table of contents list of figures 8 list of ...9.2.2 description of condition: kv b 154 / motorway...
TRANSCRIPT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. 8
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. 20
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... 23
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................... 30
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 35
2 RESEARCH METHODS .......................................................................... 41
3 HISTORY OF ROUNDABOUTS ............................................................. 43
4 ELEMENTS OF THE ROUNDABOUT .................................................. 46
4.1 Definitions .................................................................................................... 46
4.2 Design principles .......................................................................................... 47
4.2.1 Outer diameter .............................................................................................. 47
4.2.2 Circulatory roadway, roundabout pavement, truck apron ............................ 48
4.2.3 Central Island (AUT) / District Island (GER) .............................................. 49
4.2.4 Median traffic island ..................................................................................... 55
4.2.5 Bypass ........................................................................................................... 55
5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROUNDABOUT TRAFFIC ........................ 58
5.1 Distribution of the roundabouts according to size ........................................ 58
5.2 Distribution of roundabouts according to purpose ....................................... 60
5.3 Distribution of roundabouts according to the number of roundabout arms . 60
5.4 Distribution of roundabouts according to the number of traffic lanes ......... 64
5.5 Distribution of roundabouts according to traffic levels ................................ 65
5.5.1 Roundabout in a traffic level with adjoining roads ...................................... 66
5.5.2 Roundabout on a different level than adjoining roads .................................. 66
5.6 Turbo roundabouts ........................................................................................ 69
6 DRAINAGE OF THE ROUNDABOUTS ................................................ 72
6.1 Drainage of the roundabout pavement to the outside ................................... 72
6.2 One-sided drainage of the roundabout pavement ......................................... 74
7 DAMAGE TO THE ASPHALT PAVEMENT ........................................ 76
7.1 Causes of damage in asphalt pavements ...................................................... 76
7.2 Unevenness in the asphalt in a longitudinal direction .................................. 77
7.3 Unevenness in the asphalt in the transverse direction .................................. 78
7.4 Crack formation in asphalt ........................................................................... 79
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 6
7.5 Surface damage in asphalt ............................................................................ 81
8 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF THE "RIGHT"
ASPHALT CONSTRUCTION FOR THE ROUNDABOUT
PAVEMENT ............................................................................................... 83
8.1 Asphalt mix - structure, composition and properties .................................... 83
8.2 The conventional road bitumen or the polymer modified bitumen (PmB)? 86
8.2.1 Methods for testing bitumen properties ........................................................ 87
8.2.2 Test methods for hot asphalt - wheel tracking (EN 12697-22, 2020) ........ 103
8.2.3 Interpretation of the results of bitumen tests .............................................. 105
8.3 Influence of shear forces when choosing the right asphalt mix for a roundabout .................................................................................................. 107
8.3.1 Driving dynamics and driving geometry when driving in the roundabout pavement of a roundabout .......................................................................... 107
8.3.2 Numerical simulation to determine the plastic deformations in the bituminous layer package ........................................................................... 115
8.4 Construction of asphalt pavement structure for roundabouts ..................... 116
8.4.1 Structure of road body ................................................................................ 116
8.4.2 Determination of the relevant traffic load .................................................. 128
8.4.3 Asphalt pavement construction for roundabouts ........................................ 140
8.4.4 Asphalt pavement structures for the roundabouts in the rest of Austria and Switzerland ................................................................................................. 159
8.4.5 Mastic asphalt as pavement construction for roundabouts ......................... 178
8.4.6 Asphalt with added hydrated lime for roundabouts ................................... 194
8.4.7 Semi-rigid wearing courses as a variant when asphalting the roundabout pavement ..................................................................................................... 198
9 DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ROUNDABOUT INSTALLATIONS CARRIED OUT ...................................................... 208
9.1 Roundabout on the B 145 / highway A1 in Regau (Upper Austria) .......... 209
9.1.1 Relevant roundabout data: KV B 145 / highway A1 in Regau .................. 209
9.1.2 Description of condition: KV B 145 / highway A1 in Regau .................... 215
9.2 Roundabout on the B 154 / highway A1 in Mondsee (Upper Austria) ...... 217
9.2.1 Relevant roundabout data: KV B 154 / highway A1 in Mondsee .............. 217
9.2.2 Description of condition: KV B 154 / motorway A1 in Mondsee ............. 222
9.3 Two roundabouts on the B 151 Lenzing bypass (Upper Austria) .............. 224
9.3.1 Relevant roundabout data: KV North and KV South - B 151 Lenzing bypass 224
9.3.2 Status description: KV Nord, B 151 Lenzing bypass ................................. 229
9.3.3 Status description: KV South, B 151 Lenzing bypass ................................ 234
9.4 Roundabout Imst on Arzil at the junction B 171/ B 189 (TIR) .................. 236
9.4.1 Relevant roundabout data: KV Imst on Arzil B 171/B 189 ....................... 236
9.4.2 Description of condition: KV on Arzil at the junction B 171 / B 189 ........ 242
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 7
9.5 Roundabout B 9 / Krücklstraße Hainburg (Lower Austria) ....................... 244
9.5.1 Relevant roundabout data: KV B 9 / Krücklstraße Hainburg ..................... 244
9.5.2 Status description: KV B 9 / Krücklstraße in Hainburg ............................. 249
9.6 Roundabout on the L 1101/L 1026 in Schwand (Upper Austria) .............. 251
9.6.1 Relevant roundabout data: KV L 1101/L 1026 Schwand .......................... 251
9.6.2 Status description: KV L 1101/L 1026 in Schwand ................................... 256
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LIST OF FIGURES 8
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: "Cracks around Marbach's Linde roundabout" (Südkurier, 2020) ......... 35
Figure 2: "Accusations against planners: roundabout cracks again"
(Schwarzwälder Bote Mediengruppe, 2020) ................................................ 36
Figure 3: "Altenburg roundabout to be renovated during the summer holidays”
(Wochenblatt, 2020) ..................................................................................... 36
Figure 4: "How did the serious bicycle accident occur?” (Verlags-GmbH, 2020) 36
Figure 5: Author's identity card as road construction expert for Austrian justice
(Hrapović, 2020) .......................................................................................... 42
Figure 6: Columbus Circle in New York anno 1904 (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 1) ....... 43
Figure 7: Columbus Circle in New York today (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 1) ................ 43
Figure 8: Roundabout around Arc de Triomphe in Paris in 1907 (Hrapović 1,
2020, p. 2) .................................................................................................... 44
Figure 9: Roundabout around Arc de Triomphe in Paris in 2015 (Hrapović 1,
2020, p. 2) .................................................................................................... 44
Figure 10: Thomas Circle roundabout in Washington D.C. USA 1922 (Hrapović 1,
2020, p. 3) .................................................................................................... 45
Figure 11: The first roundabout in Germany in the centre of Leipzig 1951
(Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 3) ............................................................................... 45
Figure 12: Definition of individual design elements and dimensions of a
roundabout (system sketch) (RASt 06, 2006) ............................................... 46
Figure 13: Three trees in the central island seen from a distance (Hrapović 1,
2020, p. 197) ................................................................................................ 49
Figure 14: Three trees in the central island seen from close up (Hrapović 1, 2020,
