03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 1/14

Systems engineering techniques are used incomplex projects: spacecraft design, computerchip design, robotics, software integration, andbridge building. Systems engineering uses a hostof tools that include modeling and simulation,requirements analysis and scheduling to managecomplexity.

Systems engineeringFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field ofengineering that focuses on how to design and managecomplex engineering systems over their life cycles.Issues such as requirements engineering, reliability,logistics, coordination of different teams, testing andevaluation, maintainability and many other disciplinesnecessary for successful system development, design,implementation, and ultimate decommission becomemore difficult when dealing with large or complexprojects. Systems engineering deals with workprocesses, optimization methods, and risk managementtools in such projects. It overlaps technical and humancentered disciplines such as control engineering,industrial engineering, software engineering,organizational studies, and project management.Systems engineering ensures that all likely aspects of aproject or system are considered, and integrated into awhole.

The systems engineering process is a discovery processthat is quite unlike a manufacturing process. Amanufacturing process is focused on repetitive activitiesthat achieve high quality outputs with minimum costand time. The systems engineering process must beginby discovering the real problems that need to be resolved, and identify the most probable or highestimpact failures that can occur systems engineering involves finding elegant solutions to theseproblems.

Contents

1 History

2 Concept

2.1 Origins and traditional scope

2.2 Evolution to broader scope

2.3 Holistic view

2.4 Interdisciplinary field

2.5 Managing complexity

0

Stumble

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 2/14

QFD House of Quality for EnterpriseProduct Development Processes

2.6 Scope

3 Education

4 Systems engineering topics

4.1 System

4.2 The systems engineering process

4.3 Using models

4.4 Modeling formalisms and graphical representations

4.5 Other tools

5 Related fields and subfields

6 See also

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

History

The term systems engineering can be traced back to BellTelephone Laboratories in the 1940s.[1] The need to identify andmanipulate the properties of a system as a whole, which incomplex engineering projects may greatly differ from the sum ofthe parts' properties, motivated various industries, especiallythose developing systems for the U.S. Military, to apply thediscipline.[2]

When it was no longer possible to rely on design evolution toimprove upon a system and the existing tools were not sufficientto meet growing demands, new methods began to be developedthat addressed the complexity directly.[3] The continuingevolution of systems engineering comprises the development andidentification of new methods and modeling techniques. Thesemethods aid in the better comprehension and the design anddevelopment control of engineering systems as they grow morecomplex. Popular tools that are often used in the systemsengineering context were developed during these times,including USL, UML, QFD, and IDEF0.

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 3/14

Some definitions"An interdisciplinary approach andmeans to enable the realization ofsuccessful systems"[6] — INCOSEhandbook, 2004."System engineering is a robustapproach to the design, creation,and operation of systems. In simpleterms, the approach consists ofidentification and quantification ofsystem goals, creation ofalternative system design concepts,performance of design trades,selection and implementation ofthe best design, verification thatthe design is properly built andintegrated, and postimplementation assessment of howwell the system meets (or met) thegoals."[7] — NASA SystemsEngineering Handbook, 1995."The Art and Science of creatingeffective systems, using wholesystem, whole life principles" OR"The Art and Science of creatingoptimal solution systems tocomplex issues and problems"[8]— Derek Hitchins, Prof. of SystemsEngineering, former president ofINCOSE (UK), 2007."The concept from the engineeringstandpoint is the evolution of theengineering scientist, i.e., thescientific generalist who maintainsa broad outlook. The method is thatof the team approach. On largescalesystem problems, teams ofscientists and engineers, generalistsas well as specialists, exert theirjoint efforts to find a solution andphysically realize it...The techniquehas been variously called thesystems approach or the teamdevelopment method."[9] — HarryH. Goode & Robert E. Machol,

1957.

In 1990, a professional society for systems engineering, the National Council on Systems Engineering(NCOSE), was founded by representatives from a number of U.S. corporations and organizations.NCOSE was created to address the need for improvements in systems engineering practices andeducation. As a result of growing involvement from systems engineers outside of the U.S., the name ofthe organization was changed to the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) in 1995.[4]Schools in several countries offer graduate programs in systems engineering, and continuing educationoptions are also available for practicing engineers.[5]

Concept

Systems engineering signifies only an approach and, morerecently, a discipline in engineering. The aim of education insystems engineering is to formalize various approaches simply andin doing so, identify new methods and research opportunitiessimilar to that which occurs in other fields of engineering. As anapproach, systems engineering is holistic and interdisciplinary inflavour.

