syntax (basic for undergraduate)
TRANSCRIPT
Syntax: The analysis of sentence structure
Nur Syakirin Bt Saleh 1429900Aini Syahira Bt Jamaluddin 1426516
Syntax is linguistic structure above the word level (e.g. how sentences are formed). It refers both to particular sets of rules, and also to the academic field that studies those rules
Chomsky, Noam (2002) [1957]. Syntactic Structures. p. 11.
Syntactic Categories (1)
Lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Adverb (Adv)
Examples moisture, policy melt, remain good, intelligent to, near slowly, now
Syntactic Categories (2)
Non-lexical categories Determiner (Det) Degree word (Deg) Qualifier (Qual) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con)
Examples the, this very, more always, perhaps will, can and, or
Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a. The glass suddenly broke.
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
c. The boy and the girl drink their tea.
Det / N / Adv / V
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N
Det / N / Con/ Det / N / V / Det / N
Phrases NP : Noun Phrase
The car, a clever student VP : Verb Phrase
study hard, play the guitar PP : Prepositional Phrase
in the class, above the earth AP : Adjective Phrase
very tall, quite certain
The main structure rules
1. S NP VP
2. NP (Det) (AP) N (PP)
3. VP V (NP) (PP) (Adv)
4. PP P NP
5. AP A (PP)
Example (1)The children put the toy in the box
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
boxThe
N
put
S
NP VP
Det
children
NP
the
Det N
toy
Example ()The old tree swayed in the wind
old
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
windThe
N
swayed
S
NP VP
Det Adj
tree