szent istvÁn egyetem Állatorvos-tudomÁnyi kar … breedin… · university of veterinary...
TRANSCRIPT
2020. 02. 18.
1
UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – BUDAPEST
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL BREEDING NUTRITION AND LABORATORY
ANIMAL SCIENCE
SECTION FOR ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS
Subject: Animal Breeding
1st lecture: Horse breeding introduction
Subjects
I. Semester (fall):
VETERINARY GENETICS
II. Semester (spring):
ANIMAL BREEDING
Locations
• Department:
Building „J” 3rd floor
Lectures and practical/lab:
„Lecture hall Béla TORMAY”
ground floor
J
THE STAFF
(Animal Breeding)
1. GÁSPÁRDY András, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. and head of dept: both
theoretical and practical: horse, cattle, sheep and goat, pig, poultry, chairman of
exam commission.
2. MARÓTI-AGÓTS Ákos, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. And deputy head of dept.:
both theoretical and practical: horse, cattle, dog and cat breeding, examiner.
3. ZENKE Petra, research fellow , PhD:
Both theoretical and practical: pig and poultry
4. SZMODITS Zsolt, Dept. Vet., horse, tutor for English course education
5. KŐRÖSI László, Poultry Vet., Hon. assoc. Prof. poultry
THE STAFF
(Animal Breeding)
1. GÁSPÁRDY András, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. and head of dept: both theoretical and
practical: horse, cattle, sheep and goat, pig, poultry, chairman of exam commission.
2. MARÓTI-AGÓTS Ákos, assoc. Prof., Dr. habil. And deputy head of dept.:
both theoretical and practical: horse, cattle, dog and cat breeding, examiner.
3. ZENKE Petra, research fellow , PhD:
Both theoretical and practical: pig and poultry
4. SZMODITS Zsolt, Dept. Vet., horse, tutor for English course education
5. KŐRÖSI László, Poultry Vet., Hon. assoc. Prof. poultry
hours Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
07:15
8:00
18:15
9:00 Állattenyésztéstanplen gyak 1
II/1-2-3-4. csop
Állattenyésztés (német)
plen gyak 2
II/5-6-7-8. csop29:15
10:00
310:15
11:00 Állattenyésztéstanplen gyak 2
II/5-6-7-8. csop
Állattenyésztés (német)
II. évf
Animal breeding(plenary lab)
II/1. Groups 1-2
Állattenyésztés (német)
II. évfAnimal breeding
(plenary lab)
II/2. Groups 8-104
11:15
12:00
512:15
13:00 Állattenyésztés (német)
plen gyak 1
II/1-2-3-4. csop
ANIMAL BREEDING
(LECTURE)
II/1. CLASS-A
ANIMAL BREEDING
(LECTURE)
II/1. CLASS-AAnimal breeding
(plenary lab)
II/1. Groups 3-46
13:15
14:00
714:15
15:00
Állattenyésztéstan
II. évf
ANIMAL BREEDING
(LECTURE)
II/2. CLASS-B
Animal breeding(plenary lab)
II/2. Groups 5-78
15:15
16:00
ANIMAL BREEDING
(LECTURE)
II/2. CLASS-B
916:15
17:00
1017:15
18:00
English courses
2020. 02. 18.
2
Week Date Lecture (2+1 hours/week) Date Plenary Practical
1. 04.02.
06.02.
G.A.: Horse breeding introduction, evolution,
domestication (2h)
Sz.Zs.: Use of horses (1h)
05.02.
07.02.
G.A.: Horse age determination
2. 11.02.
13.02.
M.Á.: Horse breeds (warm blooded, cold blooded,
ponies, types) and donkey, horse breeding methods, (2h)
Sz.Zs.: Horse important traits, breeding value estimation
(1h)
12.02.
14.02.
Sz.Zs.: Horse breeding, foal’s raising, keeping
conditions
3. 18.02.
20.02.
M.Á.: Horse reproduction, genetic diseases (2h)
G.A.: Horse colour inheritance and genotyping (1h)
19.02.
21.02.
M.Á.: Dairy cattle breeds and their recognition
4. 25.02.
