TALOMO RIVER OVER THE YEARS: DAVAO CITY’S PRIMARY WATER SOURCE

PROPONENTS:

ABAYON, DEME RAFAEL

CAMAHALAN, ALDEN GENE

CASAS, CAMILLE

DEMATA, FRANCES ELAINE

NARCE, GABRIEL

VARELA, RIVA KARYL

ADVISER:

MICHAEL A. CASAS

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL- SOUTHERN MINDANAO CAMPUS

DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES

ABSTRACT

This study aims to present the water quality, of the Talomo River over 11 years, and

correlate it with the food security, population and economic activity in the area. Moreover, the

project aims to suggest to the Davao City Government measures to create a sustainable approach

in balancing economic activity with the protection of the river.

The physico-chemical properties of the river were determined using standard chemical

protocols. Pertinent data were gathered from the National Statistics Office, Agricultural Statistics

Office, Davao City Water District, Environmental Management Bureau and Bureau of Internal

Revenue.

This study has shown that an increase in human population and establishments around

the river over the years caused greater demand for water and the quality of the river became

poorer, affecting the area’s economy and the environment. Moreover, this study suggests that

stricter regulations be in place to ensure the preservation of the river.

METHODOLOGY

Preparation and Planning of Data Gathering Of

Water Quality, Population of Nearby residences and

total tax collection of the Talomo River

Assigning of Roles of Each Group Member

Request for collection of secondary data from

National Statistics Office Region XI, Department of

Environment and Natural Resources Region XI,

Davao City Water District, Ateneo de Davao

University and Bureau of Internal Revenue –

Revenue District 113

Receiving of Data from the Key

Institutions

Analysis, Interpretation and Correlation of Data

Interpolation and Extrapolation of Missing Data from

the Key Institutions

Preparation of containers for water sample

Water Sample Collection

Receiving of Results/Data from Davao

Analytical Laboratories, Inc.

Water Sample Collection

near Angalan Bridge II

Water Sample Collection

near Ulas Bridge

Submission of water samples to Davao Analytical

Laboratories, Inc. for Chemical and Physical Analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The project mainly is about correlating the human population near the Talomo River, the

economic activity based on the different kinds of tax paid, the Water Quality of the River, and the Annual

Consumption of Common Commodities in the city.

Shown in Table 1 are the population of 10 barangays (local term for communities) that

surround the Talomo River. It is shown that the areas near the river are mostly agricultural areas except for

Catalunan Pequeño and Talomo. Thus, this would imply that organic compounds could be present in high

concentrations in the waters of the river. Two different locations were assigned for water sampling; one was

in Angalan and one in Ulas as shown in Map 1 below. In addition, during collection of water sample, it was

noticed that most of the people in the talomo area belong to the slums and may be alleged to disposing

domestic wastewaters directly into the river. It is also visibly seen on the map of the Talomo River that there

are many farm plots.

As seen on table 1 and graph 1, the population is in increasing. However, from the years

2001-2007 and 2009-2011, the gathered data were interpolated.

Year

Population Per Barangay/District

Total Calinan

(Pob.)

Catalunan

Pequeño

Malagos Mintal Talomo Talomo River

Tamayong Tapak Tawan

-tawan

Tugbok

2000b

20049 9069 4463 9094 47034 3449 3266 3633 3216 4380 107653

2001c

20112 9643 4477 9361 47871 3650 3520 3672 3235 4636 110176

2002 20175 10253 4491 9636 48722 3863 3794 3711 3253 4907 112805

2003 20238 10901 4504 9919 49589 4089 4089 3751 3272 5193 115546

2004 20301 11591 4518 10211 50471 4327 4408 3791 3291 5497 118405

2005 20364 12324 4532 10510 51368 4580 4751 3832 3310 5818 121390

2006 20428 13104 4546 10819 52282 4847 5120 3873 3330 6157 124507

2007b

20492 13933 4560 11137 53212 5130 5184 3914 3349 6517 127763

2008d

20952 14245 4662 11387 54405 5245 5300 4002 3424 6663 130285

2009 21463 14593 4776 11665 55733 5373 5430 4099 3508 6826 133466

2010 21986 14949 4893 11949 57093 5504 5562 4199 3593 6992 136720

2011 22523 15314 5012 12241 58486 5638 5698 4302 3681 7163 140058

2012 23072 15688 5134 12539 59913 5776 5837 4407 3771 7338 143475

Table 1: The Numerical Population of Ten Barangays/Districts Over 11 Years

Graph 1: A graph of the total population on ten barangays near the Talomo River in 11 Years

