teaching indonesian as a foreign language - affix
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Group 5Margaretha Lintar Melati - 112010003Natanael Ade Kurniawan - 112010017
Maria Lusia Anindya Larasati - 112010087
TINFL
Ter- Verb
Verbs with prefix ter-
1. Stative ter- verbsVerbs refer to a state of affairsIf there is no actor involved means there is no
action happenedRoot Ter- Root MeaningApung Di Kalimantan
Selatan ada pasar terapung
In South Kalimantan there is a floating market.
Letak Koran itu terletak di atas meja.
The newspaper is (located) on the table.
Tulis Surat itu tertulis dalam bahasa Inggris.
The letter is written in English.
Buat Bajunya terbuat dari sutra.
Her dress is made of silk.
2. Accidental ter-
Accidental = uncontrolled actions and not appropriate in all cases
unintended, unexpected, agentless, involuntary, sudden
Deliberate AccidentalTasnya ditinggalkan di kantor Tasnya tertinggal di kantorHis bag was left at the office. His bag was left at the office.
Accidental verbs can be transitive or intransitive
Intransitive accidental ter- verbs without object
The action often occuring suddenly and unexpectedly
Transitive accidental ter- verbs with objectVerbs are passive and it occurs even if the
agent is first or second personIntransitive Transitive Maman tertidur di kelasMaman fell asleep in class
Buku saya terbawa oleh kamuYou took my book by mistake
Tadi pagi saya terbangun jam limaThis morning I woke at five o’clock
Obat itu terminum oleh sayaThe medicine was accidentally drunk by me
when i- or kan- are the suffix usually dropsExamples: - Agassi dan Graf tersingkir (Agassi and
Graf were eliminated)- Kita memang mudah terpesona oleh
barang-barang mahal (We are indeed easily enticed by expensive goods)
Abilitative ter- verbsIndicate that the agent has the ability to
perform the actionexample:- Mobil itu tidak terbeli oleh saya.- I can’t afford to buy that car.
All abilitative constructions are transitive and passiveexample:Suaranya terdengar oleh saya. = His voice is heard by me.
Abilitative ter- verbsAbilitative verbs are usually negated,
indicating the inability of the agent to perform the action.example:- Pertanyaan itu tidak terjawab oleh Saya.- I can’t answer that question.
Abilitative ter- verbsFrequently an agent is not exposed:
Gambarnya tidak terlihat dari sini.That picture can’t be seen from here.
For abilitative ter- verbs, if a basic verb has suffix –kan or –i, it will be retained. example:terpecahkan, terselesaikan, terhindari, teratasi
Abilitative ter- verbsIt is possible to use abilitative ter- verbs
without negation.example:Masalah itu akhirnya terselesaikan.
Abilitative ter- verbsThere is nowadays a tendency for
redundant dapat ‘can’ to occur if the verb is not negated.example:Bunyi telepon itu dapat terdengar dari sini.The sound of that phone can be heard from here.
Abilitative ter- verbsInstead of a ter- verb, a basic di- verb with
bisa or dapat very frequently occurs to indicate ability:example:Masalah ini belum dapat dipecahkan.This problem cannot yet be solved.
Potentially ambiguous ter- verbsSome ter- verbs are potentially ambiguous as
to accidental and abilitative action.example:AbilitativeApa terbawa oleh kau paket sebesar itu?Were you able to carry that big parcel?AccidentalMaaf, koran saudara terbawa oleh Saya.Sorry, I took your newspaper by mistake.
Potentially ambiguous ter- verbsIt is possible for a word to be ambiguous to all
three basic functions of ter-.example:StativePintu terbukaThe door is open.
Potentially ambiguous ter- verbs
AccidentalMatanya terbuka lebar karena keheranan.His eyes opened wide with amazement.AbilitativeAkhirnya pintu itu terbuka juga olehnyaFinally he did manage to open the door.
Retention and loss of suffixes with ter- verbs
If a basic transitive verb has a suffix, this is retained with an abilitative ter- verbExample:- teratasi- terselesai
but usually dropped with an accidental verb.Example:- tertidur- terjatuh
Other forms with ter-There are many ter- verbs which do not fit
easily into any of those three categories. Some verbs like ‘tertawa’ (laugh) and
‘tersenyum’ (smile) can be grouped with intransitive accidentals.
Some words with ter- are not verbs. Such words include ‘terlalu’ (too), ‘terlambat’ (late), ‘terhadap’ (towards), ‘terutama’ (especially), ‘termasuk’ (including).