27.02.
G.A.: Cattle breeding introduction, Dairy traits (2h)
G.A.: Dairy traits continued (1h)
26.02.
28.02.
G.A.: Dairy cattle technology, milk production and
hygiene
5. 03.03.
05.03.
G.A.: Breeding value estimation of dairy cattle (2h)
G.A.: Breeding value estimation of beef cattle (1h)
04.03.
06.03.
M.Á.: Beef and dual purpose cattle breeds and
their recognition
6. 10.03.
12.03.
M.Á.: Beef cattle traits (2h)
G.A.: Methods of cattle breeding (1h)
11.03.
13.03.
M.Á.: Beef cattle technology
7. 17.03.
19.03.
G.A.: Sheep and goat introduction (2h)
G.A.: Sheep and goat traits (1h)
18.03.
20.03.
G.A.: Sheep and goat technology (breeds used)
8. 24.03.
26.03.
G.A.: Cattle, sheep and goat reproduction, and genetic
diseases (2h)
G.A.: Sheep and goat breeds, breeding methods breeds
(1h)
25.03.
27.03.
G.A.: Wool classification and evaluation
9. 31.03.
02.04.
G.A.: Pig introduction (2h)
G.A.: pig traits and breeding value estimation (1h)
01.04.
03.04.
Z.P.: Pig breeds and their recognition
10. 06.04.
10.04.
HOLIDAY (DEAN) 06.04-10.04. HOLIDAY
11. 14.04.-
16.04.
Z.P.: Pig breeds and breeding methods (2h)
G.A: Pig reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)
15.04.
17.04.
G.A.: Pig technology
12. 21.04.
23.04.
M.Á.: Dog breeding (2h)
M.Á.: Dog reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)
22.04.
24.04.
M.Á.: Dog breeds and their recognition
13. 28.04.
30.04.
M.Á.: Cat breeding (2h)
M.Á.: Cat reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)
29.04.
01.05.
M.Á.: Cat breeds and their recognition
14. 05.05.
07.05.
G.A.: Hen breeding (egg production) (2h)
K.L.: Hen breeding (broiler production) (1h)
06.05.
08.05.
G.A.: Hen technologies, breeds, hybrids and their
recognition
15. 12.05.
14.05.
Z.P.: Ducks and goose breeding (2h)
Z.P.: Turkey and pigeon breeding (1h)
13.05.
15.05.
Z.P.: Water poultry, turkey and pigeon
technologies, species, breeds, hybrids and their
recognition
Class A
Week Date Lecture (2+1 hours/week) Date Plenary Practical
1. 04.02.
06.02.
G.A.: Horse breeding introduction, evolution, domestication (2h)
Sz.Zs.: Use of horses (1h)
05.02.
07.02.
G.A.: Horse age determination
2. 11.02.
13.02.
M.Á.: Horse breeds (warm blooded, cold blooded, ponies, types)
and donkey, horse breeding methods, (2h)
Sz.Zs.: Horse important traits, breeding value estimation (1h)
12.02.
14.02.
Sz.Zs.: Horse breeding, foal’s raising, keeping
conditions
3. 18.02.
20.02.
M.Á.: Horse reproduction, genetic diseases (2h)
G.A.: Horse colour inheritance and genotyping (1h)
19.02.
21.02.
M.Á.: Dairy cattle breeds and their recognition
4. 25.02.
27.02.
G.A.: Cattle breeding introduction, Dairy traits (2h)
G.A.: Dairy traits continued (1h)
26.02.
28.02.
G.A.: Dairy cattle technology, milk production
and hygiene
5. 03.03.
05.03.
G.A.: Breeding value estimation of dairy cattle (2h)
G.A.: Breeding value estimation of beef cattle (1h)
04.03.
06.03.
M.Á.: Beef and dual purpose cattle breeds and
their recognition
6. 10.03.
12.03.
M.Á.: Beef cattle traits (2h)
G.A.: Methods of cattle breeding (1h)
11.03.
13.03.
M.Á.: Beef cattle technology
7. 17.03.
19.03.