Source: National Statistics Office

Map 1. The Talomo River

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Popula

tion In

Thousa

nds

Year

Graph of Human Population Near The Talomo River Over 11

Years

Population of

Residents

Near The

Talomo

River

Source: National Statistics Office- Region XI

bYears 2000 & 2007 are based from the census performed by the NSO. cYears 2001 to 2006 are data that have been interpolated. dYears 2008 to 2011 are data that have been extrapolated/estimated by the NSO.

The data gathered would tell us that an increase in population increases the demand for water. Second this could

increase in the demand for food and shelter along the Talomo River (Sherbinin, 1998). This leads to the depletion of

groundwater resources and water scarcity may result at a certain point. Third, it would increase the volume of

wastewater that will be deposited to the river, varying its pH and its physic-chemical properties in general. Fourth,

the demand for food production and land use may also increase (Miller and Levine, 2000). Finally, the use of water

from the Talomo River as irrigation for crops may increase, thus, the risk for agricultural runoff would increase,

affecting the income of the people living near the river. If such trend would continue, the human population near the

Talomo River may reach its maximum carrying capacity and eventually affect the environment or the ecosystem

near the river (Miller, 1995).

Table 2: The Total Tax of Revenue District 113 (West Davao) In the Years 2009-2010

As shown in table 2, the total tax collected decreased by around 9.04% in the year 2010 but the

total taxpayers increased by around 297.15%. This would mean that the economic activity around the Talomo River

could have decreased or the classification of most of the people living near the river belong to the lower class of the

society thus these people won’t be able to pay taxes for they would be more concerned with their necessities. The

lifestyle of the people living near the Talomo River affects the population’s total income (Miller and Levine, 2000);

the lifestyle of the population is usually to earn enough money to support the family. In addition, the 2009 global

recession could have affected the total tax collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue West Davao.

On the other hand, the Map of the Talomo River in Map 1 shows the establishments located near

the Talomo River are the Davao Farms Corporation, unnamed poultry and livestock, and agricultural farms, a

dressing plant, the Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc. Davao Plant, and many others including villages and

subdivisions like the Deca Homes Resort Residences and Wellspring Highlands Phase I-III and schools like the

Riverside Elementary School. These establishments, might as well, contribute to the economic activity on the

Kind of Tax (Php)

Year Increase/Decrease(Php) Percent

Increase/Decrease 2009 2010

Income Tax 1,624,721,373.88 1,385,097,676.90 -239,623,696.98 -14.75%

Excise Tax 3,085,615.96 806,256.55 -2,279,359.41 -73.87%

V.A.T. 752,126,463.05 645,663,901.23 -106,462,561.82 -14.15%

% 176,459,495.76 287,305,078.36 +110,845,582.60 +62.82%

Other Taxes 158,094,361.50 150,298,856.96 -7,795,504.54 -4.93%

Total 2,714,487,310.15 2,469,171,770.00 -245,315,540.15 -9.04%

Total Taxpayers 42, 363 168, 244 +297.15% +297.15% Source: Bureau of Internal Revenue

Talomo River. These observations may lead us to conclude that the area around the Talomo river is becoming more

populated and progressing economically over the years.

Table 3: The Water Quality on the Talomo River Based on the Heavy Metal Ions and the pH (Near Ulas Bridge)

Year

Parameters

Dissolved

Oxygen

(ppm or mg/L)

Total Suspended

Solids

(ppm or mg/L)

Heavy Metal Ions (ppb)

pH Iron(Fe

2+) Manganese(Mn

2+)

