Tatil 2014

PROJECT

Dagestan: yesterday, today and tomorrow.

By Gadjieva Fariza

CONTENTS

Geography Climate

Animals and vegetations History

Population Culture Writing

Sightseeings Towns

Holidays Modernity

Dagestan is included in the composition of the Russian Federation. It is the most southern region of the Russian Federation. It is part of the North-Caucasian Federal district.Founded on January 20, 1921. Dagestan occupies a total area of 50.3 per thousand sq. km. The capital is the city of Makhachkala.

Geography

Dagestan is a country mountains. It is situated on the North-East mountainside of the Caucasian Ridge and south-west of the Caspian Sea and the Precaspian lowlands. Dagestan occupies the southern part of Russian Federation.It occupies nearly 200km. from East to west and 400km. from North to South. Its total area is about 50.500sq. km. It is one of largest republics and regions in the Northen Caucasus. The eastern coast of the republic are washed by the waters of the Caspian sea. The highest peaks of the mountains in Dagestan are 4.466 meters high (Bazardyuzyu mountain) . It lie in South-West of the republic. Dagestan mountains are rich in wonderful rockies, canyons , caves. The are also many foundations pits and walleys in the High-Lands. The lowlands lie along the Caspian Sea coast and the Terek, the Samur , the Sulak and Rubas riversides. The are many rivers in Dagestan. They all flow into the Caspian Sea. The Terek is one of the longest rivers in our republic. It’s 600km.long and takes its beginning in Kazbek mountains.

The Samur is also one of the longest rivers in Dagestan. It flows from the mountain Dyultydag into the Caspian Sea and it serves as a boundary between Dagestan (Russian Federation) and Azerbaijan. Dagestan is not rich in lakes. The lake Adzhy is situated not far from the Caspian Sea coast. It is between the Derbent and Izberbash towns.

Climate

The climate in the northern and central parts of Dagestan moderately continental and dry, along the Caspian Sea and the Caspian lowland subtropical semi-arid climate.Dagestan is divided into three soil-climatic zones:mountain - above 850 (1000) m (area 2.12 million ha or 39.9% of the territory)piedmont - 150 (200) 850 (1,000) m (area 0.84 million ha or 15.8% of the territory)

Plains - from -28 to 150 (200) m (2.35 million ha or 43.3% of the territory). The average January temperature is in the low range of about +4 ° C to -3 ° C in the mountains of -5 ° C -11 ° C. Annual precipitation is 200-300 mm and 600-800, respectively.The vegetation period is 200-240 days.

Winter in Dagestan usually lasts 4-5 months with heavy snowfalls in Highland. There is much rain in West and North. The climate in the South of Dagestan and near the Caspian Sea cost is hot in summer time and cold in winter.

Animals and vegetation

The landscape , animal life vegetation in Dagestan are very varied. In highland areas we can meet many varieties of vegetation, animals and birds . The low-lying part in the South of the republic is rich in subtropical plants as nuts , grapes, garnets , plums , apples, apricots and others. In the forests and valleys of the Terek and Sulak preserved red deer, roe deer, jungle cat, wild boar. From birds - Caucasian pheasant, grouse, Caucasian black grouse, ducks, geese, swans and herons. Numerous lakes are rich in fish (carp, bream, perch, catfish, pike, trout). The Caspian Sea is home to sturgeon, herring, bream, perch, roach. In the republic of Dagestan are reserve, resorts Kayakent, Manas, Talgi.

History

In the 7th century in the steppes of the North-East Caucasus had the Khazar state (Khazar Khanate), which includes the northern plains of Dagestan. In 664 began the invasion of the Arabs and of Islam rasprostanenie Dagestan mountaineers. In the 11-12 centuries on the territory of Dagestan has developed a number of independent states (Derbent emirate, the Avar Khanate, Kazikumuhskoe Shamkhalate, Kaitag utsmiystvo). During this period, Islam in Dagestan became the dominant religion.

In the early 13th century Dagestan conquered the Mongols. In the 14th century the country invaded by Tatar troops Uzbek, Tokhtamysh and Timur. . From the 16th century Dagestan entered the zone of Russian interests. In 1722 the troops of Peter I invaded Dagestan seaside and connect it to Russia. However, the Treaty of Ganja (1735), Russia, interested in an alliance with Iran against Turkey, he lost these territories. Dagestan again became part of Russia in the Gulistan Treaty (1813), which ended the Russian-Iranian war of 1804-1813.Dagestan mountaineers had resistance of Russian expansion into the Caucasus. In the Caucasian war years 1817-1864 attended the peoples of Daghestan, Chechnya, Circassia. The founder of the movement was Imam nezevisimost Gazi-Magomed. His work was continued by Imam Shamil, Avar by nationality. Shamil 25 years led the struggle against Russia Highlanders. In the mountains of Chechnya and Dagestan, he created the State Imamate. After Shamil surrendered in honorable captivity (1859), the war against the Russian mountaineers began to fade.