G.A.: Sheep and goat introduction (2h)
G.A.: Sheep and goat traits (1h)
18.03.
20.03.
G.A.: Sheep and goat technology (breeds used)
8. 24.03.
26.03.
G.A.: Cattle, sheep and goat reproduction, and genetic diseases
(2h)
G.A.: Sheep and goat breeds, breeding methods breeds (1h)
25.03.
27.03.
G.A.: Wool classification and evaluation
9. 31.03.
02.04.
G.A.: Pig introduction (2h)
G.A.: pig traits and breeding value estimation (1h)
01.04.
03.04.
Z.P.: Pig breeds and their recognition
10. 06.04.
10.04.
HOLIDAY (DEAN) 06.04.
10.04.
HOLIDAY
11. 14.04.-
16.04.
Z.P.: Pig breeds and breeding methods (2h)
G.A: Pig reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)
15.04.
17.04.
G.A.: Pig technology
12. 21.04.
23.04.
M.Á.: Dog breeding (2h)
M.Á.: Dog reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)
22.04.
24.04.
M.Á.: Dog breeds and their recognition
13. 28.04.
30.04.
M.Á.: Cat breeding (2h)
M.Á.: Cat reproduction and genetic diseases (1h)
29.04.
01.05.
M.Á.: Cat breeds and their recognition
14. 05.05.
07.05.
G.A.: Hen breeding (egg production) (2h)
K.L.: Hen breeding (broiler production) (1h)
06.05.
08.05.
G.A.: Hen technologies, breeds, hybrids and
their recognition
15. 15.05.
16.05.
Z.P.: Ducks and goose breeding (2h)
Z.P.: Turkey and pigeon breeding (1h)
13.05.
15.05.
Z.P.: Water poultry, turkey and pigeon
technologies, species, breeds, hybrids and their
recognition
Class B
TANTÁRGYI_TEMATIKA_Animal_breeding_ANGOL_2019-2020-
2_spring.pdfEducation
Summer practical
(extramural farm work)
responsible lecturer for English course student:
Dr. Zsolt SZMODITS, [email protected]
Ildiko KOVÁCS, [email protected]
Contact persons
(class representatives)
• Name: van Eijk Victoria Elizabeth
• E-mail: [email protected]
• Phone:
Recommended literature:
- text book (ed. L. Zöldág)
- Power.point presentations
- lecture notes
- practical notes
Understanding Animal Breeding
Richard M. Bourdon
Second Edition, 2014
Pearson ISBN 10: 1-292-04003-3
2020. 02. 18.
3
- Exam within the exam period which consists of two (practical
and theoretical) parts. At first, students are controlled by a
questionnaire on computer (according to their rapid answers
to basic figures, breeds, tools, wool samples and age
determination, http://gat.univet.hu/hu/node/2189) as a
threshold to enter into the theoretical part. The performance
from 60% is successful.
And then, they choose four questions, and after a preparation
time they answer these orally. All the four questions should
be answered (a single unknown question leads to failure). All
questions are published in advance. In case of failed exam,
students with at least 80% performance in computer test do
not need to repeat the practical part. Time span between the
exam failed and its re-take should exceed 5 days.-
Exam: Eighty questions in oral part:
Topic_list_1_Animal_Breeding_English_2020.pdf
1.
- A ló evolúciója és háziasítása, mikroevolúciós következmények, rokonfajok,
fajhibridek
- Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary consequences,
related species, inter-species hybrids
- Evolution und Domestikation des Pferdes, mikroevolutionäre Konsequenzen,
verwandte Arten, Artenhybride
2.
- A ló szaporodásbiológiai jellemzői és értékszámai (tenyészszezon, csikónevelés)
- Main reproduction features and traits of the horse (breeding season, raising
foals)
- Fortpflanzungsbiologische Merkmale des Pferdes (Zuchtsaison, Fohlenaufzucht)
3.
