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TDPC SYMPOSIUM: SOME URBAN FACTS IN THE OECD
TDPC 28th Session 4 December 2012
• Population in OECD urban areas continues to grow
• Urbanisation interacts strongly with periphery and rural areas
• Functional analysis of urban areas helps design urban governance solutions
Is urbanisation still important in the OECD?
Urban population will keep growing even in OECD countries
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Popu
lati
on in
OEC
D c
ount
ries
(bill
ions
)
Wor
ld p
opul
atio
n (b
illio
ns)
World urban population
OECD urban population
OECD rural population
World rural population
Source: Calculations based on UN population database
Total urban and rural population: world and OECD countries
Recent increases in urban population in OECD and Major emerging markets
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
South Africa India OECD Brazil China
Ad
dit
ion
al
urb
an
po
pu
lati
on
in
% o
f to
tal
po
pu
lati
on
(2
00
0-2
00
9)
millions of additional urban population (2000- 2009)
57
3
53
148 5
Source: OECD Regions at a Glance 2011
In % and total value of additional urban population 2000-2009
The 264 large metropolitan areas in OECD countries account for more than 50% of the OECD GDP
47.9%
68.6%
52.6%
35.7%
53.4%
70.1%
57.9%
42.7%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
264 46 105 113 # of metro areas
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
GD
P GD
P
GD
P
GD
P
OECD (28) Asia (2) North America (3) Europe (23)
Source: OECD metropolitan database; the large metropolitan areas have at least 500,000 population
% of population and GDP in large metropolitan areas by continent (2008)
Large city GDP per capita gaps vary by continent
Ratio between GDP per capita in metropolitan areas (larger than 500,000 population) and GDP per capita in non metropolitan areas (2008)
1.08
1.24 1.27
1.37
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Asia (2) North America (3) OECD (28) Europe (23)
Pressures on land-use
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
yea
rly
gro
wth
of
bu
ilt-
up
are
a (
%)
Source: OECD metropolitan database; selected metropolitan areas
Yearly growth of built-up area in metropolitan areas with population growth less than 1%
Lower urban density may generate higher CO2 emissions per capita
WienMontreal
Berlin
HamburgMünchen
Köln
Frankfurt am Main
Stuttgart
MadridParis
Marseille
AthinaRoma
MilanoSapporoTokyo
Nagoya
Busan Monterrey
GuadalajaraMexico CityPuebla
Amsterdam
Warszawa
Katowice
Stockholm
Philadelphia
Columbus
Denver
Portland
Cincinnati
Washington
Kansas City
Saint Louis
Minneapolis
San FranciscoLos Angeles
Atlanta PhoenixSan Diego
Houston
San Antonio
Orlando
Seattle
MilwaukeeDetroit
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
CO2
emis
sion
s pe
r cap
ita
(200
6)
area per person (km2/pop) (2006)
Europe North America Japan and Korea
Cities influence other regions Rate of urbanisation in OECD countries
Population growth 2000-2006 by city types and core/hinterlands (average yearly growth rates)
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
Small urban areas Medium-sized urban areas
Metropolitan areas
Large metropolitan
areas
Functional urban area Core Hinterland
Strong spatial externalities between urban and rural regions are observed
population rural regions grow more, ceteris paribus, the more connected they are (the smaller the distance) to the closest urban or intermediate region
there positive growth spillovers from urban to rural regions in terms of population. These effects are decreasing with distance
In addition urban areas benefit from rural areas in terms of provision of landscape, recreation, open space, natural resources, etc.
there can be pressures in the use of land from urban to rural areas (e.g. issue of urban sprawl) The existence of these externalities makes worth shifting
the attention from the administrative to the functional organization of the territory (functional regions)
Functional vs. administrative regions
2) Functional regions (e.g. metropolitan areas) vs. administrative regions
1) Core cities (cities de facto) vs. administrative cities
OECD functional metro region
TL3 administrative region
Rennes, France
• Integrated national vision of urban development that includes merging of ministries or the strengthening of regional governments to foster local governments’ co-operation (cf. NUPR of Poland)
• National sustainable urban policy approach, including a
comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach to urban development tailored to the needs of different types of urban areas (cf. NUPR of Korea)
• The creation of an institution and a framework for supra-
municipal metropolitan administration such as a metropolitan regional government (cf. NUPR of Chile)
OECD countries have solutions and policy experimentation to share
National Urban strategies