TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page. A. Geography and statistics 5 B. Dwellings and household fittings 9 C. Subsistence , 21 D. Ornaments and hairdressing 25 E. Artificial disfigurations .'— 29 F. Dress 49 G. Weapons f 53 H. Hunting, fishing, cattle raising, and agriculture 61 J . Means of enjoyment 73 K. Toys, games, and sports 77 L. Music 89 M. Means of transportation, boats, etc 105 N. Trade; substitutes for money; measures, weights 109 O. Technic 117 P. Political relations 133 Q. Administration of justice; social relations 137 It. Marriage; position of women; children 145 S. Birth and death 161 T. Religion, cults, mythology 165 U. Totemism 185 V. Medicine 189 W. Beckoning of t ime; astronomy; history 193 X. Counting and reckoning 201 Y. Linguistics 201 Z. Physical anthropology 205

INTRODUCTION.

I t is the desire of the Division of Ethnology of the Bureau of Science to utilize so far as possible the services of careful and ac­curate observers living near or among members of non-Christian tribes of the Archipelago in obtaining information relative to these peoples.

The importance of having at hand a comprehensive series of questions when pursuing investigations of this sort will be appre­ciated by everyone who has undertaken such work. When one trusts his memory as to the queries he should put, not only does he waste time, but he is almost certain to forget to touch upon subjects of importance.

Careful consideration has been given to the presentation of a comprehensive series of "Directions for Ethnographic Observations and Collections in Africa and Oceanica" by von Luschan of the Royal Museum of Ethnology in Berlin. The series of questions given in this pamphlet has been found so well suited to our work in the Philippines that it has been deemed advisable to make use of them almost in their entirety. As these questions were designed especially for travelers and students in Africa and Oceanica, some of them are of no value in a guide to the study of the tribes of the Philippines and have, therefore, been omitted. Some other changes of minor importance and a few omissions have been made. A few questions have been added. With these exceptions the pam­phlet herewith published is a translation of that mentioned above.

In answering the questions contained herein one should state whether the answers given are the result of personal observation or of information gained from others. One should be especially careful to state what he actually sees and not to confuse inferences and suppositions with actual observations.

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It is especially desired to build up in Manila an ethnographic museum which shall illustrate the life of each one of the various Philippine tribes. We have a beginning of such a museum made up largely of specimens returned from the exposition at St. Louis. This collection we wish to fill out and enlarge so as to make it representative of the entire group of islands. To do this we need specimens of every kind from all over the Islands. ISTothing which plays a part in the daily life of the people is too small or insignifi­cant to be of value. Articles of every kind which can be exhibited in a museum, and which enter into the life of the people, are earnestly requested. All such gifts will be acknowledged by letter and the card attached to each article when it is placed on exhibition will bear the giver's name.

Every specimen sent in should be carefully labeled with a statement of the exact locality from which it comes, of the name of the tribe, of the name of the article in English and in the dialect of the tribe from which the article was obtained, of the material of which it is made, by whom it is made and by whom used, and, if it was purchased, of the price paid.

Gifts and communications should be sent to the Division of Ethnology, Bureau of Science, 158 Calle Anloague, Manila, P. I.

DIRECTIONS FOR ETHNOGRAPHIC OBSER-VATIONS AND COLLECTIONS.

A. GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS.

1. Name of district, of the village, of the chief. 2. Name of the people (tribe) in their own tongue. 3. Name by which they are known among their neighbors. 4. Are there separate divisions of the tribe known ? 5. Do these divisions have distinct names for themselves ? 6. Are they known by distinct names among other tribes? 7. Is the language spoken by the people of one division under­

stood by those of the other divisions ? 8. Are the people of one division on good terms with those of the

others ? 9. Geographical situation—latitude and longitude. 10. Extent of territory occupied. 11. Draw outline maps and give statements as to how far the

political boundaries indicated on the printed maps seem to agree with the ethnographic relationships.

12. To what ethnographic group do the people (tribe) belong? 13. Who are the neighbors of this people? 14. Of how many men, women, and children does a family on the

average consist? 15. How many are there in a house? 16. How many huts has a typical village? 17. How great is the distance between individual villages? 18. How many villages are found in a definite area? 19. How many warriors does one village supply ? One tribe ? 20. How many participants are there in a specific feast ? 21. How many marriages are there in a year ? 22. How many births? 23. How many deaths? 24. How many stillborn children? 25. How many deaths among infants ?

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26. Are there old people of 80 years of age and over? 27. Is there perceptible an increase or decrease of population,

either on the whole or in individual sections of the community ? 28. Eeasons for this. Here should be ascertained, even if only

a limited territory with few villages is in question, the increase or decrease due to the purchase or sale of slaves, as well as the effect on the population produced by hunger, bad harvests, disease, epidemics, (what kind?) war—when such take place under the eyes of the observer.

29. Have they knowledge of special disasters (shipwreck, etc.) which have caused or brought about an actual decrease in popu­lation ?

30. Is it possible that any tribe or even the inhabitants of a group of islands may resolve voluntarily no longer to propagate and so to die out ?

31. Is it possible to distinguish among the people different strata, castes or clans, or older inhabitants and later comers, coast people and mountain people, hunters and agriculturists?

32. What percentage of the population do the various elements form?

33. Position of the separate elements with reference to one another.

34. Character of the country—mountainous, forest covered, steppes, plains, dry, moist.

35. Is the population wholly (or mainly) sedentary, or accus­tomed to wandering about in hordes?

36. Do they live mainly by agriculture, by cattle raising, by hunting, or by searching for wild fruits, roots, etc. ?

B. DWELLINGS AND HOUSEHOLD FITTINGS.

1. What is the typical form of dwelling? 2. Plan of the same—ground plan, sketch, side view; if possible

on a scale of 1 to 100 or larger. 3. Manner of building a house. 4. Are the main beams fastened together with nails, pegs, etc.,

or are they bound together with cords, vines, etc. ? 5. Are houses built on piles only on the coast or also in the

interior ?

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6. Are there houses built in the trees ? 7. Has every family its own house? Every woman? 8. Are there houses for unmarried men or for unmarried girls? 9. Are there various forms of dwellings? 10. Does the form depend upon the place where the building

stands ? 11. Or upon the position or occupation of the owner? 12. Is there a special house for the chief? 13. An assembly house? 14. A house for guests or for strangers ? 15. Houses for cult or dance societies? 16. Houses for the storage of canoes? 17. Houses for women during menstruation? During confine­

ment? After confinement? 18. Houses for cooking? 19. Houses for provisions? 20. Houses for artisans? 21. Stalls for cattle? (Accurate descriptions and whenever possible photographs of the

various houses are much desired.) 22. Condition of the yard. *** 23. Cleanliness about the dwellings. 24. Are there peculiar exits? 25. How are these arranged ? 26. What becomes of the house after the death of the owner? 27. Are the dead buried in the dwelling house? 28. Is there a special place for trophies, human skulls, etc. ? 29. What are the separate parts of the house called? 30. Especially what are the main beams called and the parts

used in the roof construction? (The native names ought, as far as possible, to be carefully

written on a sketch or on a model of the house.) 31. The door fastening deserves special attention. 32. Decorations on the doors and door jambs, if the originals

can not be secured, are to be sketched or photographed. * 33. Community houses—participation of the members, duty and

service of individuals in palaver houses, fetish houses, temples, etc.

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34. Description of such a community building. 35. Duration and intervals of labor. 36. The completed work, its interior and exterior. 37. Sketch plan of a typical village, with individual huts, stalls,

etc., indicated, and with a statement of the road leading to it, of the scale on which it is drawn, and of the north line.

38. An exact description of fastenings of every kind is especially desired but at least a ground plan of the whole structure with special reference to the way in which the entrances and exits are defended.

39. Exact description and sketch of the fence—material, height, scale.

40. Manner of locking the door. 41. Interior arrangement of a typical house. 42. Sleeping places—hanging mats, frame with plaited work or

mats, or bed of poles. 43. Chairs. 44. Head rests (supports for the back of the neck) of wood.

Are any of them carved? (As many as possible should be col­lected.)

45. All contrivances for hanging weapons, provisions, nets, etc., in the interior of the house are much desired.

46. Forms of mortars and pestles. 47. Other kinds of house apparatus are to be carefully noted;

typical pieces are to be secured, as many as possible of them with ornamentation.

48. In decorations, not only in house furnishing but in all things, it is constantly to be remembered that they are not arbitrary and accidental; even those which up to now have been looked upon as geometrical and given no further thought are as a rule very im­portant since they often grow out of technical beginnings or are developed from animal figures and often have quite definite mean­ings. It would be very useful to get the native names and as exact descriptions as possible of many such ornaments. Many which we have lightly considered as simple ornaments or ignored have a very definite purpose and a quite independent meaning.

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C. SUBSISTENCE.

1. Apparatus for making fire by boring, whirling, rubbing, goug­ing, etc.

2. Native name of the apparatus and of the individual parts. 3. Names of the woods used. 4. Keeping of the fire; sacred fire; purifying power of fire. 5. Form of the hearth; compartments for fire; other compart­

ments. 6. Who cooks? 7. Who does the rest of the housework. 8. Cooking utensils, buckets, drinking vessels. 9. Larger clay vessels are at least to be drawn (to scale and if

practicable in cross section) or to be photographed in a group if it should not seem possible to transport them; even fragments of the border and bottom are very desirable.

10. Spoons (for cooking, eating, scooping, etc.). 11. Drinking vessels. 12. Wooden vessels. 13. Ground flasks. 14. Cooking in wooden vessels. 15. Easping and other apparatus for coconuts, pandanus, and

other fruits. Among the Swahili (of Africa) the apparatus is provided with an iron tongue, as also often in Indonesia; in the South Seas usually with a piece of mussel shell, tortoise shell, or coconut shell. These objects are to be collected in all their varia­tions, if practicable with a sketch or photograph, but at least with an exact description of the position of the person at work. Native names.

