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Review of literature

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TAXONOMY OF CLEOME

Cleome species were put earlier in family Capparidaceae. However, recently

the genus has been given a separate status. It has been separated from Capparidaceae and

grouped as Cleomaceae. Cooke (1903) has described ten species of Cleome under

Capparidaceae. One hundred and fifty Cleome spp. have been so far described worldwide in

tropical regions (Sharma and Balakrishnan, 1993) and fifteen species occur in India. Seven

species are found to be distributed in the region of Kolhapur district (Yadav and Sardesai,

2002).

There are lots of observations on different parts of Cleome species and some

new species have been described continuously from past century by different authors.

Diagnosen and Kleinere (1895) have reported a new species Cleome schweinfurthii. Kers

(1968) has described Cleome uncifer from Northwest Australia. Cleome kersiana has been

described and illustrated by Thulin (1992) from Somalia. Iltis and Ruiz (1997) have

described endemic species Cleome torticarpa from wet gallery forests National Park,

Venezuela. Silva (2000) from Brazil reported Cleome eosina J. F. Macbr. which was

considered endemic to Paraguay. Reddy and Raju (2001) have reported Cleome chelidonii

var pallai as a new variety from India. Keighery (2002) has discussed nomenclature and

taxanomy of Cleome uncifera and he separated it as a new subspecies using leaf morphology,

a small-leaved variant species named Cleome uncifera subsp. microphylla Kers. and discused

ranges of variation in the leaves of the new and typical subspecies. Iltis (2005) has described

and illustrated Cleome boliviensis Iltis, with large-flowers, and discussed its relationship to

other species.

Durand and Durand (1909) have described six species of Cleome under

Sylloge Flora Congolanae. Two new species, Cleome viscosa, C. spinosa and also Cleome

gynandra have been described by Wilczek (1950) from Bas Katanga district. Blacklock

(1955) has described upto 8 species of Cleome from flora of Iraq and has given a separate

key for their identification. Rao (1979) reported for the first time Cleome rutidosperma from

Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Weber et al. (1981) have added Cleome serrulata to the

flora of Colorado USA. Chamberlain et al. (1994) have recorded two new combinations and

formal descriptions for eight new species and three new subspecies for the genera Cleome,

Polycarpaea, Silene, Gypsophila, Dianthus and Rubus in Volume I of the Flora of the


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Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Siwakoti and Verma (1994) have reported Cleome

rutidosperma DC.and C. spinosa Jacq. with other eighteen dicotyledonous taxa new to Nepal

flora. Sivarajan and Sunil (1995) for the first time reported Cleome spinosa Jacq., in wild

status from West Bengal, India (which is native of tropical America). Panda and Paul

(2001) reported Cleome aspera Koenig ex DC. as a new record for Flora of West Bengal.

Khalifa and EL-Gohary (1982) studied micro morphological attributes like

anatomical features of stem, leaves and petioles to evaluate their significance in

differentiating the 9 Cleome spp. of Egypt. Lynne (1982) studied Cleomoideae and tried to

explain their phylogeny by using cladistic method. Farris (1987) studied evolutionary

change for several characters in Cleome serrulata Pursh and suggested that morphological

characters had a greater impact on fitness in wetter areas, while physiological characters were

more important in the drier areas. Mark et al. (1993) have studied different seed plants for

their phylogeny and reported that the polyphyletics that occurs in capparidales is due to some

members of capparaceae along with Cleome. Erbar and Leins (1997) studied floral ontogeny

of Cleome spinosa, Cleome violacea and Polanisia dodecandra subsp. Trachysperma and

concluded that the evolutionary steps in the androecial development proceed from Reseda via

Capparis and Polanisia/Cleome to Brassicaceae. Sanchez (2005) tried to investigate

phylogenetic and morphological relationships within, South American Cleome species. This

study supported the monophyly of Cleome and the recognition of three clades within it,

which are supported morphologically by seed and pollen characters. In general, seed and, to a

lesser extent, pollen characters were found to be systematically useful within Cleome species.

Many workers have studied pollen morphology of different Cleome species.

Pope (1925) studied pollen colours in different families and concluded that colour of pollen

grains is almost constant in almost all members of a particular family with few exceptions.

He studied Cleome and observed green coloured pollens in it. Mitra (1970) has studied pollen

morphology in some Cleome species. Solomon et al. (1973) studied the pollen morphology

of Cleome serrulata and reported that they are prolate, tricolporate, tectum reticulate with

micropunctate lamina. Flint and Martyn (1982) worked on pollen germination and they

mentioned that when UVB was administerd a large and significant inhibition of pollen

germination was noted in Cleome lutea. Palacios et al. (1986) studied the pollen grains of

three taxa belonging to family Capparidaceae, Cleome multicaulis, Cleomella mexicana and


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Polanisia uniglandulosa and suggested that the species could be separated on the basis of

the characteristics of seeds such as the ornamentation, apertures and shape. Ruiz et al.

(1997) examined pollen morphology of 19 Cleome species from Venezuela using scanning

electron microscopy and concluded that exine sculpturing has diagnostic value within the

genus and supports the classification of species and there is no relationship between exine

sculpturing and pollination syndromes. Silva (2000) reported that pollen grains of Cleome are

tricolporate. Perveen and Qaiser (2001) investigated pollen morphology of 14 species

belonging to seven genera of the family Capparidaceae viz., Cadaba Forssk., Capparis L.,

Cleome L., Dipterygium Decaisne, Gynandropsis DC., Maerua Forssk by using light and

scanning electron microscopes. They concluded that palynology is significantly helpful at the

specific level. Fagundez (2003) worked on melitopalynology of Cleome species comimg

from the flooded islands with the help of ligh and scanning electronic microscope. He for the

first time identified Cleome hassleriana pollen sample from honey along with other plants

also and studied importance of each taxon in the production of honeys of these areas.

Gier (1903) prepared a key for identification of herbaceous dicotyledons and

studied the morphology of Cleome serrulata and reported the absence of stipules in it.

Guedes (1968) studied morphology and anatomy of Cleome simplicifolia and for the first

time he described the peltate petals in it. Puri (1971) studied the morphology of leaf and

seeds of Cleome gynandra. Bhattacharya and Maiti (1978) from BSI studied seed

morphology of 12 species of Cleome and prepared a taxonomic key for their identification

through seeds only. Chakrabarty and Gupta (1981) have reported morphohistological

characters of 3 herbaceous species growing along railway track including Cleome viscosa L.

