1. Enhancing oralinteractive work in the FL classroomTeaching communicative and negotiation strategies Patricia Ghivarello Stuessy

2. Breakdowns in communicationQu comida de cena? Em .a las ocho OKBEN KATE 3. Em .at eight. What food of dinner?OKBEN KATE 4. Working collaborativelyStudents in a FL or SL classroom canbe directed to help each other focuson meaning and form after learning specific strategies. 5. Why? Strategic competenceVerbal and nonverbal communication strategies that compensate for breakdowns incommunication due to insufficientgrammatical or sociolinguistic competence (Canale & Swain, 1980) 6. Breakdowns in communication occura) language formb) language meaningc) they lack strategies to keep theconversation goingd) they lack strategies to make theconversation meaningful for each other 7. BREAKDOWN in communication 8. Types of Oral StrategiesI. Oral communicative strategies:strategies which help us tokeep the conversation going.II. Oral negotiation strategies:strategies which help us tofocus on form and meaning, so thatreal communication is possible.(McDonough, 2004) (Nakatani, 2005) 9. I. ORAL COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES1. Time-gaining strategies2. Maintenance strategies3. Help-seeking strategies 10. 1. Time-gaining strategiesEhm, I like golf Oh,really ? 11. Time-gaining expressions (using fillerexpressions to gain time to think)really? de verdad?As!uhm, let me see uhm, djameverwell..bueno,vale.sure..Claro! 12. 2. Maintenance strategies a. Make positiveremarks/comments b. Shadow 13. a.Make a positive comment ora remark - make a comment to keep the conversationgoingI dont have a dog. Oh, how sad. 14. a. Comments or remarks show interestand keep the conversation going. I understand (entiendo) I seeor, I see what you mean(ya veo) Sounds good(suena bien) Very good(muy bien) 15. b. Shadowby partially repeating what the partner has saidI am from Kenya,Oh ! Kenya and my family is!very big. 16. 3. Help-seeking strategiesa. Ask for help I dont understand What? What does XXX mean? How do you say XXX?b. Ask for repetition Please repeat / can you repeat please?c. Indicate there is a problem louder please I cant hear you well 17. Uhm.. I was Ask for help.uhm, I was. How do youbornsay XXXX?Oh, ok, ..I was born in Holland. 18. 2 sets of strategies:I. Oral communication strategiesII. Oral negotiation strategies 19. II.ORAL NEGOTIATION STRATEGIESa. Clarification requests: one partner does not understand well and requests an explanation. A what? What did you say?b. Confirmation checks: the listener checks that he/she has understood his partner correctly. Did you say XXXX?c. Comprehension checks: to be sure our partner has understood us. Do you understand? Is it clear? Do youagree?(Oliver, 1998) 20. b. Confirmation checkImanyfrenYou havemanyfriends? (Pica et al., 1989) 21. c. Comprehension checks I have been to thisnew store LIBROwith my father, a new store. Do youunderstand? Yes, thestore is LIBRO. 22. d. Negotiation strategies, which focus on form:Recast: your partner corrects your languageMe like I like golf. golf.Yeah, I like golf. 23. Explicit Correction: you correct your partner by explaining what is wrongYou need DOYou get up YOU beforeearly?GET UP. DO YOU get up early? 24. Benefits1. BETTER LISTENERS2. MAINTAIN A CONVERSATIONin the target language3. TO FOCUS ON MEANING, toachieve a coherent conversation in thetarget language4. TO FOCUS ON FORM and achievemodified output 25. Final comments from the literature Knowing about communicative and negotiation strategies may disposethe students to work in a more collaborative way, where both moreproficient and less proficient studentsshare more equally the role of expert.(Storch, 2000) 26. Students participate inconstructing knowledge togetherwith the teacher and other peers(Wells, 1999) 27. Language learners are frequently andincreasingly each others resourcesfor language learning. (Pica et al. (1996) It is possible that they can also attendto form. (Long, 1996) 28. Gracias por escuchar!pstuessy@vis.ac.at