p. 198) .......................................................................................................... 50
Figure 15: Artistic design of the central island (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 380) ........... 50
Figure 16: Pets in front of the castle (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 381) ........................... 51
Figure 17: Passable central island (RVS 03.05.14, 2010) ...................................... 52
Figure 18: Example of a roundabout with the passable central island (Hrapović 1,
2020, p. 38) .................................................................................................. 52
Figure 19: Formation of curbs at mini-roundabouts (NRW, 1999) ........................ 52
Figure 20: Tractrix curve of a truck in a mini-roundabout (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 29)
...................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 21: Tractrix curve of a car in a mini-roundabout (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 28)
...................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 22: Mini-roundabout with a passable central island in the author's place of
residence Voecklabruck (Hrapovic, 2019) ................................................... 54
Figure 23: Position of the axes of roundabout arms (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ............... 54
Figure 24: Median traffic island with crossing point (Land OÖ 1, 2007) (edited by
author) .......................................................................................................... 55
Figure 25: Types of routing for bypasses (RVS 03.05.14, 2010) ............................. 56
Figure 26: Bypass with right-turning lane and right-turning lane as a rule
(RVS 03.05.14, 2010) ................................................................................... 56
Figure 27: Bypass without right-turning lane (not a standard case!) (RVS 03.05.14,
2010) ............................................................................................................ 57
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LIST OF FIGURES 9
Figure 28: Bypass at a roundabout (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 6) ................................. 57
Figure 29: Distribution of roundabouts by size (Hoffmann, 2010) ......................... 59
Figure 30: Three-arm roundabout (sketch) (Lagemann, 2004) .............................. 60
Figure 31: Three-arm roundabout (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 114) ............................... 61
Figure 32: Four-arm roundabout (sketch) (Lagemann, 2004) ................................ 61
Figure 33: Four-arm roundabout with geometric elements (RVS 3.44, 2001) ....... 62
Figure 34: Four-arm roundabout (example) (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 20) ................. 62
Figure 35: Five-arm (multi-arm) roundabout (sketch) (Lagemann, 2004) ............. 63
Figure 36: The multi-arm and multi-lane Arc de Triomphe roundabout in Paris
(Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 23) ............................................................................. 63
Figure 37: Example of a 1-lane roundabout (HLSV, 2004) .................................... 64
Figure 38: A small 2-lane roundabout (HLSV, 2004) ............................................. 65
Figure 39: A large 2-lane roundabout (Kleine Zeitung, 2016) ............................... 65
Figure 40: Right-turning lanes are located outside the roundabout pavement
(Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 24) ............................................................................. 66
Figure 41: a) one large roundabout, b) two smaller roundabouts ("dog bones")
(Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 24) ............................................................................. 67
Figure 42: The large roundabout in the Czech Republic near Opatovice
(Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 25) ............................................................................. 67
Figure 43: Söll roundabout on the B 178 Loferer Straße (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 332)
...................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 44: Beautiful central island of the Söll roundabout on the B 178 Loferer
Straße (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 342) ........................................................... 68
Figure 45: Two smaller roundabouts, type "dog bones" near Ried im Innkreis
(Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 26) ............................................................................. 69
Figure 46: Traffic conflict points according to the shape of the intersection
(Hoffmann & Zotter, 2011) .......................................................................... 70
Figure 47: Digital model of a so-called turbo tondes (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 43) ... 71
Figure 48: Turbo roundabout in Austria in the town of Bruck an der
Großglocknerstraße (Hrapović 1, 2020, p. 47) ........................................... 71
Figure 49: Outward drainage of the roundabout pavement (Hrapović 1, 2020, p.
55) ................................................................................................................ 72
Figure 50: Roundabout at the Brenner B182 Brennerstraße in Tyrol (Hrapović 2,
2020, p. 352) ................................................................................................ 73
Figure 51: Level plan of the roundabout on the Brenner B182 Brennerstrasse in
Tyrol with the roundabout's pavement gradient of 2.5 % to the outside
(Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 354) ........................................................................... 73
Figure 52: One-sided gradient of the roundabout pavement in one plane
(RVS 03.05.14, 2010) ................................................................................... 74
Figure 53: Level plan of the "Shell Rohrbach" roundabout in Upper Austria with
drainage on one side (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 118) ........................................ 74
Figure 54: Surface water runs vertically on the isohypses (Hrapovic, 2020) ......... 75
Figure 55: Factors influencing road condition (Krause, 2020, p. 14) .................... 77
Figure 56: Unevenness in the asphalt in a longitudinal direction
(Hoffman 2, 2013, p. 39) (edited by author) ................................................ 78
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LIST OF FIGURES 10
Figure 57: Unevenness in the asphalt in the transverse direction
(Hoffman 2, 2013, p. 40) (edited by author) ................................................ 79
Figure 58: Crack formation in asphalt (Hoffman 2, 2013, p. 41) (edited by author)
...................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 59: Surface damage in asphalt (Hoffman 2, 2013, p. 42) (edited by author)
...................................................................................................................... 82
Figure 60: Paving asphalt (DAV, 2020) .................................................................. 83
Figure 61: Various aggregates for the asphalt mix (Schönleitner, 2014) ............... 84
Figure 62: Section through paved asphalt (DAV, 2020) ......................................... 84
Figure 63: Different levels of consideration of the bond between bitumen and
aggregate (Grothe & Wistuba, 2010) ........................................... 85
Figure 64: Interface between bitumen and aggregate at 8,000x magnification (left)
and at 10,000x magnification (right) (Grothe & Wistuba, 2010) ................ 85
Figure 65: European standards for bitumen (EN 12591, 2009) ............................. 86
Figure 66: Conventional road bitumen (Spiegl & Steidl, 2009) ............................. 87
Figure 67: Polymer-modified bitumen (PmB) (Vondenhof, Lars, & Sörensen, 2013)
...................................................................................................................... 87
Figure 68: left: Apparatus for conducting the penetration test for bitumen, right:
100 g needle (Hospodka, 2013, p. 32) ......................................................... 88
Figure 69: left: Breaking point machine, right: Bending device (Hospodka, 2013, p.
33) ................................................................................................................ 89
Figure 70: left: Ring and ball machine, top right: Bitumen bag, bottom right:
Measuring rings (Hospodka, 2013, p. 31) ................................................... 90
Figure 71: Elastic recovery (Hospodka, 2013, p. 34) ............................................. 90
Figure 72: Difference between road bitumen B 70/100 and PmB 45/80-65
(Hospodka, 2013, p. 45) ............................................................................... 91
Figure 73: Ductilometer for the ductility test (Hoffmann 2, 2013) ......................... 91
Figure 74: Apparatus for RTFOT: Rolling Thin Film Oven, top right: Air lance and
vertical rotating drum, lower right: RTFOT bottles (Hospodka, 2013, p. 28)
...................................................................................................................... 92
Figure 75: The apparatus for the PAV test: left: Pressure Aging Vessel, centre:
Pressure vessel, right: Bowl holder with filled bowls (Hospodka, 2013, p.
