Unit 4

Teaching Objective

Master the key words and structures. Be able to explain the differences between men and women with respect to the social position and the career ladder as well. Discuss whether the factors causing the differences are biological or social.

Key Points

Vocabulary

Structure

Skills

convincesolve bring up go back (to) think of ... as

as ... as; be likely to doUsing examples to find out the meanings of wordsReading a sales adWriting a greeting card

Teaching Procedures

Lead In, Reading of the Text, Exercises, Listening, Speaking, Phonetics, Grammar Tips, Reading Skills, Practical Reading, Practical Writing, Study Guide

apparentevidencesuggestcome up withlead to

avoidinfluencestatistics

point out

claimrevealtendfind outtake up

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Text Study

Lead In

Language Application

Listening and Speaking

Consolidation

Drills for PRETCO Test

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Lead In

I. Liberal Arts

II. Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by American Women

III. Distinguished Women in ScienceIV. Chinese Women

V. Topic-related Words and Phrases

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Text Study

I. Global Reading

II. Detailed Reading

1. Questions and Answers 2. Text Analysis

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Consolidation

I. Dictation

II. Words and Phrases

III. Listening Practice

IV. Group Discussion

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II. Speaking

Listening and Speaking

I. Listening

III. Phonetics

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Language Application

I. Practical Writing

Greetings Cards

1. Sample

2. Notes of Format

3. Basic Patterns

II. Practical Reading

4. Do It Yourself

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Drills for PRETCO Test

I. Listening Comprehension

II. Vocabulary and Structure

III. Translation

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Liberal Arts

The term liberal in liberal arts originally meant “appropriate for free men,” i.e., among the Romans, only free men were permitted to pursue them. In the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning were — grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education.

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Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by American Women

Women have earned more than half of all bachelor’s degrees every year since 1981–1982. They still trail men in certain fields but have made substantial gains since 1970 –1971. Women earn a greater proportion of bachelor’s degrees than they did 30 years ago. In 1970–1971, women earned 43 percent of all bachelor’s degrees. In 2001–2002, women were awarded 57 percent of all bachelor’s

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bachelor’s degrees. Some fields that were female-dominated in 1970–1971 remained so in 2001–2002, including health professions and related sciences, education, English language and literature/letters, and visual and performing arts. Though women earned less than half of the bachelor’s degrees in the traditionally male-dominated fields, and in 2001–2002, they have made substantial gains since 1970 –1971.

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Distinguished Women in Science

Marie Curie (1867–1934): Born on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Marie Curie was married to Pierre Curie in July 1895. She is best known as the discoverer of the radioactive elements polonium and radium and as the firstfirst person to win two Nobel prizes. For scientists and the public, her radium was a key to a basic change in our understanding of matter and energy. Her work not only influenced the development of fundamental science but also ushered in a new era in medical research and treatment.

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Irène Joliot Curie (1897–1956): Born in Paris, September 12, 1897, was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie, and since 1926 the wife of Frédéric Joliot. She became Doctor of Science in 1925, having prepared a thesis on on the alpha rays of polonium. Either alone or in collaboration with her husband, she did important work on the natural and artificial radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics; she shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 with him, in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.

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In 1936 Irène Joliot Curie was appointed Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research. She was a member of several foreign academies and of numerous scientific societies, had honorary doctor’s degrees of several universities, and was an Officer of the Legion of Honor. She died in Paris in 1956.

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Emmy Noether (1882–1935): Born on March 23, 1882 in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany. Died on April 14, 1935 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA. Emmy Noether first intended to become aa language teacher, for she had studied several languages, but later she decided to study mathematics at university. In 1904 Noether was permitted to matriculate at Erlangen and in 1907 was granted a doctorate after working under Paul Gordan. It was her work in the theory of invariants which led to formulations for several concepts of Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

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Owing to her outstanding mathematical contributions, she was invited to address the International Mathematical Congress at Bologna in 1928 and again at Zurich in 1932. In 1932 she also received, jointly with Artin, the Alfred Ackermann-Teubner Memorial Prize for the Advancement of Mathematical Knowledge. In 1933, the Nazis caused her dismissal from the University of Göttingen because she was Jewish. She accepted a visiting professorship at Bryn Mawr College in the USA and also lectured at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton in the USA.

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Maria Goeppert Mayer (1906–1972): Maria Goeppert Mayer was born on June 28, 1906, in Kattowitz, Upper Silesia, then Germany. In the spring of 1924 she enrolled at the University at Göttingen, with the intention of becoming a mathematician. But soon she found found herself more attracted to physics. She took her doctorate in 1930 in theoretical physics. There were three Nobel Prize winners on the doctoral committee, Born, Franck and Windaus.

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She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a corresponding member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Heidelberg. She has received honorary degrees of Doctor of Science from Russel Sage College, Mount Holyoke College and Smith College. She won the 1963 Nobel Laureate in Physics for discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure.

