technical english 4 sb
TRANSCRIPT
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2 Contents
ContentsUnit/Section Function/Skill Genre/Texttype Grammar/Discourse Lexis/Technology
Uni
t1
Inno
vati
ons 1.1Eureka! p.4 Questioning Talk + Q&A session Past / present perfect
continuousOil and gas drilling
1.2Smartwells p.6 Clause linking Technical article Past participle; cohesion Drilling; remote control
1.3Lasers p.8 Giving a talk Lecture; technical description Section markers in a talk Laser technology
Uni
t2
Des
ign
2.1Spin-offs p.10 Function of a device Product description Present / past simple passive; to + infin; for + -ing; which
Products from space research
2.2Specifications p.12 Necessity, ability, recommendation
Design specification; meeting Modals and semi-modals Design; mechanical
2.3Properties p.14 Describing properties Brainstorming session Phrases to encourage participation
Construction; synthetic textiles
ReviewUnitA p.16
Uni
t3
Sys
tem
s
3.1Problems p.20 Low probability; reassuring Product recall notice Present continuous passive; phrases suggesting low risk
Automotive
3.2Solutions p.22 Summarising; linking Product recall notice Non-defining relative clause; present participle; although
Automotive; braking systems
3.3Controls p.24 Contrasting; note-taking Lecture Linkers of contrast Automotive; aeronautics
Uni
t4
Pro
ced
ures
4.1Shutdown p.26 Past events Engineering article Two-part phrasal verbs Mechanical; electrical; physics
4.2Overhaul p.28 Past procedure; instructions Engineering article; instruction manual
Nouns derived from phrasal verbs
Mechanical; maintenance
4.3Instructions p.30 Instructions and feedback; simultaneous actions
Practical demonstration; instruction manual
Oral vs written instructions; while / as + -ing
Mechanical; electronics
ReviewUnitB p.32
Uni
t5
Pro
cess
es
5.1Causes p.36 Cause and effect Brainstorming session; ‘fishbone’ diagram
Verb / noun / prepositional phrases of cause and effect
Metallurgy; chemistry
5.2Steps p.38 Explaining a process Technical brochure Choosing active or passive Iron and steel making
5.3Stages p.40 Note-taking; writing up Lecture; flow diagram Gerunds / nouns as captions; lexical cohesion
Aluminium refining / smelting
Uni
t6
Pla
nnin
g 6.1Risk p.42 Degrees of certainty Risk assessment tool Phrases expressing degrees of
certaintyPetroleum; environment
6.2Crisis p.44 Immediate / long-term plans Critical path analysis; crisis meeting
Future / future perfect passive; about to / on the point of
Petroleum; marine
6.3Projects p.46 Participating in meetings Project proposal meeting Phrases for chairing a meeting Civil engineering
ReviewUnitC p.48
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3 Contents
Unit/Section Function/Skill Genre/Texttype Grammar/Discourse Lexis/TechnologyU
nit
7D
evel
op
men
ts 7.1Prototypes p.52 Describing developments
and progressTechnology review Range of forms and functions ICT; smart phones
7.2Comparisons p.54 Comparing; contrasting Product comparison Phrases / linkers expressing comparison and contrast
Electronics; touch screens
7.3Products p 56 Explaining technology to non-specialists
Product launch Phrases introducing explanations / analogies
Electrical; materials science
Uni
t8
Inci
den
ts
8.1Theft p.58 Speculating about past Work memo; work discussion Present perfect passive modal Logistics; warehousing
8.2Security p.60 Investigating; questioning Incident report; product brochure
Indirect questions and related noun phrases
ICT; telecoms; security
8.3Emergency p.62 Degrees of agreement / disagreement
Safety talk; serious incident report
Phrases qualifying ‘yes’ or ‘no’; up to a point / on the contrary
Health and safety; HazMat
ReviewUnitD p.64
Uni
t9
Ag
reem
ents
9.1Proposals p.68 Proposing; recommending Meeting with client Noun clause / gerund after propose / recommend / suggest
Electronics; wireless controls
9.2Definitions p.70 Defining a term Definition; glossary Defining relative clause; pre- / post-modifiers in definitions
Sensor technology
9.3Contracts p.72 Stipulating conditions Contract; pre-contract discussion
Alternatives to if: on condition / provided that
Work contracts
Uni
t10
Tes
ting
10.1Plans p.74 Concise technical writing Test plan Nouns / hyphenated phrases used as pre-modifiers
Destructive testing; earthquake proofing
10.2Reports p.76 Report format; report-writing Test report Grammar / markers associated with report sections
Testing buildings and bridges
10.3Methods p.78 Collaborative problem-solving
Meeting; pre-meeting briefing documents
Range of language forms Non-destructive testing
ReviewUnitE p.80
Uni
t11
Acc
iden
ts
11.1Investigations p.84 Collaborative data organisation
Raw data for a report Expressions of causation, sequence and speculation.
