Enhancing bridge simulation training programmes with the application of maritime aids for emergency responses

T.Bosma1 , I. Lazakis1, O.Turan1, C.J. Muijskens2  1 University of Strathclyde Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, Glasgow, U.K.2 Maritime Institute Willem Barentz, Terschelling The Netherlands 

Bridge 2011Rauma, 9-10 June 2011

Presentation layout

IntroductionIdentification of training needs

Analysed results of the outcomes of questionnaireResults of the analysis of the MAIB accident reports

Implementation of a real accidents scenario on a Full mission simulator

Observed results of the implementationDiscussion/conclusions

Introduction‘M’AIDER’ project (Maritime Aids Development

for Emergency Responses)

The M’AIDER project, an EU funded project, part of the Leonardo Lifelong Learning Programme, looking at updating the merchant navy Education and Training programmes

M’AIDER Project partners:

1. Strathclyde University , dpt of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, U.K.

2. C4FF, Centre for factories of the Future Ltd,education, training and research company ,U.K.

3. TUDEV, Maritime Training centre, Turkey4. MIWB, Maritime Instituut Willem Barentz, Maritime

Higher education institution, Netherlands5. LMA, Lithuanian Maritime Academy, Maritime Higher

educational institution, Lithuania6. Spinaker d.o.o Maritime VET and adult education

provider, SME, Slovenia7. IDEC S.A, Maritime Training centre, Greece

Project AIMS and objectivesImprove safety at sea and in ports

One of the projects objectives :Developing a real case scenario based training programme, reducing the risk of

Human error at sea: Identification of training gaps and needs of current

seafarers and students Questionnaire

The most frequent emergency situations are identified and analysed.

Analyse U.K. accident reports occurred with merchant ships in the past 19 years (Maritime Accident Investigation Branch)

Select and implement real case scenarios into Bridge simulator training programmes

The results of the analysis will contribute to the development of:

Training courses for the maritime education of seafarers

Simulator trainingE-learning and e-assessmentBased on the chosen real accident scenarios,

intelligent exercises will be developed for application in both the bridge area and in the integrated and full-mission simulators

Transfer of the knowledge already existing in the form of video software or existing internet e-learning/assessment

Methodology

•Analysis of accident reports

•Analysis of the results of the questionnaire

•Select real accident emergency scenarios

Create scenarios for application on bridge

training and full mission bridge simulators

Identification of training needs

Questionnaire

Main aim: find the shortcomings in the current seafarer's maritime education training

Structure of the questionnaire

GENERAL INFORMATIONNationality/age/rank relationship

BRIDGE SIMULATION TRAININGEducationSeagoing experience related to emergency scenarios

COLREGS EducationKnowledge of the regulations to avoid accidents at sea

General information

The Netherlands,

19%

U.K., 21%Lithuania, 30%

Turkey, 11%

Slovenia, 4%

Other, 2%Unknown, 13%

145 participants

Nationality distribution

Age/Rank relationship

• 18-30: 60% cadet•31-40 : 45% Master, 39% officer•41-50: 80% Master•51 and older: 86% Masters

65%

15% 8% 12

%

Bridge Simulator Training

Bridge simulator training/Nationality/Age

• 70% yes BST• 30% No BST

Age:• 37% 18-30 years had no BST•0% 31-40 years•20% 41-50 years•21% 51-and older

According to previous research accident reports

88% of the accidents at sea are caused by Human

factors

Of which 60% are directly related to individual

mistakes

(Bosma et al 2010, MAIB database)

Scenarios covered in participants’ Bridge simulator Training

0 20 40 60 80

Communication issues on the ship between bridge members

Communication on the ship between the bridge and the engine room

Navigation equipment, inappropriate use, over reliance, effect of automation

Inadequate passage planning, contingency planning

Loss of situational awareness, desicion making

Pilot onboard, master.officer-pilot relationship

Fatique

Inadeqeate training in use of bridge systems

Bridge design deficiencies, poor ergonomics

Not undertaken Bridge simulation training

Other, please specify

Most important differences between BST and real lifeAbsence of the human physical well being

and stress/psychological factors due to circumstances on board daily life

FatigueSeasicknessProblems at home etc

Training needs

The most important factors contributing to

accidents like, loss of situational awareness, are

going to be covered by implementing real

emergency scenario on BST

65% of the participants agreed that simulation of

real accident scenarios on bridge simulator training

is very useful

COLREGS

One of most important human errors leading to an incident is about

collision regulations that are not applied or are applied incorrectly

Participants were asked about their familiarity with the COLREGS

and how useful they were to them compared to the reality

Analysis were carried out to find out what type of incident the

participants have experienced and were involved in themselves,

Their familiarity with the COLREGS, and what training methods

they received to get familiarised with the COLREGS.

In general

Received/most effective COLREGS training methods115

77

47

30

60

11197

2232

71

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Theory session in classroom

Onboard training

Individual training

(includes online learning and/or

DVD lessons etc.)

Case studies of accidents-video

presentation

Bridge simulation

training

Learning techniques received Most effective learning techniques

Participants involvement in incidents

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Near collision, close quaters situation, or collision with another vessel

Close contact, collsion, with shore structures

Near grounding, or collsion

Close contact or collision or collision in port

Fire on board ship

Machinery failure

Don't know

None

Count

128

In agreement with the MAIB database, statistic results say that 36% of all the incidents at sea are Collisions

62

Reason why the experienced collision occurred

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Leaving or entering a harbour

Rough weather

Passing through a channel

Poor look out

Low visibility

Poor passage planning

Failure with communication equipment

Main engine room failure

Steering failure

Poor manning

High density of traffic

No collsion or near collsion experience

Don't know

Other

CountAlso in the open questions, participants agreed that one of the most important reasons that a collision occurred was due to low visibility

Ranking the reasons to collision according to their importance - top 5

Only 11 participants chose Poor Look out as a reason to collision

Poor look out is one of the main factors contributing to accidents at sea, according to the accidents reports analysis

From experience General opinion1 Low visibility Poor look out2 leaving or entering a harbour High density of traffic3 passing through a channel passing through a channel4 High density of traffic Low visibility5 Poor look out poor passage planning

• Accidents caused by ‘Low visibility’ often is the results of misinterpretation of the COLREGS. • Most people are unaware of the underlying

human factors contributing to accidents, improvement of the awareness is needed

Most important training gaps identified BST:

Most suitable schedule of an emergency training scenario

The most suitable incident training scenario contain the following:

Incident Location

Incident type

Vessel type

Results of the analysis of the MAIB accident reports

Most notable underlying factors (MAIB database analysis)The Unawareness of a situation

Poor decision making, use of information

Procedure carried out inadequately

Inattention

The loss of attention due to personal problems such as fatigue (3%), vigilance (3%) etc

These most frequently occurred underlying factors will eventually lead to the human errors. These are the errors that will lead directly to the incident.

The most frequent occurring types of human error are:

Incorrect or insufficient action taken Collision regulations not appliedSpeed or heading not altered or risk not

appreciatedInadequate passage planningPoor look out

Chosen emergency case scenarios for BST application:

10 emergency real case scenarios were chosen for implementation on bridge simulatorsMSTC : implement a scenario in student training and investigate the results of this scenario. The scenario was based on a real accidentScot Isles / Wadi Halfa , which happened in 2008 in Dover Strait.