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Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994): Born in Cairo, Egypt, May 12, 1910, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin is known as a founder of the science of protein crystallography. She and her mentor, J.D. Bernal, were the first to successfully apply X-ray diffraction to crystalscrystals of biological substances, beginning with pepsin in 1934. Hodgkin’s contributions to crystallography included solutions of the structures of cholesterol, lacto globulin, ferritin, tobacco mosaic virus, penicillin, vitamin B-12, and insulin (a solution on which she worked for 34 years), as well as the development of methods for indexing and processing X-ray intensities.

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Hodgkin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947 after publishing the structure of penicillin and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her solution of vitamin B-12. She suffered a stroke and died in 1994.

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Barbara McClintock （ 1902—1992 ） : Born in Hartford, Connecticut, USA, June 16, 1902, Barbara McClintock died on September 2, 1992. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for discovering genetic genetic transposition through her work with the maize plant. She proved that chromosomes can mend themselves two decades before molecular biologists were able to do so working with much simpler cellular structures.

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Dr. McClintock earned her Ph.D. from Cornell University. She was partly or entirely responsible for each of the discoveries in genetics made by the famous Cornell maize genetics group. She was also a professor and wrote children’s books. It took more than three decades for her work to win her the Nobel Prize.

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In old China, women were excluded from social life. New China has enabled women to make conspicuous progress in all aspects of society, especially in the fields of education, science and technology, culture, sports and public health. In 2001, there were 1,263 academicians in the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and 78, or 6.2 percent, of them were women. In 2001, there were 69,907 women teachers at the associate-professor level or above in China’s colleges and universities, accounting for 29.64 percent of the total. Over

Chinese Women

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Over 20 women across the country assume the posts of university president or vice-president. Women in China have enjoyed more educational opportunities since the implementation of the strategy of invigorating the country through science, technology and education in the 1990s.

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Xie Xide, former President of Fudan

University

Wu Qidi, President of Tongji University; Vice-Minister of

Ministry of Education

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Fang-Hua Li: Professor & academician, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, is a specialist of electron microscopy. Her work has pushedpushed back the limits of observation of crystalline structures through the elimination of interference. She got the L’ Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in science on February 27, 2003 in Paris. This was the first time in China. The L’ Oréal-UNESCO Award distinguishes five remarkable women researchers representing the five continents: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and

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North America. Often, these women’s exceptional careers have opened up new and revolutionary ways of improving conditions of life and well-being. Professor Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Nobel Prize in Physics 1991, presided over an international jury of ten eminent scientists.

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Topic-related Words and Phrases

1) Change in differences between the sexes in mathematics achievement at the lower secondary school level in Australia over time

In order to make meaningful comparisons the mathematics test scores from the three studies conducted in Australia under the auspices of the International Association for Evaluation of Educational Achievement were brought to a common interval scale using Rasch measurement procedures. No significant sex differences in mathematics achievement were found.

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2) Percentage of bachelor’s degrees earned by women in America

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Today, almost all scientists agree that intelligence arises from the influence of both genetic and environmental factors. Careful study is required in order to attribute any influence to either environment or heredity. For example, one measure commonly used to assess a child’s home environment is the number of books in the home. But having many books in the home may be related to the parents’ IQ. The child’s intelligence may be due to the parents’ genes or to the number of books in the home. Further, parents

3) What influence does intelligence arise from?

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parents may buy more books in response to their child’s genetically influenced intelligence. Which of these possibilities is correct cannot be determined without thorough studies of all the factors involved.

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Questions and Answers

Directions: Skim the paragraphs for answers to the following questions.

Besides genetic differences, there are many other important factors that may influence their choices.

Paragraph 1:

Question:

Answer:

What makes it difficult to understand what boys and girls show while choosing subjects?

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Paragraph 2:

Although girls are equal to boys in mathematics, they have not been encouraged to do so.

Question:

Answer:

What do the statistics and the report show?

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Paragraph 3:

Only boys, not girls, are encouraged to work on their own and complete tasks.

Question:

Answer:

What’s the difference in nursery school?

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The teachers seem to give more attention to boys than girls.

Paragraph 4:

What does the further report reveal?

Answer:

Question:

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Girls avoid mathematics courses mainly for social reasons rather than being afraid of the difficulty.

Paragraph 5:

Why do girls avoid mathematics courses?Answer:

Question:

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Because girls regard mathematics and science as “masculine” subjects, they are less likely to take them up.

Paragraph 6:

Why don’t the teenage girls like to take mathematics and science up?

Answer:

Question:

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Text Analysis

Main Ideas

The scientists have tried to explain the differences between men and women at science and maths. Girls are equal to boys in mathematics. Girls only stop studying mathematics because of social attitudes.The differences during teenage years result from educational attitudes in childhood.

1

2

3

Paragraphs

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Main Ideas

The teachers seem to give more attention to boys than to girls.

Both boys and girls tend to regard subjects like mathematics and science as difficult.

Mathematics and science are mainly masculine subjects, so the teenage girls are less likely to take them up.

4

5

6

Paragraphs

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Many people believe that boys usually do better in mathematics and science subjects than girls. However, few people bother to look deeper into the issue to find out the reasons behind this belief. Why do boys achieve more in science and mathematics? Are boys really brighter? Or are girls being held back for one reason or another?