2000 3.94 ± 1.50 134.26 101.82 ± 101.82 37.45 ± 24.00 7.37 ± 0.23

2001 4.09 ± 1.49 127.14 210 ± 210 36.00 ± 22.00 7.39 ± 0.23

2002 4.25 ± 1.48 120.3 327.59 ± 308.77 34.55 ± 20.00 7.40 ± 0.24

2003 4.40 ± 1.47 112.91 445.18 ± 407.55 33.09 ± 18.00 7.43 ± 0.25

2004 4.55 ± 1.46 105.79 562.77 ± 506.32 31.64 ± 16.00 7.45 ± 0.25

2005 4.10 ± 0.35 44.00 680.36 ± 605.09 30.18 ± 14.00 7.45 ± 0.25

2006 5.29 ± 1.29 102.50 797.95 ± 703.86 28.73 ± 12.00 7.53 ± 0.28

2007 6.48 ± 2.23 161.00 915.55 ± 802.64 27.27 ± 10.00 7.61 ± 0.31

2008 5.65 ± 2.63 134.20 1033.14 ± 901.41 25.82 ± 8.00 7.52 ± 0.27

2009 4.81 ± 3.02 107.40 1150.73 ± 1000.18 24.36 ± 6.00 7.43 ± 0.24

2010 3.98 ± 3.43 80.60 1268.32 ± 1098.95 22.91 ± 4.00 7.35 ± 0.21

2011 5.55 ± 1.05 53.80 1385.91 ± 1197.73 21.45 ± 2.00 7.62 ± 0.39

2012 6.50 27.00 1503.50 ± 1296.50 20.00 ± 20.00 7.71 ± 0.29

Table 3.1: The Water Quality on the Talomo River Based on the Heavy Metal Ions and the pH (Near Angalan Bridge)

Year

Parameters

Heavy Metal Ions (ppm)

pH

Total Suspended

Solids

(ppm or mg/L)

Dissolved Oxygen

(ppm or mg/L) Hexavalent

Chromium Copper

2000 0.056 ± 0.056 0.237 ± 0.145 7.42 ± 0.50 43.28 5.438 ± 2.039

2001 0.053 ± 0.053 0.227 ± 0.140 7.45 ± 0.57 39.71 5.680 ± 1.894

2002 0.050 ± 0.050 0.217 ± 0.135 7.48 ± 0.50 36.13 5.922 ± 1.749

2003 0.046 ± 0.046 0.207 ± 0.130 7.52 ± 0.47 32.55 6.164 ± 1.604

2004 0.043 ± 0.043 0.197 ± 0.125 7.55 ± 0.45 28.97 6.405 ± 1.459

2005 0.040 ± 0.040 0.187 ± 0.120 7.60 ± 0.40 32.00 5.825 ± 1.325

2006 0.037 ± 0.037 0.177 ± 0.115 7.60 ± 0.45 20.50 7.000 ± 1.125

2007 0.033 ± 0.033 0.167 ± 0.110 7.60 ± 0.50 9.00 8.175 ± 0.925

2008 0.030 ± 0.030 0.157 ± 0.105 7.68 ± 0.42 7.80 8.108 ± 0.825

2009 0.027 ± 0.027 0.147 ± 0.100 7.77 ± 0.34 6.60 8.042 ± 0.725

Source: DCWD, DENR, Ateneo de Davao University

Source: DCWD, DENR, Ateneo de Davao University

2010 0.0135 ± 0.0095 0.070 ± 0.060 7.85 ± 0.26 5.40 7.975 ± 0.625

2011 0.0445 ± 0.0445 0.260 ± 0.160 7.62 ± 0.54 4.20 8.400 ± 0.800

2012 0.01 0.050 ± 0.050 7.87 ± 0.29 3.00 7.7

It is important to know the water quality of a river to prevent waterborne diseases from spreading

into a human population. Good health of humans is also dependent upon a clean, potable drinking water, which

means that the water must be free of pathogens, dissolved toxins, disagreeable turbidity, odor, color, and taste

(Cowan, 2006). According to Nathanson (1997), water quality focuses on the presence of foreign and chemical

substances in water and their effects on people or to the organisms in an aquatic environment. Parameters must be

used specifically the parameters for physical, chemical and biological compositions would aid in quality testing of

the water in an aquatic system. It is also noticed that the water sample is collected on two locations: one in Angalan

and one in Ulas. This is done so to precisely get the Talomo River’s condition as of the moment. It is also noticed

that the water quality parameters are different for each location. This is due to the data that is just available from the

key institutions or sources.

