ASME B31.4 : PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FOR

LIQUID HYDROCARBONS AND OTHER LIQUIDS

Saptomo

13103042

Part I : Conditions and Criteria

Design Conditions Design Criteria

Kondisi Perancangan

Pressure• Internal design pressure (MOP)

• External design pressure

Temperature• Design temperature

Ambient influences• Fluid expansion effects

Kondisi Perancangan Dynamic effects

• Impact• Wind• Earthquake• Vibration• Subsidence• Waves and currents

Weight effects• Live loads• Dead loads

Thermal expansion and contraction loads Relative movement of connected components

Kriteria Perancangan

1. Pressure-Temperature rating for piping components

• Components having specific ratingsTable 423.1 – Material Standards

• Components not having specific ratingsMenggunakan rancangan dari komponen berbentuk dan berukuran proporsional yang terbukti berkinerja baik pada kondisi tertentu

• Normal operating conditionsMOP tidak boleh melebihi internal design pressure

Kriteria Perancangan

• Allowance for variations from normal operations

Perhitungan surge dilakukan serta peralatan kendali dan perlindungan harus disediakan supaya tingkat kenaikan tekanan tidak melebihi 10% dari internal design pressure

• Considerations for different pressure conditions

Valve penghubung dikondisikan sesuai dengan kondisi operasi tertinggi

Kriteria Perancangan

2. Allowable stresses and other stress limits• Allowable stress values

a) New pipeS = 0.72 x E x SMYS of the pipe, psi (MPa)0.72 = design factor based on nominal wall thicknessE = weld joint factor (Table 402.4.3)

b) Used (reclaimed) pipeperhitungan sama dengan (a) dengan batasan tertentu

c) Unknown pipe or ASTM A 120 specS = 0.72 x E x minimum yield strength, psi (MPa) [24000 psi (165

MPa)]d) Cold worked pipe

75% dari nilai allowable stress point (a), (b), atau (c)e) Shear < 45% of SMYS, Bearing < 90% SMYSf) For structural support, Tensile/compressive < 66% SMYS

Kriteria Perancangan

• Limits of calculated stresses due to sustained loads and thermal expansiona) Internal pressure stressesb) External pressure stresses

c) Allowable expansion stresses (SA)Restrained line < 90% SMYSUnrestrained line < 72% SMYS

d) Additive longitudinal stresses < 75% SA

e) Effective stresses < 0.90 SMYS (API RP 1102)

• Limits of calculated stresses due to occasional loadsa) Operation < 80% SMYSb) Test (tidak termasuk dalam kategori ini)

Kriteria Perancangan

3. Allowances• Corrosion

Tidak diperlukan apabila sudah dilakukan proteksi pada pipa

• Threading and GroovingDisertakan pada variabel A untuk perhitungan wall

thickness

• Weld Joint Factors (Table 402.4.3)

• Wall Thickness and Defect Tolerances (Appendix A)

4. Fracture propagation in carbon dioxide pipelines

Part II : Pressure Design of Piping Components

Pressure Design of Components

Pressure Design

Straight Pipea) Nominal Wall Thickness (tn)

b) Notationstn = nominal wall thickness

t = pressure design wall thickness, inches (mm)

A = sum of allowances

Pi = internal design gage pressure, psi (bar)

D = outside diameter of pipe, inches (mm)

S = applicable allowable stress, psi (MPa)

S

DPt

Att

i

n

2

Pressure Design

Curved Segments of Pipe1. Pipe Bends

Wall thickness sebelum bending disesuaikan dengan straight pipe. Pada bending ditentukan oleh batasan tertentu

2. ElbowsKetebalan minimum tidak boleh kurang dari

spesifikasi tekanan dan temperatur menurut American National Standard dan MSS Standard Practice

Pressure Design

Intersections1. Branch Connections

a)Tees and crosses1)Tebal logam flange/thread tee/cross tidak kurang

dari spesifikasi tekanan dan temperatur dari American National Standard atau MSS Standard Practice

2)Steel butt welding tee/cross didasarkan pada ASME B16.9 atau MSS SP-75

3)Steel butt welding tee/cross dapat digunakan untuk semua rasio diameter branch-header dan rasio design hoop stress terhadap SMYS

Pressure Design

b) Integrally reinforced extruded outlet headers1)Dapat digunakan untuk semua rasio diameter

branch-header dengan mengikuti syarat tertentu

2)Pertimbangan terhadap faktor perancangan extruded header untuk menahan gaya atau momen yang mungkin terjadi

