table to show time spent in the field compared to … erindi newsletter8 nov. dec 2008.pdf2008 0 50...
TRANSCRIPT
TTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEE GGGGGGGGLLLLLLLLOOOOOOOOBBBBBBBBAAAAAAAALLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLEEEEEEEEOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRDDDDDDDD PPPPPPPPRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOJJJJJJJJEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCTTTTTTTT
EEEEEEEERRRRRRRRIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNDDDDDDDDIIIIIIII NNNNNNNNEEEEEEEEWWWWWWWWSSSSSSSSLLLLLLLLEEEEEEEETTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTEEEEEEEERRRRRRRR 88888888 NNNNNNNNaaaaaaaattttttttaaaaaaaasssssssshhhhhhhhaaaaaaaa ddddddddeeeeeeee WWWWWWWWoooooooorrrrrrrroooooooonnnnnnnniiiiiiiinnnnnnnn
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin http://www.globalleopard.com
NOVEMBER/DECEMBERNOVEMBER/DECEMBERNOVEMBER/DECEMBERNOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2008200820082008
TTHHEE EENNDD OOFF 22000088
2008 has been a phenomenal year for the Global Leopard Project at Erindi and it has been
incredibly interesting to put some of the data recorded during the year into graphic representation.
A total of 6 leopards were captured and fitted with radio tracking collars with a capture effort of 345
hours and 55minutes of setting of traps over 68 nights during the year. This gives an average of 1
leopard captured every 10 nights of capture effort. Also included in the project are 4 cubs, 3 of
which are directly observed almost daily. 1 937 hours and 11 minutes in total were spent in the field
locating and recording data on the leopards that became part of the project and of this time 407
hours and 39 minutes were spent gathering data by direct observation of the 10 leopards that have
become part of the project. This is phenomenal news as the MunYaWana Leopard Project by
comparison took approximately 5 years to gather 500 hours of observational data (WildWatch
Annual Vol 2, 2007)!
TABLE TO SHOW TIME SPENT IN THE FIELD
COMPARED TO ACTUAL OBSERVATION TIME OF
THE ERINDI LEOPARDS.
2008
0
50
100
150
200
250
Dec
-07
Jan-
08
Feb-0
8
Mar
-08
Apr
-08
May
-08
Jun-
08
Jul-0
8
Aug
-08
Sep
-08
Oct
-08
Nov
-08
Dec
-08
Month
Tim
e (
Ho
urs
)
Field Work Time
Observation Time
TABLE 1: Table to show the number of hours spent in the field locating leopards compared to the
time spent gathering data by actually viewing their natural behaviour.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 2 [email protected]
A table 1 show that when the leopard project began in late 2007, a great deal of time was spent in
the field but very little of this time was spent actually observing the cats. Towards the end of 2008,
far more of the field time was spent gathering information by direct observations as the leopards
had become more accustomed to the research vehicle.
During early 2008 there were no attempts to show the leopards to the guests at Erindi but over the
last 4 months of the year when a few of the leopards appeared ready for viewing we began with
special leopard research trips. This paved the way for getting game drive vehicles in to see the
leopards and over a 4 month period, more than 84 visitors to Erindi had spectacular viewing of the
cats! 87% of the guests that we tried to show the leopards to had incredible viewing of these
accepting leopards!
A total of 819 location points were taken on the leopards during the year and FIGURE 2 below
shows the number of locations points taken of each individual leopard. F05, M03 and M04 were
cubs less than 1 year of age that were counted together with their mother’s in 2008. From January
2009 these youngsters will be documented separately. F02 was located more often than the other
leopards as she was captured early in the project and has been a prime candidate for habituation.
F04 was the last leopard fitted with a tracking device but has also proven to be an excellent
candidate for habituation meaning that more locations are taken on her daily than on the other cats.
F01 F02 F03 F04 F05 M01 M02 M03 M04
PROPORTION OF
LOCATIONS
144
329
84 780
100 780 6
LEOPARD
NUMBER OF LOCATIONS TAKEN OF
LEOPARDS IN PROPORTION
2008
FIGURE 2: Table showing the number of location points taken of each leopard in 2008.
During the year the leopards were located with 30 kills of varying prey species. Most of the kills
recorded were made by F02 and F04. This is due to the fact that these 2 females have accepted the
research vehicles into their secret worlds and they do not move away when the vehicle approaches.
Interestingly, both these leopards have shown preference to very different prey. F02 has been noted
to be a “specialist” in killing springbuck (32%) and young oryx (23%). F04 appears to be a warthog
“specialist” as the species makes up over 60% of her kills recorded.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 3 [email protected]
PROPORTIONS OF EACH PREY SPECIES
KILLED BY LEOPARD AT ERINDI: 2008
28%
20%
13%
10%
10%
7%
3%
3%
3%3%
SPRINGBUCK
ORYX
BLUE WILDEBEEST
KUDU
WARTHOG
OSTRICH
RED HARTEBEEST
DUIKER
JACKAL
ROCK HYRAX
FIGURE 3: Pie chart showing prey species killed by the leopards during 2008 shown in accurate
proportions.