Sereno (1989) from Caribbean Barbados region has studied the morphology of Cleome

tenuis. Ruiz and Escale (1995) studied seed morphology of 19 species of Cleome L. from

Venezuela using the scanning electron microscope and observed seminal characters. Richard

et al. (1997) described morphological details of Cleome isomeris and C. viscosa. Thulin

(2002) has studied morphology of four species of Cleome in the Horn of Africa region and

reported that C. omanensis, comb. nov. occurs in the Mahrah Region of Yemen and also in

Oman and prepared a key for identification of the species.

According to Smith (1950) a gynophore is usually defined as stalk or stip

which supports the ovary or gynoecium in certain flowers of Cleome. Vanderpool (1984) in


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his studies on SEM of seeds of some Cleome species found the presence of stomates on the

seeds. Lloyd et al. (1990) reported occurrence of heterostyly in S. African species of

Bauhinia (Leguminosae), Cleome (Capparaceae), Aneilema (Commelinaceae), and Agelaea

(Connaraceae). Koyama and Choshi (1996) have studied developmental stages of pistil in

Cleome spinosa.

Rajendrudu et al. (1988) have studied leaf phylotaxy in Cleome gynandra L.

Jelani et al. (1990) have described foliar dermotypes of the seven Indian species of Cleome,

viz. C. aspera Koen. ex DC. C. chelidonii L.f., C. felina L.f., C. monophylla, L. C. gynandra

L., C. tenella L.f. and C. viscosa L. including epidermal cells, stomatal cells and trichome

complexes. Six trichome types viz., uniseriate capitate, uniseriate cylindrical, biseriate

capitate, multiseriate capitate, multiseriate clavate and multiseriate conical hairs have been

observed. They prepared a key for identification of the species studied. Idioblastic cell sacs

have been recorded in C. aspera, C. chelidonii, C. felina and C. tenella. It was also reported

by them that though, C. chelidonii is a marshy plant, epidermal cells possess straight

anticlinal walls. Changes in the foliar traits of some common plants including Cleome

viscosa L. from polluted site were observed by Saha et al. (1990). They have reported

significant variation in the palisade ratio and vein islet number in Chromolaena odoratum,

Cleome viscosa, Hyptis suaveolens and Xanthium strumarium.

Raghavan (1937) Studied complete life history of Cleome chelidonii Linn.

Weiss (1979) studied domestically used plants from East Africa which included Cleome

strigosa and gave its traditional use. Sharma (1984) worked on systematic position of 11

angiosperm genera [Atylosia, Centella, Cleome, Glinus, Ludwigia, Malvastrum, Mukia,

Pavonia, Spergula, Trachyspermum and Zaleya] widely distributed in India. Vanderpool and

Estes (1987) and Vanderpool et al. (1989) in their systematic investigation of Cleome lutia

and Cleome jonesii concluded that these two entities are conspecific, each having n=17.

Rajagopal and Ramayya (1968) studied anatomy of Cleome aspera and found

the occurrence of idioblastic cell-sacs in the leaf epidermis which is significant character for

taxonomy of that plant. Iltis (1959) worked on taxonomy of Cleome multicaulis and

described biogeography of this species. He (1960) studied monographic taxonomy and

evolution of Cleome gynandra. Bremer and Wanntorp (1981) made an attempt to classify

Cleomoideae cladastically. Brunel et al. (1984) worked on taxonomy of Cleome and prepared


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a floral key for identification. Anuradha et al. (1988) worked on chemotaxonomy of

Cappareae and Cleomeae and found that there are close ties among the members of the two

tribes. Subramanian and Susheela (1988) studied cytotaxonomy of 18 species coming under

6 genera of Capparidaceae and for the first time recorded chromosome number for some

species. They concluded that the autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy play an important role in

the origin and evolution of the species of South Indian Capparidaceae. Ruiz (2002) has given

the taxanomic key for identification of Cleome with three species and other five genra from

Capparaceae. Arbuzova and Nikitin (2003) studied taxonomy of Cleome and Cleomella-like

fossil seeds from the Palaeogene and Neogene of Russia and adjacent states using scanning

electron microscopy of the seed coat. Khatoon and Perveen (2003) studied Cleome heratensis

Bunge subsp. pakistanica and raised it to the species level as Cleome pakistanica.


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Classification of Cleome in different systems

Classification de Cronquist APG II system

Règne Plantae

Sous-règne Tracheobionta

Division Magnoliophyta

Classe Magnoliopsida

Sous-classe Dilleniidae

Ordre Capparales

Famille Capparaceae

Genre Cleome

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Brassicales

Family: Cleomaceae

Genus: Cleome L.

Classification System: APG IIIClassification System: B &H

Regnum: Plantae

Cladus: Angiospermae

Cladus: Eudicots

Cladus: Core eudicots

Cladus: Rosids

Cladus: Eurosids II

Ordo: Brassicales

Familia: Cleomaceae

Genus: Cleome

Scientific classification

Kingdom : Plantae

Division : Angiosperms

Sub Division : Dicotyledonae

Class : Polypetalae

Series : Thalamiflorae

Order: Parietales

Family: Capparidaceae

Genera: Cleome


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Botany

Day by day there is increase in knowledge about genus Cleome. Some common

botanical features noted are as follows: Gray (1849) described Cleome integrifolia as

cultivated ornamental plant with very beautiful flowers. Schaffner (1933) observed long

stipitate condition of the gynoecium in some Cleome species which may cause sterility in

them. Bancroft (1930) noted two species from genus Cleome and showed an indication of

tetrarchy in hypocotyl. Frank (1948) has reported that Cleome is a source of surplus honey,

so bees are attracted towards it. Rijven (1955, 56) observed that glutamine at concentration of

400 ppm stimulated the growth of embryos of Cleome. Acropetal dehiscence with complete

department of the valves as well as basipetal incomplete dehiscence occur in the cleomoideae

(Ernst, 1967). Amelaxen and Arbeiter (1969) indicated a cytoplasmic origin for the oil as

secretory product of glandular hairs of Cleome spinosa. Thomas and Philips (1977) reported

that leaf anatomy of Cleome tenuis indicated operation of C3 metabolism.

Murneek (1927) studied andromonoecious reaction or process in Cleome spinosa L.

Eames and Wilson (1928) studied anatomy and floral morphology of Cleome spinosa. Brink

and Cooper (1947) studied embryonic development in Cleome chelidonii. Overbeek (1947)

studied weed control by different synthetic chemicals. He reported that Cleome is controlled

by spraying 2, 4, D in agriculture field. Ramanujam and Khatija (1991) studied

melittopalynology of Guntur District Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 66 pollen types

referable to 38 families including Cleome gynandra have been recorded in these honey

samples. Grzegorz and Maria (1998) investigated megafossils from the fluvial sediments

overlying the Tertiary lignites in the Bełchatów opencast mine of Middle Poland and

recorded some genera (Cleome, Ternstroemites and Zingiberoideophyllum) which are new

for the Tertiary of Poland.