Hydro-electric power; maintenance
11.2Reports p.86 Format of report; abstract; writing a report
Investigative report Third conditional, present perfect modal
Accident investigation
11.3Communication p.88 Assertiveness; summarising; writing an abstract
Communication guidelines Phrases to signal communicative intent
Aviation; aeronautics
Uni
t12
Eva
luat
ion
12.1Projects p.90 Sequence of events; past necessity
Project evaluation report Perfect participle; past tense of modals
Agricultural engineering
12.2Performance p.92 Past ability; self-evaluation Employee appraisal interview Three-part phrasal verbs; past tense of modals
IT, robotics, petroleum
12.3Innovations p.94 Debating; persuading; teamwork
Team presentation; awards committee
Range of language forms Nanotechnology
ReviewUnitF p.96
Languagesummary p.100
Extramaterial p.110
Speedsearch p.116
Audioscript p.118
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4 1 Innovations
1 Eureka!
Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Talkaboutaccidentaldiscoveriesorinventionsinscienceortechnologywhichyouhaveheardabout.
Example:1 Alexander Fleming was growing some bacteria in his lab when some penicillium fungus fell on the bacteria and killed them. That is how he accidentally discovered antibiotics.
Task 2 Workinpairs.Matchthenotes1–6withtheaccidentaldiscoveries.
X-ray inkjetprinter vulcanisedrubber co-ordinategeometry safetyglass antibiotics1
1 AlexanderFleming–growsbacteriainlab–penicilliumfungusfallsonbacteria–funguskillsthem
2 CharlesGoodyear–workswithrawrubberpowdercontainingsulphur–brushespowderoffhands–powderfallsontohotstove–formstoughelasticsubstance
3 ReneDescartes–watchesinsectflyingaroundroom–realiseshecanspecifyinsect’spositionin3Dspaceas–distancefromtwowallsandceiling
4 WilhelmRoentgen–projectslightfromcathoderaygeneratorontowall–seesoutlineofbonesofownhandonwall
5 IchiroEndo,engineer–workswithahotironandasyringefullofink–touchesneckofsyringewithiron–forcesinkout
6 EdouardBenedictus–putsawayglassflask–flaskcontainsliquidplastic–dropsflaskonfloor–flaskdoesn’tbreak–thinplasticfilmholdspiecestogether
3 Describetheaccidentaldiscoveriesoutlinedinthenotesin2.Usethepastcontinuousandthepastsimpletenseswhereappropriate.
Example:1–seetheexamplein1.
Writing 4 Writeaboutthediscoveriesandinventionsyoutalkedaboutin1,usingthepastsimpleandcontinuous.Followtheexamplein1.
Scanning 5 Practiseyourspeedreading.LookfortheinformationyouneedontheSPEEDSEARCHpages(116–117).Trytobefirsttocompletethistext.
Wedon’tknowifArchimedesreallysteppedintohisbathandshouted‘Eureka!’(‘I’vediscoveredit!’)whenthewaterlevel(1) .Butwedoknowthathediscoveredthatabodyimmersedinfluidexperiencesa(2) forceequaltotheweightoftheliquiddisplaced.WealsoknowthatArchimedesinventedthe(3) andthe(4) .