Read In

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Scientists have tried to come up with biological explanations for the difference between boys and girls. However, none were convincing enough to explain the general picture. As one scientist points out, “There are slight genetic differences between the sexes at birth which may influence the subjects boys and girls choose. But the difficulty is that by the time children reach school age, there are so many other influences that it is almost impossible to tell whether girls are worse at science and maths, or whether they’ve been brought up to think of these subjects as boys’ ‘territory’.”

Who’s Afraid of Maths Anyway?

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Statistics show that in mathematics, at least, girls are equal to boys. A recent report suggests that girls only stop studying mathematics because of social attitudes. One of the report’s authors says, “While it is socially unacceptable for people not to be able to read and write, it is still acceptable for women to say that they are ‘hopeless’ at maths. Our research shows that, although girls get marks which are as good as the boys’, they have not been encouraged to do so.”

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The explanation for the difference, which is apparent during the teenage years, goes as far back as early childhood experiences. From their first days in nursery school, girls are not encouraged to work on their own or to complete tasks, although boys are. For example, boys and not girls, are often asked to “help” with repair work. This encouragement leads to a way of learning how to solve problems later on in life. Evidence shows that exceptional mathematicians and scientists did not have teachers who supplied answers; they had to find out for themselves.

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A further report on maths teaching reveals that teachers seem to give more attention to boys than to girls. Most teachers who took part in the study claimed that they expect their male students to do better at mathematics and science subjects than their female students. All of this tends to encourage boys to work harder in these subjects, and gives them confidence and convinces them that they can succeed. Interestingly, both boys and girls tend to regard such “masculine” subjects like mathematics and science as difficult. Yet it has been suggested that girls avoid mathematics courses, not because they are difficult, but for social reasons.

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Mathematics and science are mainly masculine subjects, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them up. Girls do not seem to want to be in open competition with boys. Neither do they want to do better than boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine and so, less attractive.

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anyway: ad. 1) in any way or manner 不论用何种方式e.g. Get the job done anyway you can.

2) in any case; at least 无论如何；至少

e.g. I don’t know if it was lost or stolen; anyway, it’s gone.

3) nevertheless; regardless 但是；不顾

e.g. It was raining but they continued the Marathon anyway.

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try: v. 1) make an effort to do 试，试图

e.g. He tried to climb the tree, but he could not.

2) taste 尝试

e.g. Have you tried this chocolate?

Related words:attempt; essay

Collocations: try on 试穿，试验try to 设法

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come up with: find or offer (an answer, a solution, etc.) 提出

e.g. He couldn’t come up with an answer.

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convincing: adj. capable of causing someone to believe that something is true or real 有说服力的；令人信服的

e.g.

There is no convincing evidence that advertising influences total alcohol consumption.

Related word:persuasive

Extended words:convince, convinced, conviction

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point out: indicate 指出

e.g.

I will point out that his help isn’t welcome.

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genetic: a. of the genes 遗传的 , 基因的

e.g.

The scientist is investigating how genetic defects are passed on.

Extended word:gene

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influence: v. have an effect on 影响

e.g.

The weather influences crops.

Related word:affect

n. the effect that a person has on sb.’s decisions, opinions, or behavior or the way sth. happens 影响

e.g.

My teacher’s influence made me study science at college.

Extended word:influential

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But the difficulty is that by the time children reach school age, there are so many other influences that it is almost impossible to tell whether girls are worse at science and maths, or whether they’ve been brought up to think of these subjects as boy’s “territory”.Paraphrase:

But the difficulty is that when children enter schools, there will be so many other factors influencing them that it will be very hard to tell if girls are worse at science and maths or whether they have been reared to consider these subjects to be boy’s “fields of study”.

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territory

territory: n. 1) area claimed or dominated by one person or

animal 领地，地盘

e.g. Wild animals will not allow other animals to enter their territory.

Related words: area, district, land, place, region, zone

2) the area of knowledge （知识等的）领域，范围

e.g. His scientific investigations cover a wide territory.

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suggest 1

suggest: v. 1) offer for consideration or action 建议，提出，暗示e.g. The teacher suggests things for children to

do.2) bring to mind by logic or association 使人想起，使人联想到

e.g. The thought of summer suggests swimming.

3) state sth. in an indirect way 暗示

e.g. That girl’s sun-tanned face suggests excellent health.

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suggest 2

Extended words:suggestion, suggestible, suggestive

Related words: advise, imply, propose

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attitude

attitude: n. a state of mind or a feeling 态度，看 法e.g. What is your attitude towards this question?

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It is … for sb. to do sth.

It is … for sb. to do sth.: ……某人干某事

e.g. It is very good for someone to table a proposal.

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While it is socially ...

While it is socially unacceptable for people not to be able to read and write, it is still acceptable for women to say that they are “hopeless” at maths. Paraphrase:

Although in a modern society it is unthinkable that people are unable to read or write, it seems to be acceptable for women to claim that they are very bad at maths.

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encourage

encourage: v. inspire with hope 鼓励

e.g. I encouraged them to work hard and to try for the examinations.

Extended words: encouragement, encouraging, encouraged, discourage

Related word: inspire

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The explanation ...

The explanation for the difference, which is apparent during the teenage years, goes as far back as early childhood experiences.

Paraphrase:

The explanation for the difference, which is apparent during the teenage years, could be found in some of the early experiences of childhood.

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apparent

apparent: a. clearly seen or understood 明显的

e.g. It was apparent to all of us that there wasn’t enough water.

Extended word: apparently

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go back (to)

go back (to): have one’s origins in (an earlier time) 追溯至

e.g. This festival goes back to the 1980s.

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childhood

childhood: n. the time or state of being a child 童年 时代

e.g. He has taken a great interest in football since childhood.

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on one’s own

on one’s own: by one’s own efforts 独自地

e.g. She got the job on her own.

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lead

lead: v. 1) show the way by going in advance 带领

e.g. He led us to his home.

2) guide or direct in a course 导引，指导

e.g. He leads a horse by the halter.

3) serve as a route for 通向

e.g. The path leads to the depths of the forest.

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later on

later on: 后来，过后 e.g. I’ll tell you all about it later on.

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evidence

evidence: n. things helpful in forming a conclusion 证据

e.g. Can you show me any evidence for your statement?

v. support by testimony 证实，证明

e.g. The police evidenced that the killer was an old woman.

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find out

find out: discover 发现，找出e.g. I’ve found you out at last.

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reveal

reveal: v. 1) make known 揭露

e.g. Research has revealed him to be a spy.

2) bring to view; show 使……显露；显示e.g. The action reveals that it is a man.

Extended word: revelation

Related words: disclose, display, show

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Interestingl ..

Interestingly, both boys and girls tend to regard such “masculine” subjects like mathematics and science as difficult.

Paraphrase:

It is interesting that both boys and girls often look upon these boys’ subjects like mathematics and science as difficult.

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Most teachers who ...

Most teachers who took part in the study claimed that they expect their male students to do better at mathematics and science subjects than their female students.

Paraphrase:

Most teachers taking part in the study of the difference between boys and girls said that they expect their boy students to do better at mathematics and science subjects than their girl students.

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claim

claim: v. 1) demand 要求

e.g. Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident?

2) state sth. as a fact 声称，宣称

e.g. He claimed that he hadn’t done it, but I didn’t believe him.

Extended word: disclaim

Related words: demand, require

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tend

tend: v. be disposed or inclined 倾向于

e.g. He tends to pitch the ball too high.

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regard … as …

regard … as …: look upon or consider in a certain way 将……看待成……

e.g. I regard him as a fool.

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masculine

masculine: a. relating to men 男性的e.g. The young girl has the masculine courage to

dance with a bear.

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avoid

avoid: v. 1) keep away from 避免

e.g. I crossed the street to avoid meeting him.

2) keep … from happening 防止……发生e.g. We can avoid illness with rest and a balanced diet.

Extended word: shun, evade

Related words: avoidable, avoidance

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be likely to do

be likely to do: tend to do sth. 有可能做（某事） e.g. Are you likely to be in London this year?

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take up

take up: begin to do or learn 开始从事e.g. He took up art while at school.

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Dictation1

Dictation Directions: Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks.

When moving from Detroit, Michigan to Hobbs, New Mexico with her husband, the author didn’t the huge differences in life between these two places. But it wasn’t long before she found that the weather in Hobbs, in to the in Detroit, was dry with little rainfall. Life in Hobbs was also since mass media and there were obviously , and few visitors came to Hobbs. To her great surprise, people in Hobbs did not even bother about .

realize_________

contrast___________ dampness_____________ extremely _____________

boring_________

entertainment___________________ inadequate_______________

punctuality_______________

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Dictation2

After living in Hobbs for a year, however, she has finally found herself the dry climate, and quiet and life there.

accustomed to ___________________

slow______

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Words and Phrases1

take place, happen

origin, cause

in addition, besides

mind, pay attention to

moisture

Words and Phrases

Directions: Write out a word according to the meaning given below.

Section A

source___________

occur_________

moreover_____________

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

care___________

dampness_____________

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Words and Phrases2

evaporate_______________

accidentally_________________

straighten_______________

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

punctual_____________

a major event____________________

happening by chance

change into steam

make or become tidy

being on time; neither early nor late

an important occasion

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Words and Phrases3

Directions: Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the words given in parentheses.

Words and Phrases Section B

1. He just couldn’t understand why the (major) of the young people prefer countryside life.

2. The (damp) in the basement made it easy for bacterium to grow quickly.

3. As a model worker, he (rare) asked for sick leave when he was seriously ill.

4. In many places in the world (puncture) to a party is required of the guests.

majority ____________

dampness_____________

rarely_________

punctuality _______________

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He regained (conscious) one month after he was operated on.Columbus’s (discover) of the New Continent proved that the earth is round.The (curiosity) children dipped their fingers into the liquid as their teacher did.The climate in Shanghai is extremely (humidity) in summer.The child was amazed to see so many modern things in the (civilization) world.President Hu showed great (concerned) to the people in the stricken area.