3)Required area A = K(thDo) dengan K sebagai berikut

• d/D > 0.6, K = 1.00

• 0.6 ≥ d/D > 1.5, K = 0.6 + 2/3 d/D

• d/D ≤ 0.15, K = 0.7

Pressure Design

Reinforcement Area

)(2

)(2

)(

3

2

1

321

boo

bb

hho

ttrA

tTLA

tTDA

AAA

Pressure Design Notations

• d = outside diameter of branch pipe• dc = internal diameter of branch pipe• D = outside diameter of header• Dc = internal diameter of header• Do = internal diameter of extruded outlet measured at the level of the outside

surface of header• ho = height of the extruded lip• L = height of the reinforcement zone = 0.7 √dTo

• tb = required thickness of the branch pipe• Tb = actual nominal wall thickness of branch• th = required thickness of the header• Th = actual nominal wall thickness of header• To = finished thickness of extruded outlet• r1 = half-width of reinforcement zone (equal to Do)• ro = radius of curvature of external contoured portion of outlet

Pressure Designc) Welded branch connections

Pressure Design

Pressure Design

d)Reinforcement of single openingsRequired cross-sectional area AR = d th

d = length of the finished opening in the header wall

th = design header wall thickness

e)Reinforcement of multiple openings

2. AttachmentsAttachment internal dan eksternal dirancang supaya

tidak terjadi flattening pada pipa, bending stress lokal berlebih, ataupun gradien temperatur yang berbahaya pada dinding pipa

Pressure Design

Pressure Design of Flanges Reducers

• ASME B16.5

• ASME B16.9

• MSS SP-75 Pressure Design of Other Pressure

Containing Componentsa)Proof testb)Experimental stress analysisc) Engineering calculations

Part III : Design Applications of Piping Components Selection and Limitations

Pipe Fittings, Elbows, Bends, and

Intersections Valves Flanges, Facings, Gaskets, and Bolting

Pipe

Metallic Pipe• Ferrous Pipe

• New pipe

• Used pipe

• New/used of unknown/ASTM A 120 spec

• Cold worked pipe

• Coated/line pipe

Fittings, Elbows, Bends, and Intersections Fittings

a) Steel butt welding fittings (ASME B16.9, ASME B16.28, MSS SP-75)

b) Steel flanged fittings (ASME B16.5)c) Fittings exceeding scope of standard sizes

Bends, Miters, Elbows• Bends made from pipe

• Mitered bends (tidak boleh untuk operasi hoop stress di atas 20% SMYS)

• Factory made bends and elbows

• Wrinkle bends (tidak boleh digunakan)

Fittings, Elbows, Bends, and Intersections

Radius minimum untuk field cold bends

Fittings, Elbows, Bends, and Intersections Couplings

• Cast, malleable, or wrought iron threaded coupling are prohibited Reductions

• Reducers (ASME B16.5, ASME B16.9, MSS SP-75)• Orange peel swages (tidak boleh untuk operasi hoop stress di atas

20% SMYS) Intersections Closures

• Quick opening closures• Closure fittings• Closure heads• Fabricated closures• Bolted blind flange closures

Valves

Flanges, Facings, Gaskets, Boltings Flanges

• Steel flanges within scope of standard sizes• Cast iron flanges within scope of standard sizes• Flanges exceeding scope of standard sizes• Flanges of rectangular cross section

Flange Facings• Standard facings• Special facings

Gaskets• Standard gaskets• Special gaskets

Bolting• Bolting for steel flanges (ASME B16.5)• Bolting for insulating flanges (ASTM A 193 or A 354)• Bolting steel to cast iron flanges• Bolting for special flanges

Part IV : Selection and Limitation of Piping Joints

Welded Joints Flanged Joints Threaded Joints Sleeve, Coupled, and Other Patented

Joints

Part V : Expansion, Flexibility, Structural Attachments, Supports, and Restraints

Expansion and Flexibility Loads on Pipe Supporting Elements Design of Pipe Supporting Elements

Expansion and Flexibility Flexibility

• Bend, loop, offset• Expansion joint (anchor/ties)• Coupling of slip joint, ball joint, bellow type

Properties• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The linear coefficient of thermal expansion for carbon and low alloy high tensile steel may be taken as 6.5 x 10-6 in./in./°F for temperatures up to 250°F (11.7 x 10-6 mm/mm/°C for temperatures up to 120°C ).

• Moduli of Elasticity• Poisson’s Ratio (0.3 for steel)

Expansion and Flexibility

• Stress Valuesa) Restrained line

2 1L hS E T T S

Expansion and Flexibility

b) Unrestrained line

2 24E b tS S S

Design of Pipe Supporting Elements

Supports, Braces, and Anchors• Flexibility factor k and

stress intensification factor i

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