16. Hand mills, mortars; photograph or drawing of a person grinding or pounding or in other ways preparing food.

17. Lamps, torches, etc. Are they used only in the house or also out of doors?

18. Ingredients of food; enumeration, native names, leaves and flowers of the most important food plants are to be sent in, dried between paper.

19. How many meals are eaten daily and at what hours? 20. Typical menu of daily meals.

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21. On what grounds are certain dishes forbidden the chiefs? Why are certain others forbidden to individual men or to women in general or to pregnant women especially ?

22. What do the natives say about cannibalism ? Are those who belong to the same tribe (or village) eaten or only those from outside ?

D. ORNAMENTS AND HAIR DRESSING.

1. Complete collections of ornaments of all kinds are to be made with the native names and with exact statements as to whether they are worn by men, women, or children, and when, how, and where, and whether they are made by the natives or are brought in from outside. For many objects of ornament a sketch is indispensable by which one can show how they are worn.

2. Are ornaments used as signs of rank? 3. As signs of virginity? 4. Are there ornaments worn for certain dances and festivals? 5. Necklaces. 6. Collars and other neck ornaments. 7. Breast ornaments. 8. Ornaments for the forehead. 9. Bracelets. 10. Knuckle rings. 11. Finger rings. 12. Toe rings. 13. Are weapons and other things carried in the bracelets? 14. Imitations of teeth, of mussel shells, etc., in other material

(for example, in New Guinea, among the Ashanti, in Benin, etc.). 15. Girdles, loin cloths, etc. 16. Wigs ? What is their purpose said to be ? 17. The dressing of the hair deserves special attention—sketches

and photographs. 18. Is the hair of the head cut short or shaved ? 19. With what instruments is this done? 20. What is the difference between men and women in the man­

ner of wearing the hair? 21. What is the difference between girls and married women in

the manner of wearing the hair ?

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22. Braids, cues, artificial locks. 23. Dyeing and fading of the hair (henna, lime, etc.). 24. Do they wear beards? 25. Are the hairs of the beard prilled out, chemically removed,

cut off, or shaved? 26. Treatment of the pubic and axillary hair.

E. ARTIFICIAL DISFIGURATIONS.

1. Painting. 2. With what materials is it done? 3. Why? 4. When? 5. Is it done on men? 6. On women? 7. On young people (at ceremonies at time of puberty) ? 8. Is it done on the face or elsewhere ? 9. Sketch the pattern, learn the name and meaning of it. 10. Collect the coloring matters. 11. Use of stamps of wood, clay, etc. 12. Signs of rank. 13. Do they paint as a sign of mourning? 14. Tattooing. 15. Sketch the pattern exactly or have it sketched by the maker

of the tattoo. 16. Name and meaning of the pattern. 17. Numerous specimens and complete sets of tools and coloring

materials are to be collected wherever possible. 18. Songs, which are often very old, are frequently recited during

the tattooing and are of the greatest importance. 19. Are there ceremonies in connection with tattooing? 20. Are only men tattooed? Why? 21. Or are only women tattooed? Why? 22. At what age? 23. Differences in the place of the tattoo. 24. Who does the tattooing? 25. What is the fee for tattooing? 26. Ornamental scars: These are especially important; both the

method of operation and the significance of individual patterns is to be ascertained and exactly recorded.

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27. Exact description, sketch, or photograph of ornamental scars, with a statement as to what parts of the body they are found on.

28. Are coloring materials or caustics used on the fresh wounds ? 29. What tools are used and what is the method of tattooing? 30. Are evil consequences and sickness known as a result of the

operation ? 31. At what age is the operation performed? 32. Are women always tattooed only by women? 33. Are there tattooings which seem to take the place of definite

pieces of ornament or of dress? 34. Mutilations of the ears; the lobes as well as the edges of

the shell of the ear are bored through; exact statements or sketches are necessary to show where the entering pins, rings, disks, plugs, etc., are found.

35. Are men's ears mutilated? 36. Are women's? 37. At what age? 38. Do they mutilate the nose? 39. Are pins, rings, etc., worn in the septum or in one or both

of the wings of the nose ? 40. In the right or the left wing of the nose ? 41. Are they worn by men? 42. By women? 43. Give an exact description of single ornamental pieces, and

collect as many as possible of them. 44. Mutilations of the lips; a full collection of pieces used in

the mutilations is wanted; exact descriptions are especially nec­essary.

45. Is the upper or the lower lip mutilated ? 46. Of what material are pins, plugs, disks, etc., made? 47. l\"ative names of the lip ornaments. 48. Geographical distribution of single typical forms. 49. Influence on speech of great lip ornaments. 50. Is amputation of single finger joints practiced ? 51. Under what circumstances ? 52. For what reasons ? 53. How is the operation performed?

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54. Treatment of the wound. 55. What teeth are pulled out, sharpened, or otherwise mutilated

in the upper jaw? 56. What ones in the lower jaw? Exact sketches or photographs

are wanted. It is especially to be noticed whether only the incisors are filed or the canine teeth also.

57. For what reason ? 58. By whom? 59. At what age? 60. In both sexes ? 61. What is given as the reason when the mutilation is practiced

only on men or only on women? 62. Are the teeth which are to be removed broken off or pulled

out? 63. With what instruments? These, too, are to be secured. 64. Have the mutilations of the teeth resulted in an increased

hissing sound or merely in a transition from s to h? 65. Skulls with deformed teeth are specially wanted and it

would perhaps be comparatively easy to get them if one succeeded in making clear to the natives that it was merely a matter of illus­trating in the museum the mutilation of the teeth. Naturally such skulls would be dug up with greater care and so packed that the front teeth, which otherwise fall out easily, would not be lost.

66. Is there to be seen anywhere a kind of artificial dissolution of the teeth? (It is said to be practiced among the Massai in Africa.)

67. Is there a custom of compressing the nose or even the entire heads of new-born children or of molding or pressing them for esthetic or other reasons ?

68. Is the result of such processes apparent to the sight or is it only imagined? An actual crushing of the root of the nose will in every case permanently influence the form of the nose; a superfi­cial rubbing or kneading of the nose will on the contrary certainly have no influence on its later form.

69. Actual and lasting artificial changes in the form of the skull fall mainly into two classes, (a) those produced by compression between the front and back, (b) those produced by wrapping up

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with tightly drawn bandages. Which of these two methods is used?

70. How many days after birth does compression or bandaging begin ?

71. For how many months is it kept up ? 72. Can any certain connection be established between an

oblique shape of the head and a custom of always carrying the nursing child only on one side ?

73. By many authors it is maintained that there is a skull de­formation caused by pressure only from in front or only from behind. Pressure from in front can naturally only be effective when the child's head can not escape from it ; therefore, only when an opposite pressure from the back is given, perhaps from lying on a cushion. On the other hand one might look upon the effect of the weight of the child's head as pressure from behind if the head rested upon a hard and unyielding surface. In fact many times skulls which are naturally very short and flat behind have been looked upon as deformed in this way. It would be important to find out whether even in the case of a healthy infant a permanent flattening of the back of the head resulted from constant and un­interrupted lying on the back.

74. What is given as the reason for intentional deformation of the head?

75. Is the deformation practiced only on male or only on female infants? Or only on children of certain families?

76. Are harmful results of the deformation known or do bad accidents occur during the compression?

77. The apparatus used in the process of deformation, such as cradles, boards, cushions, bandages, etc., is to be carefully studied and whenever possible the originals are to be secured.

78. Deformed skulls are much desired. As to obtaining them see E. 65.

79. Are the men circumcised? 80. The manner of circumcision is to be carefully observed.

Whenever an opportunity offers to be present at an operation it should be taken advantage of.

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81. Besides the customary (Oriental) methods of circumcision and the very peculiar method which the Massai practice there seem to be still other ways of circumcising.

82. Who does the circumcising? 83. At what age are boys circumcised? 84. With what instruments? 85. What is done with the foreskin? 86. How and for how long a time after the operation is the

wound treated? 87. Do the circumcised boys wear a special dress? 88. Do they live apart from others ? 89. Is a reason given for the practice of this operation? 90. Do symptoms of illness appear or are there cases of death

as a result of the operation ? 91. Is the operation performed on the boys individually or on

several at the same time? 92. Is it connected with ceremonies or special customs? 93. Is it performed at a fixed time of year? 94. Are they acquainted with the surgical operation of artificial

hypospadia to hinder impregnation? 95. A detailed account of the technic of the operation and of

its geographical distribution should be given. A set of instruments should be secured and a photograph of the part operated on.

96. Is castration known as a punishment or for other reasons? 97. How and by whom is the operation performed? 98. Is removal of the testicles alone or of the penis also

practiced ? 99. Is the penis ever removed without removing the testicles? 100. In women is the clitoris removed? 101. Are the labia minora sewed together? 102. Are they stretched out? In many Waganda (Africa)

women the labia minora extend almost to the knees. How is this brought about ?

103. What is given as the reason for these mutilations?

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F. DRESS.

1. Are the people clothed or do they go naked? 2. At what age do they begin to put clothes on the children ? 3. Is there a difference between the dress of the men and the

women ? 4. Is there a difference in the dress of various classes, as for

warriors, sorcerers, rain makers, priests, etc.? 5. Is there anything in the matter of dress which corresponds

to our "fashion"? 6. Is there a difference between the dress worn out of doors and

that worn within the house? 7. Of what materials are the clothes made? 8. Do the clothes form simple coverings or are they made in

definite close-fitting forms ? 9. Are they sewed? Needles, awls, sewing material, linen

thread, sinews, twisted bast. 10. Is the head covered? To protect it from the sun? From

the rain? 11. Are eye shields used? 12. Are special ornaments worn on the head covering ? 13. Is a cover used for the glans of the penis? (Made of wood,

woven work or leather among the Zulus and other Bantus of Africa, of shell among the Taui and Matthias Islanders, of gourds among the people of Angriffhafen, of strings in South America, etc.)