Words and Phrases4

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Words and Phrases

consciousness __________________

discovery_____________

curious __________

humid_________

civilized ___________concern ___________

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Words and Phrases5

adjust to accidentally on the move

Directions: Fill in the blanks with words and phrases chosen from the following box. Change the form where necessary.

Section CWords and Phrases

be conscious ofinstead of be concerned about

get used to a variety of realize

mean

When can you your weakness and shortcoming?

1. realize _________

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Words and Phrases6

Joe went to visit the kindergarten interviewing the famous scientist.It is known to all that the American nation is constantly .We should the scarcity of water on Earth.All that the university students is how to find a good job after graduation.

2.

3.

4.

5.

instead of _____________

on the move_________________

be conscious of ____________________

are concerned about ____________________________

adjust to accidentally on the move

be conscious ofinstead of be concerned about

get used to a variety of realize

mean

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Words and Phrases7

Since the environment is changing all the time, we must ourselves it.In the forest, we saw plants.Have you the fast pace of life in Shanghai?George didn’t to hurt you when he told us your story.He proved to be on the spot .

6.

7.8.9.

10.

adjust to accidentally on the move

be conscious ofinstead of be concerned about

get used to a variety of realize

mean

adjust to_________ ___

a variety of _______________

got used to_______________

mean_______

accidentally________________

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Listening Practice

Directions: Listen to the following passage. And decide whether the following sentences are “T” or “F.”

1. Hobbs has been famous for tourists’ attraction.

2. Hobbs is located on crossroads between destination cities.

3. The golf course offers 80 holes all year round.

Key

FT

FT

FT

Script

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4. Families can go out to enjoy summer evenings in the oasis.

5. Gliding enthusiasts find Hobbs an ideal place to enjoy themselves throughout the year.

Key

FT

FT

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In a matter of years, Hobbs has become a thriving and exciting town, attracting visitors from far and wide. It has long boasted an interesting position on the crossroads between other destination cities, but recent developments have seen its popularity explode: a racetrack and casino, offering hundreds of slot machines in a clean and friendly environment, is attracting millions of visitors, and it lies close to new hotels, a top flight golf course, an oasis in the desert offering 18 holes all year round. The verdant Harry McAdams Park is a perfect spot for a day out where families can relax in

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Furthermore, Hobbs’ perfect climate and endless summer make it the ideal home for soaring and gliding enthusiasts. Over the decades it’s carved a place for itself for the elite competitors, hosting international competitions and bringing talent from all the corners of planet Earth. Soaring opportunities exist much of the year round.

the shade of weeping willows and feed the ducks. Events are often schedules for summer evenings.

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Group Discussion

Directions: Have a look at the following pictures which tell us something about the United States. Discuss with your partners on the following question in small groups and a couple of students will represent their groups to report their discussion to the whole class. The following words and expressions are for your reference.

Would you like to emigrate to the United States?

Reference words and expressions:

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clean air, good education, atmosphere, environment, blue sky, clean water, living standard, working conditions, facilities, convenient highways, automobiles, modern cities, house, tuition fee, opportunities, promising future, traffic, democracy, freedom

Reference words and expressions:

Florida San Francisco Niagara Falls Manhattan

Manhattan

The Fifth Avenue

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Listen to the recordings and fill in the blanks with what you hear.

Dialogue 1

Darling. ? , I like a boy. Every father expects a son just like himself.But, all I have ever wanted is to have a girl. Girls seem to be .Really? You know .

W:M:

W:

M:

Do you like a boy or a girl__________________________________

To be frank_______________

lovely and well-behaved________________________________

some girls are even naughtier thanboys

_____________________________________________

________

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OK, I know you always thinkWoman is superior to man, OK?

W:M:

man is superior to woman__________________________________.

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Lily, what do girls usually like to do ?Well, girls and going to the theatre. How about you boys? or watching football games.I love watching football too!Really? There is a football match next Saturday. ? !

Dialogue 2

M:W:

M:

W:M:

W:

at the weekend_____________________

really enjoy shopping_____________________________

We prefer playing basketball______________________________________

Would you like to go___________________________

Great idea______________

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Listen to the recordings and answer the following questions.

A) Girls learn to speak much faster than boys.

B) Boys are more involved in the action of life.

D) Boys do more and speak less.

1.

Key

C) Boys adjust more easily to the school environment.

Script

Which of the following statements is Not True?Script

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A) Girls don’t do well at science as boys.B) Few boys are good at communication.C) Girls learn more quickly than boys.

2.

Key

D) Girls and boys learn and play in different ways.

What does the passage try to tell us?Script

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It is very clear from all studies in the field that girls learn to speak much faster than boys, and in fact, by the time they enter school they are one to two years ahead of the boys. This is one of the reasons they adjust more easily to the school environment. It is not surprising that girls respond more to a verbal way ― expressing themselves. On the other hand, from a very early stage boys are more involved in the action of life. They simply do more and speak less. They play with action. They make sounds associated with action. They buy action figures.

Unit 4

They respect the deed more than the word. As adults we often say that “Actions speak louder than words.” Boys are simply playing out this bit of human wisdom.

Unit 4

Read and get familiar with the following expressions.

Useful Expressions

What do women like most? Women really enjoy shopping.Are boys interested in football? Boys are usually crazy about it.Do men and women share the same interests? Men and women are usually keen on different things.

Unit 4

Most girls love singing, while boys prefer sports.

Yes, I agree.Which would you prefer, a son or a daughter? I like a daughter better.

Useful Expressions

Unit 4

Read the dialogues and pay attention to the underlined expressions.

Dialogue 1

I think you’ll love this little car. It is just made for ladies.Well, it’s nice-looking. Do you like it, Millie?Yes, I do. But I’d prefer an automatic to a stick, to tell you the truth.Of course, you can have it with an automatic. Do you want to test-drive it?

M1:

M2:W:

M1:

Unit 4

I’d like to have my husband test-drive it first.Sure. Sir, would you like to have a test drive?Yes, I would. C’mon, Millie, let’s go for a ride.

W:M1:M2:

Unit 4

Dialogue 2

Ian, don’t you like Mr. Edmonds? You’re always fighting with him.Quite honestly, I detest the man.What do you have against him?I really hate the way he gives orders. He makes you feel so small. I also dislike his bad temper.I know what you mean. He isn’t very sensitive, is he?

W:

M:W:M:

W:

Unit 4

Work with your partners and act out the following situations.

Situation 1 You are in a fancy restaurant for a business lunch. The waiter is careless and rude. Tell the head waiter why you aren’t happy, and what you want.

Situation 2 A friend has invited you to dinner at his/her house, and is offering you many different things to eat and drink. Express your preferences as your friend tells you what he/she has.

Unit 4

Rising Diphthongs[] [] [] [] []

Listen and imitate, paying attention to the pronunciation of each sound.

Unit 4

Listen and repeat, paying attention to the pronunciation rules of the letters and letter combinations in bold type.

[] [] [][]gamerain great

smilenight height

homeborrowroad

boynoise join

[]

nowhouseout

Unit 4

Phonetics3

Listen and practice, paying attention to the pronunciation of the words in bold type.

1. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 2. Haste makes waste.3. No joy without being annoyed. 4. Out of sight, out of mind. 5. I can fly my kite high in the sky.

Unit 4

Sample 1

Sample

To Mr. Gillbert,

With best wishes for a merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.

Joanna

_______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_____________________

___________

Unit 4

Notes of Format

卡片的写作与非正式的信件类似，首先要注明收信人的姓名，最后要有署名。许多印刷好的卡片仅需要在相应部分填入内容即可。

Unit 4

Basic patterns1

1) Happy holidays!

Basic Patterns

2) Happy anniversary!

3) Merry Christmas!

祝节日愉快！

祝周年纪念日愉快！

圣诞快乐！4) Let this day be the first of many happy days

together. 祝今后生活幸福美满！

Unit 4

Basic patterns2

5) May your new family member bring you great joy.

6) Have a safe and pleasant trip.

恭贺新家庭成员的诞生。

祝一帆风顺。

7) Season’s greetings and warm wishes for the coming year. 节日的问候，美好的祝愿。

8) Hoping Santa Claus is good to you.

祝圣诞快乐。

Unit 4

10) Wish you many more happy years together.

Basic patterns3

9) Wish you joy at Easter, much love from Betty.

复活节快乐，爱你的贝蒂。

祝你们幸福美满。

Unit 4

Directions:

Do It Yourself

This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to fill in a greeting card according to the following information in Chinese.

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Darwin,

John Smith

（在圣诞来临之际，祝你们全家安宁，快乐，幸福。）

Season’s greetings to you and your family and wish you a merry Christmas._____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Unit 4

Task 1

Directions:

Practical Reading

Read the following carefully. Then answer the questions with the information you have got.

Unit 4

The last week for Christmas sales: Dec.20-Dec.26 Sales

Domestic Appliance City384, King Street10-335-7359

30% promotionSales over $800, 10% more promotion

Credit card accepted.

Unit 4

Air-conditioner

$648

refrigerator$202.5

TV set-top box $52

TV + radio

$125

The week .around Christmas_______________________

1. If you want to buy a TV set-top box, what time is the best time for you?

Unit 4

.10-335-7359_________________

2. What number will you call if you want to get some information?

3. How long will the sales last?

.One week_____________

4. How can you get the 40% promotion?

You buy goods with a total worth . over $800_____________

Unit 4

Because .Christmas is round the corner_______________________________________

5. Why is the Domestic Appliance City having a sale?

Unit 4

Task 2

Directions:

Practical Reading

The following is a list of terms for climate. After reading them, you are required to find the Chinese equivalents in the table below. Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets.

Unit 4

A damp I hurricane

B moist J typhoon

C dry K snow

D rainy L storm

E chilly M shower

F frozen N frost

G hot O hail

H tornado

Unit 4

Example

:

L

O G( ) ( )

H( ) ( )

J F( ) ( )

B( )

I( )

(A)潮湿的 下雪(K)

冰雹暴风雨 台风湿润 飓风

炎热龙卷风冰冻霜冻暴雨

N( )

M( )

Unit 4

Section A Directions: This section is to test your ability to

understand short dialogues. There are five recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).

