typical broad cotyledons.
High plant density of standing crop
B32 Rape and turnip rape
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Seeds of Soya beans are white, yellow or dark brown
©W.Lehnert
Soya bean blossom
Scheme of Soya bean plant during the ripening phase
Typical leaf arrangement of Soya beans
Standing crop of Soya bean Soya beans in a field with minimum tillage, straw of previous crop is visible
Soya beans sown on ridges
Hairy pods of Soya beans
Pods of Soya beans typically contain two or three seeds
Soya beans in maturation phase
B33 Soya
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White blossom Red blossom
Leaf
Premature capsule of Cotton Cotton short before picking Mature opened Cotton capsule typically with 3 – 5 seeds with fibres
Characteristic big cotyledons of cotton seedling. Cotton seedling still carrying the seed coat coloured by the seed dressing.
Wide ridge spacing of Cotton
B34 Cotton
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Hemp
Typical leaf of Hemp
Hemp Flax/Linseeds
Flax/Linseeds
Flax/Linseeds
Flax/Linseeds ready for harvest
Oil squash
Oil squash in main growth stage Blossom of oil squash
Oil radish frequently used as intercrop
Oil radish short before harvest
B35 Other fibre and oleaginous crops
Oil radish frequently used as intercrop
Oil radish short before harvest
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Poppy capsule with seeds
Poppy seeds short before harvest Bud of Poppy seeds before bloom
Poppy seeds Young Poppy plant
White Poppy blossom Mustard seeds
Mustard seeds Mustard seeds
Mustard seeds Mustard seeds
Mustard seeds
B35 Other Fibre and oleaginous crops (cont.)
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Seed/Grain
©W.Lehnert
Tobacco plants, basal leaves are already harvested
Blossom
Typical leaves
©P.Piorr
Standing crop of Tobacco
Wide row spacing of Tobacco Tobacco planted on ridges
B36 Tobacco
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Hops
Hops
Hops
Hops
Hops
Thistle
Thistle
Thistle
Sage Parsley Parsley
B37 Other Non-permanent industrial crops
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Young Field beans (Faba beans)
Field beans during maturation, after threshing used as grain feed
Field beans
Standing crop of Field beans Blossoms of Field beans
Field beans with typical tetragonal stem
Green Bean pods are used vegetables, dried grains for cooking
Dry beans abloom
Young Bean plants Beans
Four leaf stage of Beans Beans, cotyledons still visible
B41 Dry pulses
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Chick pea
Chick pea Chick pea
Chick pea
Field pea Field pea
Field pea Field pea, easily to be identified because of their cirrus
Field pea during maturing, after threshing used as grain feed
Field pea, green pods and green grains are used as vegetables
Chick pea
B41 Dry pulses (cont.)
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Lentil Lentil Lupin with typical leaves Lupin with white blossoms
Lupin with blue blossom Lupin
Lupin buds during maturing, after threshing used as grain feed.
Lupins
Vetch
Vetch Vetch
Vetch
B41 Dry pulses (cont.)
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Tomatoes during blossom
Yellow blossom
Tomatoes short before ripening
Wide row spacing of Tomatoes Tomatoes cultivated in foils with drip irrigation
B42 Tomatoes
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Pepper Pepper
Pepper
Leek Leek
Leek Artichoke
Artichoke Artichoke Egg-plant Egg-plant
Chilli
B43 Other fresh vegetables
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Pumpkin
Pumpkin
Zucchini Zucchini
Pumpkin
Zucchini Field view: Asparagus after harvest, green above-ground plant
White Asparagus, latest growing stage to harvest belowground white stems
Green Asparagus, green above ground stem is harvested
Asparagus after harvest, plants provide nutrients for recovering of rootstocks
B43 Other fresh vegetables (cont.)
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Broccoli
Cauliflower White cabbage White cabbage Cauliflower
Broccoli Honeydew melon
Honeydew melon
Water melon Water melon Field view: Red cabbage Red cabbage
©P.Piorr ©P.Piorr
B43 Other fresh vegetables (cont.)
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Brussels sprouts
Butterhead lettuce
Iceberg lettuce Iceberg lettuce
Red butterhead lettuce Red butterhead lettuce
Butterhead lettuce with drip irrigation
Brussels sprouts Brussels sprouts
Dandelion
Iceberg lettuce with drip irrigation Field view: Iceberg lettuce
©P.Piorr ©P.Piorr
B43 Other fresh vegetables (cont.)