29) ................................................................................................................ 93
Figure 76: Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) including plate-plate measuring
system and measuring heads PP08 (Ø 8 mm) and PP25 (Ø 25 mm)
(Hospodka, 2013, p. 37) ............................................................................... 94
Figure 77: Plate-plate measuring system (Hospodka, 2013, p. 37) ........................ 94
Figure 78: Clear, cohesive fracture in the installed predetermined breaking point
(specimen geometry with necking) (Hospodka & Mandahus, 2017) ........... 95
Figure 79: Fatigue diagram from the transient phase to the failure of the test
specimen (Hospodka & Mandahus, 2017) ....................................... 95
Figure 80: Comparative presentation of the results of complex shear modulus using
the DSR test (Kammerer, 2017) ................................................................... 96
Figure 81: Comparative presentation of the results of the phase angle using the
DSR experiment (Kammerer, 2017) ............................................................. 97
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LIST OF FIGURES 11
Figure 82: Cracks in asphalt as a result of low temperatures
(Spiegl, Steidl, & Weixlbaum, 2008) ............................................................ 97
Figure 83: Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) (Hospodka, 2013, p. 42) ................... 98
Figure 84: BBR test arrangement - bitumen beam (Hospodka, 2013, p. 43) .......... 98
Figure 85: Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR): stiffness S(t), deflection δ(t) and m-
value (Spiegl, Steidl, & Weixlbaum, 2008) ..................................... 99
Figure 86: Flexural stiffness in [MPa] of the conventional road bitumen 70/100
and PmB 45/80-65 using BBR according to RTFOT and PAV (Kammerer,
2017) .......................................................................................................... 100
Figure 87: m-value [-] of the conventional road bitumen 70/100 and PmB 45/80-65
using BBR according to RTFOT and PAV (Kammerer, 2017) .................. 100
Figure 88: Typical creep recovery curve for 10 consecutive cycles (Kammerer,
2017) .......................................................................................................... 101
Figure 89: MSCRT of the conventional road bitumen B 70/100 according to
RTFOT (Kammerer, 2017) ......................................................................... 102
Figure 90: MSCRT of PmB 45/80-65 according to RTFOT (Kammerer, 2017) ... 102
Figure 91: Ruts in the roundabout pavement of a roundabout (Karcher & Root,
2011) .......................................................................................................... 103
Figure 92: Wheel tracking test with small wheel (Ludwig, 2009) (supplemented by
author) ........................................................................................................ 104
Figure 93: Difference between the proportional rut depths PRDLuft of two different
types of mix: asphalt surface course AC11 with conventional and polymer-
modified bitumen (Blab 1, 2007)............................................ 105
Figure 94: Manual laying of the asphalt with PmB bitumen on a construction site
belonging to the author (Hrapović, 2006) ................................................. 106
Figure 95: Racing cars driving through an inwardly inclined curve (Dabarti, 2020)
.................................................................................................................... 107
Figure 96: Bending in the circular roadway (Hrapović, 2016) ............................ 107
Figure 97: Driving dynamics and driving geometry when driving in the circular
roadway of a roundabout (Land OÖ 2, 2016) (edited by author) ............. 109
Figure 98: Wheel axle systems, forces and moments in the wheel contact point
(Kollreider, 2009, p. 11) ............................................................................ 110
Figure 99: The forces acting on the circular roadway: centrifugal and centripetal
force (Online-Kurse, 2020) ......................................................... 111
Figure 100: Hammer thrower throws the ball in the tangential direction (ZDF,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 111
Figure 101: Comparison of the limiting speeds for skidding in the curve for
different grip levels and curve radii (Hoffmann, 2010) ............................. 112
Figure 102: The "RoadSTAR" system for measuring road skid resistance (AIT,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 113
Figure 103: Tyre forces acting according to the Coloumb friction model
(Kirchmaier, 2011, p. 12) ........................................................................... 114
Figure 104: Skid resistance development of the asphalt surface course AC11 D S
(Patzak, Wörner, & Westinger, 2009) ........................................................ 114
Figure 105: Skid resistance development of the SMA11 S asphalt wearing course
(Patzak, Wörner, & Westinger, 2009) ........................................................ 115
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LIST OF FIGURES 12
Figure 106: Deviator stress in wearing course and binder course - roundabout
scenario (Hauser & Wagner, 2008) ................................................. 116
Figure 107: Road structure (system sketch) according to (RVS 03.08.63, 2008) . 116
Figure 108: Example of asphalt layers of a road construction (Blab 1, 2007)
(edited by author) ....................................................................................... 118
Figure 109: Requirements for asphalt concretes according to valid standards (Blab
1, 2007) ...................................................................................................... 120
Figure 110: Performance based requirements (GVO) test methods (Kappl, 2011)
.................................................................................................................... 121
Figure 111: Old and new designations for surface course AC11 deck PmB45/80-65,
A2, G1 for construction type 1 / LK / according to RVS 03.08.63 (Blab 1,
2007) .......................................................................................................... 125
Figure 112: Old and new designations for binder course AC22 binder PmB 25/55-
65, H1, G4 for construction type 1 / LK / as per RVS 03.08.63 (Blab 1,
2007) .......................................................................................................... 125
Figure 113: Old and new designations for base course AC32 trag 50/70, T1, G4 for
construction type 1 / LK / according to RVS 03.08.63 (Blab 1, 2007) ...... 126
Figure 114: Pavement structure design for the type AS1 (formerly BT1)
(Blab & Eberhardsteiner, 2016) ................................................................ 129
Figure 115: Design traffic loading - design standard load change
(Blab & Eberhardsteiner, 2016) (edited by author) .................................. 129
Figure 116: Derivation of new vehicle equivalence factors (Äi) (Blab &
Eberhardsteiner, 2016) .............................................................................. 130
Figure 117: Relationship in relation to lane factor (Straube, 2007) ..................... 134
Figure 118: Illustration of the influence of slope factor f3 (Straube, 2007) .......... 135
Figure 119: Frost action zones in Germany (RStO 12, 2012, p. 22) ..................... 139
Figure 120: Grading curve diagram of asphalt type AC11 deck PmB 45/80-65 A2,
G1 (Bautech Labor GmbH, 2020)...................................................... 141
Figure 121: Grading curve diagram of asphalt type SMA11 PmB 45/80-65, S2, GS
(Bautech Labor GmbH, 2020) ................................................................... 141
Figure 122: Apparent difference between SMA 11 and chippy asphalt concrete
AC11 (Gogolin, 2015) (edited by author) ............................... 142
Figure 123: Structure of Stone Mastic Asphalt (Gogolin, 2015) .......................... 144
Figure 124: (a) totally rounded particles, (b) crushed particles, (c) totally crushed
particles (Blab 2 (n.y.)) .............................................................................. 145
Figure 125: Ruts / unevenness (depression) in SMA wearing course (Karcher &
Root, 2011) ................................................................................................. 146
Figure 126: Cracks in the SMA asphalt surface course (Karcher & Root, 2011) 147
Figure 127: Rising or open longitudinal seams (centre seams in the roundabout
pavement) in the SMA asphalt surface course (Karcher & Root, 2011) ... 147
Figure 128: Cross seams (connections at circular access and exit roads) and in the
roundabout pavement in the SMA asphalt surface course (Karcher & Root,
2011) .......................................................................................................... 147
Figure 129: Grading curve diagram of asphalt type AC 11 D S - Sp and SMA 11 S
from 2011 (Karcher & Root, 2011) ........................................................... 151
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LIST OF FIGURES 13
Figure 130: Grading curve diagram of asphalt grade AC 11 D SP from 2019
(FGSV worksheet 736, 2019) ..................................................................... 151
Figure 131: Pavement life time with the same annuity according to present value
ratio F (i=4 %) (Hoffmann 3, 2008) ............................................. 165
Figure 132: Summary of recommendations for use Node shape and choice of
pavement at traffic junctions (Hoffmann 3, 2008) ..................................... 166
Figure 133: Particle size distribution (grading curve diagram) of MA11 mastic
asphalt PmB 25/55-65, M1, G1 (Piringer & Kreiter, 2014) ...................... 181
Figure 134: Composition of the mastic asphalt (Piringer & Kreiter, 2014) ......... 184
Figure 135: Bitumen as an important component of mastic asphalt (Piringer &
Kreiter, 2014) ............................................................................................. 185
Figure 136: Additives for the production of mastic asphalt (Piringer & Kreiter,
2014) .......................................................................................................... 186
Figure 137: Three basic principles of the load-bearing function of asphalt
(Piringer & Kreiter, 2014) ......................................................................... 187
Figure 138: Mastic asphalt (left), rolled asphalt (right) (Tyurk, 2017) ................ 188
Figure 139: Mobile mastic asphalt cooker (Strabag AG (n.y.)) ............................ 188
Figure 140: Manual laying of mastic asphalt (Tyurk, 2017) ................................ 189
Figure 141: Paving mastic asphalt by machine (Tyurk, 2017) ............................. 189
Figure 142: Machine spreading of the hard chippings (Piringer & Schiller, 2009)
.................................................................................................................... 190
Figure 143: Rolling in the hard chippings of mastic asphalt using rubber roller and
smooth wheel roller (Piringer & Schiller, 2009) ....................................... 190
Figure 144: Paving mastic asphalt on a German highway, 2 cm thick when
installed (Piringer & Kreiter, 2014) ..................................................... 190
Figure 145: Asphalting the Hartberg roundabout in Styria (BBB, 2020) ............. 191
Figure 146: Example of the declaration of performance of mastic asphalt MA 11
