talcott parsons born1902- died 1979

Talcott ParsonsBorn1902- Died 1979

Education◦ Undergraduate work at Amherst University in biology and medicine

◦ Studied economics in the London School of Economics Strongly influenced by the social anthropologist Brownislaw Malinowski (a

functionalist)

◦ Attended Heidelberg University, in Germany, on an educational exchange Alfred Weber (Max Weber’s brother) was his primary teacher Also sat under the instruction of Karl Mannheim

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Talcott ParsonsHarvard Professor of Economics, and

then Sociology, 1927-1973

Founded the Department ofSocial Relations combiningSociology, Anthropology,and Psychology, 1944

Key works:The Structure of Social Action (1937)The Social System (1951)Social Structure and Personality (1964)The System of Modern Societies (1971)The Structure and Change of the Social System(1983)

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Parsons’ Department of Social Relations 1945-1972 interdisciplinarity:

for UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

PHYSIOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL

STRUCTURE

CULTURE

DURKHEIM: Social System Integration

WEBER: Culture & Social Systems Borderline

FREUD: Social Systems & Personality Integration

Talcott Parsonsand Grand Theory

“The dominant figure in American sociology – if not world-wide – from the mid-1940’s to the mid-1970’s.” (Bell, 1979)

“Talcott Parsons was probably the most prominent theorist of this time, and it is unlikely that any one theoretical approach will so dominate sociological theory again.” (Turner 1998)

“Parsons’ theory of society is plagued by an absence of clarity. His work abounds with ambiguities in both semantics and syntax.” (Perdue, 1986)

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FUNCTIONALISM’S FUNDAMENTAL PREMISES ala PARSONS • EVERY SYSTEM HAS REQUISITE NEEDS THAT MUST BE MET FOR THAT SYSTEM TO SURVIVE. • SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES FUNCTION TO SATISFY THE NEEDS OF THE SYSTEM. • SOCIAL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS, AND THE SYSTEMIC WHOLE ARE THUS INTRISICALLY RELATED AND AFFECT ONE ANOTHER. • SPECIALIZATION OF STRUCTURES OCCURS THROUGH THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION. • SYSTEMS TEND TO BECOME MORE COMPLEX THROUGH STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION. • STRUCTURAL DIFFERENTIATION MAKES SYSTEMS MORE ADAPTIVE. • DIFFERENTIATION CREATES PROBLEMS OF COORDINATION AND CONTROL, WHICH CREATES PRESSURES FOR THE SELECTION OF INTEGRATING PROCESSES. • INTEGRATING PROCESSES TEND TO KEEP THE SYSTEM IN A STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM

Talcott Parsons: The Structure of Social Action

• Voluntaristic Theory of Action: the Unit Act– Involves these basic elements• Actors are individual persons• Actors are viewed as goal seeking• Actors also possess alternative means to achieve goals

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PARSONS’ VOLUNTARISTIC UNIT ACT:

SELF EGO

THE NORMATIVE ORDER

MEANS

GOALS ENDS

THE ACTOR

CONDITIONS

Talcott Parsons: The Structure of Social Action

Actors are confronted with a variety of situational conditions, such as their own biological makeup and heredity as well as various external ecological constraints, that influence the selection of goals and means.

Actors are governed by values, norms, and other ideas such that these ideas influence what is considered a goal and what means are selected to achieve it.

Action involves actors making subjective decisions about the means to achieve goals, all of which are constrained by ideas and situational conditions.

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PARSONS’ VOLUNTARISTIC UNIT ACT:

“ENVIRONMENTAL” CONDITIONS

“AVAILABLE” MEANS

SELF EGO

THE ACTOR

GOALS ENDS

THE NORMATIVE ORDER

NEED DISPOSITIONS MOTIVATIONS (psychodynamic)

-----------------

•Cognitive •Appreciative •Evaluative

VALUE ORIENTATIONS

(cultural frameworks) --------------------------

•Cognitive Significance •Expressive Symbolism •Moral Standards

I NTERNALI ZATI ON SOCIALIZATION, ENCULTURALIZATION

EXTERNALIZATION, PUTTING ONE’S SELF INTO EFFECT

OBJ ECTIVATION, SOCIAL FACTICITIES, SOCIALLY- CONSTRUCTED REALITY

TALCOTT PARSON’S MODEL ala BERGER

Man is a social product.

Society is a human product

Society is an objective reality

I NSTI TUTI ONALI ZATI ON NEED DI SPOSI TI ONS

STRUCTURED PATTERNS of I NTERACTI ON >

< MODES of ORI ENTATI ON

Talcott Parsons: The Social System

How do social systems survive?How do social systems survive?

More specifically, why do institutionalized More specifically, why do institutionalized patterns of interactions persist?patterns of interactions persist?

Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.

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The Four Functional Imperatives• Adaptation– Involves securing sufficient resources from the

environment and then distributing these throughout the system

• Goal Attainment– Refers to establishing priorities among system

goals and mobilizing system resources for their attainment

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• Integration– Denotes coordinating and maintaining viable

interrelationships among system units

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• Latency– Embraces two related problems• Pattern Maintenance

– Pertains to how to ensure that actors in the social system display the appropriate characteristics» Motives» Needs» Role-playing

• Tension Management– Concerns dealing with the internal tensions and strains of

actors in the social system

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ADAPTATION

Economic:Energy for

Environmental Interactions

GOAL ATTAINMENT

Political:Selective

Group-Determination

INTEGRATION

Cultural-Legal System:

Institutions of socialization and

social control

LATENT PATTERN MAINTENANCE &

TENSION MANAGEMENTKinship (family)

System:Values and Norms,

Beliefs and Ideologies

External Environment (Natural & Social)

Bare Materials(Human Nature)

ACTION SYSTEMS withinPARSONS’ AGIL MODEL


Here are several illustrations of how the Four Functional Imperatives can

illustrate the workings of social systems:

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A U.S NAVAL DESTROYER AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM:

GOAL ATTAINMENT comprises the activities related to sinking enemy ships as when all hands are at battle stations.

ADAPTATION involves keeping the ship afloat and operating – repairs, drills, recruitment and training of personnel.

INTEGRATION is the maintenance of smooth relations between the various departments – gunnery, supply, engineering, and so on, in order to reduce jealousy and enhance cooperation.

LATENT PATTERN MAINTENANCE & TENSION MANAGEMENT involves the efforts of each crew member to reconcile the goals and standards of the ship with those of his/her other roles – husband, wife, son, daughter, father, mother, church member, ethnic group, etc.

The WNBA as a Social System

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How to Integrate the WNBA into the United States’ Sports Consciousness

• Adaptation– Resources are allocated to the WNBA• The United States is evaluated as ready for a women’s

league similar to the NBA• Resources are deliberately allocated to help give the

WNBA a structure similar to the NBA• Return on those allocated resources will not be

immediate

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• Goal Attainment– Priorities are developed to insure goals are

attained• Media space (television) is given to the WNBA even

though the audience is not yet fully developed

• Integration– Coordinating various relationships within the

sports world

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• Latency (after the WNBA is integrated into the nation’s sports consciousness)– Pattern Maintenance• Establishing proper roles and motives

– Tension Management• Dealing with internal tensions and strains of actors in

the social system

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If any of the four components “fails,” then the WNBA will not be “integrated” into the social system of organized professional athletics in the United States.

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PARSONS’ MODEL OF SOCIAL CHANGE(countering the systemic tendency toward equilibrium)

INCREASED SOCIAL STRAIN • Critical mass • Dissatisfaction • Value inconsistencies

SUB GROUP ORGANIZATION • Emergence of expressive leadership

S: Situation (chaotic, unstable)I: Individual (charismatic leader)S: Symbols (resonating with previous traditions)A: Audience (marginal, experiencing anomie)

• Creation of alternative set of normative expectations and sanctions • Evasion of current cultural sanctions

PARSONS’ MODEL OF SOCIAL CHANGE(countering the systemic tendency toward equilibrium)

DEVELOPMENT OF MEANINGFUL IDEOLOGY • Acceptable claim to legitimacy • Symbols with wide appeal • Coherent • Relevant

RECONNECTION TO THE DOMINANT SOCIAL SYSTEM • Introduction of internal discipline • Institutionalization of new core values • Adaptive concessions to external realities

Talcott Parsons: The System of Modern Societies

The System of Modern SocietiesA historical study of societal evolution as

evident in the stages of systematic developmentwithin Western history.

Published in 1971 .

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◦ From feudalism to a differential and interdependent division of labor that marked the European system.

◦ During this process, feudal institutions came to be replaced by early capitalism with some growing centralization of political power.

◦ Then came the Renaissance and the development of secular culture within the framework of a still vibrant religious order.

◦ Reformation: During this period, the priesthood began to lose its exclusive entitlement to the keys to the kingdom, an event that signaled the advent of individualism

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• Era Two: First Crystallization of the Modern System

– Centered in the European northwest (England, France, and Holland), which saw the centralization of a form of state power and the establishment of mercantile capitalism. One noteworthy development here was the coming of a pluralist political system in England.

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• Era Three: Age of Revolutions

– During this time, the industrial revolution featured the expansion of financial markets, while the democratic revolution saw the spreading

of the differentiation of rule by people throughout Western Europe.

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Era Four: New Lead Society

◦Parsons argued that the promise of the industrial and democratic revolutions could not be realized in Europe because of its aristocratic, stratified, and monarchal traditions.

Primarily because of the lack of such restrictions, together with its educational revolution and political pluralism, the “new lead society” is (for Parsons) the United States. It is here that Parsons located the highest form of general adaptation, the embodiment of the evolutionary principle that drives systems and systematic theories.

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talcott parsons born1902- died 1979

Documents

social structure

social systems

social systemthe

social systemlatencyembraces

social systemhow

system goals

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talcott parsonsborn1902