In 1860 was founded the Dagestan region of the Russian Empire. From the middle of the 19th century, especially after the construction in 1890 Vladikavkaz railway in Dagestan actively developing industry. By the early 20th century in the area, there were about 70 industrial enterprises. In 1918-1920, the territory of Dagestan was the scene of fighting the Civil War. January 20, 1921 formed the Dagestan autonomous republic within the Russian Federation. In May 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted a new name - the Republic of Dagestan. In August 1999, the gang of terrorists led by Basayev and Khattab invaded Dagestan, proclaiming the goal of creating a unified Islamic state in the North Caucasus, but were pushed back into Chechnya. These events marked the beginning of the second Chechen war.

Population

Dagestan is the most multi-ethnic republic of Russia. The state languages of the Republic of Dagestan are Russian and languages of Dagestan. Only 14 have a written language of Dagestan and the rest are non-literate. Peoples of Dagestan speak languages four major language groups.

According to the Government of the Republic, outside the resident has more than 400 thousand Dagestani.

The indigenous peoples of Dagestan found 14 people: Avars, Aguls, Azerbaijanis, Dargin, Kumyks, Laks, Lezgins, Tats, Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Russian, Tsakhur Chechens Akkin

Perennial Iranian-Turkish war and feudal strife affects not only the economy of the region, but also hindered the development of the culture of Dagestan. Yet the changes in the socio-economic development could not lead to significant advances in the field of culture. Strengthen ties with the peoples of Dagestan Caucasus and Russia also have a beneficial effect on the development of culture of Dagestan. Creative efforts of the peoples of Dagestan in the XVIII century. created great monuments of material and spiritual culture.

Culture

Adat - the Arabic word which came to Dagestan, meaning "custom", "habit".

The name refers to the prevailing long obychnoepravo. In the Caucasus, this rule specifies the laws and customs that existed before the Sharia, or in parallel with it.

Adat included norms of domestic nature, legal traditions and the rule of law itself. Their collections adats had as fiefs so (Code Umma Khan Avar, a set of wilderness protection laws Kaitag-Dargo, compiled during Utsmiya Rustam Khan, and others), and rural communities, and community associations.

As an example, extracts from the Code of Laws Rustam Khan, initially adopted XVII century: "If the mouth kept closed, will head intact. Who does not come so that imbecile "

Folklore

Wonderful fruit folk art is varied and rich folklore, which created the peoples of Dagestan: Avar, Dargin, Laks, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Kumyks etc.Despite the language diversity, folklore of the peoples of Dagestan had much in common. This is not only the fact that the songs, tales, sayings of the mountains, emerging from one of the people, passed to other nations, where the acquired specific features, but mostly similarities socio economic development, the common historical destiny of the peoples of Dagestan. In addition, each people of Dagestan storytelling brought their particular artistic nuances of the specific features of composition and election funds

WRITINGIn Dagestan, in the first half of the XIX century was the

development of writing in local languages , based on the Arabic script - the so-called adzhamskaya writing system. About a quarter century worked in the field of linguistics Caucasian P. Uslar. In the Caucasus, they were completed fundamental works in Avar, Dargin Lak, Lezgin, Tabasaransky and Chechen.

P. Uslar said: "For many centuries ago mountaineers aware of the need for binding written various civil contracts. But writing in the mountains alone Arabic. Without such teachings Mountaineers can not live. For our administrative orders in the mountains requires a written, Russian foreign to the mountaineers, the local does not exist, there is only one Arab. "

Believing that "the Arabic language unifies the elements hostile to us all in Dagestan", Uslar proposed opening of new schools with teaching in Russian: "Only then can one hope for progressive realization of our intentions and the Russian language can come into competition with the Arab."

Because now the Russian language is the official language of Dagestan, in all public schools classes are conducted in Russian. Today in Dagestan many universities, colleges, high schools, colleges, etc. They employ well-trained , well-deservedqualified teachers. We have made progress in the study of the Russian language by the Russian people in particular Russian teacher, who came to the mountain villages for that would eliminate illiteracy. Grateful Dagestani people erected a monument of a Russian teacher in the capital, Makhachkala. And everyone who studied with Russian teachers in those difficult years of famine, remembers their kindness, warmth and kindness. These people deserve to kneel in front of them

SIGHTS Derbent - considered one of the oldest "living" world

cities, the oldest city in the Russian Federation, which is over 5,000 years old. The first settlements appeared here in the Early Bronze Age - at the end of 4 millennium BC. e .. The first mention of the Caspian Gates - the most ancient name of Derbent - refers to the VI. BC. e.In Derbent is the oldest historical monument fortress "Naryn-Kala."Naryn-Kala - the ancient, pre-Arab stronghold in the mountainous part of Derbent, coupled with the Caspian Sea with double walls, designed to cover the so-called. Caspian Gates in the Persian empire.