FIGURE 3 shows the prey species killed by all the leopards during 2008 and FIGURE 4 indicates
the proportion of kills recorded that were made by each of the individual leopards of the project.
PIE TO SHOW THE PROPORTION OF KILLS FOUND
THAT WERE MADE BY EACH INDIVIDUAL
LEOPARD
6%
69%
6%
16%
0%
3%
F01
F02
F03
F04
M01
M02
M03
M04
FIGURE 4: The proportion of kills found that were made by the individual leopards.
Due to the fact that we were able to partially habituate F02 we manage to find most of the kills that
she makes. F01 has been part of the project for a longer period of time but she can only be followed
on foot and thus only a few of her kills have been located.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 4 [email protected]
FIGURE 5: Map showing the areas that each of the project leopards ranges.
The map in FIGURE 5 shows each leopard’s territory or home range. All of the female leopards
hold definite defended territories. Jakkals Draai Male also holds a territory but Ger Male has been
noted to range large areas and he has never displayed any territorial behaviour as yet. Signs and
sightings of larger males in he same area as Ger Male combined with his young age indicate that
this young dispersal leopard still needs to establish a territory of his own.
“Internat“Internat“Internat“Internationalize the plight of the Leopard”ionalize the plight of the Leopard”ionalize the plight of the Leopard”ionalize the plight of the Leopard”
LLLLLLLLEEEEEEEEOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRDDDDDDDDSSSSSSSS OOOOOOOOFFFFFFFF TTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEERRRRRRRRIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNIIIIIIIIDDDDDDDDIIIIIIII LLLLLLLLEEEEEEEEOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRDDDDDDDD PPPPPPPPRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOJJJJJJJJEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCTTTTTTTT
FFFFFFFF0000000011111111:::::::: MMMMMMMMIIIIIIIICCCCCCCCRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOLLLLLLLLIIIIIIIIGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHTTTTTTTT FFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLEEEEEEEE Microlight Female is still keeping her cub very carefully hidden. She shows absolutely no
aggression towards being approached on foot and early one morning she was with the cub on the
southern side of a drainage line. I approached on the northern side and she allowed me to get
incredibly close before she gave a call for the cub and both leopards moved away. Perhaps with
extra time and effort we will get more regular viewing of this female and her youngster while
approaching on foot.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 5 [email protected]
FFFFFFFF0000000022222222:::::::: PPPPPPPPHHHHHHHHAAAAAAAANNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTOOOOOOOOMMMMMMMM TTTTTTTTRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLEEEEEEEE ((((((((TTTTTTTTAAAAAAAASSSSSSSSHHHHHHHH)))))))) &&&&&&&& TTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEE 22222222 CCCCCCCCUUUUUUUUBBBBBBBBSSSSSSSS For the first time in a long time Phantom Tree Female (Tash) and both the cubs were located
altogether. Phantom killed a young oryx and the young female fed ravenously when her mother led
her to the carcass. She was looking rather thin and it was noted that both the male and female cub
had grown very little since October. Phantom Tree Female was struggling to make successful kills.
To add to this challenge, the lion pride with 4 cubs moved into her territory during November and
they managed to thieve numerous hard earned kills from Phantom Tree Female. Late on a rainy
afternoon she seemed to lead the cubs away from a kill before she returned to the meal to eat as
much as possible as quickly as she could. Before her stomach was full she heard something and she
elegantly bounded off into the long grass. Just a second later the entire lion pride arrived to claim
her hard earned oryx carcass!
Phantom Tree Female with a freshly killed juvenile oryx. In early December she was followed while she pursued a herd of oryx with young. She kept close to
the group as they headed into thick bush and a moment later chaos erupted…the oryx alarmed and
exploded out of the trees. As I rounded an Acacia shrub with the vehicle and there was the leopard
among thorns in a tree barely large enough to hold her weight! It seemed that the oryx had won the
battle and the leopard had escaped their sharp horns by tackling a thorn tree instead!
By mid December, Phantom Tree
Female was back on top of the hunting
game and she was located on numerous
kills including juvenile gemsbuck and
an adult male ostrich! Within a short
period of time, the cubs were looking
far stronger and healthier and they even
began to attempt hunting on their own.
Both youngsters attempted to subdue a
small spotted genet late one night but
the little viverrid was far smarter!
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 6 [email protected]
The genet hid in the centre of a fallen tree and the cubs surrounded the thicket from both sides.
When the male cub looked away for a second, the genet saw the gap and leapt away. The cubs did
not see the genet leave and 15minutes later they were still searching for any sign of their potential
prey!