Origins and traditional scope

The traditional scope of engineering embraces the conception,design, development, production and operation of physicalsystems. Systems engineering, as originally conceived, falls withinthis scope. "Systems engineering", in this sense of the term, refersto the distinctive set of concepts, methodologies, organizationalstructures (and so on) that have been developed to meet thechallenges of engineering effective functional systems ofunprecedented size and complexity within time, budget, and otherconstraints. The Apollo program is a leading example of a systemsengineering project.

Evolution to broader scope

The use of the term "systems engineer" has evolved over time toembrace a wider, more holistic concept of "systems" and ofengineering processes. This evolution of the definition has been asubject of ongoing controversy,[11] and the term continues to applyto both the narrower and broader scope.

Traditional systems engineering was seen as a branch ofengineering in the classical sense, that is, as applied only tophysical system, such as space craft and aircraft. More recently,systems engineering has evolved to a take on a broader meaningespecially when humans were seen as an essential component of asystem. Checkland, for example, captures the broader meaning ofsystems engineering by stating that 'engineering' "can be read in itsgeneral sense; you can engineer a meeting or a politicalagreement." [12]

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 4/14

1957.

"The systems engineering methodrecognizes each system is anintegrated whole even thoughcomposed of diverse, specializedstructures and subfunctions. Itfurther recognizes that any systemhas a number of objectives and thatthe balance between them maydiffer widely from system tosystem. The methods seek tooptimize the overall systemfunctions according to theweighted objectives and to achievemaximum compatibility of itsparts."[10] — Systems EngineeringTools by Harold Chestnut, 1965.

Consistent with the broader scope of systems engineering, theSystems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) [13] hasdefined three types of systems engineering: (1) Product SystemsEngineering (PSE) is the traditional systems engineering focusedon the design of physical systems consisting of hardware andsoftware. (2) Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) pertains to theview of enterprises, that is, organizations or combinations oforganizations, as systems. (3) Service Systems Engineering (SSE)has to do with the engineering of service systems. Checkland [14]defines a service system as a system which is conceived as servinganother system. Most civil infrastructure systems are servicesystems.

Holistic view

Systems engineering focuses on analyzing and eliciting customer needs and required functionality earlyin the development cycle, documenting requirements, then proceeding with design synthesis and systemvalidation while considering the complete problem, the system lifecycle. This includes fullyunderstanding all of the stakeholders involved. Oliver et al. claim that the systems engineering processcan be decomposed into

a Systems Engineering Technical Process, anda Systems Engineering Management Process.

Within Oliver's model, the goal of the Management Process is to organize the technical effort in thelifecycle, while the Technical Process includes assessing available information, defining effectivenessmeasures, to create a behavior model, create a structure model, perform tradeoff analysis, and createsequential build & test plan.[15]

Depending on their application, although there are several models that are used in the industry, all ofthem aim to identify the relation between the various stages mentioned above and incorporate feedback.Examples of such models include the Waterfall model and the VEE model.[16]

Interdisciplinary field

System development often requires contribution from diverse technical disciplines.[17] By providing asystems (holistic) view of the development effort, systems engineering helps mold all the technicalcontributors into a unified team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds fromconcept to production to operation and, in some cases, to termination and disposal. In an acquisition, theholistic integrative discipline combines contributions and balances tradeoffs among cost, schedule, andperformance while maintaining an acceptable level of risk covering the entire life cycle of the item.[18]

This perspective is often replicated in educational programs, in that systems engineering courses aretaught by faculty from other engineering departments, which helps create an interdisciplinaryenvironment.[19][20]

Managing complexity

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 5/14

The International Space Station is an example of alargely complex system requiring SystemsEngineering.