30/45 (EN 13108-6, 2016) ......................................................... 192
Figure 147: View from the roundabout towards the entrance and exit Leibnitz/
Hartberg Zentrum (Rossbacher & Jahrbacher, 2020) .............................. 193
Figure 148: Very good condition of the mastic asphalt after nine years of use of the
Hartberg roundabout (Rossbacher & Jahrbacher, 2020) ......................... 193
Figure 149: Very good condition of the mastic asphalt surface (Rossbacher &
Jahrbacher, 2020) ...................................................................................... 193
Figure 150: Sharp depression (in cm range!) in the longitudinal direction of the
centre of the roundabout pavement. However, the cause for this may not be
mastic asphalt as such, but rather poor (or insufficient) subgrade
(Rossbacher & Jahrbacher, 2020) ............................................................. 193
Figure 151: Very good condition of the mastic asphalt surface (Rossbacher &
Jahrbacher, 2020) ...................................................................................... 193
Figure 152: Slightly better situation on the other side of the roundabot pavement
with regard to the subsidence in the longitudinal direction of the centre of
the rounabout pavement (Rossbacher & Jahrbacher, 2020) ..................... 193
Figure 153: A soil treated with lime after eight hours of water storage (left) and
without the addition of lime (right) (Neumann & Kohler, 2016) ............... 196
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LIST OF FIGURES 14
Figure 154: An asphalt treated with lime (left) and without lime (right)
(Neumann & Kunesch, 2011) ..................................................................... 196
Figure 155: Asphalt left without hydrated lime; right with hydrated lime
(Kunesch 2 & Neumann 2, 2011) ............................................................... 197
Figure 156: Asphalting the B62 connecting road S31 to the Deutschkreuz border
crossing (Neumann & Kunesch, 2011) ...................................................... 197
Figure 157: The pavement structure of the B62 link road S31 with added lime
hydrate (left) and without added lime hydrate (right) (Neumann & Kunesch,
2011) .......................................................................................................... 198
Figure 158: Cross-section through a semi-rigid wearing course (Krajcsir &
Kunesch, 2013)........................................................................................... 198
Figure 159: Advantages / disadvantages of asphalt and concrete and of the semi-
rigid wearing course as a combination of both (Tantscher & Sauseng, 2010)
.................................................................................................................... 199
Figure 160: Total layer thickness according to the pavement structure design - RVS
03.08.63 (Krajcsir & Kunesch, 2013) ........................................................ 199
Figure 161: Tender specification text for the semi-rigid wearing courses PA11 and
PA16 (FSV-VI 005, 2018) ........................................................ 200
Figure 162: Support structure for the semi-rigid wearing course a PA11 porous
asphalt (Tantscher & Sauseng, 2010) ........................................................ 200
Figure 163: Recommended and prescribed grading curve limit ranges PA11 P4
(OENORM B 3586-1, 2018) ....................................................................... 201
Figure 164: Applying high-performance flowable mortar to the asphalt support
structure (Krajcsir & Kunesch, 2013) ....................................................... 202
Figure 165: Damage in the carriageway of a roundabout designed as a semi-rigid
wearing course (Hrapović, 28.03.2019) .................................................... 202
Figure 166: Damage in the carriageway of a roundabout, designed as a semi-rigid
wearing course (Hrapović, 28.03.2019) .................................................... 203
Figure 167: Roundabout with semi-rigid asphalt surface (Krajcsir & Kunesch,
2013) .......................................................................................................... 206
Figure 168: Mortaring the pore asphalt at a roundabout (Krajcsir, e-mail, 2020)
.................................................................................................................... 206
Figure 169: Very good condition of the semi-rigid pavement of a roundabout years
after installation (Krajcsir, e-mail, 2020) .................................................. 207
Figure 170: Transports "Streinesberger" transport the round timber also for
Lenzing AG (Streinesberger, 2020) ........................................................... 209
Figure 171: Previous dangerous T-junction at the junction of the A1 western
highway / B 145 state road (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 1) ................................. 211
Figure 172: Roundabout at the junction of the A1 western highway and the B 145
state road in Regau (Hrapović, 2016) ....................................................... 212
Figure 173: Site plan of the A1 / B 145 state road roundabout in Regau (Hrapović
2, 2020, p. 8) .............................................................................................. 213
Figure 174: Standard cross-section of the A1 / B 145 state road roundabout in
Regau (Land OÖ 2, 2016) .......................................................... 214
Figure 175: Slightly pronounced longitudinal crack, area of the roundabout
pavement, access from A1 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ................................... 215
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LIST OF FIGURES 15
Figure 176: Good condition of the surface course in the area of the roundabout
pavement, access from A1 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ................................... 215
Figure 177: Slightly pronounced isolated cracks/alligator cracks adjacent to
asphalt core drillings, area of the B145 Voecklabruck access and exit
(Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .............................................................................. 215
Figure 178: Slightly pronounced alligator cracks in the area of the roundabout
pavement, access road B145 Voecklabruck (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ........ 215
Figure 179: Isolated cracks in the area of the working seam repaired with hot
bitumen compound, access from B145 Voecklabruck (Hrapović, 26.10.2020)
.................................................................................................................... 216
Figure 180: Good condition of the roundabout pavement, area between the access
from B145 Voecklabruck and the exit on B145 Gmunden (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 216
Figure 181: Longitudinal and transverse crack repaired with hot bitumen
compound, exit area on B145 Gmunden (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ............. 216
Figure 182: Detailed view of the area from Fig. 181 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ..... 216
Figure 183: Good condition of the roundabout pavement, area between the access
from B145 Voecklabruck and the exit on B145 Gmunden (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 216
Figure 184: Longitudinal crack and alligator cracks in the roundabout pavement,
access area from B145 Gmunden (Hrapović, 26.10.2020)........................ 216
Figure 185: Cross seam crack, longitudinal crack, alligator cracks and plucking in
the exit, exit area on the B145 Gmunden (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ............ 217
Figure 186: Detailed view of the area from Fig. 185 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ..... 217
Figure 187: Aerial photograph of the B 154 roundabout / highway A1 Mondsee in
July 2012 (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 23) .......................................................... 219
Figure 188: 2-lane roundabout B 154 / highway A1 Mondsee in October 2015
(Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 24) ........................................................................... 219
Figure 189: Site plan with four arms of the B 154 roundabout / A1 highway
(Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 26) ........................................................................... 220
Figure 190: Standard cross-section of the B 154 roundabout / A1 highway with 9.0
m wide, 2-lane circular road (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 28) ............................ 221
Figure 191: Irregular longitudinal and transverse cracks repaired with hot bitumen
compound, area of roundabout pavement, exit on B154 Oberhofen
(Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .............................................................................. 222
Figure 192: Plucking, transverse crack repaired with hot bitumen compound,
Mondsee access and exit area (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ............................. 222
Figure 193: Detailed view of the area from Fig. 192 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ..... 222
Figure 194: Alligator cracks partially repaired with hot bitumen compound, exit
area on B154 Mondsee (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ........................................ 222
Figure 195: Longitudinal and transverse cracks repaired with hot bitumen
compound, area of roundabout pavement between Mondsee access and exit
and A1 access and exit ............................................................................... 223
Figure 196: Transverse crack across the entire width of the roundabout pavement,
longitudinal cracks, longitudinal and transverse working seam crack, area
of the A1 access and exit (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ..................................... 223
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LIST OF FIGURES 16
Figure 197: Detailed view of the area from Fig. 196: Plucking, particle eruptions
tending towards pothole (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ...................................... 223
Figure 198: Irregular longitudinal and transverse cracks, access and exit areas of
the industrial zone, repaired with hot bitumen compound (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 223
Figure 199: Rehabilitated with hot bitumen compound: continuous longitudinal
seam, transverse crack, alligator cracks, area of access and exit of B154
Oberhofen (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ............................................................ 223
Figure 200: Continuous transverse seam crack (construction joint) repaired with
hot bitumen compound (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ........................................ 223
Figure 201: Crossing of Lenzing before the bypass is extended (Hrapović 2, 2020,
p. 32) .......................................................................................................... 224
Figure 202: General layout plan of the B 151 Lenzing bypass - on the left is the
North roundabout and on the right the South roundabout (Hrapović 2, 2020,
p. 33) .......................................................................................................... 227
Figure 203: Site map of the northern roundabout of the B 151 Lenzing bypass
(Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 35) ........................................................................... 228
Figure 204: North roundabout of the B 151 Lenzing bypass (Hrapović 2, 2020, p.