ECOLOGY

Cook (1890) studied honey yield of Cleome integrifolia and other two plants and

found that Rocky Mountain bee plant flourishes on the dry plains of Colorado, he had been

quite successful in growing it and geting much nectar in small plots for years. Spring-sown

seed will rarely germinate. So in the fall of 1888 he sowed eight acres of Cleome but he had

great disappointment as the seeds did not germinate well.


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Henri (1908) has recorded Cleome integrifolia as transient weed. Menon and

Kulkarni (1987) have done ecological studies in Cleome viscosa with respect to seed and

seed germination. Barker et al.(1990) recorded the vegetation on the campsite members

occupied by different fast-growing, grazing-tolerant weeds like stoloniferous grass, Cynodon

dactylon, and the non-palatable, annual forbs, Cleome tenella and Gisekia pharnaceoides.

Ismail et al. (1995) recorded the occurrence of seeds belonging to 21 and 25 species in the

rubber and oil palm plantations respectively, with Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders.,

Cleome rutidosperma DC., Borreria alata DC. and Paspalum conjugatum Berg. being the

most abundant in both plantations and accounting for more than 80% of the total weed seeds.

Dickore and Nusser (2000) have reported Cleome as tropical weed in flora of Nanga Parbat.

Lawrence (2001) identified Cleome serrulata and other eleven species of other genera

commonly associated with corrals in Navajo. Merlee and Rekha (2002) studied Cleome

viscosa for its autecology and provided information regarding its distribution and abundance

which is helpful for its cultivation on a commercial scale. Ghaderian and Baker (2007)

reported that Cleome heratensis appears to be an indicator of ultramafics in Central Iran.

Populations of this plant cover quite extensive areas during summer and autumn when there

is no rainfall. This plant contained low concentrations of all metals and thus it possesses

exclusion mechanisms to restrict excessive metal uptake.

Kassas and Zahran (1962) reported Cleome droserifolia community in El Galata and

El Bahariya. According to Iltis (1965) centers of Cleome lanceolata are Paraguay and

Southwestern Brazil and NE Brazil. He (1967) studied ecological distribution of Cleome

afrospina and its migration from South America to Africa or vice versa. Cook (1968)

reported Cleome ciliate and Cleome viscosa vegetation from the Kainji reservoir site in

Northern Nigeria. Leroy (1978) described 7 species of Cleome in which 3 species are

endemic to Madagascar. Bruce (1989) studied phytogeography of sand dunes in great basin

and Mojava desert. He reported Cleome sparcifolia as indicator taxa of all studied basins.

Vegetation survey by Salama and Fayed (1989) revealed the following four community types

in the wadis Zilla spinosa - Aerva javanica, Pulicaria undulata-Schouwia thebaica, Cleome

arabica - Crotalaria aegyptiaca and Acacia tortilis-Zygophyllum coccineum. Salama and

Fayed (1990) studied phytosociology of thirty nine species including Cleome droserifolia for

comprising the vegetation of the wadi using the Zurich Montpelliar technique. Ali et al.


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(1997) recorded one hundred and ten species, belonging to 35 families during survey of the

Wadi Allaqi. They found that among the recorded species, Cleome paradoxa, Sesamum

alatum, Gisekia pharnaceoides, Anticharis linearis and Anticharis arabica are very rare in

the Egyptian flora. This study showed that vegetation distribution in the studied area was

largely dictated by environmental physiogeographic gradients that control the water

availability in an extremely arid desert. Reddy et al. (2000) reported new naturalized

Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich. and Cleome rutidosperma DC. in Andhra

Pradesh, India. Nagar (2002) reported Cleome scaposa DC.a rare species for Saurashtra.

Galán de Mera et al. (2003) for the first time reported Cleome violacea L., Puccinellia

frigida (Phil.) I. M. Johnst., Sisymbrium altissimum L. and Solanum nitidibaccatum Bitter

from Peru. Waterhouse (2003) has given new distribution records for the serious tropical

weeds Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae), Mikania micrantha

Kunth (Asteraceae), Cleome rutidosperma DC…. in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea

and Papua (Indonesia). Barua et al. (2004) have described bioecological activities of Leptosia

nina var nina Fabr, a common Pierid butterfly on Cleome viscosa. The ecological

observations were carried out by them in the field to determine the status and distribution,

habits and habitat, feeding, courtship, mating and egg-laying behaviour.

Sen and Chawan (1967) reported that Cleome viscosa grows vigourously in spring

season. Abdul (1975) reported that Cleome arabica, an annual species is grown only in

winter season. Singh et al. (1991) studied weed competition in green gram (Vigna radiata)

and black gram (Vigna mungo)field and reported the following species during the monsoon

seasons Echinochloa colonum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Digitaria

sanguinalis, Celosia argentea, Phyllanthus niruri, Cleome viscosa and Cyperus rotundus.

Kers (1969) studied population ecology of Cleome angustifolia. The population

ecology of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk) Del. was studied by Hegazy et al. (1990) in Egypt.

Costa et al. (2002) described habitat, geographic distribution, morphological variability and

prepared illustrations of different species of Cleome, for Brazil. They also prepared key for

these species.

Hammerton (1981) reported Cleome spp. as weed and described common methods

and chemicals used to control it. Wendy et al. (2007) provided Banana mulch treatment


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method for control of annual weed species such as Spermacoce latifolia Aubl. and Cleome

aculeate L. Cleome is common plant found in tropical scrub habitat.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Paigani And Romussi (1967) have analysed seeds of Cleome pungens using

chromatography technique. They (1969) isolated feruloyl choline chloride from the seeds

using the techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, uv spectrum and IR

spectrum. Koch et al. (2001) proposed that genus Cleome is closest relative of brassicaceae

on the basis of molecular biology.

Naseem and Jha (1997) standardized in vitro protocol for mass propagation of

Cleome gynandra DC, using thalamus, gynandrophore and root segments as explants on

Murashige and Skoog's medium varying the concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. They

observed that a high BA to NAA ratio produced leathery leaves in culture besides shoot

differentiation. 2, 4-D was not suitable for organogenesis and long term culture. Regenerants

were successfully transferred to soil. In vitro response of gynandrophore culture was almost

similar to that of thalamus explant. Simoes et al. (2004) have done biotechnological studies

in Cleome rosea. They studied the influence of cytokinins, 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 6-

furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) added to the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) on the

culture and reported plantlet regeneration by direct and indirect organogenesis. Songsak and

Lockwood (2004) established callus and suspension cultures from Cleome chelidonii to

produce glucosinolates.