The parameters used as a basis of water quality are the heavy metal ions, specifically

copper, iron, manganese and hexavalent chromium (compounds containing Cr6+

), the pH of the water, the

dissolved oxygen in water and the total suspended solids in water (TSS). All of the heavy metal ions are found

naturally in the Earth’s crust. However, considerable amounts of the said heavy metals could cause various effects

on people and organisms in an aquatic system such as the talomo river. For one, manganese in water would make it

turbid and visibly unacceptable to people but then it would not cause any health problems to people (Nathanson,

1997). Another one, is that the presence of metal ions in high concentrations are toxic to some microbes which

inhibits their growth (Cowan, 2006). Iron is naturally found abundant in the Earth’s crust and does not cause health

problems but may impart bitter taste, just like bases, to water (Nathanson, 1997). However, high concentrations of

iron may exhibit the growth of bacteria that cause meningitis and gonorrhea (Cowan, 2006). According to Skoog,

et.al., Chromium is an important metal to monitor in environmental samples. Chromium(VI) or Hexavalent

Chromium is a known carcinogen, thus, monitoring it in water samples is important (Skoog, West, Holler and

Crouch, 2011). Low concentrations of copper are both beneficial and essential to human health (Nathanson, 1997).

Exposure to high concentrations of copper may cause life not to exist in water as it may cause the gills,

and other parts of a fish to be damaged. According to Mustoe, et.al. (2001), pH is the negative logarithm of the

concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). The levels of either acidity or alkalinity in water may indicate the presence

of industrial and chemical pollution in bodies of water (Nathanson, 1997). In addition, the pH of water may

Source: DCWD, DENR, Ateneo de Davao University

determine two facts: acidic water, water that has a pH below 7, may cause aluminum and mercury to

leach and be unsuitable to aquatic life (Miller, 1995) while alkaline water, water that has a pH above 7,

contains liquids/substances that are basic in nature like ammonia (NH3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and limewater

(Ca(OH)2) (Hill, Kolb, and McCreary, 2010). Generally, the acidity and alkalinity of water provide a buffering

effect for fishes and other organisms to sudden changes in the pH of a body of water. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

are solids that can be trapped by a filter which can include a wide variety of material and is indirectly proportional to

turbidity: when TSS increases the turbidity increases (Murphy, 2007). Total Suspended Solids is an important water

quality parameter because it is the total weight of suspended sediments in water that may block light and affect

aquatic life. High TSS can block light from reaching submerged vegetation, which in turn would slow down

photosynthesis and in turn reduce the dissolved oxygen in water. High TSS can also mean high concentrations of

harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, nutrients and pesticides. High concentrations of microorganisms can be

due to the decomposition of aquatic plants and animals that can eventually lead to the development of some

waterborne diseases like amebiasis (Murphy, 2007). As seen from table 3, the TSS of the river is above normal

standards based on the DENR Administrative Order No. 34. Dissolved oxygen analysis measures the amount of

gaseous oxygen (O2) in water or in an aqueous solution which gets into water mainly by diffusion from the

atmosphere or from the products of photosynthesis by aquatic plants (Smith, 2012). Based on the DENR

Administrative Order No. 34, the minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen must be 5.0 ppm or 5.0 mg/L.

It is shown in table 3 and table 3.1 that the concentrations of the water samples are expressed in

ppm or parts per million. According to Hill, Kolb and McCreary(2010), ppm are generally based on mass;

thus, 1 ppm of solute in a solution means 1 g solute per 1 million grams solution. Using this formulaf, it can

be said that in the year 2012, the concentration of iron ion was 0.225 ± 0.018 mg/L. In the Philippines, the amount of

heavy metal ions in drinking water and fresh surface water is regulated by Department of Health through the

Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of 2007 (DOH, 2007) g. Comparing the concentration of the iron

ion in the water sample to the maximum concentration of the iron ion in drinking water, it can be stated that the

iron ion concentration is within limits of the maximum concentration of iron ion in water from the year 2000-2007

and then it exceeded limits on the years 2008-2012.

As seen in Table 3, the levels of heavy metal ions are decreasing. According to Miller

(1995), the decrease in the concentration of the heavy metal ions could be a result of the reduced erosion in the area,

which could be induced by constant reforestation of the Talomo-Lipadas Watershed. The constant reforestation of

the area could cause the plants and trees to anchor the soil, nutrients and minerals, hold water, and slow down

desertification (Miller, 1995). It is also shown in table 3 that the pH of the water is slightly basic(with a pH

of 8.48). This would imply that the wastes deposited by the people and industries into the river are basic substances.