- Ló típusok, a ló küllembírálata, a fontosabb küllemi hibák
- Horse types, judging of conformation in horse, faults in stand and action
- Pferdetypen, Exterieurbeurteilung beim Pferd, Fehlern im Stehen und Bewegung
Attendance
• The presence on both the lectures and
practicals are obligatory.
by reading the names
Summer Report Guide_Animal_Breeding_2020.pdf
Training_Agreement_2020.pdf
TTRRAAIINNIINNGG AAGGRREEEEMMEENNTT FFOORR SSUUMMMMEERR PPRRAACCTTIICCEE
Between Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science,
University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (DEPARTMENT)
And ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (PARTNER ORGANISATION)
And ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (Hereinafter “the STUDENT”)
WHEREAS the PARTNER ORGANIZATION accepts the STUDENT as an intern
within the framework of this agreement.
The parties agree to the following:
Horse breeding introduction(outline of lecture)
• Horse’s evolution
• Horse’s taxonomy
• Horse’s domestication
• Relatives and interspecies hybrids
• Horse’s biological characteristics
• Names after age and gender
• Sorting of horses
2020. 02. 18.
4
Exam question
• 1. Evolution and domestication of the
horse, micro-evolutionary consequences,
related species, inter-species hybrids
Horse’s evolution
• archeologically well documented development,started in North-American continent.
– many transitional species: Eohippus →Mesohippus →Miohippus →Merychippus →Pliohippus →Equus.– cca. 60 million years long process.– major changes: body size, nutrition (omnivorous for herbivorous), tooth, reduction of digits, life mode.
– extinction in North-America.– spread: Eurasia, Africa, then America and Australia
Phenacodus (60 million years ago)
Evolution of horse
The names of the ancestral species
• Eohyppus protohyppus e.Mosbachensis
• Mesohyppus pliohyppus e.Steinheimesis
• Meryrichyppus astrohyppus e.robustus
• Hyracoterium orohyppus e.germanicus
• Aminippus epihyppus e.Przewalskii
• Duchesnehyppus hippidium e.Gmellini
• Plesihyppus nannihippus e.semiplicatus
• Scottihyppus Tauhippus e.francisci
• Lophioteium dinohyppus e.idahoensis
• Miohyppus allohyppus e.excelsus
• Parahyppus amerhyppus e.occidentalis
• Archeohyppus onohippidion e.fraternus
• Anchiterium hyppotigris e.mexicanus
• Hypohyppus e.niobrarensis e.convesidens
• Megahyppus e.pectinatus e.stenonis
• Hypparion e.süssenbornensis e.altidens
• Neohypparion e.Hydrantinus e.graziosii
• e.hydruntinus e.capensis e.oldowayensis
• E.koobifrensis e.tabeti e.melkiensis
• E.algericus e.simplicidens e.caballus
• E.hemionus e.asinus 62 „species”
Eohippus (55 mya)
(Hyracotherium)
2020. 02. 18.
5
(Orohippus, 50 mya)
(Epihippus, 45 mya)
Mesohippus (35 mya)
Miohippus (30 mya)
Anchitherium (extinct) Hypohippus (extinct)
Parahippus (25 mya) Hypparion (20 mya)
2020. 02. 18.
6
Merychippus (15 mya) Pliohyppus (10 mya)
Plesippus (3.5 mya)Equus (1 mya)
Equus Przewalskii (Taki)
Equus (1 mya)Equus Gmelinii (Tarpan)
Changes on forefoot bones
Lengthening of radius,
canon bone and
terminal phalanx
2020. 02. 18.
7
Changes on scull and teethLengthening and
broadening of the
skull,
orientation of post-
orbital bar relative to
horizontal plane,
degree of cranial
flexion,
development of
isthmus on lower
molars, development
of infundibulum on
third lower incisors
Changes in size and weight
The domestic horse and its ancestor
(Tarpan)
Zoological position and taxonomy of the horse
(chromosome numbers)• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Perissodactylia (non-ruminant hoofed mammals,
horse, tapir, rhinoceros)
• Family Equidae – Subgenus Equus (horses, species: Equus ferus Boddaert)
• Equus ferus Przewalskii-taki (2n = 66),
• Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, silvaticus, Forest Horse, germanicus extinct, 2n = ?), extinct
• Equus caballus (domesticated horse, 2n = 64)
– Subgenus Asinus (African ass,): Species:
• Equus asinus/africanus (Nubian and Somali wild ass, chrm. No: 62)
• Domiesticated ass (donkey, Equus africanus, chrm. No: 62)
– Subgenus Hemionus (Equus hemionus, Asian semi-ass, onager, culan, kiang etc) (2n=50-56)
– Subgenus Hippotigris (Zebras, 5 species, 2n chrm. No = 62or 44, or 46)
Masuri-Tarpan
Wild ass
Zebra(South-African Zebra)
Quagga (extinct)
2020. 02. 18.