14. Are these covers considered as ornaments or as clothing? 15. At what age are they put on? 16. Are the feet covered? 17. Is there evidence of the existence of a feeling of modesty

even when but little clothing is worn? 18. Special attention is to be given to the way in which the

feeling of modesty shows itself. There are tribes among whom the women cover the face but leave their breasts uncovered. In China it is considered particularly shameless for a woman to show her foot; elsewhere the stretching out of the tongue, which among many Polynesian tribes is a sign of the utmost contempt, is re­garded as especially shameless. Every observation bearing on this matter is to be carefully noted; attention is also to be given to the reasons which the people give for such manifestations.

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G. WEAPONS.

1. Determine exactly the whole assortment of offensive and de­fensive weapons.

2. Hunting weapons. 3. Weapons used in play and in sports. 4. Are the weapons made in the country itself or imported ? 5. Older and newer forms are to be strictly distinguished. 6. The geographical distribution of the bow and arrow, spear

and shield is to be determined as accurately as possible. 7. Boomerangs and similar forms; throwing clubs, throwing

sticks etc. The peculiarity of the real boomerang consists in this, that it returns to the place from which it was thrown, if it is not diverted from its course.

8. Throwing sticks, throwing slings, and similar contrivances for throwing spears.

9. The inside of shields is to be carefully noticed. 10. Likewise the handle and its fastening. 11. Clubs. 12. Slings and sling stones. How are the stones made ready

and how are they carried? 13. Are stone axes used as weapons or as marks of honor? 14. Head protection? 15. Do small neck and breast shields, primarily employed for

ornamentation, serve also for protection? 16. Contrivances for stretching the bow wherever they are met

with are to be very carefully noted. 17. Is there any apparatus used for protection against the

recoil of the string? 18. The manner of holding the bow and arrow in stretching

is, wherever possible, to be recorded by a sketch or photographs or by exact descriptions or even with gloves stuffed and bound or nailed fast in the proper places.

19. Tightening and fastening of the bowstrings. 20. Material and preparation of the string; animal sinew, gut

string, fibers of plants, of bark, etc. 21. The occurrence of compound and strengthened bows, as

well as their preparation, deserves special attention.

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22. Almost nothing is known about the making and feathering of arrows.

23. Are there special arrow makers? 24. The manner of making and straightening the arrow shaft

and the tools necessary for this work are to be accurately described and wherever possible to be illustrated with drawings, in every case with a record of the native name.

25. Making and fastening of the arrow points. 26. Form, making, and securing of the notch. 27. Exact description of the feathering or other means of insur­

ing the flight of the arrow. 28. The occurrence of feathered arrows in the South Seas is

of great interest. In Africa arrows are often feathered, in the South Seas, according to our present knowledge, almost never. Only from North Hebrides do we know, up to the present time, of a few feathered arrows besides a large number of unfeathered ones.

29. Is the bow held horizontally or vertically? 30. In stretching the bow is the notched end of the arrow

drawn toward the shoulder or toward the breast? 31. Is the bow ever stretched with the feet? 32. At what distance is a target as large as a man hit with

some certainty? 33. How often in ten shots? 34. How great is the penetrating power of the arrow at this

distance ? 35. Armor. 36. War paint. 37. Charms against wounds. 38. Many times there have been found relics of stone weapons

in Indonesia and tropical Africa, as well as arrow points and axes chipped from flint or similar material and also polished stone axes. These last are (for example in upper Guinea and among the Monbuttu) looked upon as thunderbolts. Every occur­rence of stone implements in Africa is to be carefully recorded. The pieces themselves as relics of a vanished culture are of great scientific value.

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H. HUNTING, FISHING, CATTLE RAISING, AND AGRICULTURE.

1. Do they hunt alone or in companies? 2. Hunting dogs. Do they wear collars, bells, etc. ? 3. Property marks on spears or arrows. 4. Are there closed seasons and game laws in relation to them? 5. Have they a way of preserving meat for a long time or

are they accustomed to gorge themselves to the utmost after a lucky hunt?

6. Are they especially industrious and devoted hunters ? 7. Give an exact description of the hunt for each separate

kind of animal. 8. Stalking game. 9. Dressing in skins; fastening horns, false bird heads, etc., on

the head of the hunter. 10. Decoy calls and other tricks. 11. Game drives; use of fire. 12. Nets, wicker baskets, etc. 13. Large traps and other snaring apparatus, the originals of

which can not be obtained, are to be sketched or photographed, besides being accurately described.

14. Spring traps. 15. Traps with automatic shooting device and with spears which

drop vertically downward. 16. Blunt bird arrows. 17. Arrows with two or more points. 18. Harpoons. 19. Spears with many points. 20. Fish nets, their floaters and sinkers. 21. Fishing hooks; forms and sizes for different kinds of fish. 22. Bait. 23. Are fish stupefied with poison? 24. Give as exact an account as is possible of the source and

preparation of the poison. 25. Are hunting weapons poisoned? 26. Preparation of the poison. 27. Are birds (falcons, cormorants, etc.) trained for hunting

purposes ?

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28. Are special signs (trophies) in use for especially successful hunters ?

29. Are there special magical means used to make the hunt successful ?

30. Dialect used in hunting. 31. How many years since the natives began to hunt with guns? 32. Give a list of the domestic animals with native names. 33. Are there various names for domestic animals of the same

kind according to their color? 34. Property marks made by burning or by cutting in the shell

of the ear ? They should be sketched or photographed. 35. Is it customary to cut the male or female animals? Which

ones? 36. Who performs the operation and with what instruments? 37. Do they have any regard for pure breeding? 38. Who takes care of the domestic animals, the man or the

woman ? 39. Is it customary to deceive milch cows, as in Nubia and west­

ern Turkestan, by holding in front of them a dried calf skin? 40. Are there contrivances for keeping young animals from

sucking ? 41. Photographs or colored drawings of all domestic animals

are much desired. 42. Do they have half-tamed animals ? It may be that only the

females are kept and that these at definite times are driven out into the woods.

43. Is the blood of living animals drunk? 44. Alone or mixed with milk ? 45. How is it obtained? 46. Various methods of bloodletting, even with a small bow and

arrow. 47. Is the bloodletting practiced only by some special expert

individuals or by each cattle owner ? 48. How often and at what intervals does an animal .undergo

such bloodletting? 49. How is the wound bound up after the operation? 50. Do they look upon bloodletting as a means of healing?

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51. In the case of human beings also? 52. The instruments used are very important. 53. The canine teeth in the lower jaw of young boars (as well

in Oceania as in Africa) are often broken in order that later the tusks of the upper jaw at that time growing in the form of a circle may appear as ornaments. The distribution of this custom is to be accurately determined. Such curved tusks, but specially the complete skulls with teeth of this kind, are much desired.

54. Is the form of the horns influenced by surgical operations, such as cutting, burning, etc. ?

55. Is fodder laid up for the winter? 56. Milk industry. 57. Animal diseases and contagious troubles. 58. Is there regular agriculture or are they acquainted only

with accidentally growing food plants ? 59. Who prepares the soil? 60. How is the work divided between men, women, freemen,

and slaves? 61. Plows, spades, hoes, of iron, of wood. All the implements

used in agriculture are to be accurately drawn or photographed. 62. Native names of the implements. 63. Are the iron implements native-made or imported? 64. Make a list of all fruits of the field, of the means of sub­

sistence and of means of enjoyment, such as ornamental plants; if practicable all with the native and botanical names. Are there plants growing wild which are similar to the cultivated plants?

65. Make a collection of seeds. 66. Planting. 67. Young shoots. 68. Form of the beds. 69. Do they plant in rows or on a flat surface? 70. Fertilizing, rotation of crops, burning. 71. Havesting customs, ceremonies. 72. Sacrifices. 73. Times for sowing and harvesting. 74. How are the crops protected ? 75. Property relations. Is the land owned in common? 76. Is the land inherited?

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77. Work of surveying. 78. Bird scarers. Protection against theft. 79. Threshing; with animals, with flails which are set with

pieces of quartz, etc.

J. MEANS O F ENJOYMENT.

1. Tobacco. 2. Samples of the plant. 3. Preparation of the leaves, fermentation. 4. Snuff. 5. In many places (in Africa) there are nose pinchers which

are said to prevent the discharge of the secretions of the nose with the snuff. What happens then in sneezing?

6. Who smokes and who uses snuff? Men, women, children, many or few?

7. Of tobacco pipes, if ornamented, as large an assortment as possible is to be collected; if not ornamented only the typical pieces.

8. Is the tobacco itself cultivated or is it obtained in trade? How is this trade carried on?

9. Hashish; samples and native names of the plant. 10. By whom and in what sort of pipes is hashish or a similar

preparation smoked? 11. Are the harmful results of smoking well known? 12. From what place is hashish imported? 13. Make a careful enumeration and description of the entire

apparatus associated with betel chewing. 14. Make a record of the necessary ingredients, a collection of

samples. 15. Give a description of the whole apparatus used in the prep­

aration of kava and of the ceremonies connected with drinking it. 16. Is the root pulverized by chewing in the mouth (by girls or

by boys) or by grating as on a grating iron or by pounding in a stone mortar?

17. Do evil consequences result from excessive use? 18. Has the custom of kava drinking been native for a long

time or was it first introduced? If it was introduced, from what place and how long ago?

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19. Other means of enjoyment. 20. Palm wine and banana wine, millet and other beers. 21. Give an exact description of their manufacture. 22. Is the use of them moderate or not? 23. Are the consequences of misuse well known? 24. Epilepsy. 25. Attacks of frenzy. 26. Delirium tremens. 27. Do evil consequences to posterity result? 28. Imported intoxicants; their distribution and bad influence.

K. TOYS, GAMES, SPORT.

1. Dolls. 2. Clappers. 3. Battles. 4. Small weapons. 5. Kites. 6. Tops. 7. Ball play. 8. Other children's games. Every individual game complete. 9. The string game called "cat's-cradle" deserves special atten­

tion. I t is known among old and young in most European con-tries, in Melanesia, and among Indian and Eskimo tribes. Franz Boas and Alfred C. Haddon first directed attention to the scien­tific value of this game and published a number of string figures. I would advise every traveler to make himself familiar with these figures (and with others if he has opportunity) until he is com­plete master of them. He will with such amusements easily make friends not merely with the children but with the older people too, and this will certainly be very useful in his scientific investigations. On account of the distribution of such string figures over a large part of the inhabited world it is important to study carefully as many of them as possible and to describe them in such a way that they may be reproduced at home and compared. • For the description Haddon proposes the anatomical-scientific nomenclature which is to be used here.

