tall buildings- personal.pdf

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Structural developments

tall buildings(Review of literature)

Presented By:

Pavan Patchigolla, Mtech (computer aided structural engineering).

Structural design engineer, METEY Engineering and consultancy, Hyderabad


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Contents of presentation:

• Introduction

• Tall building statistics

• Brief history

• Classification of tall buildings

• Recent developments

TALL BUILDINGS


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“IT IS ALWAYS GOOD TO KNOW ABOUT THE HISTORY

ADVANCEMENTS”.

TALL BUILDINGS


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TALL STRUCTURES IN INDIA

• Though they are not used for residential purposes,India also has the knowledge of tallestmonuments constructed.

• One of the tallest and oldest temple structureknown to Indians is locted in Tiruvannamalai,Tamilnadu.

• Indian temples will basically have two major tallstructures called “GOPURAS” and “VIMANAS”.

• The gopura in this temple is 11 storyed and 66meters tall.

• This gopura was built during Chola dynasty in 9th

century.

TALL BUILDINGS


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INTRODUCTION

Rank Building City Height Floors

1 Burj khalifa Dubai 828 163

2 Shanghai tower Shanghai 632 128

3 Abraj Al-Bait clock tower Mecca 601 120

4 One world trade center Newyork 541 104

5 CTF Finance center Guangzhou 530 111

6 Taipei 101 Taipei 509 101

7 Shanghai world financial center Shanghai 492 101

8 International commerce center Hong kong 484 118

9 Petronas towers 1 Kuala lumpur 452 88

10 Petronas towers 2 Kuala lumpur 452 88

TALL BUILDINGS

TOP TEN TALL BUILDINGS


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TALL BUILDINGS

BURJ KHALIFA SHANGHAI TOWER ABRAZ AL BAIT CL


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TALL BUILDINGS

ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER CTF FINANCE TOWER


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TALL BUILDINGS

SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCE CENTERINTERNATIONAL

COMMERCE CENTERPETRON


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INTRODUCTION

• Tall buildings emerged in the late nineteenth century in USA. They constitut

“American building type”.• Based on the data published in 1980’s, about 49% of world’s tall buildings were lo

America.

• Tall buildings evolved as a world wide phenomenon.

• The distribution has radically changed and now Asia countries has the largest share

• Traditionally, function of tall buildings has been commercial buildings.

• Tall building development involves various complex factors, such as economtechnology, municipal regulations and politics.

TALL BUILDINGS


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TALL BUILDING STATS

TALL BUILDING STATS IN 1980'S

REGION COUNTRIES PERCENT BUILDINGS

North America 4 48.9 1701

Europe 35 21.3 742

Asia 35 20.2 702

South America 13 5.2 181

Australia 2 1.6 54

Middle east 15 1.5 51

Africa 41 1.3 47

Mid-America 20 0.1 4

TALL BUILDING STATS IN

REGION COUNTRIES PERCEN

Asia 20 32.2

North America 18 23.9

Europe 20 23.7

South America 10 16.6

Ocenia 7 2.6

Africa 20 1

TALL BUILDINGS

** Based on most active cities in the region reported in Emporis.com


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BRIEF HISTORY

• Tall buildings are based on economic

equations.

“Increase rentable area bystacking office spaces vertically andmaximizing rents”.

• The result was the steel frame structurewhich minimized the dimensions of structural members.

• The tall building trend started with Parkrow building in New York, which is 30storeyed tall in 1899 and it culminatedwith the completion of 102 story tallEmpire state building in 1931.

TALL BUILDINGS

EmpirPark Row building, 1899


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BRIEF HISTORY

• By the time, there had not been much

conspicuous technological evolution.

• Most buildings are steel MRF with windbracing. Eg.,Woolworth Building (57S, 241m)of 1931, Chrysler building(77S, 282m) of 1930.

• Their heights were accomplished not throughtechnology but through excessive use ofstructural materials.

•Due to absence of advanced structuralanalysis techniques, they were quite overdesigned.

• The technological evolution like differentstructural systems and artificially dampedsystems started in 1960’s.

TALL BUILDINGS

Woolworth building


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PREMIUM FOR HEIGHT

• The primary skeleton of a tall building can be visualized as a

vertical cantilever with its base fixed in the ground.

• The structure has to carry gravity and lateral wind/earthquakeloads.

• The building must be capable of developing adequate shearand bending resistance due to loads and must not lose itsvertical load carrying capability.

•Fazlur khan realized for the first time that as buildings becametaller, there is a “premium for height” due to lateral loads.

“If there are no lateral loads, high-rise building could justbe designed for gravity loads”.

TALL BUILDINGS

Fazlur Rah


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PREMIUM FOR HEIGHT

• Based on his observations, As the building becomes taller, the building’s sway due tforces becomes critical and there is greater demand on the girders and columns thathe rigid frame.

• Hence the material consumption gets even more increased and would begin to excstructural costs if a rigid frame system is used for very tall buildings, which leads to innovation in the structural systems.

•Based on Khan’s investigations, he argued that as the height increases beyond 10 stlateral drifts start controlling the design, the stiffness rather than the strength becodominant factor, and the premium for height increases rapidly with number of sto

TALL BUILDINGS


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CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDINGS

• In 1969, Khan classified structural systems for tall buildings relating to their heights

the buildings.

TALL BUILDINGS

Structural systems (Steel) with height, - Fazlur R Khan


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• Because of better understanding of the mechanics, he reasoned the structure could

holistic manner, that is, the building could be analyzed in three dimensions by compsimulations.

TALL BUILDINGS

Structural systems (Concrete) with height, - Fazlur R Khan


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• Recognizing the importance of the premium for heights for tall buildings, the classstructural systems is based on lateral load resisting capabilities.

• Structural systems are classified in to two broad categories: Interior structures and structures.

• A system is categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral losystem is located within the interior of the buildings (Cores, Stair case wells etc..)

• When the lateral load resisting system is located at the perimeter of the building, scan be categorized as an exterior structure (tube in tube, framed tube etc..).

TALL BUILDINGS


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TALL BUILDINGS

Classification of interior structures


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TALL BUILDINGS

Class

struct


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TALL BUILDINGS

CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORY MATERIAL/CONFIGURATION EFFICIENT HEIGHT LIMIT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rigid frames -

Steel 30Provide flexibility in floor planning. Fast

construction

Expensive moment connections.

Expensive fire proofing.

86

(Ch

M

US

Concrete 20Provide flexibility in floor planning Easily

moldable.Expensive form work. Slow construction.

Braced hinged frames -Steel shear trusses+Steel hinged

frames10

Efficiently resist lateral loads by axial forces in

the shear truss members. Allows shallower

beams compared with the rigid frames

without diagonals.

Interior planning limitations due to

diagonals in the shear trusses. Expensive

diagonal connections.

Shear wall/Hinged frames -Concrete shear wall + steel

hinged frame35

Effectively resists lateral shear by concrete

walls.

Interior planning limitations due to shear

walls.

77

(M

Shear wall(or shear truss) -Frame interaction

Braced rigid framesSteel shear trusses + rigid

frames40

Effectively resists lateral loads by producing

shear truss - frame interacting system.


trusses.

Em

1

1

Shear wall/ Rigid frames

Concrete Shear Wall + SteelRigid Frame 60 Effectively resists lateral loads by producingshear wall - frame interacting system. Interior planning limitations due to shearwalls. S

Concrete Shear Wall + Concrete

Frame70 " "

31

B

Outrigger structures -

Shear Cores (Steel Trusses or

Concrete Shear Walls) +

Outriggers (Steel Trusses or

Concrete Walls) + (Belt Trusses)

+ Steel or Concrete Composite

(Super) Columns

150

Effectively resists bending by exterior columns

connected to outriggers extended from the

core.

Outrigger structure does not add shear

resistance.

Ta



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TALL BUILDINGS

CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORYMATERIAL/CONFIGUR

ATIONEFFICIENT HEIGHT LIMIT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Tube

Framed tube

Steel 80Efficiently resists lateral loads by locating

lateral systems at the building perimeter.

Shear lag hinders true tubular behavior.

Narrow column spacing obstructs the

view.

Aon

Concrete 60 " " Water To

Braced tube

Steel

100 (With Interior Columns) –

150 (Without Interior

Columns)

Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces inthe diagonal members. Wider column spacing

possible compared with framed tubes. Reduced

shear lag.

Bracings obstruct the view.John Ha

Concrete 100 " "Onteri

Third A

Bundled tube

Steel 110 Reduced shear lag.Interior planning limitations due to the

bundled tube configuration.Sears

Concrete 110 " "Carneg

Tube in tube

Ext. Framed Tube (Steel or

Concrete) + Int. Core Tube

(Steel or Concrete)

80

Effectively resists lateral loads by producing

interior shear core - exterior framed tube

interacting system.


core.

181 Wes

Dia grid

- Steel 100Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in

the diagonal members.Complicated joints.

Hearst B30 St M

- Concrete 60 " Expensive formwork. Slow construction.

Space truss structures - Steel 150Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in

the space truss members.

Obstruct the view. May obstruct the

view.Bank of

Super frames

- Steel 160 Could produce supertall buildings.Building form depends to a great degree

on the structural system.

Chicag

- Concrete 100 " "Parqu

Exo-Skeleton - Steel 100Interior floor is never obstructed by perimeter

columns.

Thermal expansion / contraction.

Systemic thermal bridges.

Hotel de



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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

• Structural evolution andarchitectural expression:

• Some structural systems evolvedhave had a major impact on theaesthetics or architecturalexpression of the building.

TALL BUILDINGS

EXTERIOR BRACED

TUBULAR STRUCTURE

BEL

JOHN HANCOCK CENTER,

CHICAGO

FIRST WIN

MILW


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• Regional expression:

• Expression of building exterior in the way that itreflects the regional heritage and culturaltraditions.

• Taipei 101 represents ancient Chinese pagodas

which means “STUPAS” in Indian sub continent.

TALL BUILDINGS

TAIPEI 101RECENT DEVELOPMENTS


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• Aerodynamic forms:

• This trend has in tall buildings has started to improvethe aerodynamic properties to reduce the windforces carried by them.

• Examples: chamfered or rounded corners, openingsand notches, streamlined forms, tapered forms.

TALL BUILDINGS

KINGDOM CENTERRECENT DEVELOPMENTS


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• Emergence of twisted forms:

• Twisted forms employ for today’s tall buildings can beunderstood as a reaction to boxed forms of modernarchitecture.

• Twisted forms are effective in reducing the vortex

shedding induced dynamic response of tall buildings.

TALL BUILDINGS

PHARE TOWEECENT DEVELOPMENTS


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STRUCTURAL FORM

• The system that resists the gravity loading in addition to lat

is called “STRUCTURAL FORM”.

• Factors influencing selection of structural form:

• Internal planning,

• Material and method of construction,

• External architectural treatment,

• Routing of service systems,• Nature and magnitude of horizontal loading,

• Height and proportions of the building.

TALL BUILDINGS


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EFFICIENCY OF STRUCTURAL FORM

• Efficiency of structural form depends on proper selection based

and proportions of building (to fit for the requirements).• Choice of structural form becomes vital because the wind resist

increases non-linearly with height.

• The efficiency of the structures can be compared by their weigharea.

•

The floor framing weight is influenced mainly by floor span andindependent of the building height.

• Weight of vertical elements will increase proportionally with hei• It is observed that buildings up to 10 stories designed for gravity loading

accommodate wind loading without increase in column sizes.

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• Usually, placing the vertical components around the perimebuilding leaves open floor areas that can be subdivided by pwalls. In these cases, floor framing systems also becomepredominant in lateral load resistance.

• With regard to horizontal loading, the high-rise structure esbehaves as a cantilever.

• This vertical cantilever may also have number of columns orare mobilized to act compositely to some extent because of beams.

TALL BUILDINGS

EFFICIENCY OF STRUCTURAL FORM


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MAJOR STRUCTURAL FORMS

• There are 12 major structural forms that are suitable either for cfor steel or for both,

•Braced frame structures,

• Rigid frame structures,

• Infilled frame structures,

• Flat plate or flat slab structures,

• Shear wall structures,

• Wall frame structures,

• Framed tube structures,

• Out-triggered braced structures,

• Suspended structures,

• Core structures,

• Space structures,

• Hybrid structures.

TALL BUILDINGS


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BRACED FRAME STRUCTURES

• The lateral resistance of the structures is provided by vertical trusses where in the diagonagirders that form the web and columns act as chords.

• Lateral loads were resisted by bracing system of web members and then transfer to the colu

• Bracing is usually a steel system because it is inevitably subjected to tension and comprbracing can sometimes be used in double diagonal system.

• Advantages:

• Able to produce a laterally stiff structure with a minimum additional material.

• Bracings usually have very high stiffness to weight ration hence suitable up to any heigh

• More recently, however external larger scale bracing, extending over many stories andused to produce not only highly efficient structures, but aesthetically attractive buildin

• Disadvantages:

• A major disadvantage of diagonal bracing is that it obstructs the internal planning andwindows and doors.

• Diagonal connections are expensive to fabricate and erect.

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RIGID FRAME STRUCTURES

• This system consists of columns and girders joined by moment resisting connections.

• The lateral stiffness of rigid frames depends on the bending stiffness of columns, girders and

•

Rigid frame construction can be used for concrete and steel buildings as well.• The sizes of columns and girders at any level of a rigid frame are influenced by magnitude of

• Advantages:

• Principal advantage is its open rectangular arrangement which allows freedom of plann

• In structures that are dictated by gravity load design, economies in member sizes thataction tend to be offset by the higher cost of rigid joints itself .

• Disadvantages:

• Above 25 stories, the relatively high lateral flexibility calls for uneconomically larger mto control drift.

• Because of higher girder depth in lower floors, sometimes, it is not possible to acrequired girder depth within the normal ceiling space.

• Moment resistant connection in steel becomes very expensive.

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INFILLED FRAME STRUCTURES

• This is most usual form of construction of tall buildings up to 30 stories.

• Basic frame (moment frame) can be of concrete column-girder or in steel, which is fbrick work, block work or cast-in-place concrete.

• Infill behaves as a compressive strut under lateral loading action to brace the framthe system economical because it adds to the stiffness of frame.

• The strength and stiffness of infill in a frame cannot be predicted accurately becausinteraction of infill with frame and random quality of masonry.

• The fear of the removal of bracing infills at sometime in the life of structure, the incould be considered in design or not is left with designers’ discretion.

• Approximate behavior of infill can be modelled by “Equivalent diagonal strut metho

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