Phantom Young Male “claiming” the adult male ostrich that his mother killed.
FFFFFFFF0000000033333333:::::::: GGGGGGGGUUUUUUUUIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNEEEEEEEEAAAAAAAA FFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLEEEEEEEE Although there have been no sightings of Guinea Female due to her behaviour of mountain
dwelling, regular locations are taken of her position and an excellent pattern of her territory has
emerged. FFFFFFFF0000000044444444:::::::: XXXXXXXXIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNKKKKKKKKOOOOOOOOVVVVVVVVAAAAAAAANNNNNNNNYYYYYYYYAAAAAAAANNNNNNNNAAAAAAAA FFFFFFFFEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLEEEEEEEE &&&&&&&& CCCCCCCCUUUUUUUUBBBBBBBB After a few months of getting to know this beautiful leopard, she adopted the name “Xinkovanyana
Female”. Xinkovanyana is a Shangaan word meaning dry river bed as this leopard spends 90% of
her time in the sandy rivers that only flow occasionally on the southern reaches of the reserve. She
has become an incredible viewing leopard in a very short period of time and although she is shy of
game drive vehicles, during leopard research trips she has been photographed by people from Israel,
London and America already!
Xinkovanyana Female has been named “Yana Female” by the Erindi team.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 7 [email protected]
Yana Female was located on numerous kills during November and December and more than 60%
of these have been warthog. This is the first time that I have ever encountered a female leopard that
selects adult warthog as her main prey. In time we will try and find out whether this is because she
has a special tactic for capturing this difficult prey species or if they are simply the most abundant
species in her territory.
Yana Female’s male youngster.
Yana Female’s male cub has been the most accepting leopard of the vehicles on the project. He
allows game drives to approach to 30m in day light hours and from time to time we wonder if the
leopard is watching the guests more closely than the guests are watching him!
The young male was left by his mother after a kill and when she found him a few days later he
appeared to have made his own kill. He had a blue wildebeest calf that he certainly did not want to
share! Yana Female has not been noted to hoist a single kill as yet but the young male spent a great
deal of time hoisting his wildebeest in numerous trees until it was high out of reach of any
scavengers. The question has thus arisen: what made him attempt to hoist his kill if has never learnt
this behaviour? MMMMMMMM0000000011111111:::::::: GGGGGGGGEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRHHHHHHHH MMMMMMMMAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLEEEEEEEE Ger Male was noted to get into a fight with a male leopard that was much larger than him was. For
almost 4 months he remained on Gert Schwarting’s farm and he did not appear to return to Erindi at
all during this time. It was wonderful to find him back on the koppie close to where he was seen for
the first time during November and December. We are still working towards acquiring a satellite
collar for this youngster as he could roam very far before he finally establishes a territory of his own
in a few years time.
MMMMMMMM0000000022222222:::::::: JJJJJJJJAAAAAAAAKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLSSSSSSSS DDDDDDDDRRRRRRRRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIIIIIIII MMMMMMMMAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLEEEEEEEE Jakkals Draai Male continues to extend his territorial boundary north into the far mountain ranges
of Erindi. As with Guinea Female he has not been viewed but we carefully monitor his movements
as regularly as we can. UUUUUUUUNNNNNNNNIIIIIIIIDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEENNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTIIIIIIIIFFFFFFFFIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEEDDDDDDDD LLLLLLLLEEEEEEEEOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRDDDDDDDDSSSSSSSS In early November while we were searching for Ger Male on Gert Schwarting’s farm, G.P spotted
an adult female leopard with a youngster no more than 60m from the vehicle. At that point both
leopards moved away up a koppie and there they sat watching us for almost 2 hours!
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 8 [email protected]
A female leopard and her cub that were spotted on Gert Schwarting’s farm.
SSSSSSSSUUUUUUUUPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRTTTTTTTTEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS OOOOOOOOFFFFFFFF TTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEE RRRRRRRREEEEEEEESSSSSSSSEEEEEEEEAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRCCCCCCCCHHHHHHHH PPPPPPPPRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOJJJJJJJJEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCTTTTTTTT
FFFFFFFFIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLDDDDDDDD SSSSSSSSPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNSSSSSSSSOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS::::::::
� Erindi Game Reserve: Home of the project and the leopards.
� Catchco Africa Dr Douw Grobler: Capture & training.
OOOOOOOONNNNNNNNGGGGGGGGOOOOOOOOIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNGGGGGGGG SSSSSSSSPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNSSSSSSSSOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: OOOOOOOOnnnnnnnnggggggggooooooooiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg ffffffffuuuuuuuunnnnnnnnddddddddiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg
� Erindi Game Reserve: Accommodation, meals, capture and tracking equipment,
vehicle and fuel.
� Pulse Africa: A contribution from every booking made with Pulse Africa is put
towards the GLP.
CCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAMMMMMMMMEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRAAAAAAAA TTTTTTTTRRRRRRRRAAAAAAAAPPPPPPPP SSSSSSSSPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNSSSSSSSSOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS
LLLLLLLLEEEEEEEEOOOOOOOOPPPPPPPPAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRDDDDDDDD SSSSSSSSPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNSSSSSSSSOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS
GGGGGGGGLLLLLLLLOOOOOOOOBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEE MMMMMMMMEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS
PPPPPPPPLLLLLLLLAAAAAAAATTTTTTTTIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNUUUUUUUUMMMMMMMM GGGGGGGGLLLLLLLLOOOOOOOOBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEE MMMMMMMMEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 5555555500000000 000000000000000000000000--------0000000000000000++++++++
� Florissa Keisel: 2007
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ GLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECTGLOBAL LEOPARD PROJECT PULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICPULSE AFRICAAAA ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE ERINDI GAME RESERVE
Natasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de WoroninNatasha de Woronin P.O. Box 40551, Ausspannplatz, http://www.globalleopard.com http://www.pulseafrica.co.za Windhoek, Namibia
[email protected] http://www.erindi.com
+ 264 (0)81 355 5728 9 [email protected]
GGGGGGGGOOOOOOOOLLLLLLLLDDDDDDDD GGGGGGGGLLLLLLLLOOOOOOOOBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEE SSSSSSSSPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNSSSSSSSSOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 3333333300000000 000000000000000000000000--------0000000000000000++++++++
� Vlasta and Keith Ross-Jones: 2006
� Rick and Lindy Dekker: 2007
SSSSSSSSIIIIIIIILLLLLLLLVVVVVVVVEEEEEEEERRRRRRRR GGGGGGGGLLLLLLLLOOOOOOOOBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEE SSSSSSSSPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNSSSSSSSSOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 1111111155555555 000000000000000000000000++++++++
BBBBBBBBRRRRRRRROOOOOOOONNNNNNNNZZZZZZZZEEEEEEEE GGGGGGGGLLLLLLLLOOOOOOOOBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEE SSSSSSSSPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNSSSSSSSSOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 55555555 000000000000000000000000++++++++
FFFFFFFFIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLDDDDDDDD MMMMMMMMEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS
OOOOOOOORRRRRRRRIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEENNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTAAAAAAAALLLLLLLLIIIIIIIISSSSSSSS FFFFFFFFIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLDDDDDDDD MMMMMMMMEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 33333333 000000000000000000000000
TTTTTTTTUUUUUUUULLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLIIIIIIIIAAAAAAAANNNNNNNNAAAAAAAA FFFFFFFFIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLDDDDDDDD MMMMMMMMEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 11111111 555555550000000000000000
� Dr Andrzej Jandziol & Dr Beverley Lewis: 2008
PPPPPPPPAAAAAAAANNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTHHHHHHHHEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRAAAAAAAA FFFFFFFFIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLDDDDDDDD MMMMMMMMEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 11111111 000000000000000000000000
PPPPPPPPAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRDDDDDDDDUUUUUUUUSSSSSSSS FFFFFFFFIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLDDDDDDDD MMMMMMMMEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRSSSSSSSS:::::::: NNNNNNNN$$$$$$$$ 555555550000000000000000
FFFFFFFFrrrrrrrroooooooommmmmmmm tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee LLLLLLLLeeeeeeeeooooooooppppppppaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrddddddddssssssss aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee GGGGGGGGlllllllloooooooobbbbbbbbaaaaaaaallllllll LLLLLLLLeeeeeeeeooooooooppppppppaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrdddddddd PPPPPPPPrrrrrrrroooooooojjjjjjjjeeeeeeeecccccccctttttttt,,,,,,,, wwwwwwwweeeeeeee ttttttttrrrrrrrruuuuuuuusssssssstttttttt yyyyyyyyoooooooouuuuuuuu hhhhhhhhaaaaaaaadddddddd aaaaaaaa wwwwwwwwoooooooonnnnnnnnddddddddeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrffffffffuuuuuuuullllllll ffffffffeeeeeeeessssssssttttttttiiiiiiiivvvvvvvveeeeeeee sssssssseeeeeeeeaaaaaaaassssssssoooooooonnnnnnnn aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd mmmmmmmmaaaaaaaayyyyyyyy aaaaaaaallllllll llllllll yyyyyyyyoooooooouuuuuuuurrrrrrrr ddddddddrrrrrrrreeeeeeeeaaaaaaaammmmmmmmssssssss ffffffffoooooooorrrrrrrr tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee NNNNNNNNeeeeeeeewwwwwwww YYYYYYYYeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaarrrrrrrr ccccccccoooooooommmmmmmmeeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo ppppppppaaaaaaaassssssssssssssss……………………