In making the figures any words spoken or sounds uttered are to be carefully noted and explained as accurately as is practicable.

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For displaying or learning a string figure one can use to best advantage about 2 meters of binding thread of medium strength and smooth whose free ends are tied in a double knot. The knots are drawn together tight and the excess at the ends cut off.

TERMINOLOGY.—Corresponding to the anatomical method of designation, everything which is directed toward the thumb side of the hand is called radial, that which lies toward the little finger is called ulnar.

The fingers are distinguished as thumb, index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger (abbreviated T, I, M, E, L) . One places, for example, the index finger of the right hand and the thumb of the left hand in the knotted string and stretches the arms far part until the whole string is tight. It then consists of two loops each of which is composed of two parts which in this case merge into one another. These parts are (1) the radial part of the left-thumb loop which merges into (2) the radial part of the right-index-finger loop, and (3) the ulnar part of the right-index-finger loop which merges into (4) the ulnar part of the left-thumb loop. According to this there may be between the two hands twenty strings in all, since each loop consists of two strings, a radial and an ulnar.

A string which passes obliquely over the inner surface of the hand or of a finger is called a palmar string, one passing obliquely over the back of a hand or of a finger a dorsal string.

If in a catVcradle figure two loops pass over one finger, then the loop nearer the end of the finger is called the distal loop, the one nearer the palm of the hand the proximal. In accordance with this we speak of a distal and a proximal string.

Similarly in taking off one or several loops instead of saying "from above" or "from below," we say the loops are taken from

'the distal or the proximal side. Even if a string is to be drawn through a loop the above expressions are used.

Ordinarily after each separate transfer the strings are stretched again by extending the arms and spreading the fingers. Wher­ever this is not done, careful attention must be given to it.

If a definite way of holding the string at the beginning is re­peated in several figures, one indicates this holding every time as a

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"position." If a succession of movements is repeated one desig­nates this as a "beginning." If out of a finished figure a new one develops, then instead of a repetition one uses only the name of the figure concerned:

Examples.—Position I. Take the string over the thumb and little finger in such a way that the strings on each hand pass from the ulnar side of the hand over the back of the little finger between the little finger and the ring finger over the palm of the hand, then between the index ringer and the thumb over the back of the thumb to the radial side of the hand. If the hands are stretched out we then have on each hand a radial thumb string, and ulnar little-finger string, and a palmar string passing across from the index finger to the ring finger. This first position appears in many cat's-cradle figures from Torres Straits; in cases of repetition it is, therefore, indicated as "position."

Beginning A: Place the string in position I. Then with the back of the right index finger take the left palmar string from the proximal side (from below) and draw the index finger back. There is now a loop on the right index finger which is formed by the radial little-finger string and the ulnar thumb string of the left hand. Now draw the left index finger distal (from above) through the right-index-finger loop, take up the right palmar string proximal (from below) and draw the left index finger back again through the loop.

The resulting figure consists of six loops, a thumb, index-finger, and little-finger loop on each side. The radial little-finger strings on each hand cross in the middle of the figure so as to pass over into the ulnar index-finger string of the opposite hand. In the same way the ulnar thumb strings at their crossing points pass over into the radial index-finger strings of the opposite hand.

Description of a figure from Torres Straits.—It is called on Mer Island "ti meta" (nest of the ti bird), on Mabuiag Island "gul" (a boat). Beginning A: Place the index ringers distal in the little-finger loops of the same hand, draw back each on the proximal side of the radial little-finger string, at the same time bringing it between the ulnar thumb string and the radial index-finger string into its original position. Then let go with the little fingers. There are then two loops on each index finger and a large

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loop on the thumb. Now place the little finger distal in the two index-finger loops of the same hand and take up the two ulnar index-finger strings by spreading the fingers. Then take both thumbs out of their loops carefully and put them in again distal. With the back of the thumbs take up the strings which pass from the radial side of the index finger to the ulnar little-finger string from the palmar side and draw out the figure.

10. Similar games with closed or open strings. 11. Games of adults are to be accurately described in all details,

the rules of the game are to be accurately recorded, the objects used, and decorative pieces collected.

12. Stick fights. 13. Dances with masks. 14. Stilts. 15. Animal fights (are spurs used for cocks?); rams, drome­

daries, bulls, etc. 16. Betting. Do they lose heavily? Do they commit suicide? 17. Sporting games. 18. Eacing for wagers; swimming for wagers. 19. Eowing for wagers. 20. Climbing. 21. Wrestling. 22. Stone throwing. 23. Spear throwing and arrow shooting. 24. Shooting rats, birds. 25. Diving and other water sports, like springing, standing on

the Hawaiian surf board, etc. 26. Sledge-like craft. 27. Eiding tricks.

L. MUSIC.

1. Musical instruments up to the present time are only very incompletely represented from most tribes and therefore as complete collections as possible are to be made. Of many instruments a good photograph showing the player's characteristic manner of holding it would be very useful.

Expressions like, for example, "the usual form/' and similar expressions, are to be avoided because often little variations are

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important. So when it is impracticable to obtain the original as exact descriptions as possible with sketches or photographs are much to be desired.

2. Since stringed instruments lose their tone in transportation the tone, whenever possible, should be fixed on the spot and recorded.

Especially would it be advisable to obtain simple and typical pieces of music whenever it is practicable.

3. Every traveler in a country which has been as yet little explored should be provided with a phonographic apparatus and should record as may typical pieces of music as possible (solos, orchestra music, etc.). For this purpose one is to proceed accord­ing to the following instructions:

A. EQUIPMENT.— (a) Phonograph or graphophone with recorder and reproducer, a funnel to collect or distribute the sound, keys.

(&) Extra diaphragms or equipment for repairs. (c) Oil cans, dust brush, screw-drivers. (d) Cylinders, to be protected as far as practicable from shocks,

great heat and dampness. (e) Pitch pipes. B. EECORDING.— (a) The clockwork is to be fully wound up

before each record is made. (&) The clockwork is to be allowed to run ordinarily at average

speed; for very high, very light, or very rapid music at great speed.

(c) The apparatus is to be firmly fixed and is not to be disturbed during the recording.

(d) Each record has to begin with the "a" of the pitch pipe blown into the machine; then the number in the notebook and the title of the record are to be spoken into it.

(e) The sounding body of the instrument or the mouth of the speaker or singer is to be brought as close to the sound collector as possible without touching it.

(/) The player (or singer) may, if it is practicable, mark the beat by clapping with the hands (as near as possible to the receiv­ing end of the funnel).

(g) After recording a song the lowest and highest note of the singer (compass) is to be recorded.

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Instrumental musicians may play the entire scale of their in­struments into the phonograph in the order in which they are accustomed to play it; in the case of stringed instruments the light strings are especially to be recorded.

(h) Each record is to be entirely reproduced at once as a trial.

{%) The notebook number, the place, and title of the record are to be recorded on the cjdinder box.

(Jc) The notebook should be filled out as carefully as possible. (I) It is recommended that occasionally two records of one

piece of music be made (by different musicians). C. NOTEBOOK.— (a) Consecutive numbers of the record. (6) Date and place of the record. (c) Person of the speaker or musician:

(1) Tribe. (2) Name. (3) Age. (4) Sex. (5) Occupation.

(d) Subject of the record: (1) Speech (conversation, declamation). Song (solo.

duet, chorus or instrumental accompaniment). Instrumental music (name, description, drawing, or photograph of the instrument).

(2) Title of the piece. (3) Character of the piece (dance music, religious song,

folk song, etc.). (4) Native name of the tune.

(e) As careful a transcription as possible should be made of the song or of the specimen of language together with a translation.

(/) Is there a native musical notation of the piece in question ? (g) Noteworthy details (manner, expression of the performer,

gestures, dances, ceremonies). (h) Native theory. Scales, pentatonic, heptatonic. How do

the natives explain the number of notes in the scale ? Do they have many parts in songs and in instrumental music ?

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(i) (1) Professional musicians (organization, social standing, etc.). (2) Love-music (distribution, instruction, etc.).

(k) Eelation of native to European music. (I) Native creation myths and history of music. 4. In the case of single flutes not even the manner in which they

are blown is known to us. 5. Numerous specimens of decorated flutes as well as of instru­

ments of the type of Pan^s pipes are wanted. 6. It is to be noticed whether there are special musicians by

profession and special workmen in the manufacture of musical instruments, especially of stringed instruments.

7. Are there orchestras? 8. Are there songs for many voices? 9. Accompaniments. 10. In the case of drums a careful distinction is to be drawn as

to whether they are beaten for dances or are musical instruments in the narrower sense or whether they are used as a means of signaling.

11. The drum language deserves the most thorough study; in spite of its distribution over a very large part of Africa and Oceania, up to the present time it has been investigated and ex­planations given to us in only a very few tribes.

12. Bells. 13. Eattles and clappers. 14. Castanets. 15. Songs, sounding stones. 16. Tambourines, cymbals, kettledrums. 17. Drums with adjustible tones. 18. Clarionets, oboes, bagpipes. 19. Stringed instruments: (a) Plucked. (b) Beaten. (c)

Drawn. 20. Times of festivity when music is made. 21. Music at work (for example in rowing). 22. Skill, musical qualifications. 23. War dances. 24. Dances at which animals are imitated.

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M. MEANS O F TRANSPORTATION, BOATS, ETC.