39) .............................................................................................................. 229
Figure 205: Good roundabout pavement condition, B 151 Voecklabruck access and
exit area (author's place of residence) (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ................ 229
Figure 206: Detailed view of the area from Figure 205 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) . 229
Figure 207: Individual cracks, exit area on B 151 Voecklabruck (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 230
Figure 208: Detailed view of the area from Fig. 207: irregular crack next to the
manhole cover, exit area on B 151 Voecklabruck (Hrapović, 26.10.2020)
.................................................................................................................... 230
Figure 209: Seam crack partially repaired with hot bitumen compound, area of the
Jodl connection (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ................................................... 230
Figure 210: Detailed view of the area shown in Fig. 209 including alligator cracks
(Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .............................................................................. 230
Figure 211: Good roundabout pavement condition, area between the Jodl
connection and the Lenzing AG entrance and exit (Hrapović, 26.10.2020)
.................................................................................................................... 230
Figure 212: Crack at the edge of a road marking milled into the asphalt (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 230
Figure 213: Seam crack and a parallel transverse crack, area of the Jodl
connection .................................................................................................. 231
Figure 214: Detto as in Fig. 213 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .................................... 231
Figure 215: Seam crack repaired with hot bitumen compound, detail of a partially
plucking, area of the B 151 Seewalchen access and exit (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 231
Figure 216: Transverse crack repaired with hot bitumen compound, partially
plucking, area of access and exit B 151 Seewalchen (Hrapović, 26.10.2020)
.................................................................................................................... 231
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LIST OF FIGURES 17
Figure 217: Detailed view: transverse crack, plucking, grain eruption tending
towards the pothole, area of access and exit B 151 Seewalchen (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 231
Figure 218: Detailed view: Seam crack partially repaired with hot bitumen
compound, access and exit area of B 151 Seewalchen (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 231
Figure 219: Cycle path underpass below the roundabout south of the B 151
Lenzing bypass (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 47) .............................................. 232
Figure 220: Site map of the southern roundabout of the B 151 Lenzing bypass with
cycle path underpass (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 41) ........................................ 233
Figure 221: Roundabout south of the B 151 Lenzing bypass with cycle path
underpass (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 46) ........................................ 234
Figure 222: Irregular cracks in the roundabout pavement repaired with hot
bitumen compound, seam crack between roundabout pavement and the
Ober- and Unterachmann exit, signs of plucking (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) 234
Figure 223: Detailed view of Fig. 222 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ............................ 234
Figure 224: Longitudinal crack in the middle of the roundabout pavement, area
between access road B 151 Seewalchen and exit Ober- and Unterachmann,
repaired with hot bitumen compound ........................................................ 235
Figure 225: Roundabout pavement, access and exit area B 151 Seewalchen
(Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .............................................................................. 235
Figure 226: Cross-seam crack filled with hot bitumen compound, area of the B 151
Seewalchen access and exit (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ................................. 235
Figure 227: Detail of partially plucking, access and exit area of the B 151
Seewalchen (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .......................................................... 235
Figure 228: Strongly pronounced longitudinal crack, area between access road B
151 Seewalchen and exit Ober- and Unterachmann (Hrapović, 26.10.2020)
.................................................................................................................... 235
Figure 229: Detailed view of Figure 228 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ....................... 235
Figure 230: Longitudinal plan, entrance and exit area of the Graiger/Lenzing AG
car dealership ............................................................................................ 236
Figure 231: Detailed view of Fig.230 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ............................. 236
Figure 232: Roundabout on Arzil with three main traffic arms - zoom from Fig.233
(Land of Tyrol 3, 2020) .............................................................................. 237
Figure 233: Annual average daily traffic JDTV, measured at point 8195 on the B
171 Tiroler Straße (Land of Tyrol 3, 2020) ............................................... 237
Figure 234: Aerial view of the Imst roundabout on Arzil during construction
(Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 360) ......................................................................... 239
Figure 235: Finished roundabout Imst on Arzil (Land of Tyrol, 2016) ................ 239
Figure 236: Standard cross-section of the Imst auf Arzil roundabout at the B 171/
B189 intersection in Tyrol (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 363) .............................. 240
Figure 237: Site plan including tractrix curves of the Imst auf Arzil roundabout at
the B 171/ B189 intersection in Tyrol (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 367) ............ 241
Figure 238: View towards the entrance and exit of the B189 Reutte/Garmisch
(GER) (Strigl, 2020) ..................................................................... 242
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LIST OF FIGURES 18
Figure 239: View in the direction of the B171 Innsbruck entrance and exit (Strigl,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 242
Figure 240: View towards the Hoch/Imst-Zentrum entrance and exit (Strigl, 2020)
.................................................................................................................... 242
Figure 241: View towards the Hoch/Imst-Zentrum entrance and exit (Strigl, 2020)
.................................................................................................................... 242
Figure 242: Roundabout pavement with the view towards the entrance and exit of
the B171 Landeck/Mils (Strigl, 2020) ........................................................ 243
Figure 243: Roundabout pavement with a view towards the Hoch/Imst-Zentrum
entrance and exit (Strigl, 2020) ................................................................. 243
Figure 244: View in the direction of the B171 Innsbruck entrance and exit (Strigl,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 243
Figure 245: View towards the entrance and exit of the B171 Innsbruck (Strigl,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 243
Figure 246: View in the direction of the Imst entrance and exit to Arzil (Strigl,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 243
Figure 247: View towards the exit B189 Reutte/Garmisch (GER) (Strigl, 2020) . 243
Figure 248: Average absolute daily hydrographs of hourly traffic volumes on all
days on the B 9 (Mayrhofer, 2020) ........................................................ 245
Figure 249: Site map of the roundabout on the B 9 / Krücklstraße at km 40.083 in
Hainburg - Lower Austria (Province of Lower Austria, 2016).................. 247
Figure 250: Standard cross-section of the roundabout on the B 9 / Krücklstraße in
Hainburg / Lower Austria (Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 292) .............................. 248
Figure 251: View of the roundabout pavement in the southern direction (Fuchs,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 249
Figure 252: View of the roundabout pavement from the B9 Ungarstraße (Fuchs,
2020) .......................................................................................................... 249
Figure 253 and Figure 254: Very good condition of the asphalt pavement with
SMA11 PmB 45/80-65, S1, G1 surface course after seven years of use
(Fuchs, 2020) ............................................................................................. 250
Figure 255: View of the very well preserved roundabout pavement in the direction
of the B9 Pressburger Reichsstraße entrance and exit (Fuchs, 2020) ....... 250
Figure 256: If possible, the position of the shafts and cover in the roundabout
pavement should be avoided at all costs (on av) (Fuchs, 2020) ................ 250
Figure 257: Traffic count data for KV Schwand (DORIS Atlas 4.0, 2020) ........... 252
Figure 258: Roundabout on the L 1101 in Schwand/Upper Austria (Hrapović 2,
2020, p. 244) .............................................................................................. 253
Figure 259: Site map of the roundabout on the L 1101 in Schwand/Upper Austria
(Hrapović 2, 2020, p. 195) ......................................................................... 254
Figure 260: Standard cross-section of the roundabout on the L 1101 in
Schwand/Upper Austria (Land OÖ 2, 2016) ............................................. 255
Figure 261: Individual longitudinal cracks in the middle of the roundabout
pavement, seam crack sealed with hot bitumen compound, area of exit L
1026 Unteradenberg Bezirksstraße ........................................................... 256
Figure 262: Detailed view of Fig. 261 - irregular longitudinal crack (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 256
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LIST OF FIGURES 19
Figure 263: Roundabout pavement, entrance and exit area L 1001 Gilgenberger
Bezirksstraße in the direction of Gilgenberg am Weilhart (Hrapović,
26.10.2020) ................................................................................................ 256
Figure 264: Detailed view of Fig. 263 - Individual longitudinal cracks in the middle
of the roundabout pavement (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ................................ 256
Figure 265: Transverse crack in the roundabout pavement with partial plucking
along this transverse crack, longitudinal crack in the centre of the
roundabout pavement, longitudinal cracks in the access road L 1001
Gilgenberger Bezirksstraße in the direction of Gilgenberg am Weilhart
(Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .............................................................................. 257
Figure 266: Detailed view of Fig. 265 - Longitudinal cracks in the access road L
1001 Gilgenberger Bezirksstraße towards Gilgenberg am Weilhart
(Hrapović, 26.10.2020) .............................................................................. 257
Figure 267: Individual cracks, area of access and exit L 1026 Unteradenberg
Bezirksstraße .............................................................................................. 257
Figure 268: Detailed view of Fig. 267 (Hrapović, 26.10.2020) ............................ 257
Figure 269: Plan Nr.: 01a (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ..................................................... 265
Figure 270: Plan Nr.: 01b (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ..................................................... 266
Figure 271: Plan Nr.: 02a (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ..................................................... 267
Figure 272: Plan Nr.: 02b (Land OÖ 1, 2007) .................................................... 268
Figure 273: Plan Nr.: 03 (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ....................................................... 269
Figure 274: Plan Nr.: 04 (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ....................................................... 270
Figure 275: Plan Nr. 05a (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ....................................................... 271
Figure 276: Plan Nr.: 05b (Land OÖ 1, 2007) ..................................................... 272
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LIST OF TABLES 20
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2: Outer diameter D of roundabouts in Germany (RASt 06, 2006) ............... 47
Table 3: Distinctive features of the different types of roundabouts in Austria
(RVS 03.05.14, 2010) ................................................................................... 48
Table 4: Dependence between the outer diameter D and the structural width of the
circulatory roadway BK (RASt 06, 2006) GER ............................................ 48
Table 5: Skid resistance values (friction values) as a function of road condition
(Strommer, 2020) ....................................................................................... 113
Table 6: Comparison between series OENORM EN 13108 and series OENORM B
3580 [OENORM EN 13108-1] (Blab, 2007) (edited by author) ............... 119
Table 7: Comparison between empirical and performance based test methods (own
presentation) .............................................................................................. 122
Table 8: Grading curves for all mix types R1 to R5 (OENORM B 3580-2, 2018) 122
Table 9: Comparison of the designations for the common types of asphalt concrete
for heavily loaded roads traffic areas (Blab, 2007) ................................... 123
Table 10: Classification of stone material classes according to (OENORM B 3580-
1, 2018) ...................................................................................................... 124
Table 11: Dimensioning table for pavement structure with asphalt pavements (RVS
03.08.63 amendment, 2016) ....................................................................... 127
Table 12: Extract from the dimensioning table for LK10 (old load class I)
(RVS 03.08.63 amendment, 2016) .............................................................. 128
Table 13: New and old load class designation (Riederer & Spitzenberger, 2018) 128
Table 14: Vehicle equivalence factors & equivalence factors for collectives (Blab &
Eberhardsteiner, 2016) .............................................................................. 131
Table 15: Average equivalent value of the JDTLV collective for different road
categories (RVS 03.08.63 amendment, 2016) ............................................ 131
Table 16: Lane factor S as a function of the traffic lane width bf (for intermediate
widths the smaller lane width is decisive) (RVS 03.08.63 amendment, 2016)
.................................................................................................................... 132
Table 17: Terms from (RStO 12, 2012) (own composition) .................................. 132
Table 18: Axles number factor fA (RStO 12, 2012, p. 50) ...................................... 133
Table 19: Load spectrum quotient qBm (RStO 12, 2012, p. 50) ............................. 133
Table 20: Lane factor f1 (RStO 12, 2012, p. 50) .................................................... 134
Table 21: Lane width factor f2 (RStO 12, 2012, p. 51) .......................................... 134
Table 22: Slope factor f3 (RStO 12, 2012, p. 51) ................................................... 135
Table 23: Average annual fractional increase in heavy traffic p (RStO 12, 2012, p.
51) .............................................................................................................. 136
Table 24: Average annual growth factor in heavy traffic (RStO 12, 2012, p. 52) 136
Table 25: Comparison of the load classes between the old RStO 01 and the new
edition RStO 12 (own presentation using RStO 12 and RStO 01) ............. 137
Table 26: Structures with asphalt pavement for roads on F2 and F3
subsoil/subgrade (RStO 12, 2012, p. 27) ................................................... 138
Table 27: Initial values for determining the minimum thickness of the frost blanked
road structure (RStO 12, 2012, p. 20) ........................................................ 139
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LIST OF TABLES 21
Table 28: Recommended scope of application of the individual types of mixtures in
Austria (FSV-aktuell, 2007) ....................................................................... 140
Table 29: Initial test report for asphalt mix AC11 PmB 45/80-65, A2, G1 (Bautech
Labor GmbH, 2020) ................................................................................... 143
Table 30: Initial test report for asphalt mix SMA11 PmB 45/80-65, S2, GS, fibre
(Bautech Labor GmbH, 2020) ................................................................... 143
Table 31: Categories for the percentage of crushed particle surfaces (including the
percentage of totally crushed and totally rounded particles) (EN 13043,
2015, P. 16). ............................................................................................... 145
Table 32: Recommendation for the selection of asphalt layers according to load
classes according to (Karcher & Root, 2011) (edited by author in relation to
new designations) ....................................................................................... 148
Table 33: Comparison of the characteristics and properties of chippy asphalt
concrete and stone mastic asphalt (Karcher & Root, 2011). ..................... 149
Table 34: Reference values for asphalt mix AC11 D SP and AC8 D SP for asphalt
wearing courses of chippy asphalt concrete (FGSV worksheet 736, 2019)
.................................................................................................................... 150
Table 35: Crushed aggregate asphalt AC11 D SP: granulometric composition -
comparison based on Tab. 34 and Fig. 129 and 130 (own illustration).... 152
Table 36: Declaration of performance for the Austrian wearing course AC11 deck
PmB 45/80-65, A2, G1 (Bautech Labor GmbH, 2020) .............................. 153
Table 37: Declaration of performance for the German asphalt mix AC 11 D SP
25/55-55 A (Max Bögl, 2020) .................................................................... 154
Table 38: Declaration of performance for the Austrian wearing course SMA 11
PmB 45/80-65, S2, GS, fibre (Bautech Labor GmbH, 2020) ..................... 155
Table 39: Declaration of performance for the German asphalt mix SMA11 S 25/55-
55 A (Max Bögl, 2020) ............................................................................... 156
Table 40: Direct comparison of the asphalt surface courses AC11 deck PmB 45/80-
65, A2, G1 (Bautech Labor GmbH, 2020) (AUT) and AC11 D SP 25/55-55
A (Max Bögl, 2020) (GER) according to the respective performance
declarations (own compilation) ................................................................. 157
Table 41: Roundabouts in Carinthia that were built or repaired from 2015
(Wrulich, 2020) .......................................................................................... 161
Table 42: Roundabouts in Vorarlberg built in recent years (Zitt, 2020) .............. 164
Table 43: The asphalt structure for roundabouts in Styria (Hoffmann 3, 2008) ... 166
Table 44: Roundabout projects carried out in Styria (Neuhold & Rast, 2020) ..... 166
Table 45: Roundabouts with bituminous pavement in the land of Salzburg
(Eberharter, 2020) ..................................................................................... 170
Table 46: Declaration of rolled asphalt for Swiss surface course AC8 H PmB
45/80-65 (BHZ, 2020) ................................................................................ 173
Table 47: Declaration of rolled asphalt for Swiss surface course AC MR 8 PmB
45/80-65 (BHZ, 2020) ................................................................................ 175
Table 48: Requirements for wearing courses of asphalt concrete AC (Prüflabor
AG, 2015) ................................................................................................... 176
Table 49: Requirements for wheel tracking (Prüflabor AG, 2015) ....................... 177
Table 50: Requirements for rough asphalt AC MR (Prüflabor AG, 2015) ........... 177
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LIST OF TABLES 22
Table 51: Requirements for delivery particle size D < 0.125 mm (filler)
(OENORM B 3585-1, 2018) ....................................................................... 178
Table 52: Comparison of series OENORM EN 13108 and series OENORM B 3580
(EN 13108-6, 2016).................................................................................... 179
Table 53: Combinations between mix types and aggregate classes (OENORM B
3585-1, 2018) ............................................................................................. 179
Table 54: Grading curve limit for mastic asphalt (Tyurk, 2017) .......................... 180
Table 55: Indentation (resistance to permanent deformation) (Tyurk, 2017) ....... 180
Table 56: Recommendations for the selection of commonly used asphalt mixes (RVS
08.97.05, 2010) .......................................................................................... 181
Table 57: Requirements for the acceptance tests on the mix for mastic asphalt (MA)
(RVS 08.97.05, 2010) ................................................................................. 182
Table 58: Aggregate requirements for PA wearing courses - delivery particle sizes
(RVS 08.97.05, 2010) ................................................................................. 183
Table 59: Mechanical properties of mastic asphalt (Strabag AG (n.y.)) .............. 186
Table 60: Requirements for fresh mortar (RVS 08.16.03, 2014) ........................... 203
Table 61: Requirements for solid mortar (RVS 08.16.03, 2014) ........................... 204
Table 62: Traffic release as a function of the average ambient temperature for
mortars of strength class I (RVS 08.16.03, 2014) ...................................... 204
Table 63: Current status of the use of hydrated lime for the production of asphalt in
Europe (EuLA, 2011) (edited by author) ................................................... 205
Table 64: Description of KV B 145 / highway exit A1 Regau (Upper Austria) (Land
OÖ 3, 2012)................................................................................................ 209
Table 65: Description of KV B 154 / highway A1 Mondsee (Upper Austria) (Land
OÖ 3, 2012)................................................................................................ 217
Table 66: Description of the North and South roundabouts at the Lenzing bypass
(Land OÖ 3, 2012) ..................................................................................... 224
Table 67: Description of KV Imst on Arzil at the junction B 171/ B189 (Land of
Tyrol, 2016) ................................................................................................ 236
Table 68: Description of the KV on the B 9 federal state road / Krücklstraße in
Hainburg (Province of Lower Austria, 2016) ............................................ 244
Table 69: Table showing traffic loads on all days on the B 9 (Mayrhofer, 2020) 245
Table 70: Description of the KV on the L 1101 national road in Schwand (Upper
Austria) (Land OÖ 2, 2016) ....................................................................... 251
Table 71: Summary of the seven selected roundabouts ......................................... 258
Table 72: Standard details for the marginalization of roundabouts (Land OÖ 1,
2007) .......................................................................................................... 264
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 23
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbrevia-
tions
Bezeichnung (German) Description (English)
A Autobahnen (AUT) highways (federal road of types A)
Abb. Abbildung figure
AC Asphaltbeton asphalt concrete
Äi Fahrzeugäquivalenzfaktor vehicle equivalence factor
ASI Österreichisches Normungsinstitut Austrian Standards Institute
AUT Österreich Austria
B Landesstraßen B federal road of types B
BA Fahrstreifenbreite der Kreisausfahrt lane width of the exit road
BAB Bundesautobahnen (GER) national highways (GER)
BBR Biegebalken Rheometer Bending Beam Rheometer
BBTM Lärmmindernde
Dünnschichtdecken (Béton Bitumi-
neux Mince)
asphalt for ultra-thin layers
binder Binderschichte binder course
BK Breite des Kreisrings lane width
Bk Bauklasse load classe
BNLW Bemessungsnormlastwechsel rated standard load change (relevant
design traffic load)
BZ Fahrstreifenbreite der Kreiszufahrt lane width of the entry road
bzw. beziehungsweise or
ca. circa approximately
Cc teilweise gebrochene Körner
(EN 933-5)
partially crushed particles
CE Conformité Européenne Conformité Européenne
Ctc vollständig gebrochene Körner
(EN 933.5)
totally crushed/ broken particles
-
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 24
Ctr vollständig gerundete Körner
(EN 933-5)
totaly rounded particles
D Außendurchmesser (KVA) outer diameter
D Bindemittelablauf (EN 12697-18) binder drainage
D obere Siebgröße upper sieve size
d untere Siebgröße lower sieve size
d.h. das heißt that means
DBT wasserdurchlässig water permeable (PCB)
deck Deckschichte asphalt surface course
Di Innendurchmesser (KVA) inner diameter
DSR Dynamischer Scherrheometer dynamic shear rheometer
DTA(SV) Durchschnittliche Anzahl der tägli-
chen Achsübergänge (Aü) des
Schwerverkehrs [Aü/24h] (GER)
DTA(SV) [AP/24h] average daily
number of axle passes (AP) from
heavy traffic (GER)
DTV Durchschnittliche tägliche
Verkehrsstärke [Kfz/24h] (AUT)
average daily traffic (ADT) (AUT)
DTV(SV) Durchschnittliche tägliche
Verkehrsstärke der Fahrzeugarten des
Schwerverkehrs [Fz/24h] (GER)
DTV(SV) [vehicles/24h] average daily
traffic for heavy vehicle types (GER)
E Einheit unit
EBK Edelbrechkorn fine crushed aggregate
EN Europäische Norm European standard
etc. et cetera et cetera
EVd dynamischer Verformungsmodul dynamic modulus of deformation
EVS statischer Verformungsmodul static modulus of deformation
F Marshall Fließwert (EN 12697-34) Marshall flow value
F Fliehkraft (Zentrifugalkraft) centrifugal force
f1i Fahrstreifenfaktor im Nutzungsjahr
i
lane factor in year of use i
f2i Fahrstreifenbreitenfaktor im
Nutzungsjahr i
lane width factor in year of use i
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 25
f3 Steigungsfaktor slope factor
fAi-1 Durchschnittliche Achszahl pro
Fahrzeug des Schwerverkehrs
(Achszahlfaktor) im Nutzungsjahr
i-1 [A/Fz]
average number of axles per vehicle
for heavy traffic (axle number factor)
in year of use i-1 [A/vehicle]
FGSV Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft
für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen
German Road and Transportation
Research Association
FSS Frostschutzschicht frost blanket course (FBC)
Fz Fahrzeug vehicle
fz mittlerer jährlicher Zuwachsfaktor
des Schwerverkehrs
average annual growth factor for
heavy traffic
g Gramm gram
g Erdbeschleunigung g = 9,81 [m/s2] acceleration due to gravity
G Gewicht weight
GER Deutschland Germany
Gew.-% Gewicht Prozent weight percent
ggf. gegeben falls in some cases
GVO gebrauchsverhaltensorientiert performance-based
h Stunde hour
HGT hydraulisch gebundene Tragschicht hydraulically bound base course
(HBB)
HiM high modified high modified
HSD halbstarre Deckschichten semi-rigid wearing courses
i.d.R. in der Regel as a rule
Imin Eindringtiefe (EN 12697-21) indentation
JDTLV Jährlich durchschnittlicher täglicher
Lastverkehr [Lkw/24h]
annual average daily truck traffic
JDTV Jährlich durchschnittliche tägliche
Verkehrsstärke [Kfz/24h]
annual average daily traffic (AADT)
Kfz Kraftfahrzeug motor vehicle
kg Kilogramm kilogram
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 26
KK Kantkorn crushed particle
km Kilometer kilometer
KV Kreisverkehr roundabout
KVA Kreisverkehrsanlage roundabout construction
KVP Kreisverkehrsplatz roundabout
L Landesstraßen L federal road of types L
LA Los Angeles Wert (EN 1097-2) Los Angeles value (EN 1097-2)
lfm Laufmeter meter
lit Liter liter
LK Lastklasse load class
Lkw Lastkraftwagen truck; heavy vehicle
LkwÄ äquivalente 10 t Achsübergänge equivalent 10-t-standard axles
LSA Lichtsignalanlage light signal system
m Meter meter
M.-% Massenprozent percent by mass
MA Gussasphalt mastic asphalt
max. Maximum maximum
ME Kompressibilitätsmodul modulus of compressibility
min Minute minute
min. Minimum minimum
mind. mindestens minimum
Mio. Million million
MSCR Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery
Test
Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery
Test
n.r. keine Anforderungen no requirement
NÖ Niederösterreich Lower Austria
Nr. Nummer number
NRW Nordrhein-Westfalen North Rhine-Westphalia (federal
state in Germany)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 27
ÖIAV Österreichischer Ingenieur- und Ar-
chitektenverein
Austrian Engineer and Architect As-