CYTOLOGY

There are few reports on cytology of Cleome. Talyor (1925) studied chromosomes in

Cleome spinosa during mitosis. He recorded 32 chromosomes in the dividing cells (2n=32).

Áskell (1976) worked on cytology of some members of capparidaceae. According to him the

chromosomes number in some Cleome species is as follows. Cleome gynandra L. n = 17,

Cleome monophylla L. n = 11, Cleome serrulata Pursh. n = 17, Cleome rutidosperma DC. n

= 15, Cleome viscosa L. n = 10 and Cleome coluteoides Boiss. n = 17. But according to

Raghavan and Kamble (1979) chromosome number in Cleome gynandra L. is n = 10. Renard

et al. (1983) have reported chromosome number for three Cleome species, Cleome

monophylla L. - 2n = 22, C. schimperi Pax - 2n = 22 and C. gynandra 2n = 34. Koshy and


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Mathew (1985) worked on cytology of eight species of Cleome, indigenous to South India

and concluded that chromosome data indicate that polyploidy and widespread aneuploidy

may have played significant role in speciation and evolution of the genus. Wang et al. (2004)

worked on cytology and micropropagation of Cleome spinosa Jacq. (2n = 20), and also

studied germination and the young sprout growth of Cleome spinosa Jacq.

Farris (1987) investigated the extent and adaptive importance of genetically-based

variation in plant water relations in two populations of Cleome serrulata. He collected seeds

from maternal plants growing along the moisture gradients and then grew under well-watered

conditions in the greenhouse. By his exprement he suggested that natural selection had acted

on this character during one or more previous generations. It appears that slight variations in

the physiological genotype can significantly affect overall fitness in C. serrulata.

Hegazy et al. (1990) investigated the autotoxic effects of Anastatica hierochuntica

and possible effects on Cleome droserifoliaand found that the mitotic index was reduced by

55% in C. droserifolia at the 8% level of the A. hierochuntica extract concentration. Naseem

and Jha (1994) cultured callus derived shoot buds from younger leaves of the growing shoot

of Cleome viscosa on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with various combinations of

1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-Benzylamino pure (BA). Rooting of shoots was

obtained by using Indol-3-butyric acid in the medium and regenerated plantlets were

subsequently transferred to the soil. Susana and Michael (2005) attempted gene sequencing

in Cleome hassleriana using atpB and rbcL. Claudia et al. (2009) worked on cytogenetics

and pigement composition of Cleome rosea. They cultured calluses using leaf and stem

explant on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-

dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and from that eleven anthocyanins were obtained by

using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and

electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/ESIMS).

BIOCHEMISTRY

Biochemistry of number of Cleome species has been studied extensively. Thirty eight

species of Capparidaceae including Cleome had been analyzed for their content of

isothiocyanate-producing glucosides for taxonomic significance of species and possible

biogenesis of the glucosides (Kjaer and Thomsen, 1963). Chauhan and Srivastava (1979)

have worked on some phytochemical aspects of the roots of Cleome viscosa. Rao (1980)


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determined some characteristics of seed oil from Cleome viscosa and found that the seeds

contain 26% oil. This oil is composed of 10.6%palmitic, 4.9% stearic, 14.4% oleic and

68.6% linoleic acids. Singh (1985) has studied leaf protines of Cleome viscosa. Kumar et al.

(1985) have studied effect of isoproturon on leaf cell membrane permeability of Cleome

viscosa. Cleomiscosin D, a minor coumarino-lignan of the seeds of Cleome viscosa, has been

proved to be regioisomer of cleomiscosin C (Kumar et al., 1988), and developed a method

for degradation of coumarino-lignans.

Mnzava (1990) studied biochemical properties (Amino acid analysis, iodine and

saponification numbers, crude protein, lipid, oleic and linoleic acids of the total fatty acids)

of seeds of Cleome gynandra. Hussein et al. (1994) have worked on sesquiterpenes from

Cleome droserifolia. Songsak and Lockwood (2002) reported that Cleome chelidonii and

Cleome viscosa contain glucocapparin and glucocleomin, while Cleome gynandra has only

glucocapparin.

Different workers have isolated different compounds from different Cleome species

e.g. Kaempferide 3-glucuronide from the roots (Chauhan et al., 1979); new naringenin

glycoside (Srivastava et al., 1979); three new coumarino-lignoids from the seeds (Ray et al.,

1985), which posses liver-protective properties (cleomiscosins A, B and C); stigmasta-

5,24(28)-diene-3β-O-α-L-rhamnoside (Srivastava, 1980) and two new unsaturated cembrane

acids (Kosela et al., 1985) from Cleome viscosa. Cleosandrin from Cleome icosandrica

(Nair, 1979); Cleomeprenols from Cleome spinosa L. which were identified as nonaprenol,

decaprenol and undecaprenol (Suga and Shishibori, 1980). Viqar and Khisal (1986) have

isolated cabralealactone and ursolic acid and new trinortriterpenoid dilactone,

deacetoxybrachycarpone from Cleome brachycarpa by spectroscopic analysis. Ahmad and

Alvi (1987) have isolated a cabralealactone, ursolic acid and new trinortriterpenoid dilactone,

deacetoxy-brachycarpone from Cleome brachycarpa and determined its structure. Ahmad et

al. (1990) isolated a new triterpenoid cleocarbpone from Cleome brachycarpa.

Sharaf et al. (1992) examined aerial parts of four Cleome species (Cleome

droserifolia, C. amplyocarpa, C. brachycarpa and C. chrysantha) for their surface flavonoids

content. Ten methylated flavonoids were isolated and identified as isokaempferide, 5,7,4'-

trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethyoxyflavone, Jaceosidin, penduletin, axillarin, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-

6,3',5'-trimethoxyflavone, chrysosplenetin, 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone,


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5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'- pentamethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3',4',5'-

hexamethoxyflavone. Two triterpenes of the dammarane type compounds from aerial parts of

Cleome africana were isolated and their structure was elucidated by Tsichritzis (1993) using

high field NMR spectroscopy.