1. Streets, paths in forest, plank walks. 2. Ordinary bridges and hanging bridges are to be studied as

carefully as possible and photographed. 3. Perries and similar contrivances. 4. Baskets for carrying loads, o. Sedan chairs, carts, etc. 6. Are men carried too, and how? ?. Boats. Transportation of the larger boats can almost never

be accomplished. Models made by professional boat builders are often to be preferred to the very large boats on account of the space available in museums. Decorations and large carvings at bow and stern, as well as samples of ornamented boards, should be secured. When this is entirely impracticable, photographs are desired. Especially when there are decorations and carvings, de­tailed descriptions and sketches should be made. If time and personal ability permit, accurate ground plans and outline plans, as well as several cross sections, would be very useful; the scale 1 to 20 has met with approval for such work. Under all circum­stances the presence of outriggers (are these always on the luff side?), double boats, upper works in the form of stages ought especially to be mentioned.

8. Are the oars held free or do they rest in nooses or loops, on rests ?

9. Position of the rower, standing, sittimg, kneeling. 10. Stroke with the oars. Who gives it? Songs and calls while

rowing. 11. Steering. Is there a special oar or a specially arranged rope

for steering? 12. Masts, gaffs, etc. 13. Sails. Material, form, rigging, and the whole technic of

sailing is to be accurately described. 14. Anchors. Whenever practicable the original or an exact

model should be secured, or at least a sketch made. 15. Scoops or shovels for scooping the water out of the boats. 16. Sea charts and other helps at sea. Astronomical knowledge

of the sailor.

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17. Extent of travel at sea (coasting voyages or voyages farther out to sea). As careful a collection as possible should be made of all information about longer involuntary voyages, their duration, direction, the strange lands reached, the loss in human life, etc.

18. Provisions for a long voyage; means of keeping them dry. 19. Floats made of trunks of trees with inflated skins; woven

vessels. 20. Swimming and diving. Is swimming always taught and

learned as walking is, or are there really men who, as is maintained, can swim without having learned how?

N. TRADE; SUBSTITUTES FOR MONEY; MEASURES

AND WEIGHTS.

1. Give a description of native trade. 2. What means of subsistence and what industrial products are

most frequently exchanged? 3. What kinds of wares do native and foreign traders bring and

what kinds do they carry away ? 4. What kinds of wares are handled in native trade only ? 5. Are only specific objects exchanged between individual vil­

lages ? 6. What articles of exchange are preferred? 7. Manner of trading. 8. Trading within the village. 9. Trading from village to village. 10. Trading with distant villages or strange tribes. 11. Visiting the markets at greater or lesser distances. 12. What are the usual substitutes for money? 13. Are they acquainted with European coins? 14. Among the Mrima in Africa, besides millet, pearls, iron and

brass wire, cloth, etc., even sand—common sea sand—has served as a substitute for money. The statement comes, it is true, only from two natives and is up to now not further supported; it may be incorrect.

15. Specimens of old European pearls used as money are much wanted but with a statement of the native names and of the relative value of each individual kind.

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16. So, too, in Africa, cowry money is to be observed, a collection of specimens obtained, and their value stated.

17. Besides this information, statements are wanted as to the value of a female slave, of a male slave, of an ox, a goat, or a sheep, of an iron mattock, of a definite length of various European cloths and all other information about the relative value of various kinds of money.

18. In Oceania the various forms of polished pearls used as money deserve the closest observation and most careful collecting, on each individual island and also in the various technical stages of their manufacture. In various cases it is to be determined under what conditions the actual passage takes place from a thing of individual manufacture to a generally recognized "money."

19. Especially in New Britain, perhaps also in the South Seas, rich people are accustomed to bind together their strings of money into very large wreaths. x\n opportunity should not be neglected, perhaps on the occasion of a punitive expedition, to secure such wreaths for a museum at home.

20. Who makes the money? 21. Where does the raw material come from? 22. Is only foreign material used or native also? 23. Is there "money" which as a whole (or in its parts) is not

used in any way for other purposes ? 24. Value and treatment of money in border regions. 25. Purchasing ceremonies; customary formulas, etc., used in

purchasing. 26. Measures. Among measures of length the span and the

fathom seem to be distributed over a large part of the world. Wherever, as on the coast, trade with pieces of cloth has gone on for hundreds of years, a fixed relation exists between these measures so that eight spans are reckoned to a fathom. Between them lie the ell and the double ell. The absolute measures (in meters and centimeters) for these quantities are different in dif­ferent places and even for individuals, according to the length of arm of the one making the measurement. It would always be useful to determine these relationships everywhere accurately. From the interior of Africa and from Oceania we have practically

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no information on these matters. Every item of information on the customary measures of length is therefore desired, especially of course if it is accompanied by comparisons with absolute measures and if the native names are recorded. It is to be especially noticed that besides the large span there may be a little span and besides the large ell a little ell. Among the Mrima of Africa the relation­ship between these two parallel measures seems to be as 4 to 5.

27. Up to now measures of capacity among primitive peoples are almost unknown; most travelers have completely overlooked them. The starting point for these seems to be the two hollow hands. It is very important to collect measures of capacity and to determine also accurately in what relations—for example, in east Africa— pischi, kibaba, kigunda, fara, and other measures of capacity stand to one another. For the measures of capacity too there may be a large £nd a small measure of the same name.

28. Weights and scales seem to be unusually rare among primi­tive people; on the coasts sometimes systems have developed which come from European weights.

O. TECHNIC.

1. House industry. Is the house industry so completely de­veloped that the collective needs of a family may without exception be satisfied within the limits of their own household?

2. Division of labor. This is to be especially observed. The first beginnings of such division are to be carefully stated.

3. Pottery. Imported pottery is to be carefully distinguished from that of native manufacture.

4. Beginnings of the potter's wheel. 5. Who is occupied in pottery making? Men, women, special

hand workers? 6. Specimens of raw and pounded material in all stages of

preparation; pieces partially finished would be very interesting too; if fragile, they could be hardened by burning just like finished ware.

7. The mallet, the spatula, as well as the tools for glazing and for doing the decorating, are much desired. Whenever large pieces of pottery can not be transported, sketches and photographs would

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be worth while; but even small fragments, specially from the bottom and from the rim and with decorations may be interesting and valuable.

8. Description of the modeling and burning. Picture of a baking oven.

9. Plaiting work; basket making. Is it a house industry or a trade ?

10. Is it carried on by men or by women? 11. Eaw material and methods of preparation. 12. Auxiliary tools. 13. Collections of pieces just begun are much desired. 14. The same is true in the same way of all other plaiting work,

as of sieves, pouches, mats, etc. 15. Names of individual specimens are very important. 16. Use of mats, baskets, etc. 17. Wood carving. Tools used in the work. Carved objects

of every kind are to be collected as completely as possible and should be accompanied by accurate explanations of their meanings.

18. What tools are used in making ornamental objects out of teeth, shells, and other hard materials?

19. How are the small holes bored in the teeth? 20. How are the large tridacna (shell) bracelets made? 21. All these things and pieces of work under way in various

stages of manufacture are to be secured and sent in. 22. Who make ornamented pieces of this kind? Special work­

men? 23. Are there individual villages in which these industries are

especially developed and from which a regular trade in decorated things is carried on?

24. Weaving. Looms are much wanted; especially with a careful statement of the native name of each individual part.

25. How is the thread obtained? 26. Spindles and other implements connected with weaving are

to be collected. 27. Is cotton cultivated? 28. Bark material. Samples of raw material. Names and leaves

of the trees of which the bast (inner bark) is used.

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29. An exact description of the whole process from the raw bast to the finished, colored, and painted bark garment. Small un­finished pieces in various stages of manufacture should be collected as well as different kinds of hammers and the support (which is always indeed to be had).

30. About the technic of painting the typical bark garments little is as yet known even in the case of the simple typical black garment of Uganda. In Tonga and Samoa regular printed forms are used. But up to the present time the technique of the beautiful variegated paintings on the bark clothes of the Baininger of Africa is entirely obscure and the meaning of them is still unknown.

31. An account of the preparation of skins, of leather, and of tanning is wanted as well as specimens of the tools and of the raw materials.

32. Dyeing. Description of the processes connected therewith and specimen of the raw materials.

33. Process of protecting certain parts of the fabric or certain sections of the warp thread from the coloring matter by winding them around.

34. Making of strings, cords, ropes, and nets. 35. Description of the process of manufacture, and a collection

of the tools, raw material and specimens of unfinished and finished pieces.

36. Manufacture of fishhooks. Secure a complete series of pieces in various stages from the raw material to the finished fishhooks, besides all kinds of finished hooks with an exact statement as to what they are called and for what fishes (native and scientific names) they are intended.

37. Boat building. Description and if possible a sketch of a native dockyard. All the tools should be collected. Accurate descriptions of the various types of boats with the native names of all the separate parts.

38. Native and scientific names of the woods used. When the botanical name is not known, twigs of the trees in question with blossoms on should be sent in.

39. How are the axes held? How is the blade on these placed? Is the blade fixed ?

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40. Do they understand the use of axes at the same time for the right and for the left hand ?

41. Do they know the use of fire for hollowing out boats? 42. How do they prevent the fire from burning through? 43. Do they understand steaming and the subsequent bending of

the sides of the boat which have been softened in hot water ? 44. Boring implements merit special interest. In boat build­

ing many implements are used which correspond to the European drill borers. Were these borers brought over lately or some genera­tions ago by European sailors and workmen or were they inde­pendently discovered? What do the natives say on this point?

45. What is the native name of these drill borers and what is a certain native boring tool called which is twirled with a free hand ?

46. In what relation do the borers used as tools stand to the fire drills?

47. Joining and fastening of the planks. 48. Making of the bridge. 49. Joining of the outriggers with the bridge. 50. Joining of the bridge to the boat. 51. How many men work on a specific boat? 52. How much time does the building of a boat require? 53. Working in metals. Kind and quality of raw materials. 54. Samples. From what plants does the charcoal needed come

and how is it obtained ? 55. Bellows. 56. Sketch or photograph of a smelting oven. 57. Bars, lumps, molds for casting. 58. Tools for hammering, punching, stamping, and chisels for

beating-in the decorations. 59. Apparatus for drawing wire. 60. Arrangement of the workshops. 61. Social standing of the smith. 62. Implements of copper, brass, and other alloys. 63. In what way does brass come into the country? 64. Where does copper come from? 65. Are there special brass founders and braziers or do the iron-

smiths work in the other metals too ? 6791S 9

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66. What is the relative value of the other metals as compared with iron?