8
Onager/Kulan/Dziggetai(Persian/Kirghiz/Mongolian hemionus)
Khur(Indian hemionus)
Kiang(Tibetian hemionus)
Wild ass(Africa, Somali ass)
Domestic donkeyEquine genome
(Number of chromosomes: 2n = 64; n = 32)
2020. 02. 18.
9
Horse Genome Project (http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horsemap/)
• First genome sequenced: Twilight English Thoroughbred mare (Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y.) (Chowdhary BP, Raudsepp T. The horse genome, Genome Dyn., 2006. 2:97-110.)
• Size: 2.7 billion DNA base pairs.
• First gene map for studying (2006) equine genetic diseases.
• 1 million base mutations: single nucleotide polymorphisms (point mutation, SNP).
• About 80 genetic diseases are comparable to human genetic disorders.
• SNP-s (point mutations) are available: www.broad.mit.edu/mammals/horse/snp or NCBI Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database, dbSNP (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP).
Interspecies-hybridization of equines
Hybridization is possible:
Wild horse (Taki, 2n = 66) ×domestic horse (2n = 64 -fusion);
Domestic horse (2n = 64) ×domestic ass (2n = 62);
Domestic horse (2n = 64) ×Zebra (2n = 62);
Zebra (2n = 62) × domestic ass (2n = 62).
Unfertile offspring!
Used: Mule, hinnies.
Merits: heterosis, power, working, stamina, obedience, heat tolerant, disease resistant.
Przewalski-horse (Taki)
Domestic horse (2n =
64) × domestic ass
(2n = 62);
mulus, mule
hinnus, hinny
Haldane rule:Heterogametic gender is sterile
Zebra (2n = 62) × domestic ass (2n = 62).(zonkey, zedonk, zebrass).
Domestic horse (2n = 64) × Zebra (2n = 62)(mare, horse, 2007)
zorse
Inter-species hybridization of equines - fertility
Wild horse (Przewalski-horse) × domestic horses: successful,fertile offspring;
Horse (domestic, wild) × ass (donkey): successful, not fertile, except rarely the mares;
mule (horse mare),
hinny (she-ass);
Horse × zebras: not fertile (zorses);
Asses × zebras: not fertile (zonkeys, zedonk, zebrass)
Portmanteau words!
Haldane’s rule: primarily the heterogametic sex (male!) is affected by sterility in successful crossing of closely related species.
Heterosis: inter-specific hybrids may show higher strength, endurance, tolerance and resistance to heat and diseases (mainly mules).
2020. 02. 18.
10
Biotechnology!Hunting of horses from BC 30 000
Domestication of the horse
• Domestication 5-6000 years ago: Central Asia, Persia, Egypt, Europe, to America arrived only after 1492 (by Spanish invaders).
• Historical use of horse: hunting, chariot, carriage, coach, people migration, transport, military use, agriculture, races, sport, hobby, leisure, therapy, recreation, status-symbol…etc.
• Major role in cultural and social development of mankind!
• Ancestors, wild horses:
– Living to date: Przewalski-horse or taki, Mongolian steppes.
– Extinct: Tarpan, West-European, Forest horse.
– Returned to nature: feral horses, Mustang, Bramby - re-domestication possible.
– Features: dun, cream-, grey-coloured, black ridge, eel stripe, standing mane, „missing withers", cross at withers, zebroid stripes on legs, 125-130 cm withers height.