Verbs with circumfix ke-…anWith few exceptions this verbs are
adversatives. It means that they indicate that the subject undergoes unpleasant or undesired experience or event.
Unlike basic verbs, adversative verbs explicitly focus attention on the adverse effect of the event on the subject.
Verbs with circumfix ke-…anThe following sentences can be translated in
the same way:Tomo’s car was stolen.1)Mobil Tomo dicuri.2)Tomo kecurian mobil.
The first sentence is simply a statement of what happened to Tomo’s car, while the second sentence specifically indicates that Tomo undergoes something unpleasant.
Subgroups of Ke-..an Circumfix
Subgroup 1Verbs in subgroup 1 derive from basic
intransitive verbs in clauses whose subject noun phrase contains a head noun and a possessor.example:Uang Tomo hilang.Tomo’s money is lost.
Verbs with circumfix ke-…anFrom that example, the possessor (Tomo)
becomes the subject of the ke-…an verb and the original head noun (uang) is expressed as a complement.Tomo kehilangan uang.Tomo has lost his money.
Verbs with circumfix ke-…anIn this subgroup, the word ‘keguguran’ does
not have a complement.example:Ibu Asma keguguran tadi malam.Mrs. Asma had a miscarriage last night.
Verbs with circumfix ke-…anAlthough the complement is always
something possessed by the subject, possessive –nya is rare, but can occur.example:Dia kehilangan ayah(nya).He lost his father.
Subgroup 2correspond to transitive passive verbs. Have a complement indicating
something possessed by the subject.Some verbs can occur without complement
e.g: Saya kecopetan (dompet) di bus.
Subgroup 3Based on nounsThe subject is adversely affected by what
the base indicates.e.g: Dia kemalaman di hutan.The subject is unpleasantly affected by
malam.
Subgroup 4• Based on adjectives• The subject suffers from what the base
indicates to a severe degree• Must be distinguished from homophonous
nouns derived from the same adjectives. E.g: Ketakutan
• Must also be distinguished from colloquial adjectives meaning ‘too (base)’. E.g: Kedinginan
Subgroup 5• Verb have the same meaning as corresponding
basic verbs with affixation di-…-i , except that the action is explicitly adversative.e.g: kedatangan – didatangi- Bu Hartini didatangi wartawan- Bu Hartini kedatangan wartawan
• The noun following the verb is the agent. If it is perceived as the human instigator of the action, then it can be preceded by oleh.e.g: Dia ketahuan (oleh) ayahnya.
If it is inanimate then the use of oleh is unacceptable to many peoplee.g: Dia kejatuhan durian. (not kejatuhan oleh durian).
The verbs ketahuan and kedapatan allow a verb complemente.g: Dia kedapatan menggelapkan uang negara.He was caught embezelling state funds.
• A few verbs in subgroup 3 can also occur in subgroup 5
Subgroup 3 – based on nouns and do not have an agent.
e.g: Kota itu kebanjiran.Subgroup 5 – correspond to di-…-i verbs and can have an agent.
e.g: Kota itu kebanjiran (oleh) turis asing.
Subgroup 6 Includes several verbs whose subject is
not the person adversely affected but the thing possessed by that person.e.g: Rumah saya kebobolan.
The word ketinggalan ‘be left behind’ a person can be subject only if he or she is the ‘thing’ left behinde.g: Saya ketinggalan bus.
Two ke-…-an verbs are not adversative: Kelihatan dan Kedengaran.
Meaning ‘can be seen/heard’ these verbs function like passive verbs and can take agent.e.g: Musik itu kedengaran dari rumahku.
If the verb means ‘seems (looks/sounds)’ it cannot take agent, but can have adjectival compliment and can take –nya.e.g: Dia kelihatannya sakit. ( He looks sick. )
Acting like kelihatan are the afixless verb nampak and tampak ‘can be seen, visible’.e.g: Wajahnya tampak bercahaya.
Verbs with prefix ke-Only a few verbs occuring with prefix ke-Regarded as non-standard to some degree –
borrowing from JavaneseAlmost all ke- verbs correspond to ter- accidental
verbs.e.g:Ketipu (tertipu)Kesasar (tersasar)
A few verbs that are not ter- accidental verbs are having different form:Ketemu (bertemu)Ketimbang (dibandingkan dengan)
Thank You! Terima Kasih!