67. Do they understand the process of casting in the "lost form" ?

P. POLITICAL RELATIONS.

1. War and military arrangements. 2. In what form is the declaration of war made? 3. In time of peace is any provision made for war, as for example

in Uganda? By beginning a commissary depot? By training surgeons ?

4. Account of a fight which was personally witnessed. 5. Battle cry. 6. Crying and shaking of the women. 7. Who does the fighting ? 8. What rights have the chiefs in time of war? The priests? 9. Discipline. 10. Kind of weapons. 11. Omens. 12. Preliminary fighting. 13. Choice of a battle ground. Open fighting. Order of battle. 14. Fighting at night. 15. Alliances; ceremonies at the conclusion of alliances. 16. War dances, songs. 17. Fate of the captives. 18. Conclusion of peace. 19. Form of government. 20. Is the territory dependent or independent? If dependent,

on whom? 21. Attitude of the chief toward the great men of the country;

toward the sorcerers and priests. 22. Eights of the chief. 23. Taxes. Services. 24. External differences. Insignia. 25. Is there a system of representation? 26. Officers. 27. Eetinue. 28. Does the chief exercise his power personally or through mid­

dlemen ?

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29. In the large federations do the members have equality of rights or is there dependence? If there is dependence, of what sort is it?

30. Does one village take the position of leadership? 31. Is tribal relationship the controlling factor in such feder­

ations ? 32. Do the communities rest on the personal preeminence of the

chief or do they continue beyond his death? 33. Are there various grades of dependence? 34. Are formal speeches made ? Do they perform symbolic acts ? 35. Political organization of the communities (villages). 36. Title and position of the chief of the village. 37. Union of several villages into larger federations. 38. Succession to the throne. Who inherits it? 39. If a successor is elected, who calls the election and who elects ? 40. Method of choosing. 41. Who is heir to the throne? 42. Who is the representative of the chief until the election or

until the beginning of his successor's rule? 43. Designation, adoption. 44. What decides the election? 45. On what does the chief's control rest? Kiches, bravery,

family connections? 46. Does the ruling family belong to a special caste or even to

another race ?

Q. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, SOCIAL RELATIONS.

1. As careful a record as possible is to be made of everything which especially in these matters is a matter of direct observation. A complete account of specific cases, especially when one is not complete master of the native idiom, may be scientifically much more valuable than superficial answers to a whole schedule of questions obtained from the statements of a dishonest interpreter. Only when one is certain of getting exact information is it worth while to discuss legal questions. Then one can try to learn some­thing about the rules of inheritance (there are tribes among whom only the brothers and nephews, not all the children, inherit), about marriage go-betweens, about divorce, blood revenge, ordeals, tests.

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Comparatively, the easiest information to get is that about the kinds of punishment (fines, beating, binding, mutilating, stran­gling, impaling, etc.) which are used for individual offenses, as for murder, body wounds, stealing, adultery, rape, high treason, witch­craft, running away of slaves, etc. But to all statements of this kind it is necessary to add whether they rest on authentic individual observations of cases or on information from missionaries familiar with the country or from others who have been acquainted with the country for many years or on the tales of the natives.

General statements about morals and the morality of a tribe are of little value. On the other hand information about specific observations and experiences is always valuable as well as a record of as many proverbs as possible, animal stories, and similar genuine expressions of the soul of the people.

2. Formulas used in the administration of justice. 3. What is considered to be right? 4. What wrong? 5. Conception of property. 6. Conduct of the wronged. 7. Self help. 8. Blood revenge. 9. Accusation. 10. Who pronounces sentence? 11. Process of giving evidence. 12. For certain decisions must an assembly give their assent? 13. On whom does the carrying out of the sentence rest? 14. Eight of resistance. 15. Difference in rank. Besides the true freemen is there also

a nobility? 16. Do the relatives of the chief form the nobility? 17. On what does the nobility rest? 18. Aie the poor dependent on the rich or is there merely a

difference in the amount of their property and their influence? 19. Political influence of the masses. 20. Castes. 21. Separation of various professional classes or of individuals. 22. Outcasts.

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23. Intermarriage and its consequences. .24. Are there servants in our sense? 25. Are there classes of people who correspond to the "clients"

of the Bomans, the "infriasi" among the Mrima of Africa? 26. Forms of greeting; towards superiors, equals, inferiors, men,

women, children, relatives and friends, at different times of day, on arriving, on leaving.

27. In greeting is a weapon or a piece of clothing taken off? 28. Slavery. 29. Besides the institution of domestic slavery is there a real trade

in slaves? 30. How much freedom do the house slaves have? 31. How does the master take care of his house slaves? 32. Have they a definite piece of ground as an allowance? 33. What are the feelings of the native population toward mas­

ters who mistreat their slaves? Are there fixed punishments for such masters or do the people content themselves with regretting such cases of mistreatment.

34. Slave forks and other means of punishment for slaves should be obtained as well as exact accounts of slave trade, transportation of slaves, buying and selling of slaves, etc.

35. Slavery for debt.

R. MARRIAGE; POSITION OF THE WOMAN, CHILDREN.

1. At what age do the men marry? At wdiat age do the women? 2. Ceremonies in courtship. 3. Ceremonies at the marriage. 4. Who makes the decision in the courtship? 6. Capturing women or survivals of such a custom. 7. Value of the chastity of the woman. 8. How is this determined? 9. Is it announced publicly on the morning after the marriage? 10. Is the purchase price given back? When and to whom? 11. How many children are born to each woman? Give a state­

ment as to how old each woman is, and how many years she has been married or how many years a widow.

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12. About how old are the living children and at what age did the dead ones die?

13. At the time of her marriage does a young woman enter into the family or the tribe of her husband ?

14. What kinds of hindrances to marriage are there ? 15. What kinds of relationship constitute a hindrance? 16. Can a man marry a woman of the same family as himself? 17. A woman with the same name? 18. A woman from the same village or tribe? 19. Is marriage tabooed between a man and a woman from dif­

ferent families or totem groups? (Compare section V, on to-temism.)

20. When, why and under what conditions is an illegitimate union between two people looked upon as permissible, when for totemic or other reasons marriage is forbidden them?

21. How do the people learn whether a prohibition of marriage exists ?

22. How are willful violations of a marriage taboo punished? 23. Are cases known of unwitting violation of a marriage taboo

because of too great difficulty in understanding one another's lan­guage?

24. What are stated or are feared to be the consequences for the couple and for their children of a violation of the marriage taboo ?

25. For how long after the birth of a child do the man and the woman remain apart?

26. Freedom of the girl before marriage. 27. Marriage fidelity. 28. Divorce and separation of the married people. Frequent or

rare? On what grounds and under what circumstances? 29. Second marriage of the woman. 30. To whom do the children belong after the divorce or sepa­

ration ? 31. Does the divorced woman keep her personal property? Her

dowry ? 32. Treatment and position of widows.

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33. Dress of widows. 34. Eemarriage. Does the widow go back to her parents or to

her tribe? 35. Does the widow fall to the brother or other relative of her dead

husband ? 36. Sexual freedom of widows. How are their illegitimate chil­

dren regarded? 37. Position and respect for woman in marriage. Is there real

independence with apparent lack of freedom? Common meals. 38. Division of labor with the men. 39. Polygamy. Does it exist in all classes of the people or only

in certain ones ? 40. Do the women live together or does each one have her special

household ? 41. Is there a chief wife and what are her privileges? 42. Do several families live under one roof ? 43. Does the custom of polyandry exist? 44. Are there arrangements which correspond to that of having

concubines ? 45. What position do the concubines have with reference to the

married women? 46. Are there temporary or trial marriages? 47. Does prostitution exist? 48. Are there special women's unions with their own organ­

ization ? 49. Are there women's houses ? 50. Attitude of the men, of the chief, toward the women's

unions. 51. What means for preventing conception are used? 52. Is their employment looked upon as permissible, as improper,

or as wrong ? 53. Are they really effective? 54. What means are they acquainted with for the premature in­

terruption of pregnancy ? If vegetable products are used the native and scientific names are to be given and at least flowers and leaves are to be collected.

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55. Is the production of artificial abortion looked upon as permis­sible, as improper, or as wrong ?

56. Evil effects of abortion on the mother. 57. Is infanticide common or rare? On what grounds is it prac­

ticed ? 58. Is infanticide regarded as improper or as wrong? 59. How and by whom is the child put to death ? 60. What is done with the child^s body ? 61. Treatment of pregnant women. 62. Conduct of women during menstruation. 63. Education of children. Is there a moral training by rewards

and punishments? 64. Instruction in technical skill and knowledge. 65. Ability to apprehend. 66. Authority of parents. 67. C4iving the name. 68. Who decides on the name? 69. Give as long a list as possible of personal names, divided

according to sex, carefully transcribed and wherever possible with a translation.

70. At what age does puberty appear in boys? In girls? 71. Events at the coming of puberty. 72. Description of the festivities, dances, singing, and ceremonies. 73. Does the family alone celebrate or the entire village? Does

the celebration take place once each year and at what time of year ? 74. Do the festivities in connection with puberty occur at the

same time with introduction into some cult society? 75. Is there a taboo on food during the time of preparation for

the ceremonies? During the festivities? 76. Change of name. 77. Building of special huts. 78. Making of masks, carvings, dolls. 79. A collection should be made, or at least an exact description,

of the ornamental pieces, masks, and other things used during the festivities. Photographic, phonographic, and, if possible, cinema­tographic records of the festivities are much desired.

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S. BIRTH AND DEATH.

1. Posture of the woman in labor. 2. Where are the children born? In the open air? In the

common living room? 3. Do they understand how to bring to life a child born appa­

rently dead? 4. Help given by special experts. 5. Do they undertake the larger operations? (Cesarean opera­

tion in Uganda.) 6. Amulets and charms for making the birth easier. 7. What is done with the umbilical cord and with the after­

birth? 8. Conduct of the man. 9. Treatment of the lying-in woman. 10. Treatment of the newly born child. 11. Infanticide. (See E. 57 and following.) 12. How do they look upon twins? 13. Are special festivities arranged in celebration of a birth? 14. How long does childbed last? 15. How long is the child nursed? 16. Death and burial. Where do they bury? In the huts? In

the bush ? 17. Do they bury at once after death? If not, how long a time

after ? 18. Ceremonies at time of burial. 19. Additional ceremonies. 20. Making ready the grave. 21. Do they make temporary burials ? 22. Are they acquainted with natural causes of death or do they

believe in witchcraft, etc. ? 23. Signs of sorrow; shaving, dark garments, painting the face

white, amputation of finger joints, etc. 24. Burning the body. In the house or on a funeral pyre?

What ceremonies are performed with the ashes ? 67918 11

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T. RELIGION, CULTS, MYTHOLOGY.

1. Even more here than in the investigation of legal matters is dependent upon careful personal observation; every such observa­tion is important and valuable. Answers to a list of questions are entirely unreliable unless the questions are asked by some one who through long } ears of intimate contact with the natives has won their entire confidence. Careful records of individual observations are always serviceable as well as collections of amulets and objects of every kind used in cults together with as exact an account as possible of the names, and the uses to which they are put.

Doubtful words like fetish, idol, etc., are best entirely avoided. It is very important to gather together all carved figures, masks, etc., which are connected with religious ideas—but with the mere collection in things of this kind the work is not done. Spears and shields can be collected without end like beetles and butterflies with which a statement of place and time is sufficient. It is quite different with all the things which are connected with religious ideas. In the case of these things it is necessary to learn the mean­ing of each individual thing. The time has passed in which one could assume with Finsch (Wiener Annalen, 1888) that the carv­ings of the people of New Ireland were done "according to humor and fancy." We know now that at the basis of all kinds of artistic work there lie very definite mythological or religious ideas or ideas important in some other way, just as St. Peter is represented with a key, another saint with a gridiron and a third with a hatter's bow. Just as the devout Catholic and the art historian recognize each individual saint by his symbols and as in these cases there can be no question of humor or caprice, so it is with the carvings of primitive peoples. Here too certainly each individual character has a very definite meaning. Among the American Indians of the northwest coast these relations have become more accurately under­stood, mainly through Franz Boas. In other countries almost everything still remains to be investigated; especially in New Guinea, in the Bismarck Archipelago, and in the Solomon Islands we have a rich, almost untouched field for investigations of this kind. Naturally such subtle problems can not be solved at the time of a hasty visit and from one day to another. They presuppose

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a complete knowledge of the native language as well as long years of intimate association with the natives. In every case work of this kind can be done only on a broad mythological basis, and where this is lacking, only preparatory work can at best be done or ma­terial collected.

For these reasons the mere collecting of idols is a service; we must indeed be thankful to everyone who preserves from destruc­tion valuable monuments of the psychological activity of mankind. But in 1899 a missionary of the Basel mission boasted publicly that he had piled up heaps of idols in Kamerun and burned them. Fortunately this man with his mediaeval views and ideas stands quite alone among his fellow-workers; our collections contain many and magnificent evidences of the truly scientific spirit of mission­aries and the names of von den Biesen, von den Burgt, Merensky, J. G. Pfalzer, Eascher (to name here only a few out of many) will stand for all coming centuries written with golden letters in the honor books of the museum and of science.

Undoubtedly the old religious ideas of the natives are properly the territory which missionaries before all others are called upon to study and to make known to posterity. This is not only their duty, because they more than all others contribute to the rapid disap­pearance of old customs and practices, but it is, too, to their own advantage, for how can missionaries generally expect to teach suc­cessfully a new religion without understanding the old? So mis­sions and ethnology seem to have mutual needs and to be able to render mutual help. We have for a long time considered that po­litical success too in protectorates can be expected and attained only on a foundation of ethnographic experiences and that ignorance of ethnographic relations is only too often followed by political failure and by great loss of money and human life.

2. Eeligious ceremonies. 3. Processions. 4. Dances. 5. Masks and disguises are especially important and are to be

accurately studied and as many photographs and originals as pos­sible are to be collected.

6. Feasts.

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7. At what times and on what occasions do they have feasts? 8. In memory of the dead. 9. Feasts with sexual characters. 10. Prayers; of individuals, of chiefs, of priests, in the houses,

in the open air, in temples. 11. What kinds of sacrifices are offered, by individuals, chiefs,

priests, in the open air, in temples? Do they use altars? 12. Is food offered as a sacrifice? 13. What becomes of this? Is it destroyed or eaten and by

whom ? Or is it made to disappear by some trick ? 14. Are other things sacrificed in order to please the deity or to

impose a privation on one s self ? 15. Human sacrifices; prisoners of war, slaves, those belonging

to the tribe. 16. How are the victims put to death? What is done with the

bodies ? 17. What do they think happens to the souls of the victims? 18. Sacrifice of hair, nails, fingertips. 19. Shearing the hair. 20. Making of sacrifices before meals. At the beginning of a

journey. 21. Fasting, scourging, self-mortification. 22. Who is "unclean" and why? 23. How does one become "clean" again? 24. Native words for the conception of physical and moral purity

and impurity. 25. Priests and their social relations, descent, dress. 26. Eainmakers. 27. Do the sorcerers seem sincere or do they act like deceivers? 28. Mysteries and orgies, hypnotism. 29. What becomes of the souls of the dead? 30. Who brings the souls into the next world? 31. Is the journey into the kingdom of shadows made at once

after death ? 32. If not, where does the soul or the shade remain in the mean­

time?

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33. How are the souls represented or how does one imagine their appearance ?

34. Besides the body and the soul, do they recognize still a third entity, perhaps analogous to the "srahman" of the Guinea coast ?

35. Do these shadow souls go away in dreams ? In trances ? 36. How do they explain seeing the dead in dreams? Appari­

tions ? 37. Do their ideas of the life of the soul after death seem original

or to have been influenced by outsiders ? 38. Intercourse with the other world. 39. Have animals and plants souls also? 40. Do they believe in the existence of animals with human

-understanding or of special intelligence? 41. Do they believe that in food, weapons, ornaments, etc., which

they bring as offerings or destroy, a kind of shadow is contained which serves the dead in the future life—in kingdom of shades— just as real things serve the living ?

42. Can the souls of the dead reappear ? 43. Are they afraid of these souls and how do they protect them­

selves against them? 44. Where is the kingdom of shades situated ? 45. Do the souls wander about? 46. How do they look upon life in the next world? 47. Are the souls of their ancestors or of dead chiefs looked

upon as demons or as higher beings? 48. Are there images of their ancestors? 49. Do they keep their skulls or their lower jaws? 50. Can these images or bodily remains bring good or ill luck ? 51. Do they look upon all diseases as caused by demons or only

delirium, maniacal, epileptic, and other purely psychopathic con­ditions ?

52. Have these demons forced their way into the body or do they only torment it from without ?

53. Exorcism.. 54. Who exorcises—priests, surgeons, sorcerers, women? 55. Can the demons of sickness be fastened upon animals, plants,

or lifeless things ? 67918 12

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56. Are hysterical and epileptic fits, conditions of trance, etc., used for intercourse with the other world and do individuals w ho are suited for it act as mediums, sorcery priests, etc. ?

57. Can the souls of the dead be summoned or are they ac­quainted with things which are analogous to our spiritualistic humbug ?

58. Are there carved objects and similar things which represent ghosts or demons?

59. Are sacrifices offered to them? 60. Are they piously guarded and held in honor or are they mis­

treated under certain conditions? (Driving in nails, calling out to them, etc.)

61. Do they consider whether such carvings are real demons or only symbols of such ?

62. Are there also spirits in free nature? 63. Who sees them? 64. Has every man such a spirit ? 65. Do such spirits live on mountains, in seas, in rivers, in great

trees, in swamps, etc. ? 66. Are dangerous animals looked upon as spirits ? 67. Are such animals considered the ancestors of men? 68. Are such spirits or animals the object of a cult? 69. What kind of gods are honored? 70. Do they correspond to the great "manifestations of nature,

the vault of the heavens, the sun, rain, lightning, and thunder? 71. Are lightining and thunder looked upon as separate? 72. Is there a god of the winds and the storm or are these looked

upon as separate according to their direction? 73. Are there good and bad gods who are unfriendly to one

another ? 74. Is there a god who is more powerful than the others ? 75. Is there a creator? 76. Does he concern himself about little happenings on earth or

does he hold himself so much above these that one must turn for help to lesser gods ?

77. Are the gods of neighboring peoples honored, feared, or lightly esteemed?

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78. Priests, surgeons, sorcerers. 79. Appearance, clothing, dress. 80. Their preparation for their office. 81. Secret language. 82. Jugglery for the deception of the people. 83. Dances. 84. Treatment of the sick. 85. Fees. 86. Animals for sacrifice and for oracles. 87. Influence on rain and sunshine. 88. Fraudulent means like spying, systems of overhearing, etc.,

in order to get control over the common people. 89. Threats of punishment, epidemics, famine, etc. 90. Hostile feeling towards foreigners, especially white people,

missionaries, and others. (Further guidance and direction in the observation of priests and sorcerers are to be found in the book by the Missionary Bohner, "In the Land of the Fetish." Press of the Basel Missionary Book Store.)

91. Priestesses. Their functions and their social position. 92. Temples. 93. Idols. 94. Amulets and means of working magic with as accurate a

statement as possible of the name, manufacture, and effect. 95. On spiritual and worldly power compare P. 21. 96. Mythology. As complete a collection as possible of native

tales, fables, and myths, with an accurate translation and careful spelling, would be a very difficult but highly serviceable undertak­ing. But small specimens, too, of such tales would be welcomed.

U. TOTEMISM.

This is a kind of partly religious, partly social system in which single clan-like groups of a tribe call themselves after some par­ticular animal (rarely plant) species, especially honor this totem, and many times indeed consider that they are descended from it.

Traces and survivals of such totemic views are to be noted with special care. They may easily remain entirely unknown to the hasty traveler and are often, too, overlooked after long years of

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residence. They appear first of all in certain otherwise incompre­hensible hindrances to marriage, in that for example a deer can not marry a deer. (Compare questions under R.)

1. Do the children follow the totem of the father or that of the mother ? If the father is a beaver and the mother a turtle, are the children then beavers or turtles?

2. Is there an absolute marriage taboo between those belonging to the same totem?

3. How do the people act toward their totem animal or totem plant ?

4. Is there a food taboo with reference to the totem? 5. What is the relation of immature children to the totem? 6. Are there different totems for men and women? 7. What are the consequences of the injury or killing of the

totem ? 8. Are there proceedings in connection with ceremonies in cele­

bration of puberty which point to a connection with totemism? 9. Are there besides the common totem for all of the same kin

still other totems for individuals?

V. MEDICINE.

1. Surgeons would do a very useful thing if they would make accurate records of all diseases observed by them, of the native therapeutics, of the frequency of infectious diseases, of the treat­ment of surgical cases, etc.; laymen, too, if they would as far as possible collect everything which is known to them in the way of medicinal material, especially the native drugs with statement of the name, the preparation, the supposed or actual healing power, together with pressed leaves, flowers, and pieces of bark of the plants concerned.

2. As accurate data as possible about poisons, their preparation and use, should be furnished.

3. Poisoned arrows and the antidotes used for them. 4. Poisons used at ordeals. 5. Especially important are statements as detailed as possible

about epidemic and endemic diseases. 6. Importance and extent of syphilis.

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?'. Of frambcesia. 8. Of leprosy. 9. Of tuberculosis. 10. Of alcoholism. 11. Evil results of smoking hashish. 12. Of smoking opium. 13. Of using coca. 14. Of drinking kava. 15. Statement about famines. 16. Are there real dectors, surgeons, midwives (male or female),

or only sorcerers? 17. Description of a surgical operation which was actually

witnessed (Cesarean operation in Uganda). Setting broken bones, dislocations, etc. It is definitely stated that in New Britain, in cases of fracture of the long bones, the broken bones are regularly pegged together. It would be important for many reasons to prove this statement. Bones which have been treated in this way would be a very important acquisition and would reward one richly for the trouble of digging them up.

18. Trepanning. Exact description of the operation; technique; statistics; collection of as large a number as possible of trepanned skulls.

W. RECKONING O F TIME; ASTRONOMY; HISTORY.

1. Do they understand dividing the days according to the posi­tion of the sun or according to the direction or length of the shadow ?

2. How are small divisions of time measured or indicated? (As in our Alpine countries one may hear of a road six "paternosters" long, or as they say that one should cook an egg for a "paternoster.")

3. Do they understand division of the month; that is, the time between two successive occurrences of the same phase of the moon ?

4. How many days has a week? (Days, months and years are natural divisions of time which are everywhere given the same; on the other hand our division of the lunar month into four weeks is quite arbitrary and accidental; there are actually tribes with longer and with shorter weeks than our seven-day one.)

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5. Do they recognize the accidental equal division of a solar year into thirteen lunar months? Do they realize that this equal division is only an accidental one and do they try by means of an intercalary day to bring the two reckonings together?

6. Native names for the conceptions day, week, month, year. 7. Native names for the months. 8. Native names for the days of the week. 9. Native names for the seasons of the year. (For times of

sowing and reaping compare H, 74.) 10. Astronomical knowledge. 11. Native names of stars and constellations. 12. The most careful record should be made of every kind of

historical tale, wherever possible in the exact words of the narrator with an interlinear translation added. Even if such tales as a rule contain many fables they are nevertheless very important.

The separation of really native tales from those of foreign origin requires great care. Thus we find material from the Panchatantra, from the Thousand and One Nights, from the Koran, and especially from the Bible, very often among tribes where the way in which it was directly and recently introduced is perfectly clear; in other cases much investigation is needed in order to determine the way by which it was introduced. But always the written record of tales undoubtedly recent, and of those introduced from European sources is desired. They are often of use in the study of language.

13. How is the remembrance of past events kept alive? 14. Picture writing. Bundles or cords knotted. 15. Handing down records through songs. 16. Family tree of the ruling family. 17. Eemembrance with reference to the coming of European

travelers, to natural phenomena, appearance of epidemics, etc. 18. Linguistic meaning of the tribal name. 19. Eemembrance of an original home and earlier wanderings. 20. Connection with neighboring tribes. Historical remem­

brance of them. 21. Myths about the introduction of any technical work. 22. Are there historical or mythical "heroes"? 23. Eemembrance of a great flood.

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24. Are there prehistoric relics and is their importance recog­nized? (Prehistoric stone axes of the Guinea coast among the Monbuttu—just as among our farmers—are looked upon as thun­derbolts.)

25. Belies of prehistoric culture are to be carefully collected, structures are to be sketched or photographed.

26. Explanation of eclipses of the sun and moon. 27. Behavior of the natives at such times.

X. COUNTING AND RECKONING.

1. In counting do they make use of the fingers and toes? 2. Are they acquainted with the use of small sticks, stones, etc.,

in counting? 3. The way in which the finger is held in counting is to be

exactly described, or recorded by a series of photographs. 4. What kind of a system do they use, decimal or some other

kind? 5. The number 5 is often indicated by the word for hand, ten by

hands, 15 by a foot, 20 by a man. In other ethnographic areas they use the designation 10 less 1 for 9, etc. Phenomena of this kind are to be carefully investigated and recorded.

6. Native names of numbers from 1 to 100. 7. What is the highest number conception? 8. Is there a number word used to express the idea "much" or

"very much" (600 among the Bomans, 40 among the Turkish peoples, etc.) ?

9. Beckoning and primitive aids to it in small trading. 10. How do they lay out the ground plan of houses and huts ? 11. How do they determine the boundaries of gardens, fields,

and pieces of land generally?

Y. LINGUISTICS.

Linguistic material is best recorded according to the "Handbook for recording foreign languages" of von den Gabelentz, Berlin, Mittler and Son, 1892. But one should not neglect to give for every noun the plural form (dual and number for 3). The use of

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the section "Linguistics," in Dr. von Neumayer's "Directions for scientific observations in travel" (edition of 1905), is also recom­mended.

When, for making exact records, time and inclination are lack­ing, one should notice the number words (whenever possible in connection with various nouns), the names of separate parts of the body and the best known animals. One should ask for the words for the simplest acts, as to eat, to sleep, to cook, to come, to stand, besides to hack, to sew, to reap, to tend cattle, to milk, to kill, to fish, to hunt, to make pottery, to plait, according to the occupation of the people in question. Some pronouns should be learned.

One should note sentences of daily conversation, as one can do without trouble, and leave in the speech in question, but ac­companied by translations, simple sentences in which the same word is repeated: as for example, the dog runs, the man runs, the big dog sleeps, the big man sleeps.

The collection of animal myths and similar stories is recom­mended. They are to be provided with an interlinear translation. Proverbs are very valuable but they need besides the translation an explanation of their use.

The spelling should be as far as possible phonetic. Whoever thinks this too difficult may use the written characters as he is accustomed to them in English, perhaps with the additional help of German and French characters, but he must always be consistent in his spelling. Statements about the native country of the collector and the significance of the signs used by him are necessary.

If one finds in the country manuscript material about the language by settlers, missionaries, or intelligent natives, then exact information about the compass and the content of the work and the writer of it is much desired if the material itself can not be obtained.

Z. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY.

The layman, too, can collect anthropological material. But measurements and anthropological descriptions must be practically learned. Measurements taken by laymen according to their own opinions or following printed instructions are as a rule worthless.

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1. Photographs of the head and of the whole body, full front and in profile; orientation always the same; middle plane of the head exactly vertical; the line from the middle of the upper open­ing of the ear to the lowest point of the lower rim of the eye opening exactly horizontal.

2. As many specimens as possible of hair with exact statements of the age, tribe, and sex of the person from whom each individual specimen came.

3. Secure as large a series of skulls as possible. As trophies and for other reasons great numbers of skulls are often gathered together in single huts. It would be very useful to remove such collections entire, so far as this may be done, without arousing scandal and dissatisfaction.

The layman should also keep constantly in mind that every individual skull which he brings in is more important than a gen­eral description of the type. Every opportunity of saving, without violating consecrated ground and arousing scandal, a large number of skulls—if possible \Vith the lower jaws—from destruction in the ground or by fire should be zealously used; similarly also every opportunity to secure whole skeletons. Under some circumstances a very superficial cleaning is sufficient, perhaps only the removal of the flesh and drying—everything else can be attended to at the Museum.

In the Philippines a number of caves and rock-shelves have been found, in provinces now Christian and civilized, which were used for burial purposes in early times, probably before the Spanish conquest. In some of these burial places have been found deformed skulls, trinkets, large jars containing human remains, and other material throwing light on the ancient culture of the Philippines. Material of this kind will be very acceptable to the Museum of the Bureau of Science. On making a "find" all the circumstances of the locality should be noted at the time and if practicable a photograph of the objects should be taken before they are disturbed.

For those who are accustomed to taking anthropological measure­ments and who have the necessary instruments the following list of measurements may be useful:

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Place Date No Name .. Age Sex

Heights all to be measured from ground up. Top of head ; auditory meatus ; top of sternum Shoulder tip ; elbow ; wrist ; t ip of middle finger. Top of femur ; knee joint .... ; ankle, lower border

Breadth of shoulders ; chest ; hips ; antero-posterior-chest. Head length ; head breadth ; head height Forehead height ; forehead, narrowest width Face height (chin-nasion) ..; face width (widest cheekbones) Body weight ; color skin (face and chest) ; color hair Texture hair ; color eyes ; shape nose ; height ; width. Shape lips ; shape ears Pulse rate ; respiration ra te Right handed ; left handed Teeth Remarks

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