Hussein et al. (1994) isolated and identified some sesquiterpenes from Cleome

droserifolia. Harraz et al. (1995) have isolated 6 dormane terpenes from Cleome

ambylocarpa. Ndungu et al. (1995) isolated the essential oil from Cleome monophylla. The

identified constituents of this oil were evaluated and of these 14 compounds were identified

by GC, GC-MS and coinjection with authentic samples. They have discussed the potential of

C. monophylla against tick attack.

Sharaf et al. (1997) isolated and identified thirteen flavonoid glycosides from four

Cleome and three Capparis species. Qin et al. (2000) isolated and elucidated new

trinortriterpenoid, 1-epibrachyacarpone from Cleome chrysantha. Sogsak and Lockwood

(2004) have isolated 2 volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis compounds in Cleome chellidonii.

Tandon et al. (2010) studied and isolated cleomiscosins A, B and C from the seeds of Cleome

viscosa. Chattopadhyay et al. (2011) have isolated the optically active nevirapine, a natural

analogue of the previously designed and synthesized optically inactive nevirapine, a non-

nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from the seeds of Cleome viscosa.

Different diterpene derivatives are isolated from Cleome. Mahato et al. (1979) have

isolated new diterpene lactone from Cleome isosandrica. Burke et al. (1980) isolated bicyclic

diterpene cleomeolide from Cleome viscosa L. and established its stereo-structure by

chemical, spectral and X-ray crystallography techniques. Jente et al. (1990) isolated a new

macrocyclic diterpene (3E,7E,11E)-20-oxocembra-3,7,11,15-tetraen-19-oic acid

(cleomaldeic acid), from Cleome viscosa. Mahato (2002) isolated Cleomeolide, a diterpene

lactone from Cleome icosandra and reported that it may be used for therapeutic intervention

in a wide range of diseases.

Seif et al (1984) have reported some flavonoids from Cleome droserifolia which were

identified as kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol and luteolin-7-O-glucoside. Yang

et al. (1990) reported five flavonoids from aerial parts of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del.

Mohamed et al. (1992) investigated ten methylated surface flavonoids from four Cleome

species. Narendhirakannan et al. (2005) studied the anti-arthritic nature of Cleome gynandra


18 | P a g e

L. against Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats and reported the presence of

many biologically active phyto chemicals such as triterpenes, tannins, anthroquinones,

flavonoids, saponins, steroids, resins, lectins, glycosides, sugars, phenolic compounds, and

alkaloids in the extract of C. gynandra and these compounds might be responsible for the

anti-arthritic properties.

Leo et al. (1993) synthesized Cleomeolide, the structurally unique diterpene lactone

constituent from Cleome viscosa. Fathalla et al. (1993) obtained four new and two known

dammarane-type triterpenes from Cleome amblyocarpa. Hidekazu et al. (1997) obtained

eighteen dammarane-type triterpenes from Cleome africana. Twelve of these were novel

compounds. Nagaya et al. (1997) separated eighteen triterpene compounds from Cleome

africana, in which twelve were novel.

Preliminary work by Zhang et al. (1993) revealed that dry seeds of Cleome spinosa

evolve at least 24 kinds of volatile compounds into the ambient atmosphere during storage

periods. The abundant production of butane was found in two kinds of tropical plants,

Cleome spinosa Jacq. and Cyperus alternifolius L. The fact that the amount of evolved

volatiles increases with increasing period or temperature of seed storage and suggests that

these volatiles are produced metabolically even in dry seeds. They (1993) have found that the

concentration of butane is high in Cleome spinosa.. McLean et al. (1996) examined for the

presence of betaines and other quaternary ammonium compounds in 55 species and varieties

of Capparaceae distributed in 17 genera. It was found that prolinebetaine and/or 3-

hydroxyprolinebetaine were detected in all the species of Crataeva, Ritchlea, Maerua,

Boscia, Capparis, Cladostemon, Cadaba, Thilachium, Morisonia and Steriphoma, whereas

glycinebetaine was only betaine found in Cleome species.

Ndungu et al. (1999) identified three constituents from the essential oil of Cleome

hirta (phytol, (+)-cedrol, n-octacosane) and evaluated against the livestock tick, repellency

and discussed potential of C. hirta in livestock tick and maize weevil control. Monica et al.

(2009) identified one monoacylated and four diacylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides

as the main anthocyanins in flowers of Cleome hassleriana Queen Line.

Sawaya et al. (1985) have worked on chemical composition and nutritional quality of

Cleome dolichostyla. Louda (1987) studied chemical changes in Cleome serrulata. He found

that methylglucosinolate concentrations decreased significantly due to insect damage.


19 | P a g e

Khafagi (1998) developed heterotrophic callus cultures and photomixotrophic cultures from

whole seedlings of Cleome droserifolia and studied the effect of light and dark conditions on

them and found that the heterotrophic callus cultures excreted allelochemicals (autotoxic)

which inhibited callus induction and development. Mirza et al. (2005) studied essential oil of

Cleome iberica DC. and found that it has 26 components. Constance et al. (2010) studied

anthocyanin pigmentation patten in petals of cultivated Cleome hassleriana Chodat and wild

species, Cleome serrulata Pursh. (Rocky Mountain bee flower) and their relation with three

genera of the Brassicaceae.

PHYSIOLOGY

Physiological studies in Cleome species are very rare. Zeevaart (1964) studied the

effect of growth retardants on plant growth and development in many species. He observed

that application of amo (2,12), CCC and phoston D caused delayed flowering in Cleome

species. Vyas and Garg (1971) have studied interaction of GA and light on the germination

and growth of seedlings of Cleome viscosa. de Jong and Bruinsma (1974) reported that

application of ethylene and ascorbic acid resulted in inhibition of gynoecium in Cleome

iberidella. Auxin transport inhibitor TIBA had no effect on corolla elongation while there

was growth promotion by gibberellin.

Stephan (1984) showed that pollen grains of Cleome lutea can be germinated upto

57% on 15 % sucrose medium. He also found an inhibition of pollen germination due to

UVB radiation in number of plants including this species. Ochuodho and Modi (2005) have

studied temperature and light requirement for seed germination in Cleome gynandra. They

studied chilling, scarification, hydration and germination in the presence of KNO3 or GA (3)

on the germination of seeds. They concluded that germination of seeds was improved by

treatment with GA (3) and recommended that the germination should be performed under

conditions of darkness and either alternating 20-300C. Boonsong et al. (2009) investigated

influence of seed maturity, seed storage and germination pre-treatments on seed germination

of Cleome gynandra. They used different treatments (various levels of GA3, KNO3, leaching,

pre-chilling, soaking and pre-heating at different temperatures) and reported that pre-heating

at 40 °C for 1–5 days period was the most effective method for dormancy breaking. Rao et

al. (1979) have studied the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of Cleome viscosa on the

germination and early seedling growth of bajra.