sociation
ON Österreichisches Normungsinstitut Austrian Standards Institute
ÖNORM Österreichische Norm Austrian standard (OENORM)
OÖ Oberösterreich Upper Austria
ÖRK Österreichische Rektorenkonferenz Austrian rectors’ conference
p mittlere jährliche Zunahme des
Schwerverkehrs (AUT)
average annual fractional increase in
heavy traffic (AUT)
PA Dränasphalt porous asphalt
PAV Pressure Aging Vessel Pressure Aging Vessel
pi mittlere jährliche Zunahme des
Schwerverkehrs im Nutzungsjahr i
(GER)
average annual fractional increase in
heavy traffic in year of use i (GER)
Pkw Personenkraftwagen passenger vehicle
PL maximaler Kornverlust
(EN 12697-17)
maximum particle loss
PmB polymermodifiziertes Bitumen polymer bitumen
PRDLuft proportionale Spurrinnentiefe
(EN 12697-22)
wheel tracking PRDair
q Quergefälle crossfall, cross slope
qBm Lastkollektivquotient load spectrum quotient
RA Ausrundungsradius der Kreisaus-
fahrt
rounding radius of the exit road
RASt Richtlinien für die Anlage von
Stadtstraßen (GER)
guidelines for the construction of ur-
ban roads (GER)
rbssd Raumdichte Probekörper
(EN 12697-6)
bulk density specimen
rmv Rohdichte des Asphaltmischguts
(EN 12697-5)
density of asphalt mix/mixture
RStO Richtlinien für die Standardisierung
des Oberbaues von Verkehrsflächen
guidelines for standardization of
pavements of traffic surfaces (GER)
RTFOT Rolling Thin Film Oven Test Rolling Thin Film Oven Test
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 28
RVS Richtlinien und Vorschriften für das
Straßenwesen (AUT)
guidelines for planning, construction
and maintenance of roads (AUT)
RZ Ausrundungsradius der
Kreiszufahrt
rounding radius of the entry road
S Schnellstraßen (AUT) federal highways types S – motor-
ways (AUT)
s Sekunde second
S löslicher Bindemittelgehalt
(EN 12697-1)
soluble binder content
S Marshall Stabilität (EN 12697-34) Marshall stability
S. Seite page
S/F Marshall Quotient (EN 12697-34) Marshall quotient
SM Straßenmeisterei road maintenance depot
SMA Splittmastixasphalt stone mastic asphalt
sog. sogenannte so-called
Stk. Stück piece
STRAWO straßenbautechnisches Wörterbuch road construction dictionary
SV Schwerverkehr heavy traffic
t Tonne ton
Tab. Tabelle table
TIR Tirol Tyrol
ToB Tragschichten ohne Bindemittel unbound granular layer (UGL)
trag Tragschichte bearing (base) course/layer
TS Tragschichte bearing (base) course/layer
UNIKO Österreichische Universitätenkon-
ferenz
Universities Austria
UP Unterbauplanum subgrade planum
usw. und so weiter and so on
V Volumen volume
VFB Hohlraumauffüllungsgrad
(EN 12697-8)
air voids content
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 29
VLSA Verkehrslichtsignalanlage traffic light signal system
Vm Hohlraumgehalt Probekörper
(EN 12697-8)
air voids content of bituminous spec-
imens
VMA Hohlraumgehalt Gesteinsgerüst
(EN 12697-8)
air voids content of stone scaffolding
vs versus versus
vzul zulässige Geschwindigkeit des
Fahrzeuges bei Kurvenfahrt [m/s]
permissible speed of the vehicle in
curves [m/s]
z.B. zum Beispiel for example
ZTV
Asphalt-
StB
Zusätzliche Technische Vertrags-
bedingungen und Richtlinien für
den Bau von Verkehrsflächenbefes-
tigungen aus Asphalt, FGSV-Nr.:
799 FGSV (GER)
additional technical contract condi-
tions and guidelines for the construc-
tion of asphalt pavements FGSV-Nr.:
799 FGSV (GER)
ZTV T-StB Zusätzliche Technische Vertrags-
bedingungen und Richtlinien für
Tragschichten im Straßenbau
additional technical contract condi-
tions and guidelines for base courses
in road construction (GER)
μ Griffigkeitswert skid resistance value; grip value
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FOREWORD 30
FOREWORD
The first roundabouts as traffic engineering facilities were not built until the beginning of
the 20th century, although there were islands in the middle of the streets and marketplaces
long before that time. Even in Roman times, people admired the water fountains and stat-
ues in marketplaces. A long time ago in England, there were also traffic islands as pedes-
trian oases, and in France, there were also the imposing buildings in the middle of market
squares. However, it was only the "planning border" of all these objects that turned them
into traffic roundabouts.
Nowadays, through urban and landscape planning, the roundabouts are increasingly be-
coming individual, orderly and representative squares as distinguishing features of towns
and cities. The explosion of roundabout construction without further ado comes from the
fact that, apart from minor disadvantages, roundabouts have clear advantages over "clas-
sic" intersections:
- a significant reduction in road accidents, especially those resulting in serious injuries
and deaths;
- clear reduction of waiting times for entering the roundabout;
- "predictability" of the roundabout by driving in one direction only;
- lower speeds during the roundabout journey and thus the reduction of CO2 reduction
and noise (environmental protection).
My two textbooks, written in Montenegrin in 2018, served as the basis for this disserta-
tion:
Hrapović K.: Osnove izgradnje kružnih raskrsnica, prva knjiga – opšti dio (Translation
into English: Basics of roundabout construction, first book - general part), edition 2016,
privately printed in colour in Montenegro 2018 or published in black and white by e-publi
GmbH Berlin am 24.07.2020 (Hrapović 1, 2020)
Hrapović K.: Osnove izgradnje kružnih raskrsnica, druga knjiga – Izvedeni projekti
kružnih raskrsnica u Austriji (Translation into English: Basics of roundabout construc-
tion, second book – Projects of roundabouts implemented in Austria), edition 2016, pri-
vately printed in colour in Montenegro 2018 or published in black and white by e-publi
GmbH Berlin am 24.07.2020 (Hrapović 1, 2020)
As these two books have initiated me to write this dissertation and they are the practical
basis of this work, here is an excerpt from the review by Prof. Igor Jokanović, Ph.D. in
Civil Eng., which he wrote about these two books (Jokanović, 2020):
The basic purpose of the manuscript is to unify in a single place the basic theoretical
assumptions and practical experiences in the construction of roundabouts, with a
brief overview of the planning and design basics for roundabouts. The first book deals
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FOREWORD 31
with the general elements of roundabouts, to a limited extent, presents the basic set-
tings of these intersections, as well as details regarding the design and execution of
works, with specific reference to pavement structures and elements of curbing, drain-
age and traffic equipment. Emphasized are elements that are generally commonly
designed and implemented without any particular difference to “classic” intersec-
tions and open alignment, although there are significant differences in vehicle move-
ment, driver’s behaviour, and interaction with the carriageway surface and environ-
ment.
The second book provides a detailed overview of 30 different roundabouts built in the
Austrian provinces of Upper Austria, Lower Austria and Tyrol. Presented solutions
contain basic descriptions of the applied elements, drawings of the layout and level-
ling plans taken from the design documentation, as well as various details of the
cross-section, structural solutions of pavements, drainage elements and other accom-
panying elements of roads and intersections. Also, a large number of photographs
from the construction period (especially with construction details of pavement struc-
tures on the circular pavement), as well as the finished solutions, are presented. The
set of details shown in relation to specific design solutions can help designers, guide
them in their thinking and defining specificities for some “non-standard” solutions,
and in particular provide useful information to contractors, more exactly engineers
who manage the construction of roundabouts.
Particularly noteworthy are several important characteristics of the manuscript that
the author has successfully accomplished, namely:
1. Rational integration of all relevant information primarily necessary for the con-
struction of roundabouts with direct reference to the literature, and legal and
technical regulations in this field;
2. In addition to the clear graphical presentation of the individual elements, full
displays of the design solutions are given, serving as a good practice example of
solutions that design and construction engineers can use in their work;
3. Although books are not primarily intended for pedagogical work, a very good
ratio of textual and graphic contributions has been achieved, generally charac-
teristic to textbook materials;
4. In addition to information on basic design elements and construction details of
roundabouts, extensive material (textual and graphical) related to problems with
pavement structures, drainage, the layout of utility infrastructure and lighting el-
ements, provides specific information and is very useful to supplement general
knowledge of these disciplines when it comes to roundabout structures.
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FOREWORD 32
With the nowadays potentiated popularity (in some cases unjustified) of roundabouts,
books devoted to their construction represent a significant contribution in the some-
what neglected segment - dimensioning and design solutions, and recommendations
for implementation. Books provide a wealth of information and can notably assist
civil engineers in the application of this type of intersections, both in the design and
in construction, because it is easy to qualify roundabouts as “more favourable” in a
certain traffic sense, but this also requires justification with appropriate design solu-
tions and quality of execution.
The books are logically conceptualized, transparent and clear, containing a large
number of contemporary processed figures, diagrams and tables, which significantly
clarify the conten