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Spinach Spinach
Field view: Celery root
Field view: Celery
©P.Piorr
B43 Other fresh vegetables (cont.)
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Narcissus Narcissus
Yellow tulip Oleander Red tulip, typical leaves
Lavender Rose Lilium
B44 Floriculture and ornamental plants
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Blossom
Short after planting
©USDA-ARS
Strawberries in foil cultivation with drip irrigation
B45 Strawberries
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Clover Seeds (White clover) Clover Seeds (Red Clover)
White Clover
Red Clover
Typical leaves Red blossom
©W.Lehnert ©W.Lehnert
B51 Clover
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Leaf Blossoms of Lucerne (Alfalfa)
Typical leaves of Lucerne
Lucerne with typical spiralled seeds
B52 Lucerne
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Clover/Grass ley after harvest
Clover/Grass ley
Vetch/Clover/Grass ley Alfalfa/Grass ley Clover/Grass ley
Barley/Pea mixture Rye/Vetch mixture Pea/Barley/Oats mixture
Alfalfa/Grass ley Vetch/Grass/Legume mixture Clover/Grass ley Red Clover/Grass ley
B53 Other Leguminous and mixtures for fodder
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Barley/Oats mixture Wheat/Barley mixture
Wheat/Barley mixture Wheat/Barley mixture
B54 Mix of cereals
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Young Grass ley on arable land
Grass ley Grass ley
Grass ley in graining phase possibly for harvest of seeds
Gappy Grass ley after harvest with few Clover plants
Grass ley
Young Grass ley on arable land
Grass ley
Grass ley in graining phase possibly for harvest of seeds
Grass ley
B55 Temporary grassland
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Blossom
Leaves Fruit and leaves of Apple
B71 Apple fruit
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B72 Pear fruit
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Typical blossom
Typical blossom
Red cherry fruit
Leaves
B73 Cherry fruit
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Young Hazelnut plant
Blossom of Chestnut
Leaves of Hazelnut Walnuts Walnuts
Almond tree
Almond tree
Almond tree Almond tree
Pistachio tree with stone fruits Almond plantation
Chestnut
B74 Nuts-trees
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Apricot
Peach
Mirabellas Plums
Blossom apricot
Blossoms of Peach
B75 Other fruit tree and berries
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Blossom
Time for harvesting
Time for harvesting
Fruit of Orange
B76 Oranges
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Grapefruit
Lemon
Grapefruit
Mandarine
Lemon Mandarine
Lime
Lime
B77 Other citrus fruits
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Green olive
Olive grove, soil kept free from weeds to prevent water competition
Young buds of olives
Blossom and leaves Buds of olives shortly before bursting
Young olive tree plantation with drip irrigation
Time for harvesting
Young intensive Olive plantation with drip irrigation
Young traditional cultivation type of Olives
Olive grove, soil kept free from weeds to prevent water competition
Olive grove, soil kept free from weeds to prevent water competition
B81 Olive groves
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Elder Vineyard, soil kept free from weeds to prevent water competition
Vineyard with soil cover to prevent erosion
Young vine plantation with single plant pruning
Special form pruning
Wine espalier for Table grapes Wine espalier for Table grapes Flower cluster of Wine
Leaves Leaves and inflorescence of sapling
White grape
Red grape
Typical vineyard
B82 Vineyards
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Fir tree Fir tree
Fir tree
Nursery under foil of trees Rododendron nursery
Diverse plants in a tree nursery Broadleaf tree nursery Young Fir tree nursery
Tree nursery with drip irrigation Tree nursery in ridge cultivation Diverse Coniferous trees Olive tree nursery
B83 Nurseries
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Lavender
Lavender
Lavender
B84 Permanent industrial crops
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Osier plantation Osier
Miscanthus Sprouting Miscanthus Miscanthus Miscanthus
Miscanthus
B84 Permanent industrial crops (cont.)
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Sources
Britton, N.L., and A. Brown/. USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 2: 260.
Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possession/ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 2: 193.
Elaine Haug @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Hitchcock, A.S./ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database (rev. A. Chase). 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States. USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. Washington, DC.
Jeff McMillian @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Lehnert, W. 2012. HNE-Eberwalde, Germany
Mark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Piorr, H.-P. 2012. HNE-Eberswalde, Germany
R.A. Howard @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Rusty Russell @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Susan McDougall @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database