systemic and pulmonary circuits. figure 22.2 position of the heart in the body
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Figure 22.7 Fibrous Skeleton:--composed of dense collagenous CT-- anchors and supports valves--electrically isolates (insulates) the atria from ventricles--anchor/attachment for cardiac muscle
Figure 22.10
Myocardial Cells (myocytes, cell that contract):-Short-Branched-Uninucleate-Many, many mitochondria-Connect end-on-end to other myocytes-contain SR that releases calcium--has mild t-tubules--alternating, and overlapping myosin and actin filaments for contraction
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
• Branched• joined by intercalated discs
– desmosomes: tightly bind cells & transfer of tension– gap junction: electrical synapses that directly transfer electrical
activity/AP from one cell to the next
• Contractile/myocardial Cells (myocytes) => contract and conduct AP’s• Conductile/autorhythmic cells => produce and conduct action potentials
Conceptual Overview: Electrical Stimulus originating at SA node is distributed to heart leading to contraction. --Blood is pumped out of the heart during contraction --Blood fills the heart during relaxation
Nervous System regulation of heart
• Heart is regulated by medulla oblongata (cardiac control center)
• Medulla receives sensory input through vagus nerve (CN X) and
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
– Baroreceptors in aorta (aortic sinus) and common carrotid artery (carotid
sinus)
• Some receptors in heart
• Medulla sends motor output through the:
– Vagus nerve—parasympathetic division of ANS
– Sympathetic nerves (cardiac plexus)—sympathetic division of ANS
Sensory input and motor output of cardiac control centers in medulla
Glossopharyngeal nerveVagus nerve