PEARL OF SOUTH DAGESTAN - SAMUR, A POPULAR TOURIST DESTINATION. NEARLY 2,000 HECTARES OF THE DELTA SAMUR A NUMBER OF YEARS IS SAMURSKAYA STATE NATURAL RESERVE OF FEDERAL SIGNIFICANCE. GREAT VALUE LIANA FORESTS WITH THEIR FAUNA, VALUABLE FISH SPAWNING AND NESTING SITES OF MANY BIRDS.

Fortress "Seven Brothers"At a distance of 3-4 km from Huchni, the administrative center Tabasaran district, on a hill, the remains of the fortress known as the "Fortress of the Seven Brothers," which dates from the XVII century.

Huchni Falls - Khanag is on the river and therefore the second title of his khanag. It is located at a distance of just over a kilometer from the district center Tabasaran area - village Huchni.

SHALBUZDAG MOUNTAIN IS ONE OF THE HIGHEST PEAKS OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS. IT RISES TO A HEIGHT OF 4150 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL. SHALBUZDAG CONSIDERED SACRED MOUNTAIN OF MUSLIMS AND IS A PLACE OF PILGRIMAGE FOR MUSLIMS FROM ALL OVER RUSSIA AND FROM ABROAD.

Dune Sarah Kum North of Makhachkala (20 km). By Kumtorkala foot ridge

rises amazing natural wonder is the largest sand dune in Europe, Sarah-Kum (altitude 252 m)

TOWNS IN DAGESTAN

Dagestan is divided into 40 districts. It has 10 towns such as Derbent, Izberbash, Buynaksk,Khasavyurt, Kaspiysk, Kizlyar, Makhachkala and others.

Makhachkala is a largest city and it is also the capital of the republic.

The population in Makhachkala is about 700000. It is the seaport and the main industrial and cultural centre of the country. Makhachkala is situatid between the Tarki mountainside and the Caspian Sea. The contemporary Makhachkala, Petrovskoye in the past, was founded by Peter I in summer 1722. In 1857 it was renamed in Makhachkala to honour one of the lokal revolutionaries. Makhachkala has a number of industries, different institutions of education, a universities, cinemas, theatres and museums.

Makhachkala has many plants and factories, which produce different kinds of machines, textiles, food and other goods.

HOLYDAYS

There are some national, religious dates and events in the life of Dagestan. They are: Navruz-Bairam, Uraza-Bairam, Kurban-Bairam, Mavlyud.

Feast of the Sacrifice, or Eid al-Fitr - the end of the Hajj Muslim holiday, celebrated 70 days after the Feast of Eid al Adha, the 10th day of the month of Dhul-Hijjah in memory of the sacrifice of Prophet Ibrahim.According to the Koran, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to the Prophet Ibrahim in a dream and gave him a commandment from God to sacrifice his son. But at the last moment, God replaced the son of a lamb.Eid al-Adha, also known as the Feast of Fitr and Eid al-Fitr (Arabic الفطر - (عيدIslamic festival celebrated in honor of the fasting month of Ramadan. Celebrated the first day of the month of Shawwal. Eid al-Fitr - one of the main days of the Islamic calendar, marking the end of fasting, which lasted during the holy month of Ramadan. The tradition of celebrating the breaking of the day has its origin from the time of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.v), with 624

Nowruz (Persian نوروز - «New Day"), and the International Day of Nowruz (March 21) - celebration of the new year on an astronomical solar calendar from

Iranian and Turkic peoples.

MODERNITYMay 13, 1991 - Change of status and renaming in Dagestan

SSR and 17 December 1991 - in the Republic of Dagestan.

1994 - adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan.

1996 - hostage by militants Salman Raduyev in Kizlyar. Undermining the terrorist house in Kaspiysk. [21]

May 21, 1998 - Makhachkala - brothers Khachilayev his supporters seized the government building and the State Council of the Republic and subject him to defeat.

1999 - The Wahhabi rebellion in the western and central Dagestan and its suppression. Incursion of Chechen separatists in Dagestan and their subsequent destruction. Separatist terrorist acts against the civilian population, the bloodiest of which was the explosion of a 5-storey building in Buinaksk.

2002 - Military band explosion at a celebration on May 9 in Kaspiysk. During the period from 2002 to present, the religious extremist underground committed dozens of Dagestan attacks

August 27, 2003 - the murder of the Minister of National Policy, Information and External Relations of Dagestan Magomedsalikh Gusaeva.

2006 - VLADIMIR PUTIN'S PROPOSAL, MUKHU ALIYEV BECAME THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC.2009 - KILL THE MINISTER OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF DAGESTAN ADILGEREI MAGOMEDTAGIROV. 2010 - FEBRUARY 11, AT THE SUGGESTION OF THE MEDVEDEV MAGOMEDSALAM MAGOMEDOV BECAME THE 2ND PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation VV Putin on January 28, 2013 dismissed the President of Dagestan. Acting President of Dagestan appointed Ramazan Abdulatipov Gadzhimuradovich.

We hope that with the arrival of his life in Dagestan will change for the better and we are finally at least partially get rid of corruption, cronyism, ekstrimizma and there will be many jobs for our youth.