Once the water from the river reaches the sea or ocean it may cause ocean pollution and affect the organisms living

in it.

It is also noticed that there are regular fluctuations in the water quality of the two locations. This is

due to normal seasonal fluctuations wherein there could be a period of more rain or more dry which affects the

water quality parameters when the water sample was taken (just like the seasonal fluctuations of the atmospheric

CO2) (Campbell, 2008).

Table 4: Annual Per Capita Consumption of Common Commodities in Davao City by Classification of Barangays

Name of

Commodity

Annual Consumption Per Capita By Classification of Barangays ( kg)

Years 1999-2000h

Years 2008-2009h

Urban Barangays Rural Barangays Urban Barangays Rural Barangays

Ampalaya 1.248 0.832 4.004 2.132

Banana 19.344 36.972 21.268 13.78

Beef 3.64 0.624 0.520 1.456

Bread And Cakes 29.848 7.124 N/A N/A

Camote 4.628 7.696 1.196 3.224

Camote Tops 0.624 0.936 N/Ai

N/A

Chicken 8.008 5.460 13.156 6.864

Chicken Egg 3.848 2.340 5.356 1.976

Corn 2.236 24.440 0.364 9.568

Dried Fish 1.612 4.888 N/A N/A

Garlic 0.832 0.624 1.820 0.832

Ginger 2.496 1.664 N/A N/A

Mango 3.640 1.352 2.652 3.796

Onion 2.652 1.560 0.936 1.300

Pork 13.832 9.1 13.780 10.660

Powdered Milk 4.420 2.704 N/A N/A

Rice 128.076 104.884 115.180 111.904

Graph 2: The Graph of the Annual Consumption of Common Commodities in Urban Barangays in Davao City Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

Table 4 shows the annual per capita consumption of common commodities for each year

passed. This means that there could have been more land use, which in turn could have affected the

production of some commodities.

The decrease in consumption of common commodities could indicate that the increase in

population could have worsened the poverty in those areas. Unequal land distribution in residential areas and

farmlands, could have decreased the people’s income, disabling them to buy these common commodities. The

presented graphs show evidences on poverty and unequal food distribution in these areas (Miller, 1995). Another

possible reason is the worsening water quality of the river affecting the crop yield from agricultural areas thus,

affecting the availability of a commodity. The increase in population could also have caused the decrease in annual

consumption of common commodities per capita, as there would be more people dividing on each commodity to

meet the needs of each person. With this, it is evident on table 4 that food security is affected negatively.

Thus, interpreting the population statistics, total tax collection, the water quality of two locations

from the talomo river, and the food consumption per capita, there was an increase of population over time, a

decrease in the total tax collected but an increase in the total taxpayers over the course of two years, a decrease in the

annual consumption of common commodities in urban and rural barangays and a general decrease in the

concentration of the metal ions but an increase in the pH of the water. From this, the correlation that can be made is

that the increase in population near the Talomo River caused the river to be used as a vessel for wastewater,

increasing its pH. Another possible correlation that can be made is that the increase in population caused the uneven

distribution of land areas, leading to the decline of the total tax collected in the year 2010 and thus affecting the

total/annual food produced and thus affecting the annual per capita consumption of common commodities in each

barangay in the city. Another possible correlation is that an increase in population would affect the environment near

the Talomo River, thus, affecting the water quality and the economic activity along the Talomo River.

Measures can be done to remediate the problem on the water quality of the Talomo River. First, is

the establishment of a small neighborhood wastewater-recycling plants in the area to reduce the volume of

wastewater discharged as well as decrease the probability of the pH of the water to change through its treatment in

the plant (MILLER, 1995). Second, is to control the migration of residents to the barangays near the Talomo River

to decrease the population growth in the said areas and minimize its effects to the river’s condition. When population

increases there, the water quality of the river becomes poorer. Controlling the number of people moving into these

barangays would help maintain and improve the water quality of the river. Third, reforestation van be done in the

areas where the green cover is very thin to slow down the rate of erosion on the banks of the river. Fourth, people in

the slums should be educated for them to be able to know the condition of the river and help its improvement

(Miller, 1995). If possible, all measures should be put into action so that the river’s condition may be improved.

