team games: intra- and intergroup conflict robert böhm + and ori weisel § + rwth aachen university...
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![Page 1: Team Games: Intra- and Intergroup Conflict Robert Böhm + and Ori Weisel § + RWTH Aachen University § University of Nottingham IMPRS Uncertainty Summer](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01c1a28abf838ccff24/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Team Games: Intra- and Intergroup Conflict
Robert Böhm+ and Ori Weisel§
+RWTH Aachen University§University of Nottingham
IMPRS Uncertainty Summer School Jena 2015
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Summary so far
We can model intergroup conflict while considering the intra-group conflict• Intergroup Public Goods (IPG; Rapoport & Bornstein, 1987) – conflict over step-level public
good
• Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD; Bornstein, 1992) – conflict over continuous public good
We can disentangle the underlying motivation for participation in intergroup
conflict: ingroup love and/or outgroup hate• Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma – Maximizing Difference (IPD-MD; Halevy et al., 2008) –
“active” outgroup hate
• Positive variant of the Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma – Maximizing Difference (posIPD-MD;
Weisel & Böhm, 2015) – “passive” outgroup hate
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Summary so far
Intergroup conflict increases intra-group cooperation• Intergroup conflict – intragroup cooperation hypothesis (Bornstein & Ben-Yossef, 1994)
• Intergroup comparison – intragroup cooperation hypothesis (Böhm & Rockenbach, 2013)
Ingroup love serves as the main motivation for participation in intergroup
conflict (Halevy et al., 2008)• Ingroup love delevops before outgroup hate in human ontogeny (Buttelmann & Böhm, 2014)
• Basic biophysiological activity is associated with ingroup love rather than outgroup hate (De
Dreu et al., 2010; Israel et al., 2012)
• Ingroup love remains dominant even after an artifical “history of conflict” (Halevy et al.,
2012)
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Summary so far
Moderators of outgroup hate• Increases if it can be shown passively, at least in interaction with strong-enmity opponent
groups (Weisel & Böhm, 2015)
• Increases in interactions with moral-based opponent groups (Weisel & Böhm, 2015)
• Increases in under threat, i.e. in defensive rather than offensive actions (Böhm et al., in press;
Halevy et al., 2010; Weisel & Zultan, under review)
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Some open questions
Interindividual differences?
Underlying cognitive processes, e.g., intuitive vs. deliberate decision making
Relation between intergroup conflict and other variables than cooperation
• Leadership?
• Punishment?
Emotions?
Application to other contexts?Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
Special Issue in Frontiers of Psychology:“Parochial Altruism: Pitfalls and Prospects”
(associate guest editors: R. Böhm, H. Rusch, B. Herrmann)
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Interindividual differences
Interindividual differences in participation (contribution yes / no) and
differences in the motivation for participation (ingroup love / outgroup hate)?
Social preferences
• Social value orientation (SVO; e.g., Murhphy & Ackermann, 2014)
• Honesty-humility (subscale of the HEXACO personality inventory; Ashton
& Lee, 2009)
• Dark Triad (machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy; e.g., Paulhus,
2014)
• Dark tetraed (dark triad + sadism; e.g., Chabrol et al., 2009)
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Interindividual differences: SVO
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
Murphy, Ackermann & Handgraaf, 2011 Judgm. & Dec. Mak.
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Interindividual differences: SVO
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
De Dreu, 2010 Group Proc. & Intergr. Rel.
Prosocials restrict there cooperativeness to the ingroup (e.g., Aaldering et al.,
2013; Böhm et al., under review; Israel et al., 2012), however, do they also
harm the outgroup?
De Dreu et al., 2015 Front. Psychol.
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Interindividual differences: Honesty-humility
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
Thielmann, Böhm & Hilbig, in progress
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Interindividual differences
SVO as well as honesty-humility predict positive contributions toward the
ingroup (ingroup love), but do not predict negative contributions toward the
outgroup (outgroup hate).
Outlook: group-level instead of individual-level social preferences
• Individual-level SVO slider measure: own payoff vs. unknown other payoff
• Group-level SVO slider measure: ingroup member’s payoff vs. outgroup
member’s payoff (no self-interest)
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Cognitive processes: intuitive vs. deliberate decision making
Applying the social heuristics hypothesis (Rand et al., 2008 Nature Comm.) to
intergroup relations?!
• Hypothesis: outgroup hate is inhibited through deliberate moral reasoning
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
De Dreu et al., 2015 Front. Psychol.
p = .32 p = .03
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Intergroup conflict and behavior of leaders
Do leaders react differently in a situation of unstable leadership in the
absence vs. presence of intergroup conflict (emphasizing vs. self-focused)?
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Low dominance motiv.
High dominance motiv.
Maner & Mead, 2010 J. Pers. & Soc. Psychol..
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Intergroup conflict and the preference for leaders
Does the preference for female vs. male leaders differ in the absence vs.
presence of intergroup conflict?
• Idea: male leaders are preferred over female leaders in intergroup conflict
because they are more aggressive and competitive, whereas female
leaders are more egalitarian (e.g., Eagly & Johnson, 1990)
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Intergroup conflict and the preference for leaders
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
Van Vugt & Spisak, 2008 Psychol. Science
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Intergroup conflict and the behavior of / preference for leaders
Not tested in the context of Team Games yet
Dynamics unexplored (preference reversals)
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Intergroup conflict and punishment
Does (the severity of) intergroup conflict increase intragroup punishment?
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
Symmetric group competition (PUN-PUN) Asymmetric group competition (PUN-NOPUN)
Sääksvuori, Mappes & Puurtinen, 2011 Proc. Roy. Soc. B
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Intergroup conflict and punishment
Intra- vs. intergroup punishment?
Direction of punishment (intra- vs. intergroup) in different situations
(peaceful vs. ongoing conflict)?
Endogenous choice of punishment in the absence vs. presence of intergroup
conflict?
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Emotions
Individual-level emotions have been shown to predict cooperation in (single-
level) social dilemmas (e.g., De Hooge et al., 2007; Ketelaar & Au, 2003;
Miettinen & Suetens, 2008; Stouten et al., 2005, 2006)
Group-based emotions have also been shown be relevant in intergroup
interaction, for instance, group-based hatred (Halperin, 2008)
Typically questionnaire studies
Team Games may provide an interesting tool to investigate the interplay of
individual- and group-level emotions in intergroup conflict
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)
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Application to other contexts – intergeneration cooperation
Typically, intergroup cooperation is modeled as an a single-level social
dilemma/prosocial task
In real-life, however, there are conflicts within the current generation and
between current and future generations: short-term vs. long-term
investments (Böhm, Lauer & Gürerk, in prep.)
Robert Böhm (RWTH Aachen University) and Ori Weisel (University of Nottingham)