The scope of systems engineering activities[24]

The need for systems engineering arose with the increase in complexity of systems and projects,[21][22] inturn exponentially increasing the possibility of component friction, and therefore the unreliability of thedesign. When speaking in this context, complexity incorporates not only engineering systems, but alsothe logical human organization of data. At the same time, a system can become more complex due to anincrease in size as well as with an increase in the amount of data, variables, or the number of fields thatare involved in the design. The International Space Station is an example of such a system.

The development of smarter control algorithms,microprocessor design, and analysis ofenvironmental systems also come within the purviewof systems engineering. Systems engineeringencourages the use of tools and methods to bettercomprehend and manage complexity in systems.Some examples of these tools can be seen here:[23]

System architecture,System model, Modeling, and Simulation,Optimization,System dynamics,Systems analysis,Statistical analysis,Reliability analysis, andDecision making

Taking an interdisciplinary approach to engineering systems is inherently complex since the behavior ofand interaction among system components is not always immediately well defined or understood.Defining and characterizing such systems and subsystems and the interactions among them is one of thegoals of systems engineering. In doing so, the gap that exists between informal requirements from users,operators, marketing organizations, and technical specifications is successfully bridged.

Scope

One way to understand themotivation behind systemsengineering is to see it as a method,or practice, to identify and improvecommon rules that exist within awide variety of systems. Keepingthis in mind, the principles ofsystems engineering – holism,emergent behavior, boundary, et al. –can be applied to any system,complex or otherwise, providedsystems thinking is employed at alllevels.[25] Besides defense andaerospace, many information andtechnology based companies,software development firms, andindustries in the field of electronics& communications require systemsengineers as part of their team.[26]

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 6/14

An analysis by the INCOSE Systems Engineering center of excellence (SECOE) indicates that optimaleffort spent on systems engineering is about 1520% of the total project effort.[27] At the same time,studies have shown that systems engineering essentially leads to reduction in costs among otherbenefits.[27] However, no quantitative survey at a larger scale encompassing a wide variety of industrieshas been conducted until recently. Such studies are underway to determine the effectiveness andquantify the benefits of systems engineering.[28][29]

Systems engineering encourages the use of modeling and simulation to validate assumptions or theorieson systems and the interactions within them.[30][31]

Use of methods that allow early detection of possible failures, in safety engineering, are integrated intothe design process. At the same time, decisions made at the beginning of a project whose consequencesare not clearly understood can have enormous implications later in the life of a system, and it is the taskof the modern systems engineer to explore these issues and make critical decisions. No methodguarantees today's decisions will still be valid when a system goes into service years or decades afterfirst conceived. However, there are techniques that support the process of systems engineering.Examples include soft systems methodology, Jay Wright Forrester's System dynamics method, and theUnified Modeling Language (UML)—all currently being explored, evaluated, and developed to supportthe engineering decision process.

Education

Education in systems engineering is often seen as an extension to the regular engineering courses,[32]reflecting the industry attitude that engineering students need a foundational background in one of thetraditional engineering disciplines (e.g., aerospace engineering, automotive engineering, electricalengineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering)—plus practical, realworld experience tobe effective as systems engineers. Undergraduate university programs in systems engineering are rare.Typically, systems engineering is offered at the graduate level in combination with interdisciplinarystudy.

INCOSE maintains a continuously updated Directory of Systems Engineering Academic Programsworldwide.[5] As of 2009, there are about 80 institutions in United States that offer 165 undergraduateand graduate programs in systems engineering. Education in systems engineering can be taken asSystemscentric or Domaincentric.

Systemscentric programs treat systems engineering as a separate discipline and most of thecourses are taught focusing on systems engineering principles and practice.Domaincentric programs offer systems engineering as an option that can be exercised withanother major field in engineering.