The possible measure to increase or make sustainable agriculture is to reduce the use of pesticides

in crops. This is because pesticides may add to water pollution when agricultural run-off occurs and thus, decreasing

the water quality. Another possible measure is to encourage systems featuring diverse mix of crops and livestock

that are locally available and in demand. This measure would decrease the probability of pests affecting all crops

planted and in turn, the farmer would benefit, which in turn would increase crop yield and increase economic

activity in the area (Miller, 1995). Another possible measure to increase or make sustainable agriculture is to

redistribute agricultural and residential areas near the river.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., and

Jackson, R.B.(2008). Biology (Eighth ed.). Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia

Pte. Ltd.1239-1240.

Cowan, M.K. and Talaro, K.P.(2006). Microbiology. New York City, New York, USA: The

McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.785-788.

Hill, J. W., Kolb, D.K. and McCreary T.W..(2010). Chemistry (12th Ed.). New Jersey, USA:

Pearson Education, Inc. 381-405.

Miller, G. J. (1995). Environmental Science (5th Ed.). Belmont, California, USA: Wadsworth

Publishing Company.150-151; 297-391.

Miller, K. Ph.D., and J. Levine, Ph. D.(2000). Biology (5th Ed.). New Jersey, USA: Prentice-

Hall, Inc.1050-1059.

Nathanson, J. A. (1997). Basic Environmental Technology (2nd Ed.). New Jersey, USA:

Prentice-Hall, Inc.86-88.

Mustoe, F. Jansen, M.P., Doram, T., Ivanco, J., Clancy, C. and Ghazariansteja, A. (2001).

Chemistry 11. Ontario, Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. 384-388.

Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J. and Crouch, S.R..(2011). Analytical Chemistry (8th

Ed.). Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd. 568-569.

Internet or Online Services

Department of Health. (2007, March 09). http://www.scribd.com/doc/27824197/Philippine-

National-Standards-for-Drinking-Water-2007 (2012, January, 29).

Murphy, S. (2007, April 23). BASIN: General Information on Total Suspended Solids.

Retrieved April 4, 2012, from BASIN:

http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/BACT/info/TSS.html

Sherbinin, A. (1998). Water and Population Dynamics: Local Approaches to a Global

Challenge, Alex de Sherbinin.

http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/waterpop/desherb.htm (2012, January, 29).

Smith, K. (2012). Dissolved Oxygen. Retrieved 14 4, 2012, from Department of Wildlife &

Fisheries Sciences: Texas AgriLife Extension Service:

http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/faq/dissolved-oxygen/

APPENDIX A

Abbreviations, Calculations and Basis for Water Acceptability

eND – Not Detectable

fFormula/Calculation:

1 ppm =

ppm = mg/L

gTable 5: DENR Administrative Order No. 34

Water Quality Criteria for Conventional & Other Pollutants Contributing to Aesthetics & Oxygen Demand for

Fresh Waters (A).

Parameter Fresh Surface Water Classification Method of Analysis

Class AA Class A Class B Class C

Chromium

Hexavalent (mg/L) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Diphenyl Carbazide

Colorimetric Method

Total Suspended

Solids 25 50

Not more

than 30 %

increase

Not more than

30 mg/L

increase

Gravimetric Method

Dissolved Oxygen 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Azide Modification

(Winkler Method)

Membrane Electrode

(DO meter

pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

Glass Electrode

Method

Copper 1.0 1.0 - 0.5 AAS

Iron 1.0 (Based on the Philippine National Standards

for Drinking Water)

Phenanthroline, AAS,

ICP, Colorimetric

Method

Manganese 0.5 (Based on the Philippine National Standards

for Drinking Water)

Persulfate Method,

AAS, ICP, MS

hThese years can be considered Year 2000 and Year 2009 respectively.

iN/A: Data not available

APPENDIX B

Evidences Of Water Sampling And Map Of The Talomo River

Figure 1: Water Sampling on the Talomo River at Near Angalan Bridge

Figure 2: Water Sample Container being submerged underwater

Figure 3: Map of the Talomo River (Highlighted in Red)

Figure 4: Talomo River near the Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines and the Talomo Bridge I.

Sampling site near the

Coca Cola Bottlers Phils.

Plant

Sampling site near

the Angalan Bridge

Figure 5: Talomo River near the Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines.