teach chap. 1 - intro - w 11
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
Psychology
and
Research Methods
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Psychology
• The scientific study of behavior and mental processes– Behavior: can be directly observed (crying)
– Mental Processes: cannot be directly observed (remembering)
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What Are the Goals of Psychology?
• Description of Behaviors: – What is the nature of this behavior?– Naming and classifying various observable, measurable
behaviors
• Control: – What conditions affect it?
• Understanding: – Why does this occur?– The causes of behavior
• Prediction:– Can we forecast when this will occur?
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Psychology – A “Social” Science
• Through scientific observation and research methods
• Psychology TODAY:– Uses a systematic way of answering questions
about the world and the people who live in it
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Critical Thinking
• Critical thinkers are willing to ask the hard questions and challenge conventional wisdom
• Ability to analyze, evaluate, critique, and synthesize information– Who is making this claim?– Has it been tested?– How reliable are the tests?
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Scientific Method
• Form of critical thinking based on:– Careful collection of evidence– Accurate description and measurement– Precise definition– Controlled observation– Repeatable results
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Scientific Theory
What can I expect?A system of ideas that interrelates facts and concepts, summarizes existing data, and predicts future observations
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A Good Theory
• Must be falsifiable!
• Experiments are conducted to prove a theory to be “untrue” – operationally defined so that it can be disconfirmed
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Hypothesis
• A testable prediction
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Review
• What is the definition of Psychology?
• What are the four goals of Psychology?
• What are the steps in Scientific Method?
• What is a theory?
• What is a hypothesis?
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Types of Research
• Experiment
• Clinical Method
• Naturalistic Observation
• Survey
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Experiments
• A formal trial taken to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis
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In Psychology …
• Investigating the causes of behavior through a “controlled environment” - the experiment!
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Cause and Effect
– Through use of :» Independent variables»Dependent variables
….. we can experimentally measure
CAUSE and
EFFECT
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Variables
• Independent Variable: – Condition(s) altered by the experimenter– Suspected CAUSE for behavioral differences
• Dependent Variable: – Demonstrates EFFECT that independent variables
have on behavior
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Groups
• Experimental Group: – The group of participants that gets the
independent variable
• Control Group: – The group of participants that does NOT
get the independent variable
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Placebo
• Placebo: – A fake pill (sugar), injection (saline), or
condition– Placebos alter our expectations about our
own emotional and physical reactions
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Placebo Effect
– Changes in behavior that result from expectations that a drug or other treatment will have some effect
• These expectancies then influence bodily activities
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Types of Experiments
• Single Blind: – Only the subjects have no idea whether
they get real treatment or placebo
• Double Blind: – The subjects AND the experimenters have
no idea whether the subjects get real treatment or placebo• Best type of experiment if properly set
up
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Review
• What is an experiment?
• What does cause and effect mean?
• What is a dependent variable?
• What is an independent variable?
• What is a placebo?
• What is placebo effect?
• What is the meaning of single blind vs. double blind?
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Other Research Methods“Non- Experimental”
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The Clinical Method
• Studying psychological problems in clinical settings
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Naturalistic Observation
• Observing behavior as it unfolds
• “911”
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Survey Method
• Using public polling techniques to answer psychological questions
• Question a random sample of people
• Self reported data
• “Courtesy” replies
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Populations
• Case study
• Longitudinal study
• Cross Sectional study
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Case Study
• Observation technique
• One person is studied in depth
• Goal is for one person to reveal universal principles
• Critical thinking …– Do you think one person can meet this scientific goal?
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Longitudinal Study
• Study the same group of people
• Over a course of many years
• Goal: reveal universal principles
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Cross Sectional
• Study multiple ages
• At one time
• Study a certain task, trait, behavior, etc.
• Goal: reveal universal principles
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Review
• Describe other research methods:– Clinical method– Naturalistic Observation– Survey
• Describe different populations:– Case study– Longitudinal study– Cross sectional