Both of these patterns strive to educate the systems engineer who is able to oversee interdisciplinaryprojects with the depth required of a coreengineer.[33]

Systems engineering topics

Systems engineering tools are strategies, procedures, and techniques that aid in performing systemsengineering on a project or product. The purpose of these tools vary from database management,graphical browsing, simulation, and reasoning, to document production, neutral import/export andmore.[34]

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 7/14

System

There are many definitions of what a system is in the field of systems engineering. Below are a fewauthoritative definitions:

ANSI/EIA6321999: "An aggregation of end products and enabling products to achieve a givenpurpose."[35]DAU Systems Engineering Fundamentals: "an integrated composite of people, products, andprocesses that provide a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective."IEEE Std 12201998: "A set or arrangement of elements and processes that are related and whosebehavior satisfies customer/operational needs and provides for life cycle sustainment of theproducts."[36]ISO/IEC 15288:2008: "A combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or morestated purposes."[37]NASA Systems Engineering Handbook: "(1) The combination of elements that function togetherto produce the capability to meet a need. The elements include all hardware, software, equipment,facilities, personnel, processes, and procedures needed for this purpose. (2) The end product(which performs operational functions) and enabling products (which provide lifecycle supportservices to the operational end products) that make up a system."[38]INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: "homogeneous entity that exhibits predefined behaviorin the real world and is composed of heterogeneous parts that do not individually exhibit thatbehavior and an integrated configuration of components and/or subsystems."[39]INCOSE: "A system is a construct or collection of different elements that together produce resultsnot obtainable by the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware,software, facilities, policies, and documents; that is, all things required to produce systemslevelresults. The results include system level qualities, properties, characteristics, functions, behaviorand performance. The value added by the system as a whole, beyond that contributedindependently by the parts, is primarily created by the relationship among the parts; that is, howthey are interconnected."[40]

The systems engineering process

Depending on their application, tools are used for various stages of the systems engineering process:[24]

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 8/14

Using models

Models play important and diverse roles in systems engineering. A model can be defined in severalways, including:[41]

An abstraction of reality designed to answer specific questions about the real worldAn imitation, analogue, or representation of a real world process or structure; orA conceptual, mathematical, or physical tool to assist a decision maker.

Together, these definitions are broad enough to encompass physical engineering models used in theverification of a system design, as well as schematic models like a functional flow block diagram andmathematical (i.e., quantitative) models used in the trade study process. This section focuses on thelast.[41]

The main reason for using mathematical models and diagrams in trade studies is to provide estimates ofsystem effectiveness, performance or technical attributes, and cost from a set of known or estimablequantities. Typically, a collection of separate models is needed to provide all of these outcome variables.The heart of any mathematical model is a set of meaningful quantitative relationships among its inputsand outputs. These relationships can be as simple as adding up constituent quantities to obtain a total, oras complex as a set of differential equations describing the trajectory of a spacecraft in a gravitationalfield. Ideally, the relationships express causality, not just correlation.[41] Furthermore, key to successfulsystems engineering activities are also the methods with which these models are efficiently andeffectively managed and used to simulate the systems. However, diverse domains often present recurringproblems of modeling and simulation for systems engineering, and new advancements are aiming tocrossfertilize methods among distinct scientific and engineering communities, under the title of'Modeling & Simulationbased Systems Engineering'.[42]

Modeling formalisms and graphical representations

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 9/14

Initially, when the primary purpose of a systems engineer is to comprehend a complex problem, graphicrepresentations of a system are used to communicate a system's functional and data requirements.[43]Common graphical representations include:

Functional flow block diagram (FFBD)Modelbased design, for example Simulink, VisSim, etc.Data Flow Diagram (DFD)N2 ChartIDEF0 DiagramUse case diagramSequence diagramBlock diagramSignalflow graphUSL Function Maps and Type Maps.Enterprise Architecture frameworks, like TOGAF, MODAF, Zachman Frameworks etc.

A graphical representation relates the various subsystems or parts of a system through functions, data, orinterfaces. Any or each of the above methods are used in an industry based on its requirements. Forinstance, the N2 chart may be used where interfaces between systems is important. Part of the designphase is to create structural and behavioral models of the system.

Once the requirements are understood, it is now the responsibility of a systems engineer to refine them,and to determine, along with other engineers, the best technology for a job. At this point starting with atrade study, systems engineering encourages the use of weighted choices to determine the best option. Adecision matrix, or Pugh method, is one way (QFD is another) to make this choice while considering allcriteria that are important. The trade study in turn informs the design, which again affects graphicrepresentations of the system (without changing the requirements). In an SE process, this stagerepresents the iterative step that is carried out until a feasible solution is found. A decision matrix isoften populated using techniques such as statistical analysis, reliability analysis, system dynamics(feedback control), and optimization methods.