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Rajendrudu et al. (1996) studied growth of different plants (ecotypes) of Cleome

gynandra L. that exhibits diaheliotropic leaf movements. The plants were grown at full (HI)

and 40% (LI) natural irradiance. Sailaja et al. (1997) studied laser-induced F-685/F-720

chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves in solar tracking different plants including Cleome

gynandra. It was found that the plant exhibited remarkable diurnal constancy in contrast and

suggested that the leaves of diaheliotropic plants maximise light-use efficiency throughout

the day and avoid the hazard of midday depression of photosynthesis.

Naidu et al. (1980) have studied photosynthetic pathway in some weeds including

Cleome gynandra and C. speciosa. Rajendrudu and Rama (1982) could find some differences

in the levels of dark respiration between C3 and C4 species like Cleome gynandra, L. C4 ,

Cleome rutidosperma, DC. C3, Cleome monophylla, L. C3 and Cleome viscosa, L. C3. Higher

rates of dark respiration and photosynthetic CO2 uptake found in C4 plants and in some C3

species may form the basis for the rapid plant growth and biomass production per unit time in

these species. They also studied carboxylating enzymes in the leaves of Cleome gynandra.

They concluded that, the plant shows Kranz-type leaf anatomy and there was higher activity

of PEP carboxylase in the whole leaf extracts than the other Cleome species. Brown et al.

(2005) proposed that Cleome is very closely related genus containing C-4 species to the C-3

model Arabidopsis and may be used to accelerate our progress in elucidating the genetic

basis of C-4 photosynthesis. Sawaya et al. (1985) analysed seeds of Cleome dolichostyla for

mineral element contents, amino acid composition and in vitro protein digestibility and

calculated protein efficiency ratio and concluded that seeds were rich (dry wt basis) in oil

(32.1%), protein (24.6%) and fiber (17.8%). The amount of various mineral elements

(mg/100 g) was Ca, 1970; P, 493; Mg, 127; Na, 35; K, 465; Fe, 71.97; Zn, 2.25; Cu, 0.44 and

Mn, 1.45. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, arginine and histidine were the major amino

acids in C. dolichostyla seed. Badri et al. (1996) determined the mineral composition (Ca,

Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) of Senna alexandrina and Cleome droserifolia in

the Eastern Desert of Egypt. It was found that the concentration of Fe, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Na

and Si in the leaves of Cleome was always higher than that in the leaves of Senna. Edeoga et

al. (2003) determined mineral and nutrient components like crude protein, crude fibre,

carbohydrates, crude lipid, ash and food energy of leaves and stems of Cleome rutidosperma,

along with other nine commonly used medicinal plants of Nigeria and suggested that these


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medicinal plants could potentially be used as raw materials in drug formulation. Lottermoser

et al. (2008) reported that the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by Cleome viscosa increases linearly

with DTPA-extractable soil metal concentrations.

Dutt et al. (1984) worked on distribution pattern of free amino acids in Moringa

concanensis, M. oleifera, Cleome chelidonii, C. gigantea, C. gynandra, C. monophylla, C.

viscosa and Crataeva nurvula for systematic position of Moringa and concluded that

Moringaceae shows almost no affinity to Capparaceae. Mnzava (1990) studied the seeds of

Gynandropsis gynandra L. for their lipids, amino acids and proteins composition. Meyers

(1995) compaired Cleome serrulata and wheat for their protein content and concluded that

protein content of Cleome serrulata is two times higher than that of wheat plants. Rathore

and Meena (2004) have shown that leaves of Cleome viscosa contain 29.9% crude protein.

Selloum et al. (2004) studied antioxidative activity of Cleome arabica L. leaf extract

by using superoxide anion radical generating systems. Narendhirakannan et al. (2005) tried

to investigate the possible anti-oxidant potential of Cleome gynandra leaf extract on

experimental rats and concluded that presence of biologically active ingredients and vital

trace elements in the leaves readily account for free radical scavenging property of C.

gynandra. Djeridane et al. (2010) screened 18 Algerian medicinal plants for their phenolic

contents and radical scavenging activities and reported that the phenolic extract of Cleome

arabica was the most effective. Compared to six other standard antioxidants (ascorbic acid,

α-tocopherol, Trolox, (+) catechin, p-coumaric acid and gallic acid) the isolated compound

was found to be significantly more active in the radical scavenging assay using 2, 2-

diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).

Kumar et al. (1984) have worked on differential performance of Cleome gynandra

and C. specoisa under water stress and their recovery conditions. When Cleome serrulata,

growing at two sites (dry and wet sites) was studied for comparision, Farris (1988) found that

morphological and growth characters were important for its fitness in mesic site, while

physiological characters were more important in the dry site.

Importance of Cleome species:

Some of the Cleome species are widely used as food medicinal plants. Slosson (1888)

reported Cleome speciosissima is cultivated for bee food as well as for flowers. Walter

(1897) reported that Cleome integrifolia leaves boiled with green corn can be used as food.


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Krochmal et al. (1954) studied many plants and reported that some Cleome species are eaten

by Indian people as vegetable and obtain black dye from Cleome serrulata after boiling it in

water. Odhav et al. (2007) collected preliminary nutritional data for traditional leafy

vegetables in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Twenty vegetables were studied for their

content of mineral elements and antioxidant levels and all including Cleome monophylla

recommended for future commercial cultivation.

Different Cleome species show different medicinal properties. Shabana et al. (1988)

tested molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of fifty-eight plants from 22 families and

found lower molluscicidal effectiveness shown by extracts of Panicum turgidum, Calligonum

comosum, Cleome amblyocarpa, Cornulaca monacantha, Silene villosa, Jasonia montana

and Achillea fragrantissima. Saxena et al. (1992) tested 15 plants; four plant extracts showed

anti-juvenile hormone against mosquitoes in the acetone extracts of Ageratum conyzoides,

Cleome icosandra, Tagetes erectes and Tridax procumbens. They observed significant anti-

juvenile property against mosquitoes only in Ageratum, Cleome and Tridax extracts. Loss of

fecundity was observed in the treated mosquitoes but no sterilant effects could be recorded.

Adults, obtained from larvae exposed to the plant extracts produced significantly shorter egg-

rafts than in control. Smyth (1903) studied anthelmintic, antipyretic and tonic properties of

Cleome serrulata. Ganesan (1994) studied antifungal properties of 30 plants against

Drechslera oryzae and reported that the aqueous leaf extracts of Cleome aspera could

effectively inhibit germ tube elongation. Perumalsamy and Raja (1996) studied antibacterial

properties of aqueous extracts of some selected weeds including Cleome species. Ndungu et

al. (1999) studied potential of essential oil of Cleome hirta and reported that three identified

constituents (phytol, (+)-cedrol and n-octacosane) were evaluated against the livestock tick,

and maize weevil. Lazzeri and Manici (2001) have studied fungitoxic activity of Cleome

hassleriana. Stephan et al. (2001) have studied nematocidal activity of some Cleome species.

They have reported toxicity of crude extract of different plants including Cleome against egg-

masses of Meloidogyne javanica, a root-knot nematode and found that pre-planting

application of Cleome extracts resulted in significant reduction in root-gall index and

improved plant growth (dry shoot and root weights). Mothana et al. (2006) investigated

Cleome socotrana as well as other 24 different plant species, for their antiviral activity.

Nagarajan et al. (2005) studied activity of petroleum ether and benzene extracts of Cleome


23 | P a g e

felina on alloxan diabetic rats and concluded that this plant extract has antidiabetic and

antihyperlipemic properties. Sharma et al. (2010) synthesized first time six novel

cleomiscosin A and studied potent anti-inflammatory activity using primary macrophages

cell culture bioassay system.

Gardiner and Brace (1889) reported medicinal properties of Cleome gynandra for

relieving pain, curing skin diseases like lepracy and earache. Bedi (1978) noted that leaf juice

of Cleome viscosa was used to remove pus from wound and leaf juice and oil from seeds of

Cleome gynandra were used to cure skin diseases. Mpuchane and Gashe (1996) determined

antibiotic sensitivity of Klebsiella isolates for Corchorus olitorius and Cleome gynandra.

Shackleton et al. (1998) studied use and trading of Cleome gynandra in South Africa and

reported that generally 82% people use Cleome gynandra in their diet in the Central Lowveld

Savanna Region, and in winter, Cleome gynandra (usually dried) and Momordica balsamina

were the principal herbs widely sold. Samy et al. (1999) studied antibacterial activity of 16

different ethnomedicinal plants along with Cleome gynandra and Cleome viscosa. These

Cleome species were tested against three gram positive and seven gram negative bacteria by

the filter paper disc diffusion method. It was found that the extract of these species

significantly controls the growth of all bacteria. Zemede and Mesfin (2001) mentioned that

Cleome gynandra is cultivated alongside other vegetables and black dye obtained from

Cleome serrulata is two times higher than that from wheat plants.Hebbar et al. (2004)

conducted ethnomedicine survey of the Dharwad district of Karnataka in southern India.

They recorded 35 plants belonging to 26 families for their medicinal properties. They

reported that Cleome gynandra is used to treat tooth ache. Narendhirakannan et al. (2005)

worked on medicinal properties of Cleome gynandra L., which has traditionally been used

for the treatment of rheumatic and other inflammatory conditions. Here they worked on

checking significant anti-inflammatory activity in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats and

demonstrated that the plant extract has no harmful effect and exerts in vivo anti-inflammatory

properties against adjuvant induced arthritis. Modern Hopi people served Cleome gynandra L

as an important starvation plant (Iltis, 2005).The antibacterial activities of Cleome gynandra

were studied by Vijayakumar et al. (2005) against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and

Enterobacter faecalis. Samuel and Brian (2007) reported use of Cleome gynandra as inter

crop helpful for significant reduction of red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) in


24 | P a g e

greenhouse rose production. Upadhyay et al. (2007) isolated essential oils from Cleome

gynandra and studied for their insecticidal, oviposition inhibitory and repellent activity

against pulse beetle and concludeded that these essential oils could be used in the control of

storage pests and are quite safe. Bala et al. (2010) studied anticancer activity of methanolic

extract of Cleome gynandra in swiss albino mice and showed that plant has potent dose

dependent anticancer activity.

Polasa and Rukmini (1980) tested eight unconventional oils by the Ames

mutagenicity assay and recorded no mutagenic activity of Cleome viscosa oil. Sebastian and

Bhandari (1990) have carried out ethnobotanical survey from Rajasthan and reported that

certain plants such as Fumaria indica, Brassica juncea, Cleome viscosa, Portulaca

oleraceae, Bauhinia variegata are used as vegetable. Khare et al. (1992) collected fifty plants

for the study of their efficacy against stored grain insect pests. Four ornamental plants and

two wild plants Cleome viscosa and Boenninghausenia albiflora were found naturally

infested by Lasioderma serricorne. Maikhuri et al. (2000) described the agronomy, yield,

cost-benefit analysis, uses, and ethnobotany of Cleome viscosa and suggested that systematic

efforts must be made to promote its cultivation on a larger scale in the degraded and in

marginal agricultural lands where traditional crops grow with difficulty. Devi et al. (2002)

studied anti-diarrheal potential of the entire Cleome viscosa L. plant on rats. Bhamarapravati

et al. (2003) studied gastroprotective properties of methanol extracts of Cleome viscosa (leaf)

plants. Devi et al. (2003) studied anti-inflammatory potential of methanol extracts of Cleome

viscosa against carrageenin, histamine and dextran induced rat paw oedema. They also

studied antipyretic activity of a methanol extract of this plant on normal body temperature

and yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats. They showed that there was significant reduction in

normal body temperature and yeast-provoked elevated temperature. Oladele and Abatan

(2003) studied toxic effects of crude aqueous extracts of the leaves of Cleome viscosa, on

serum biochemical parameters and histopathology in albino rats and reported that there was

significant increase in the blood urea nitrogen in the rats and they concluded that the effect of

Cleome viscosa is nephrotoxic. Parimaladevi et al. (2003) studied analgesic activity of

methanol extract of Cleome viscosa in mice, and reported promising activity in all the tests.

Vijayan et al. (2003) have investigated antifungal activity of Cleome viscosa. A study on

Cleome viscosa by Williams et al. (2003) revealed the presence of secretory glandular, club-


25 | P a g e

cylinder and cylinder shaped trichomes on the leaves and stems of C. viscosa were extracted

with hexane and the extract was evaluated for different biological activities like anti-

bacterial, anti-fungal, insecticidal and nematicidal activity. Sudhakar et al. (2006) tested

antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of the leaves and flowers of Cleome viscosa

against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bose et al. (2007) have studied antimicrobial activity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory

and antipyretic activity of the ethanolic extracts of Cleome rutidosperma.

Bellakhdar (1997) have reported that in the Sahara and Dra region, fruits and leaves,

mixed with Cleome arabica L. sub sp. Amblyocarpa and olive oil are used as anti-

inflammatory ointments. Bouriche et al. (2003) found that Cleome arabica contains higher

amount of flavonoids (19%) due to which it posses high anti-inflammatory activity. The

effects of Cleome arabica leaf extract, rutin and quercetin on soybean lipoxygenase (Lox)

activity was investigated by Bouriche et al. (2005). It was found that the extract was

beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, particularly those characterised by

excessive leukotriene generation. Ismail et al. (2005) studied antiinflammatory property and

flavanoids of Cleome arabica leaves and twigs.

Yaniv et al. (1987) have done ethnobotanical survey for the medicinal plants of

Israel, 16 species were found to be used for hypoglycaemic treatments, Cleome droserifolia

is one of those. Hegazy and Fadl-Allah (1995) studied the effect of Cleome droserifolia shoot

extract on its seed germination and seedling growth. Cleome droserifolia was found

autotoxic. A total of 20 fungal species belonging to 10 genera were found by Badran and Aly

(1995) to be associated with all stages of Culex pipiens. The water extract of both Artemesia

cina and Cleome droserifolia showed an inhibitory effect on the protein content and growth

of some selected isolates. Hegazy and Fadl-Allah (1995) examined the effect of different

extracts of Cleome droserifolia on its seed germination and seedling growth, and concluded

that Cleome droserifolia is autotoxic. They tested allelopathic effects of Cleome droserifolia

on Penicillium chrysogenum and P. funiculosum and found that these fungi are most

sensitive. Badri et al. (1996) have studied accumulation of metals in Cleome droserifolia.

Khafagi (1998) studied anthelminthic and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of

twelve plant species including Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del. against six bacterial strains.


26 | P a g e

Shahina et al. (1993) reported that Cleome rupicola extract can be applied as eye-

drops. Hawley (1930) prepared black carbon paint from Cleome. Saboor et al. (1984) have

tested Cleome dolichostyla seed oil extract for iodine number, saponification number, Hehner

value, Reichert-Meissl number and refractive index and reported its potential as an edible oil

for human. Shackleton (2003) examined use and commercial value of wild edible herbs in

South Africa which include Amaranthus, Bidens, Chenopodium, Cleome, Corchorus and

Momordica. Juan and Gabriele (2004) Studied herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of

Eastern Cuba and created 199 formulae by using one hundred seventy plant species including

Cleome species. Claudia et al. (2006) compared methanolic extracts of Cleome rosea,

collected from natural habitat and from in vitro propagated plants. They also analysed

different in vitro biological assays and reported that C. rosea presents medicinal potential and

that the acclimatization process reduces the plant toxicity both to plasmid DNA and to J774

cells.

PATHOLOGY

Species like Cleome spinosa are susceptible to different pathogens like Puccinia

vexans, P. tosta, P. subnitens, tobacco budworm, Peronospora parasitica, cabbage white

butterfly, Erysiphe cruciferarum, Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae aphids (Arthur,

1905a,1905b; Bates, 1905; Olive, 1948; Leonard, 1967; Wendell et al., 1974; Alam, 1992

and Ale and Feige, 2000). Puccinia subnitens also grows on Cleome serrulata (Bates

1905).Cabbage white butterfly insect breeds on weeds like Cleome viscosa and Cleome

gynandra and parasite complex of cabbage budworm is richer and more consistent on

Cleome species (Alam, 1992). Benrey et al. (1997) investigated the influence of four host

plant species, including Cleome spinosa (spider flower), on two components of the host

selection process in Cotesia glomerata (L.), namely, attraction and host acceptance and

concluded that phytochemistry mediates host selection more by influencing parasitoid

attraction than it does by affecting host acceptance.

Ellis and Halsted (1890) and Kellerman (1906) reported new fungal species

Cercospora cleomis on Cleome pungens, Cercospora conspicua on Cleome gynandra and

Eeidium cleomis on Cleome integrifolia (Ellis and Anderson, 1891).

Raman and Sanjayan (1984) studied the host plant and pathogen relationships in

terms of the comparative growth rate, survival percentage, reproductive efficiency and


27 | P a g e

population dynamics and indicated that the most preferred host plant for mirid, Cyrtopeltis

tenuis are Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae), followed by Luffa cylindrica Roxb.

(Cucurbitaceae), Cleome viscosa L. and Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC. Different Cleome

species are recorded as host plant for many pathogens such as Cleome gynandra as host plant

for Liriomyza hawaiiensis (Frick, 1953); Cleome graveolens Raf. for crown gall disease

(Marcel and Jozef, 1976); Cleome viscosa for powdery mildew (Reddy and Reddi, 1980);

Cleome viscosa, C. spinosa for PRSV melon viruse and C. viscosa for WMV-2 and ZYMV

melon viruses (Sanchez et al., 1998) and also for Albugo cruciferarum, the white rust of

mustard (Khunti et al., 2000). Zhang and Wang (1981) reported Albugo capparidis on

Cleome gynandra L. and C. viscosa L.

Cleome rutidosperma is infected by Appias libythea (Ooi, 2000) and cabbage

webworm (Sivapragasam and Chua, 1997). The egg to adult development of diamondback

moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) was found fastest on Cleome hassleriana (Sarfraz et al. 2009).

Getachew et al. (2005) reported unwanted and health problematic effect due to Cleome

gallensis plants.

Mamula (1976) worked on of transmission of belladonna mottle virus (BMV) to

Cleome spinosa plants. Bohart and Smith (1978) studied plant insect interaction between

Ammoplanops and Cleome species. Field studies were conducted by Mehra et al. (1987) on

weed control in irrigated groundnut and recorded that Fluchloralin, pendimethalin and

oxadiazon herbicide treatments were found effective against, Cleome viscosa and Diodia

teres. Nyambo (1990) studied insect pest of cotton in Western Tanzania and investigated the

role of natural enemies in regulating the larvae populations of the pest in the mixed cropping

system using Cleome sp. They observed that the diseases (viral and bacterial) and parasitism

were identified as important mortality factors of the larvae populations but neither prevented

the pest population from causing economic damage on the crops.

From the literature, thus it appears that there is very scanty and scattered work on the

genus Cleome with respect to anatomy and physiology. The comparative studies in anatomy,

physiology and biochemistry will help to understand and strengthen the knowledge of

interrelationship among the Cleome species. In the present investigation, therefore, an

attempt has been made to study the detailed anatomy of Cleome species found in the region

of Kolhapur district and adjoining areas. An attempt has also been made to study their


28 | P a g e

physiology. Biochemical analysis has also been carried out in the species. The present

attempt is to show that the study will help to understand the interrelationship among the

species with respect to their anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. The study may also

provide some guidelines for understanding the nutritional value of the Cleome species.

taxonomy of cleome - inflibnetshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/34932/9/09...review of...

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