team games: intra- and intergroup conflict robert böhm + and ori weisel § + rwth aachen university...

Team Games: Intra- and Intergroup Conflict

Robert Böhm+ and Ori Weisel§

+RWTH Aachen University§University of Nottingham

IMPRS Uncertainty Summer School Jena 2015

Summary so far

We can model intergroup conflict while considering the intra-group conflict• Intergroup Public Goods (IPG; Rapoport & Bornstein, 1987) – conflict over step-level public

good

• Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD; Bornstein, 1992) – conflict over continuous public good

We can disentangle the underlying motivation for participation in intergroup

conflict: ingroup love and/or outgroup hate• Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma – Maximizing Difference (IPD-MD; Halevy et al., 2008) –

“active” outgroup hate

• Positive variant of the Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma – Maximizing Difference (posIPD-MD;

Weisel & Böhm, 2015) – “passive” outgroup hate

Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)

Summary so far

Intergroup conflict increases intra-group cooperation• Intergroup conflict – intragroup cooperation hypothesis (Bornstein & Ben-Yossef, 1994)

• Intergroup comparison – intragroup cooperation hypothesis (Böhm & Rockenbach, 2013)

Ingroup love serves as the main motivation for participation in intergroup

conflict (Halevy et al., 2008)• Ingroup love delevops before outgroup hate in human ontogeny (Buttelmann & Böhm, 2014)

• Basic biophysiological activity is associated with ingroup love rather than outgroup hate (De

Dreu et al., 2010; Israel et al., 2012)

• Ingroup love remains dominant even after an artifical “history of conflict” (Halevy et al.,

2012)


Summary so far

Moderators of outgroup hate• Increases if it can be shown passively, at least in interaction with strong-enmity opponent

groups (Weisel & Böhm, 2015)

• Increases in interactions with moral-based opponent groups (Weisel & Böhm, 2015)

• Increases in under threat, i.e. in defensive rather than offensive actions (Böhm et al., in press;

Halevy et al., 2010; Weisel & Zultan, under review)


Some open questions

Interindividual differences?

Underlying cognitive processes, e.g., intuitive vs. deliberate decision making

Relation between intergroup conflict and other variables than cooperation

• Leadership?

• Punishment?

Emotions?

Application to other contexts?Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)

Special Issue in Frontiers of Psychology:“Parochial Altruism: Pitfalls and Prospects”

(associate guest editors: R. Böhm, H. Rusch, B. Herrmann)

Interindividual differences

Interindividual differences in participation (contribution yes / no) and

differences in the motivation for participation (ingroup love / outgroup hate)?

Social preferences

• Social value orientation (SVO; e.g., Murhphy & Ackermann, 2014)

• Honesty-humility (subscale of the HEXACO personality inventory; Ashton

& Lee, 2009)

• Dark Triad (machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy; e.g., Paulhus,

2014)

• Dark tetraed (dark triad + sadism; e.g., Chabrol et al., 2009)


Interindividual differences: SVO


Murphy, Ackermann & Handgraaf, 2011 Judgm. & Dec. Mak.

Interindividual differences: SVO


De Dreu, 2010 Group Proc. & Intergr. Rel.

Prosocials restrict there cooperativeness to the ingroup (e.g., Aaldering et al.,

2013; Böhm et al., under review; Israel et al., 2012), however, do they also

harm the outgroup?

De Dreu et al., 2015 Front. Psychol.

Interindividual differences: Honesty-humility


Thielmann, Böhm & Hilbig, in progress

Interindividual differences

SVO as well as honesty-humility predict positive contributions toward the

ingroup (ingroup love), but do not predict negative contributions toward the

outgroup (outgroup hate).

Outlook: group-level instead of individual-level social preferences

• Individual-level SVO slider measure: own payoff vs. unknown other payoff

• Group-level SVO slider measure: ingroup member’s payoff vs. outgroup

member’s payoff (no self-interest)


Cognitive processes: intuitive vs. deliberate decision making

Applying the social heuristics hypothesis (Rand et al., 2008 Nature Comm.) to

intergroup relations?!

• Hypothesis: outgroup hate is inhibited through deliberate moral reasoning


De Dreu et al., 2015 Front. Psychol.

p = .32 p = .03

Intergroup conflict and behavior of leaders

Do leaders react differently in a situation of unstable leadership in the

absence vs. presence of intergroup conflict (emphasizing vs. self-focused)?


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Low dominance motiv.

High dominance motiv.

Maner & Mead, 2010 J. Pers. & Soc. Psychol..

Intergroup conflict and the preference for leaders

Does the preference for female vs. male leaders differ in the absence vs.

presence of intergroup conflict?

• Idea: male leaders are preferred over female leaders in intergroup conflict

because they are more aggressive and competitive, whereas female

leaders are more egalitarian (e.g., Eagly & Johnson, 1990)


Intergroup conflict and the preference for leaders


Van Vugt & Spisak, 2008 Psychol. Science

Intergroup conflict and the behavior of / preference for leaders

Not tested in the context of Team Games yet

Dynamics unexplored (preference reversals)


Intergroup conflict and punishment

Does (the severity of) intergroup conflict increase intragroup punishment?


Symmetric group competition (PUN-PUN) Asymmetric group competition (PUN-NOPUN)

Sääksvuori, Mappes & Puurtinen, 2011 Proc. Roy. Soc. B

Intergroup conflict and punishment

Intra- vs. intergroup punishment?

Direction of punishment (intra- vs. intergroup) in different situations

(peaceful vs. ongoing conflict)?

Endogenous choice of punishment in the absence vs. presence of intergroup

conflict?


Emotions

Individual-level emotions have been shown to predict cooperation in (single-

level) social dilemmas (e.g., De Hooge et al., 2007; Ketelaar & Au, 2003;

Miettinen & Suetens, 2008; Stouten et al., 2005, 2006)

Group-based emotions have also been shown be relevant in intergroup

interaction, for instance, group-based hatred (Halperin, 2008)

Typically questionnaire studies

Team Games may provide an interesting tool to investigate the interplay of

individual- and group-level emotions in intergroup conflict


Application to other contexts – intergeneration cooperation

Typically, intergroup cooperation is modeled as an a single-level social

dilemma/prosocial task

In real-life, however, there are conflicts within the current generation and

between current and future generations: short-term vs. long-term

investments (Böhm, Lauer & Gürerk, in prep.)


team games: intra- and intergroup conflict robert böhm + and ori weisel § + rwth aachen university...

Documents

intergroup conflictrobert

intergroup conflict

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offensive actions bhm

farintergroup conflict

ingroup love delevops

human ontogeny buttelmann

difference ipdmd halevy