Listening Comprehension

Unit 4

A) He’d help her soon.

C) He is willing to help, but his hands are full of paint.

D) He has his hands in the painting.

Key

B) He is willing to help, but he is engaged in painting.

1.

Script W: John, would you please help me get down these ornaments?

M: I’d love to, but I have to hand in my painting tomorrow. Why don’t you try Tom?

Q: What does the man mean?

Unit 4

Listening Comprehension3

A) The service in the restaurant is good.

C) The taste of the meal in the restaurant is good.

D) There are many people in the restaurant.

2.

Key

B) The service in the restaurant is bad.

Script M: Is there something the matter, Madam?W: My husband and I have been waiting for

nearly an hour for our meal.Q: What can we infer from the conversation?

Unit 4

A) The watch has stopped.B) He can start to help her at four.

D) The books will be finished at four.

3.

Key

C) There is not enough time to finish.

Script M: Do you think we can wrap up the books by four?

W: Have you looked at your watch recently?

Q: What does the woman imply?

Unit 4

B) Share her orange with the man.C) Go to the grocery store with the man.D) Eat what she bought last time.

4.

Key A) Eat her orange.

Script M: I’m going to get my groceries. Can I get something for you?

W: Well. I’ve been eating too much these days. I’ll just have the orange you brought me last time, but thanks anyway.

Q: What will the woman probably do?

Unit 4

A) The woman went out with her car key.B) The woman lost her car key in the

morning.C) John went out in his car.

5.

Key

D) John took the key.

Script W: Where is my car key? I put it on the desk this morning.

M: I saw John go out in the car.Q: What do we learn from the

conversation?

Unit 4

Section B Directions:

This section is to test your ability to understand short conversations. There are two recorded conversations in it. After each conversation, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken twice. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).

Unit 4

Key A) The woman is having a party.B) The woman invites the man to go to

the party with her.

D) The woman is leaving with the man.

Script

C) The man invites the woman to his party.

6.

Q: What do we learn from the conversations?

Script

Unit 4

B) Three hours. C) Seven hours. D) Nine hours.

KeyA) Eight hours.

7. Q: How long will the party last? Script

Unit 4

Hello, Jane. How have you been? Just fine, thank you, Sam. Is there anything I can do for you? I’ve been busy packing my things.You are leaving? I’m phoning to invite you to a dinner party at our new house.When is it?Six o’clock tonight. It will last to two in the morning. Do you have time to come? We’ll be happy to see you.

M:W:

M:

W:M:

Conversation 1

Unit 4

Oh, sorry. I cannot come, for my flight is at four this afternoon. I don’t have much time to pack. Sorry.It’s all right. Maybe next time. Have a good journey!Thank you. Have a good time with your friends. Bye.Bye.

W:

M:W:M:

Unit 4

Q: Who was the woman waiting for before the robbery?

8.

A) Her son. B) Her brother. C) Her father.

Script

Key

D) Her husband.

Script

Unit 4

Q: How much money did the woman lose besides some jewellery?

9.

A) 200 dollars.

C) 100 dollars.D) 300 dollars.

Script

Key

B) 500 dollars.

Unit 4

Key

Q: Why did the robbers leave so quickly?

10.

A) Because a policeman heard something strange and rang the bell.

C) Because her husband came back and rang the bell.

D) Because she called the police for help.

Script

B) Because her neighbour heard something strange and rang the bell.

Unit 4

So you were robbed, Mrs.…?Brown. Yes, just now.How did it happen?I was watching TV in the sitting room, waiting for my husband when I heard the bell ring. Without thinking, I opened the door. Two men with masks on their faces pushed me inside.What did you lose?My wallet with $500 in it, a gold ring, necklace and ear rings.

M:W:M:W:

M:W:

Conversation 2

Unit 4

Is that all? They don’t seem to have taken so much from you.No. My neighbour heard something strange and rang the bell, so they left in a hurry.So you are really in luck, aren’t you.Yes, I think so, too.Don’t be so careless next time. We’ll try our best to find the robbers.Thank you very much.

M:

W:

M:W:M:

W:

Unit 4

Listening Comprehension16

Section C

Directions: This section is to test your ability to comprehend short passages. You will hear a recorded passage. After that you will hear five questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read twice. When you hear a question, you should complete the answer to it with a word or short phrase.

Unit 4

To distinguish from the much smaller calorie used .

.How is the content of food measured?

in calories______________

Script

What is a calorie?Script

11.

12.

It is measured

It is the needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water from 14.5℃ to 15.5℃.

heat energy ________________

Script Why is the calorie used in nutrition spelled

with a capital “C”?13.

in physics and chemistry_________________________________

Script

Unit 4

Script

What is the difference between the calorie in nutrition and calorie in physics and chemistry?

Script

Where is the energy content of food stored?

14.

15.

The calorie in nutrition is the calorie in physics and chemistry.

