taming the city
DESCRIPTION
John McKay, A History of Western Society, Ch. 24.TRANSCRIPT
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Taming the City
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A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
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A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
Deplorable urban conditions of congestion, filth and disease existed long before the Industrial Revolution.
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A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
The Industrial Revolution and population growth made urban reform necessary.
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A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
In Britain, the percentage of population living in cities of 20,000 or more jumped from 17% in 1801 to 54% in 1891.
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A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
Housing was crowded and poor, and living conditions unhealthy.
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A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
Many people lived in sewage and excrement.
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King Cholera
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A. What was responsible for the awful conditions?
A lack of transportation, which necessitated the crowding.
The slowness of government enforcement of sanitary codes contributed to the problem.
The legacy of rural housing contributed to resistance to reform.
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The Walking City
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B. Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution
• Edwin Chadwick
• Influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s idea of the greatest good for the greatest number.
• Disease was responsible for poverty, not laziness.
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B. Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution
• The Sanitary Idea: clearing the city of filth would curtail disease.
• The solution: the installation of clean, running water and sewers.
• The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population (1842),[
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B. Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution
• Chadwick conducted a campaign that culminated in passage of the Public Health Act of 1848.
• New sanitation methods and public health laws were adopted all over Europe from the 1840’s.
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C. The Bacterial Revolution
• The prevailing opinion of disease was that it was caused by bad odors.
• The Miasmatic Theory
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Viniagrettes
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C. The Bacterial Revolution
• Key breakthrough: disease was spread through filth and not by it.
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John Snow
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The Broad Street Pump
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The Great Stink 1858
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Joseph Bazalgette
• Designed and executed a new sewer system in London.
• Completed in 1874; still in use today.
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C. The Bacterial Revolution
Louis Pasteur’s theory that germs caused disease was a major breakthrough, and its application meant that disease could be controlled through vaccines.
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C. The Bacterial Revolution
Based on the work of Robert Koch and others, the organisms responsible for many diseases were identified and effective vaccines developed.
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Anthrax
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C. The Bacterial Revolution
• Joseph Lister developed the concept of sterilization of wounds.
• The Antiseptic Principle.