system analysis and design ppt
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ppt file. for SSD.TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
- Manjot Kaur
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REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Awad, EM: System Analysis and
Design, second edition
2. James .A. Senn : Analysis and
Design of information systems,
second edition
3. Jeffery L. Whitten: System
Analysis & Design Methods, fifth
edition
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DEFINITION OF A SYSTEM
•‘A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.’•Basically there are three major components in every system, namely input, processing and output.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM
• Organization
• Interaction
• Interdependence
• Integration
• Central Objective
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ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM
• Outputs and Inputs
• Processors
• Control
• Feedback
• Environment
•Boundaries and Interface
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Dining Room
Storage Office
Kitchens
Counter
Boundary
Inputs:Food, labor,Cash, etc.
Outputs:Prepared food
Environment: customers, food distribution, banks, etc.
Interrelationship
Example: A fast food restaurant as a system
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ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM - AN EXAMPLE
• Describe your college as a system–What is the input?–What is output?–What is the boundary?–What are the components and their
relationship?–The environment?
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS
• Physical or Abstract Systems
• Open or Closed Systems
•Formal or Informal systems (Man-made
Information Systems)
• Manual or Automated
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Physical Systems • Tangible entities that maybe static or dynamic in
application
•Eg: Computer Systems, Vehicles, Companies,etc.
Abstract Systems• Conceptual or non physical entities
•Eg: Online Reservation system, library management system,
etc.
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Open Systems • Has many interfaces with its environment
• Permits interaction across its boundary
Closed Systems• It is isolated from environmental influences
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Formal Systems • Planned in advance & used according to a schedule
•System Policies & Procedures are documented well in
advance
•Informal Systems• It is not described by procedures
•Works on as need basis
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Automated Systems•Does not require human intervention
•The whole process is automatic
•Eg: Traffic control systems, Information kiosks
Manual Systems • Requires human intervention
• eg: College Admission system
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APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS
• Structured Analysis & Design (Model Driven)– Emphasizes the drawing of pictorial system models that
become the blueprint for designing & constructing an improved system
• Prototyping (Accelerated)– Building a scaled-down working version of the system
• Joint Application Design (JAD)— Users, Managers and Analysts work together — System requirements are reviewed
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MODEL DRIVEN APPROACH
• Structured Analysis : • Organize tasks associated with requirements
determination• Process centered technique• Uses DFD & ERD as tools
• Structured Design• Utilizes graphic description(output of system analysis)• Focuses on development of programs consisting of
functionally independent modules• Uses modeling tool Structure Chart
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DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• Modularity & Partitioning• Cohesion• Coupling• Span of Control• Shared use of functions
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PROTOTYPE APPROACH
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JOINT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
• Participants in a JAD meeting are:• JAD session leader• Users• Managers• Sponsors• System analysts• Other staff such as programmers, database
analysts, etc.
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SYSTEM ANALYST
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SYSTEM ANALYST
• Study problems and needs of an organization
• Determine best approach to improving organization through use of:
• People• Methods• Information technology
• Help system users and managers define their requirements for new or enhanced systems
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ROLES OF A SYSTEM ANALYST
Change Agent
Investigator & Monitor
Architect
Psychologist
Motivator
Intermediary
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SKILLS OF A SYSTEM ANALYST
Analytical Skills
Technical skills
Management skills
Interpersonal skills
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ANALYTICAL SKILLS
There are four sets of Analytical skills:
System Study
Organizational Knowledge
Problem Identification
Problem Analyzing and Solving
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System Study
The first step in systems study is to be able to identify
something as a system.
Identify where the boundary lies and all of the
relevant inputs & outputs
Visualizing a set of things and their relationship as a
system to translate the physical design into a logical
design
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Organizational Knowledge
How organizations workPolicies
Terminologies, abbreviations, and acronyms
Short/long term strategy and plans
Role of technology
How the department operates, its purpose,
its relationship with other department
its relationship with customers and suppliers
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Problem Identification
Problem is the difference between an existing (current) situation and desired (output) situation
The process of identifying problems is the process of defining differences, so problem solving is the process of finding a way to reduce differences
Analyst should able to compare the current in an organization to the desired situation.
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Problem Analysis & Solving
Once the Problem has been identified, analyse the problem & determine how to solve it
Analyst should able to formulate alternative solutions to the problem & choose the best one
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TECHNICAL SKILLS
Many aspects of the job as a system analyst are technically oriented.