Wild horses:
(1) „Tarpan” from zoos
(Reconstruction as Heck-Horse)
(2) Przewalski-horse (Mongolian
Taki)
Wild horse features: bay dun,
rarely mouse dun, eel stripe
(dorsal line), standing mane,
zebra stripes, height at withers:
125-130 cm
Highland Pony with wild horse features
Fjord horse
Wild colours of the domestic horseMost important genetic consequences of horse
domestication
• 2n chromosome number: fusion of
chromosomes?
– Wild and domestic horse: 66→64, presumption only, not
proved.
– Tarpan (?) is unknown (extinct).
– Ass remained the same: 62.
• New mutations and artificial selection:
– Many new mutations (harmful – genetic diseases,
favourable, desired) → high allelic polymorphism on the
same locus across breeds.
– Diversity has increased (in size, type and colour).
– More then 200 breeds, breed groups and types
(Falabella, Shire, Ponies, Brabant etc).
2020. 02. 18.
11
Most important phenotype consequences of horse
domestication
• Diversity seen in:– Varied sizes, body builds (heights 50-180 cm), dwarfism;
– Weights (50-1200 kg), heavy, light horses and ponies;
– Many colour variants, temperament, long hair disappeared;
– Less effective feed conversion;
– Accelerated ageing;
– Sensitivity to respiratory diseases, decreased resistance;
– Not well expressed sex dimorphism;
– Sexual activity changed from mono-estrus to seasonal poly-estrus;
– Ability to return to the nature (feral horses, America –Mustang, Australia – Brumby).
Horses show more, asses less diversity and domestication
changes.
Biological characteristics of horse
• Herbivorous, can not ruminate and vomit.
• Odd-toed.
• Loving a group.
• Uniparous.
• Short and long hairs, shedding.
• Vivid, scary, but trainable.
• Escaping lifestyle (frequent ingestion and suckling).
• Large framed.
• Long time periods (slow genetic improvement).
• Dicromatic vision.
Terminology (various sexes, age and life cycle)
• Foal: less than one year old of either sex; nursing foal, suckling, weanling (at 4-6 months of age).
• Yearling: between one and two years.
• Colt: male under the age of four; common error: to call any young horse a colt.
• Filly: female horse under the age of four.
• Mare: female horse four years old and older, brood-mare.
• Stallion: stud, non-castrated male horse four years old and older. A "rig" is a stallion having undescended testicle.
• Gelding: castrated male horse of any age.
• She-ass: jennet,
• He-ass: jack
Horses to distinguish
• Wild horse: the only living species: Equus ferus
Przewalski (taki).
• Domesticated horses: horse breeds and types.
• Feral horses: free-roaming
horses of domesticated ancestry, often are
popularly called as "wild" horses. Feral horses
live in groups called a band, herd, harem, or mob.
• Semiferal horses: live in a feral condition but
may be occasionally handled or managed by
humans.
2020. 02. 18.
12
Most common feral horses
• Mustang: Europeans (Conquistadors)
reintroduced the horse to the American Continent in
the 15th century, some horses escaped and
formed feral herds known today as Mustangs.
• Brumby: Australia has the largest population of
feral horses in the world (400,000). The Australian
name is the Brumby, feral descendants of horses
brought to Australia by English settlers.
• In Portugal, there are two populations of free-
ranging feral horses, known as Sorraia in the
southern plains and Garrano in the northern
mountain chains.
• There are also isolated populations of feral horses
in a number of other places (Islands of Nova
Scotia, of Virginia and Maryland, of Georgia etc).
Mustang, mestena, the „wild horse” of America (in USA gene
preservation, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico.
Brumby in Australia Sorraia in Portugal
Namib Desert HorseSpreading and influence of Arab, Barb and Spanish
horse breeds
Ancient breeds - Arabs
Spanish and
Spanish blooded breeds
European and Asian
breeds
The English Thoroughbred is unique! World breed, fastest, racing, multinational,
improver (James Weatherby, 1783)
2020. 02. 18.
13
Horse diversity
Three basic types of
domestic horsesWork, draft
Sport,
racing
Multi-
purpose
The type is not a breed!