Other tools

Systems Modeling Language (SysML), a modeling language used for systems engineering applications,supports the specification, analysis, design, verification and validation of a broad range of complexsystems.[44]

Lifecycle Modeling Language (LML), is an openstandard modeling language designed for systemsengineering that supports the full lifecycle: conceptual, utilization, support and retirement stages.[45]

Related fields and subfields

Many related fields may be considered tightly coupled to systems engineering. These areas havecontributed to the development of systems engineering as a distinct entity.

Cognitive Systems Engineering Cognitive systems engineering (CSE) is a specific approach to the description and analysis ofhumanmachine systems or sociotechnical systems.[46] The three main themes of CSE are howhumans cope with complexity, how work is accomplished by the use of artifacts, and how humanmachine systems and sociotechnical systems can be described as joint cognitive systems. CSEhas since its beginning become a recognized scientific discipline, sometimes also referred to as

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 10/14

cognitive engineering. The concept of a Joint Cognitive System (JCS) has in particular becomewidely used as a way of understanding how complex sociotechnical systems can be describedwith varying degrees of resolution. The more than 20 years of experience with CSE has beendescribed extensively.[47][48]

Configuration managementLike systems engineering, configuration management as practiced in the defense and aerospaceindustry is a broad systemslevel practice. The field parallels the taskings of systems engineering;where systems engineering deals with requirements development, allocation to development itemsand verification, configuration management deals with requirements capture, traceability to thedevelopment item, and audit of development item to ensure that it has achieved the desiredfunctionality that systems engineering and/or Test and Verification Engineering have proven outthrough objective testing.

Control engineeringControl engineering and its design and implementation of control systems, used extensively innearly every industry, is a large subfield of systems engineering. The cruise control on anautomobile and the guidance system for a ballistic missile are two examples. Control systemstheory is an active field of applied mathematics involving the investigation of solution spaces andthe development of new methods for the analysis of the control process.

Industrial engineeringIndustrial engineering is a branch of engineering that concerns the development, improvement,implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information,equipment, energy, material and process. Industrial engineering draws upon the principles andmethods of engineering analysis and synthesis, as well as mathematical, physical and socialsciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify,predict, and evaluate results obtained from such systems.

Interface designInterface design and its specification are concerned with assuring that the pieces of a systemconnect and interoperate with other parts of the system and with external systems as necessary.Interface design also includes assuring that system interfaces be able to accept new features,including mechanical, electrical and logical interfaces, including reserved wires, plugspace,command codes and bits in communication protocols. This is known as extensibility. HumanComputer Interaction (HCI) or HumanMachine Interface (HMI) is another aspect of interfacedesign, and is a critical aspect of modern systems engineering. Systems engineering principles areapplied in the design of network protocols for localarea networks and widearea networks.

Mechatronic engineeringMechatronic engineering, like systems engineering, is a multidisciplinary field of engineering thatuses dynamical systems modeling to express tangible constructs. In that regard it is almostindistinguishable from Systems Engineering, but what sets it apart is the focus on smaller detailsrather than larger generalizations and relationships. As such, both fields are distinguished by thescope of their projects rather than the methodology of their practice.

Operations researchOperations research supports systems engineering. The tools of operations research are used insystems analysis, decision making, and trade studies. Several schools teach SE courses within theoperations research or industrial engineering department, highlighting the role systemsengineering plays in complex projects. Operations research, briefly, is concerned with theoptimization of a process under multiple constraints.[49]

Performance engineeringPerformance engineering is the discipline of ensuring a system meets customer expectations forperformance throughout its life. Performance is usually defined as the speed with which a certainoperation is executed, or the capability of executing a number of such operations in a unit of time.Performance may be degraded when an operations queue to execute is throttled by limited systemcapacity. For example, the performance of a packetswitched network is characterized by the endtoend packet transit delay, or the number of packets switched in an hour. The design of highperformance systems uses analytical or simulation modeling, whereas the delivery of high

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 11/14

performance implementation involves thorough performance testing. Performance engineeringrelies heavily on statistics, queueing theory and probability theory for its tools and processes.