The System Analyst should be familiar as possible with information technologies such as:• Microcomputer, micro station, workstation, mainframe
computers• Programming languages• Operating systems• Database and file management systems• Data communication standards• Software for local and wide networks• Web developing tools• Decision support system generators • Data analysis tools• Data design tools
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MANAGEMENT SKILLS
System analysts are almost always members of project teams and are frequently asked to lead team
Management skills are very useful for anyone in a leadership role
There are four class of management skills:1- Resource Management2- Project Management3- Risk Management4- Change management
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INTERPERSONAL SKILLSCommunication skills
Interviewing, Listening, and questionnaires
Written and oral presentations• Meeting agenda• Meeting minutes• Interview summaries• Requests for proposal from contractors and vendors
Working alone and with a team
Facilitating groups
Managing expectations
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• Describe yourself in terms of your abilities at each of the following interpersonal skills:
• Working alone v/s working with a team• Interviewing, Listening, Writing, Presenting• Facilitating a group and Meeting expectations• Where are your strengths and weakness? Why?• What can you do to capitalize on your strengths
and strengthen areas where you are weak?
ASSIGNMENT
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
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SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE
An information system is “born” when a problem is recognized
After the system is developed, it grows until it reaches maturity
Eventually, a change in the nature of the problem or increasing maintenance costs degrade the value of the system, so it “dies” and a new or replacement system is born to take its place.
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
System Development Life Cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems
It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required developing a system.
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SDLC PHASES
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SDLC consists of mainly seven steps:
Problem Identification & SelectionProject Initiation & PlanningAnalysisLogical DesignPhysical DesignImplementationMaintenance
SDLC PHASES
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The first step is problem identification
The intent is to identify the problem, determine its cause, and outline a strategy for solving it.
Includes a detailed and in-depth study in which the identification of user’s requirement and the limitations and problems of the present system are studied.
Problem Identification & Selection
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The second step is project planning
The problems that are identified are investigated
Includes determination of scope of the proposed system
Project Initiation & Planning
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Analysis is a detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system
The objective of analysis is to determine exactly what must be done to solve the problem. Typically, the system’s logical elements (its boundaries, processes, and data) are defined during analysis.
Feasibility Study of the proposed system is also performed
Analysis
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Types of Feasibility
Operational FeasibilityTechnical FeasibilityEconomic FeasibilitySchedule Feasibility
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Operational Feasibility
Operational Feasibility means that a proposed system will be used effectively after it has been developed.– Does management or do users support the projects?
Do users see the need for change?– Will the system result in a work force reduction?– Will the system require training for users?– Will customers experience adverse effect in anyway,
either temporarily or permanently.
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Technical Feasibility
The technical resources needed to develop, purchase, install, or operate the system. – Does the company have the necessary hardware,
software, and network resources?– Does the company have the needed technical
expertise?– Will the hardware and software environment be
reliable?– Will the system be able to handle future transaction
volume and company growth?
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Economic Feasibility
Economic Feasibility means that the projected benefits of the proposed system outweigh the estimated costs usually considered the total cost of ownership (TCO).– People, including IT staff and users– Hardware and equipment– Software– Formal and informal training – Licenses and fees – Consulting expenses– Facility costs – The estimated cost of not developing the system or
postponing the project
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Schedule Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility means that a project can be implemented in an acceptable time.– Can the company or the IT team control the
factor that effect schedule feasibility?– What condition must be satisfied during the
development of the system?– Will an accelerated schedule pose any risk?– Will the project manager be appointed?
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System DesignThe objective of design is to determine how the
problem will be solved
Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of a new system, the new system must be designed
It is a most crucial phase in the development of a system
Normally, the design proceeds in two stages : Logical : concentrates on the business aspects of
the system(functionality)Physical: concentrates on the technical aspects of
the system(programming language, databases, etc.)
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ImplementationImplementation includes Coding , Testing &
InstallationCoding is also called the programming phase in
which the programmer converts the system specifications into computer instructions
Before actually implementing the new system into operations, a test run of the system is done removing all the bugs, if any
During installation phase, all the programs of the system are loaded onto the user's computer
After loading the system, training of the users starts
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Maintenance
Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its working life and to tune the system to any variations in its working environment
It is the review of the system from time to time
Maintenance is of three types: CorrectiveAdaptivePerfective
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THANK YOU