1,000 times _______________

It is stored in the that link its atoms and molecules.

chemical bonds ___________________

Unit 4

The energy content of food is measured in calories. The calorie is defined as the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water from 14.5 to 15.5℃ ℃. The calorie used in nutrition is sometimes spelled with a capital “C” to distinguish it from the much smaller energy calorie used in physics and chemistry, but it is more properly called the kilogram-calorie, or kilocalorie, because it is precisely 1,000 times the smaller unit, or gram-calorie. The energy content of food is stored in the chemical bonds that link its atoms and molecules.

Unit 4

Vocabulary and Structure1

Section ADirections: In this section, there are ten

incomplete sentences. You are required to complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or words from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).

Vocabulary and Structure

Unit 4

16. I would like to have my car at the small garage.

“have sth. done” 意思是“使……被……”，让别人修车，而不是自己修车，因此，该句的正确答案为 D 。

A) repair

B) to be repaired

C) to repair

D) repaired

D_____

Unit 4

Vocabulary and Structure3

17. The teacher had all his students a composition.

“have sb. do sth.” 意思是要某人做某事，动词have不能带 to的动词不定式做宾语补足语，因此，该句的答案为 A。

A) write

B) to write

C) written

D) writing

A_____

Unit 4

18. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said into a number of languages.

A) to have translated

B) to translate

C) to have been translated

D) to be translated

动词不定式 to translate 这一动作发生在谓语之前，而且该动作的客体是本句的主语，因此，应用现在完成时态的被动语态，故用 C 。

C_____

Unit 4

19. All about him is that he was born in a poor family.A) what I know

B) that I know

C) the thing I know

D) I knowAll 在句中作主语，后接 that 引导的定语从句，因此，该句的答案为 B 。

B_____

Unit 4

20. The child remembered the window before going to bed.

A) to close

B) close

C) to have closed

D) closing

当动词 remember 作“记得”解时，后面接动名词，而当 remember 作“记住（尚未做的事）”时，后面接不定式。因此该句的标准答案为 D 。

D_____

Unit 4

Section B Fill in each blank with the proper

form of the word given in brackets. Directions:

21. To the (delightful) of the children, their father promised to bring them gifts.

delight

令孩子们高兴的是，爸爸答应给他们带礼物。

__________

22. Sometimes a government policy will have (decide) effect on the economy of a country.

decisive__________

政府的一项政策有时会对一国的经济产生决定性影响。

Unit 4

孩子们喜欢看电视而不喜欢看书可能会使新一代人变成某种意义上的文盲。

23. They are exerting every (effortless) to save the child.

他们正在全力抢救那个孩子。24. The talks between the leaders of the two

countries have borne no (fruit) results. 两国领导人的谈话未产生任何富有成效的结果。

25. Children’s (prefer) of TV to books may make the new generation illiterate in some sense.

effort _________

fruitful __________

preference______________

Unit 4

26. Movie fans are eager to get (sign) from movie stars.

signatures

影迷迫切地想得到影星的签名。

_______________

27. (suicide) explosions have killed many people in Iraq these days.Suicidal

这几天，伊拉克的自杀性爆炸使许多人丧生。

___________

28. The (wise) of the old man led them to their final victory over their enemy.

wisdom

老人的智慧使他们最终战胜了敌人。

___________

Unit 4

29. The (destroy) force of earthquakes is known to all.

destructive

地震的破坏性作用是众所周知的。

_______________

30. Learning that their new teacher was coming the next day, the students were too (excitement) to fall asleep.

excited

得知他们的新老师明天就到，学生们激动得睡不着觉。

___________

Unit 4

Directions:

This part is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. After each sentence numbered from 31 to 34, you will read four choices of suggested translation. You should choose the best translation and write your translation of sentence numbered 35 in the corresponding space.

Translation

Unit 4

Key

31.

A) 我德语懂得不如西班牙语多。B) 我德语懂得仅仅比西班牙语多。C) 我既不懂西班牙语也不懂德语。D) 我懂西班牙语，但是不懂德语。

I know no more German than I know Spanish.

Unit 4

Key

32.

A) 约翰说你是这个世界上他想见到的最后的人。B) 约翰说你是这个世界上他最不想见到的人。C) 约翰说你是这个世界上他最后一个想见到的人。D) 约翰说你是这个世界上他最后一个不想见到的人。

John says that you are the last person he wants to see in the world.

Unit 4

Translation4

Key

33.

A) 昨天一些人参加了校运动会。B) 昨天许多人参加了校运动会。C) 昨天没有多少人参加校运动会。D) 昨天一些人没有参加了校运动会。

Yesterday not a few people took part in the school sports meeting.

Unit 4

Key

34. What makes the West Lake more beautiful in summer are the lotus plants growing in the water.A) 使夏天的西湖更美丽的是水中的荷花。B) 使夏天的西湖更美丽的东西是水中的荷花。C) 什么使夏天的西湖更美丽的是水中的荷花。D) 使夏天的西湖更美丽的是荷花长在水中的。

Unit 4

We may be distinctly different in language, customs, and political beliefs; but on many vital questions of our time there is little distance between the American and Chinese people.

Key 我们可能在语言、习俗和政治信仰上截然不同，但在我们这个时代的许多至关重要的问题上，中美两国人民之间几乎没有距离。

35.