Program management and project management.Program management (or programme management) has many similarities with systemsengineering, but has broaderbased origins than the engineering ones of systems engineering.Project management is also closely related to both program management and systems engineering.

Proposal engineeringProposal engineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design,construct, and operate a costeffective proposal development system. Basically, proposalengineering uses the "systems engineering process" to create a cost effective proposal and increasethe odds of a successful proposal.

Reliability engineeringReliability engineering is the discipline of ensuring a system meets customer expectations forreliability throughout its life; i.e., it does not fail more frequently than expected. Reliabilityengineering applies to all aspects of the system. It is closely associated with maintainability,availability (dependability or RAMS preferred by some), and logistics engineering. Reliabilityengineering is always a critical component of safety engineering, as in failure modes and effectsanalysis (FMEA) and hazard fault tree analysis, and of security engineering.

Risk ManagementRisk Management, the practice of assessing and dealing with risk is one of the interdisciplinaryparts of Systems Engineering. In development, acquisition, or operational activities, the inclusionof risk in tradeoff with cost, schedule, and performance features, involves the iterative complexconfiguration management of traceability and evaluation to the scheduling and requirementsmanagement across domains and for the system lifecycle that requires the interdisciplinarytechnical approach of systems engineering.

Safety engineeringThe techniques of safety engineering may be applied by nonspecialist engineers in designingcomplex systems to minimize the probability of safetycritical failures. The "System SafetyEngineering" function helps to identify "safety hazards" in emerging designs, and may assist withtechniques to "mitigate" the effects of (potentially) hazardous conditions that cannot be designedout of systems.

SchedulingScheduling is one of the systems engineering support tools as a practice and item in assessinginterdisciplinary concerns under configuration management. In particular the direct relationship ofresources, performance features, and risk to duration of a task or the dependency links amongtasks and impacts across the system lifecycle are systems engineering concerns.

Security engineeringSecurity engineering can be viewed as an interdisciplinary field that integrates the community ofpractice for control systems design, reliability, safety and systems engineering. It may involvesuch subspecialties as authentication of system users, system targets and others: people, objectsand processes.

Software engineeringFrom its beginnings, software engineering has helped shape modern systems engineering practice.The techniques used in the handling of complexes of large softwareintensive systems have had amajor effect on the shaping and reshaping of the tools, methods and processes of SE.

See also

Control engineeringDesign review (U.S. government)Enterprise systems engineeringInterdisciplinarityList of production topics

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 12/14

List of systems engineersList of types of systems engineeringManagement cyberneticsStructured systems analysis and design methodSystem of systems engineering (SoSE)Systems Thinking (e.g. Theory of Constraints, Value Stream Mapping)

References1. Schlager, J. (July 1956). "Systems engineering: key to modern development". IRE Transactions EM–3 (3):

64–66. doi:10.1109/IRETEM.1956.5007383.2. Arthur D. Hall (1962). A Methodology for Systems Engineering. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 044203046

0.3. Andrew Patrick Sage (1992). Systems Engineering. Wiley IEEE. ISBN 0471536393.4. INCOSE Resp Group (11 June 2004). "Genesis of INCOSE". Retrieved 20060711.5. INCOSE Education & Research Technical Committee. "Directory of Systems Engineering Academic

Programs". Retrieved 20060711.6. Systems Engineering Handbook, version 2a. INCOSE. 2004.7. NASA Systems Engineering Handbook. NASA. 1995. SP610S.8. "Derek Hitchins". INCOSE UK. Retrieved 20070602.9. Goode, Harry H.; Robert E. Machol (1957). System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Largescale Systems. McGrawHill. p. 8. LCCN 56011714.

10. Chestnut, Harold (1965). Systems Engineering Tools. Wiley. ISBN 0471154482.11. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.86.7496&rep=rep1&type=pdf12. Checkland, Peter, Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 1999, p. 10.13. Checkland, Peter. 1999. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Pyster, Arthur,

ed. 2012. Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge. 1.0 ed: Stephens Institute and the Naval PostgraduateSchool.