1 Innovations
Language
page 101
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5 Innovations 1
Listening 6 02 ListentothistalkandchoosethepicturethatillustrateswhatJaap(Will’scolleague)waslookingatwhenhehadhiseurekamoment.
7 Listenagainandanswerthesequestions.
1 WhatisWill’s(thespeaker’s)jobtitleathispetroleumcompanyinBrunei?
2 Whatproblemhasthespeakerbeentryingtosolveforthelastfewyears?
3 WhatwashappeningwhenJaapsuddenlyhadhiseurekamoment?
4 WhatwasthenameofthetypeofdrillthatJaapandhisteaminventedasaresult?
5 HowdoesthisnewdrillsolveWill’sproblem?
Speaking 8 Inthequestionandanswersessionafterhistalk,Willgivestheseanswers.Writedownthequestionsthatwereasked.Thenpractisethequestionsandanswersinpairs.
1 Well,Iwouldsaythatthemainreasonforusingsnakewelltechnologyismainlyeconomic.Snakewellsallowustogetmoreoiloutofasinglefield.
2 Yes,itdoes.Thetechnologyhasaverybigenvironmentalbenefit,becausesnakewellsmeanthatyoucanbuildfeweroilplatformsanddolessdrilling.
3 Yes,weare.We’reusingitrightnow,atthisverymoment.WehaveanumberofsnakewellsinoperationoffthecoastofBrunei.
4 Well,mostoftheoilintheBruneifieldisbetween2,000and4,000metresbelowtheseabed,Ithink.
5 We’vebeendrillingsnakewellsofftheBruneicoastsince2005.
6 Well,ourcompanyfirststartedexploringtheBruneifieldalongtimeago.Ibelievethefirstsurveywasinthe1980s.
7 Yes,wehave.Inadditiontothesnakewell,we’vebeendevelopingasystemofsensorsthattransmitdatafromthedrillbitbacktocomputersonthesurface.
8 Well,Idon’tknowexactlywhatmynextprojectisgoingtobe!MaybeI’lldrillasnakewelloffthecoastofNigeria.
Language Present perfect continuous
How long have youbeen using
snake wells?
Our company has them since 2005.
Speaking 9 Workinpairs.Taketurnstoacttherolesofareporterandanoilcompanyrepresentative.Whenyouarethereporter,usethepresentperfectcontinuousinyourfirstquestionabouteachproject,andthenfollowupwithdifferenttypesofquestions.
StudentA:Turntopage115.StudentB:Turntopage113.
Language
page 102
1 Oil sands, Canada: how long? surface / underground mining? area project covers? kind of oil extracted? extracted oil converted into …? expected length of project?
2 Drilling for gas, Russia: how long? based where in Russia? onshore / offshore? gas converted into ...? meaning of ‘LNG’? future exports to ...? expected production (tonnes)?
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6 1 Innovations
2 Smartwells
Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsabouttheillustrationbelow.Makenotes.
1 Whataretheadvantagesofthismethodofoilextractioncomparedwithverticalwells?
2 Howdoyouthinkcomputersareusedinthismethod?
Reading 2 Readthisarticleandcheckthenotesyoumadein1.
‘Snake’ wells connect pocketsof oil that stretch for up to3 miles under the seabed.
Valves and seals are locatedin the oil pockets so they canbe isolated if they start to pumptoo much gas or water. water
oiloil
oil
gas
gas
seabed
‘Snake’ well system below seabed
Ifanoilcompanydiscoversalargesinglereservoir of oil and gas, the solution issimple: drill a vertical well down to thereservoir and bring up the oil. But whatcan be done when an oilfield consistsofhundredsoreven thousandsofsmall,isolated pockets of oil? It would be tooexpensive to drill hundreds of verticalwellstoreachallthesmallpockets.
Theinnovativesolutiontothisproblemisthe‘snakewell’.Unliketheconventionalverticalwell,thisisahorizontalwellthatweaveslaterallybackandforthacrossanumberofoil-containingzones.Guidedbysmarttechnology,asinglesnakewellcan
SMART OIL FIELDS
accessmultiplepocketsofoilandachieveoutput equivalent to several individualwells, which has the dual advantage ofreducingcostandensuringthatnooil isoverlooked.
Asnakewellusessteerabledrillsthatcan be positioned with great accuracy.Special imaging software generatesdetailedcomputermodelsofundergroundgeologyandreservoirs.Thisenablesdrillstohitatargetfarundergroundthatislessthantwometresacross.
Located90kmoffthecoastofBrunei,theChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagshipprojectusingSmartFieldstechnology.For30years,ChampionWestlaydormant,itsrichoil reserves locked 2,000 to4,000mbeneaththeseabedinacomplexwebofsmallreservoirs(seeillustrationabove).
In the past, these small pockets ofoil were too expensive to develop. Butnow Champion West has been changedinto one of the world’s most advancedoil and gas fields by means of Smart
Fields technology and new drillingtechniques.
BurieddeepbeneathChampionWest’sseabed,sensorsrelaydigital informationabout temperature, pressure and otherfactors to control centres on land bymeansofanetworkoffibre-opticcables.
This enables continuous monitoringof production, and engineers can makespeedydecisionsonhowbesttoextractthe maximum amount of oil, monitorits movement within the reservoir andinstantly notice production problems,suchasblockages.
Theycantakeactiontosolveproblems,for example by the remote electronicactivationofhydraulicwellvalves.Ifgasorwaterthreatenstobreakintothewell,forexample,thevalveforthatsectioncanbe closed down using a remote control.Swellable seals are used to isolate thezonesfromoneanother,andpreventfluidfromonezone from flowing intoanotheradjacentzone.
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7 Innovations 1
3 Answerthesequestionsaboutthearticle.
1 Whatarethetwomaineconomicreasonsfordrillingasnakewell?2 Howaccurateisthedrillofasnakewellwhenitisguidedremotely?3 ForhowlongwastheChampionWestoilfieldleftunusedfollowingthediscovery
ofoilthere?Whywasitleftunused?4 Howisdataaboutconditionsinsidethesnakewelltransmittedtothesurface?5 Howdoengineersstoptheoilinthewellbeingcontaminatedwithwaterorgas?
4 Matchthereferencewords1–6fromthearticlewiththecorrectwordsorideasa–jthattheyreferto.
1 this(line12)2 which(line18)3 that(line21)4 This(line25)5 This(line47)6 They(line54)
a) increasedoutputfrommanyoilzonesb) conventionalverticalwellc) engineersd) snakewelle) blockagesf) transmissionofdatag) computermodelgenerationh) undergroundreservoiri) steerabledrillsj) networkofcables
Vocabulary 5 Matchthesewordsorphraseswiththeirsynonyms(inbold)inthearticlein2.
1 capableofbeingexpanded 6 havingtwoparts2 complicated 7 trapped3 capableofbeingguided 8 separatedfromoneanother4 neighbouring 9 horizontallysideways5 normal 10 equalinvalue
Language Linking (past participial phrase)
Thepast participlealonecansometimesreplacesubject + passive verb.Itmakesthetextmoreconcise.• The Champion West oilfield, located 90 km off the coast of Brunei, is Shell’s flagship
project …(=The Champion West oilfield, which is located ...)
Thepastparticiplecanalsobeplacedatthebeginningofasentence.Findtheseexamplesinthetextin2:• Located 90 km off the coast of Brunei,theChampionWestoilfieldisShell’sflagship
project…• Guided by smart technology,asinglesnakewellcanaccesspocketsofoil…• Buried deep beneath Champion West’s seabed,sensorsrelaydigitalinformation…
Notethattheparticiplemusthavethesamesubjectastheverbinthemainclause.
6 Jointheinformationineachnoteintoasinglesentenceinasimilarway.Begineachsentencewiththepastparticipleinitalics.
Example:1 Isolated in small pockets, the oil can’t be extracted using vertical wells.
1 theoilisisolatedinsmallpockets+itcan’tbeextractedusingverticalwells2 thesensorsareconnectedbyfibre-opticcable+theycollectdatafrominsidethe
snakewell3 thedrillsareguidedbyremotecontrollers+theycanhitatargetonly2mwide4 theoilislocked4,000mbeneaththeseabed+itcouldn’tbeextractedfor30years5 thesensorsareattachedtothedrillbit+theyallowcontrollerstoguidethedrill6 thesoftwarewasdevelopedbyGeoSolutions+itgeneratescomputermodelsof
thegeology
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8 1 Innovations
3 Lasers
Starthere 1 Workinpairs.Discussthesequestionsandmakenotes.Thenshareyourideaswiththerestoftheclass.
1 WhatdoesLASERstandfor? by Stimulated of2 Studythediagramsbelow.Whatarethethreemaindifferencesbetweenordinary
lightandlaserlight?Usesomeofthewordsandphrasesinthebox.
laser light amplification stimulated emission of radiation organised disorganised directional in one direction in all directions coherent concentrated photon colours of the spectrum wavelength 03
Listening 2 04 Listentopartofatalkaboutlasers.Matchthewordsintheboxwiththelabels1–8inthediagramonthenextpage.
ruby crystal atom light tube mirror power source photon laser beam partial mirror
An ordinary light beam
Torch
A laser beam
Laser
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9 Innovations 1
3 Workinpairsorsmallgroups.Beforeyoulistentothenextpartofthetalk,putthesenotesintothebestorder.
Note:Theeightitemsinthenotescorrespondtotheeightpointsinthediagramabove.
A escapingphotonsformapowerfullaserbeamB atomabsorbsphoton–getsexcited–calmsdown–emitsnewphotonC tubeflasheson/offrapidly–pumpsenergy(photons)intocrystalD partialmirrorlets1%ofphotonsescapeE powersourcemakestubeflashon/off1F newphotonhitsexcitedatom–atomemitstwophotons(insteadofone)G photonsarereflectedbymirroralonginsideofcrystalH newphotonstravelinsidecrystalatspeedoflight
4 05 Listentothenextpartofthetalk,andcheckyouranswersto3.
5 Listenagainandtickthephrasesthatyouhear.(Note:Xisanumber,andAissomeone’sname.)
1 Ahasbeenexplaining2 let’smoveontothenextsectionofthetalk3 ifyoulookatpointXonthediagram,youwillsee4 wecannowturntothenextpartofthetalk5 asyoucanseeinpointXonthediagram6 IthinkI’vecoveredthemainpoints7 I’llnowaskAtotakeover8 nowI’mgoingtohandovertoA
6 Groupthephrasesfrom5undertheseheadings.
Movingtothenexttopic Referringtotheprevioustopic(s)Handingovertothenextspeaker Referringtoavisual
Speaking 7 Workingroupstoprepareatalkonlasers.Divideintothreesub-groupsandprepareonesectionofthetalkwithyoursub-group.Thenreturntothemaingrouptofinalisethetalk.
Sub-groupA:Laserlight–abriefexplanationSub-groupB:ThebasiccomponentsofalasermachineSub-groupC:Howalasermachineworks
8 Giveyourtalktoanothergroup.Usephrasesfrom5tosignpostthesectionsofthetalk,torefertothediagramandtohandovertothenextsub-group.Inviteandanswerquestionsfromtheaudience.
Writing 9 Writeadescriptionofhowalasermachineworks,referringtothediagramabove.Usepastparticipialphraseswherepossible.
Begin:Here is a brief outline of how a laser machine works. First of all, the high-voltage power source, located below the ruby crystal, makes the tube flash on and off rapidly. These flashes inject particles of light, known as ‘photons’, into the ruby crystal. …
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