14. Checkland, Peter. 1999. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons.15. Oliver, David W.; Timothy P. Kelliher, James G. Keegan, Jr. (1997). Engineering Complex Systems with

Models and Objects. McGrawHill. pp. 85–94. ISBN 0070481881.16. "The SE VEE". SEOR, George Mason University. Retrieved 20070526.17. Ramo, Simon; Robin K. St.Clair (1998). The Systems Approach: Fresh Solutions to Complex Problems

Through Combining Science and Practical Common Sense (PDF). Anaheim, CA: KNI, Inc.18. "4. Systems Engineering" (PDF). Defense Acquisition Guidebook. Defense Acquisition University. Retrieved

20150812.19. "Systems Engineering Program at Cornell University". Cornell University. Retrieved 20070525.20. "ESD Faculty and Teaching Staff". Engineering Systems Division, MIT. Retrieved 20070525.21. Yassine, A. and Braha, D. (2003). “Complex Concurrent Engineering and the Design Structure Matrix

Approach.” (http://necsi.edu/affiliates/braha/CERA.pdf) Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications11 (3): 165177.

22. Braha, D. and BarYam, Y. (July 2007). “The Statistical Mechanics of Complex Product Development:Empirical and Analytical Results.” (http://necsi.edu/affiliates/braha/MS_July_07_Braha_Baryam.pdf)Management Science 53 (7): 11271145.

23. "Core Courses, Systems Analysis – Architecture, Behavior and Optimization". Cornell University. Retrieved20070525.

24. Systems Engineering Fundamentals. (http://www.dau.mil/publications/publicationsDocs/SEFGuide%200101.pdf) Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001

25. Rick Adcock. "Principles and Practices of Systems Engineering" (PDF). INCOSE, UK. Archived from theoriginal (PDF) on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 20070607.

26. "Systems Engineering, Career Opportunities and Salary Information (1994)". George Mason University.Retrieved 20070607.

27. "Understanding the Value of Systems Engineering" (PDF). Retrieved 20070607.28. "Surveying Systems Engineering Effectiveness" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007.

Retrieved 20070607.29. "Systems Engineering Cost Estimation by Consensus". Retrieved 20070607.

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 13/14

30. Andrew P. Sage, Stephen R. Olson (2001). "Modeling and Simulation in Systems Engineering". Simulation(SAGE Publications) 76 (2): 90. doi:10.1177/003754970107600207. Retrieved 20070602.

31. E.C. Smith, Jr. (1962). "Simulation in systems engineering" (PDF). IBM Research. Retrieved 20070602.32. "Didactic Recommendations for Education in Systems Engineering" (PDF). Retrieved 20070607.33. "Perspectives of Systems Engineering Accreditation" (PDF). INCOSE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15

June 2007. Retrieved 20070607.34. Steven Jenkins. "A Future for Systems Engineering Tools" (PDF). NASA. p. 15. Retrieved 20070610.35. "Processes for Engineering a System", ANSI/EIA6321999, ANSI/EIA, 1999 [1]

(http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ANSI%2FEIA6321999)36. "Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process Description", IEEE Std

12201998, IEEE, 1998 [2] (http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/se/12201998_desc.html)

37. "Systems and software engineering – System life cycle processes", ISO/IEC 15288:2008, ISO/IEC, 2008 [3](http://www.15288.com/)

38. "NASA Systems Engineering Handbook", Revision 1, NASA/SP20076105, NASA, 2007 [4](http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080008301_2008008500.pdf)

39. "Systems Engineering Handbook", v3.1, INCOSE, 2007 [5](http://www.incose.org/ProductsPubs/products/sehandbook.aspx)

40. "A Consensus of the INCOSE Fellows", INCOSE, 2006 [6](http://www.incose.org/practice/fellowsconsensus.aspx)

41. NASA (1995). "System Analysis and Modeling Issues". In: NASA Systems Engineering Handbook(http://human.space.edu/old/docs/Systems_Eng_Handbook.pdf) June 1995. p.85.

42. Gianni, Daniele; D'Ambrogio, Andrea; Tolk, Andreas, eds. (4 December 2014). Modeling and SimulationBased Systems Engineering Handbook (1st ed.). CRC Press. p. 513. ISBN 9781466571457.

43. Long, Jim (2002). "Relationships between Common Graphical Representations in System Engineering" (PDF).Vitech Corporation.

44. "OMG SysML Specification" (PDF). SysML Open Source Specification Project. p. 23. Retrieved 20070703.45. "LML Specification" (PDF). LML Steering Committee. p. 4. Retrieved 20140605.46. Hollnagel E. & Woods D. D. (1983). Cognitive systems engineering: New wine in new bottles. International

Journal of ManMachine Studies, 18, 583600.47. Hollnagel, E. & Woods, D. D. (2005) Joint cognitive systems: The foundations of cognitive systems

engineering. Taylor & Francis48. Woods, D. D. & Hollnagel, E. (2006). Joint cognitive systems: Patterns in cognitive systems engineering.

Taylor & Francis.49. (see articles for discussion: [7]

(http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/reprints/operationeverything062704.html) and [8](http://www.sas.com/news/sascom/2004q4/feature_tech.html))

Further reading

Harold Chestnut, Systems Engineering Methods. Wiley, 1967.Harry H. Goode, Robert E. Machol System Engineering: An Introduction to the Design of Largescale Systems, McGrawHill, 1957.Derek Hitchins (1997) World Class Systems Engineering (http://www.hitchins.net/WCSE.html) athitchins.net.NASA (2007) Systems Engineering Handbook(http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080008301.pdf), NASA/SP20076105Rev1, December 2007.NASA (2013) NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements(http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/npg_img/N_PR_7123_001B_/N_PR_7123_001B_.doc) NPR7123.1B, April 2013 NASA Procedural RequirementsDavid W. Oliver, Timothy P. Kelliher & James G. Keegan, Jr. Engineering Complex Systems withModels and Objects. McGrawHill, 1997.Simon Ramo, Robin K. St.Clair, The Systems Approach: Fresh Solutions to Complex ProblemsThrough Combining Science and Practical Common Sense, Anaheim, CA: KNI, Inc, 1998.

03.12.2015 Systems engineering Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering 14/14

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Systemsengineering.

Wikiquote has quotationsrelated to: Systemsengineering

Andrew P. Sage, Systems Engineering. Wiley IEEE, 1992. ISBN 0471536393.Andrew P. Sage, Stephen R. Olson, Modeling and Simulation in Systems Engineering, 2001.Dale Shermon, Systems Cost Engineering(http://www.gowerpublishing.com/isbn/978056688612), Gower publishing, 2009Robert Shishko et al. (2005) NASA Systems Engineering Handbook(http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23710690M/NASA_systems_engineering_handbook). NASACenter for AeroSpace Information, 2005.Richard Stevens, Peter Brook, Ken Jackson & Stuart Arnold. Systems Engineering: Coping withComplexity. Prentice Hall, 1998.US DoD Systems Management College (2001) Systems Engineering Fundamentals(http://www.dau.mil/publications/publicationsDocs/SEFGuide%200101.pdf). DefenseAcquisition University Press, 2001US DoD Guide for Integrating Systems Engineering into DoD Acquisition Contracts(http://www.acq.osd.mil/se/docs/IntegratingSEAcquisitionContracts_guide_121106.pdf), 2006Malakooti, B. (2013). Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley& Sons.ISBN 9781118585375Daniele Gianni, Andrea D'Ambrogio, and Andreas Tolk (editors), Modeling and SimulationBased Systems Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 2014 [9](http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466571457)

External links

INCOSE (http://www.incose.org) homepage.DoD Systems Engineering(http://www.acq.osd.mil/se/index.html) ODASD/SE sitewith reference materialsNDIA Systems Engineering Division

(http://www.ndia.org/divisions/divisions/systemsengineering/Pages/default.aspx)Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) wiki(http://www.sebokwiki.org/wiki/Guide_to_the_Systems_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge_%28SEBoK%29)ModelBased Systems Engineering Tools (https://www.innoslate.com/systemsengineering/)INCOSE UK (http://www.incoseonline.org.uk) homepageICSEng (http://www.icseng.com/) homepage.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_engineering&oldid=692421296"

Categories: Systems engineering Occupations Engineering disciplines

This page was last modified on 25 November 2015, at 15:49.Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike License; additional termsmay apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is aregistered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization.