symposium: the state of the psychology training pipeline ... · 8/9/2018 · nascent workforce....

Symposium: The State of the Psychology Training Pipeline and Workforce

Presentations• Chair: Sharon Berry, PhD• Demographic Shifts in Graduate Psychology Departments: The

Nascent Workforce. Caroline Cope, MA & Daniel Michalski, PhD• Graduate Degrees Awarded in Psychology: Trends in Subfield,

Gender, and Race/Ethnicity. Peggy Christidis, PhD• Demographics of the U.S. Psychology Workforce. Luona Lin, MPP• Health Service Psychologists across the Career Span. Karen

Stamm, PhD• The Changing Face of Psychology Faculty: Tenure Status, Salaries,

Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Age. Jacqueline Bichsel, PhD• Discussant: Garth Fowler, PhD

Demographic Shifts in Graduate Psychology Departments:

The Nascent Workforce

Caroline Cope, MADaniel Michalski, PhD

© American Psychological Association 2018. All Rights Reserved.

Female76%

Male24%

Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology, 2019. APA Office of Graduate and Postgraduate Education and Training.

Gender Diversity of Graduate Students


Doctoral

Female74%

Male 26%

Gender Diversity of Graduate Students

Female78%

Male22%

Master’s


Gender Diversity by Broad Subfield: Master’s


80%

72%

62%

67%

72%

83%

58%

85%

82%

82%

20%

28%

38%

33%

28%

17%

42%

15%

18%

18%

10080604020020406080100

Applied Other

Social

Neuro/Bio

I/O

Experimental

Developmental

Cognitive

School

Counseling

Clinical

Rese

arch

HSP

Female

Male

Gender Diversity by Broad Subfield: Master’s



Gender Diversity of Doctoral Students

Female 78%

Male 22%

HSP

Female 65%

Male 35%

Research



72%

65%

61%

62%

62%

82%

54%

85%

74%

78%

28%

35%

39%

38%

38%

18%

46%

15%

26%

22%

10050050100

Applied Other

Social

Neuro/Bio

I/O

Experimental

Developmental

Cognitive

School

Counseling

Clinical

Rese

arch

HSP

Female

Male

Gender Diversity by Broad Subfield: Doctoral


Race and Ethnicity of Psychology Graduate Students: 2009


Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology, 2009. APA Center for Workforce Studies

Caucasian/White71%

Multiethnic3%

African-American/Black

10%

Hispanic/Latino9%

Asian6%

American Indian/Alaska Native

1%

Race and Ethnicity of Psychology Graduate Students: 2019


Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology, 2009. APA Office of Graduate and Postgraduate Education and Training

Caucasian/White62%

Multiethnic4%

African-American/Black12%

Hispanic/Latino14% Asian

7% American Indian/Alaska Native

1%

Race and Ethnicity of Psychology Graduate Students: 2009 and 2019


Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology, 2009 and 2019. APA Center for Workforce Studies/Office of Graduate and Postgraduate Education and Training.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Caucasian/White

Multiethnic


Hispanic/Latino

Asian

American Indian/Alaska Native

2009 2019

+1%

+5%

+2%

+1%

0%

(9%)

Race/Ethnicity HSP Subfields: Master’s



0

20

40

60

80

100

Clinical Counseling School

Native Hawaiian/PacificIslanderAmerican Indian/AlaskaNativeMultiethnic

Asian

Hispanic/Latino(a)

African-American

Caucasian/White

2019

Race/Ethnicity Research Subfields: Master’s



0

20

40

60

80

100


African-American

Hispanic/Latino(a)

Asian

Caucasian/White

2019

Race/Ethnicity by Broad Subfield: Master’s



0

20

40

60

80

100


Asian

Hispanic/Latino(a)


Caucasian/White

2019

Most Diverse

Race/Ethnicity HSP Subfields: Doctoral



0

20

40

60

80

100

Clinical Counseling School



Asian

Hispanic/Latino(a)

Caucasian/White

2019

Race/Ethnicity Research Subfields: Doctoral



0

20

40

60

80

100



Hispanic/Latino(a)

Asian

Caucasian/White

2019

Race/Ethnicity by Broad Subfield: Doctoral



0

20

40

60

80

100


Asian

Hispanic/Latino(a)


Caucasian/White

2019

I/O 19%

Most Diverse

Trends in Subfield, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity

Peggy ChristidisCenter for Workforce Studies

2018 American Psychological Association ConventionAugust 9, 2018

Graduate Degrees Awarded in Psychology:

The opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not constitute official policy of the American

Psychological Association.

Co-authors: Karen Stamm, PhD & Luona Lin, MPP

American Psychological Association

Research Questions

Approximately how many psychology master’s and doctoral Degrees were awarded each year, between 2006-2016?

What was the growth in psychology degrees awarded during this timeframe?

In what subfields of psychology were the most master’s and doctoral degrees awarded?

What are the gender and race/ethnicity compositions of psychology master’s and doctoral degree recipients? Have they changed over time?

Degrees Awarded In Psychology, 2006-2016

2006-2016 percent increase:Bachelor’s 33%Master’s 40%Doctoral 34%

93,804

125,123

20,21528,226

5,045 6,785

0

40,000

80,000

120,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Num

ber o

f Deg

rees

Aw

arde

d in

Ps

ycho

logy

Bachelor'sMaster'sDoctorates

Degrees Awarded By Subfield:

Health Service Provider Subfields

Research Subfields

Clinical Psychology Psychology, General

Counseling Psychology Community Psychology

Forensic Psychology Developmental Psychology

School Psychology Educational Psychology

Other HSP Subfields* Experimental Psychology

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Social Psychology

Other Research Psychology**

* Examples of “other” HSP subfields: geropsychology, family, health, clinical child, applied, etc.** Examples of “other” Research subfields: cognitive, comparative, quantitative, physiological, etc.

Degrees Awarded in HSP Subfields:

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Psychology Master's Degrees Awarded in HSP Subfields

20062016

18%30%

82%2,130%

28%

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Psychology Doctorates Awarded in HSP Subfields

20062016

28%

96%66%

574%243%

Degrees Awarded in Research Subfields:

Master’s Degrees Awarded By Gender:

2006-2016 percent increase:Women 40%

Men 36%

Men4,16121%

Women16,054

79%

2006: Men5,67120%

Women22,555

80%

2016:

Doctoral Degrees Awarded By Gender:

2006-2016 percent increase:Women 38%

Men 25%

Men1,37127%

Women

3,67473%

2006: Men1,71025%

Women5,07575%

2016:

Master’s Degrees Awarded By Race/Ethnicity:

White13,662

72%

Black/AA2,66414%

Hispanic1,782 9%

Asian 8054%

American Indian 117

1%

2008:

2008-2016 percent increase:Hispanic 93%

Black/African-American 31%Asian 19%White 18%

White16,152

65%

Black/AA3,48414%

Hispanic3,43314%

Asian959 4%

2+ Races682 3%

2016:

Doctoral Degrees Awarded By Race/Ethnicity:

White363576%

Hispanic48610%

Black/AA3287%

Asian2916%

American Indian

411%

2008:

White407569%

Hispanic79213%

Black/AA56910%

Asian3536%

2+ races1322%

2016

2008-2016 percent increase:Hispanic 63%

Black/African-American 73%Asian 21%

White 12%

Conclusion:

The number of psychology degrees awarded each year continues to grow (for bachelors, master’s, & doctorates).

For psychology master’s: The largest number of degrees awarded in an HSP subfield was in counseling psychology.

For psychology doctorates: The largest number of degrees awarded in an HSP subfield was in clinical psychology.

Women continue to be awarded psychology master’s and doctoral degrees more often than men, outnumbering them by approximately 4:1 for master’s and 3:1 for doctorates.

From 2006-2016 rate of growth in psychology degrees awarded was greater for women than for men, especially at the doctoral level.

Although psychology master’s and doctorates are awarded predominantly to white recipients, the number of degrees awarded to racial-ethnic minorities is growing at a faster rate at both the psychology master’s and doctoral level.

CWS Data Tool: Degrees in Psychology:

Thanks!

For an interactive version of this presentation, visit http://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/degrees-psychology.aspx

For more information on IPEDS and psychology degrees, visit http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/2016-postsecondary-data/index.aspx

For more information on the psychology workforce, visit www.apa.org/workforce

http://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/degrees-psychology.aspx

http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/2016-postsecondary-data/index.aspx

http://www.apa.org/workforce

Demographics of the U.S. Psychology Workforce

APA Convention, August 2018

Luona Lin, Karen Stamm, and Peggy Christidis

Center for Workforce Studies

American Psychological Association

This presentation describes research and analysis conducted by staff members of the American Psychological Association’s Center for Workforce Studies. It does not constitute official policy of the American Psychological Association.

• Research Question:What are the demographic characteristics of the U.S. psychology workforce?

• Data Source: American Community Survey (U.S. Census Bureau)

• Annual survey on the entire U.S. population• Does not include field of doctorate degree• Operational definition of “psychologists”

Research Question and Data Source

Overview

75,70083,300 86,600 87,700 88,500 83,600 83,100 85,400

97,200 94,000

7,4004,900

7,000 7,500 6,7009,300 8,700 8,100

7,200 7,400

4,3004,400

4,100 6,000 4,700 5,200 8,000 6,600

8,800 8,100

0

40,000

80,000

120,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Num

ber o

f Psy

chol

ogis

ts

YearWorkforce Semi-retired Retired

Number of Active, Semi-retired, and Retired Psychologists, 2007-2016Source: 2007-2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Overview (Continued)

Geographic Distribution of the Psychology Workforce, 2016Source: 2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Age Distribution of the Psychology Workforce, 2004-2016Source: 2004-2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 66 - 75 > 75

Perc

ent o

f the

Psy

chol

ogy

Wor

kfor

ce

Age Group

2004 Mean Age=49.0

Age


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 66 - 75 > 75

Perc

ent o

f the

Psy

chol

ogy

Wor

kfor

ce

Age Group

2004 Mean Age=49.0

2007 Mean Age=50.1

Age (Continued)


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 66 - 75 > 75

Perc

ent o

f the

Psy

chol

ogy

Wor

kfor

ce

Age Group

2004 Mean Age=49.0

2007 Mean Age=50.1

2010 Mean Age=50.3

Age (Continued)


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 66 - 75 > 75

Perc

ent o

f the

Psy

chol

ogy

Wor

kfor

ce

Age Group

2004 Mean Age=49.0

2007 Mean Age=50.1

2010 Mean Age=50.3

2013 Mean Age=50.7

Age (Continued)


Age (Continued)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 66 - 75 > 75

Perc

ent o

f the

Psy

chol

ogy

Wor

kfor

ce

Age Group

2004 Mean Age=49.0

2007 Mean Age=50.1

2010 Mean Age=50.3

2013 Mean Age=50.7

2016 Mean Age=50.0

Population Pyramid of the Psychology Workforce, 2006Source: 2004-2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Gender

Population Pyramid of the Psychology Workforce, 2008Source: 2004-2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Gender (Continued)

Population Pyramid of the Psychology Workforce, 2010Source: 2006 and 2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Gender (Continued)


Gender (Continued)

8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

26 - 30

31 - 35

36 - 40

41 - 45

46 - 50

51 - 55

56 - 60

61 - 65

66 - 70

71 - 75

> 75

Number of Psychologists

Age

Gro

up

8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

26 - 30

31 - 35

36 - 40

41 - 45

46 - 50

51 - 55

56 - 60

61 - 65

66 - 70

71 - 75

> 75

Number of Psychologists

MenWomen

2006 2016

58% Women 65% Women

Population Pyramid of the Psychology Workforce, 2006 and 2016Source: 2006 and 2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Gender (Continued)

Racial/Ethnic Composition of the Psychology Workforce and the U.S. Population, 2016Source: 2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Race/Ethnicity

Asian Black/African American Hispanic White Other

4% 4%5%

84%

2%

Psychology Workforce

5%

12%

18%

61%

3%

U.S.Population

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

26 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 45 46 - 50 51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 75 >75

Num

ber o

f Psy

chol

ogis

ts

Age Group

White Racial/Ethnic Minority

Age Distribution of the Psychology Workforce by Race/Ethnicity, 2016Source: 2016 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau

Race/Ethnicity (Continued)

• The psychology workforce is becoming younger in general as the baby boomer generation retires and the echo boomer generation enters the workforce.

• More women have been entering the psychology workforce.

• More racial/ethnic minority psychologists have been entering the workforce.

Conclusion

Demographics of the U.S. Psychology Workforce Report:http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/16-demographics/index.aspx

For an interactive version of this presentation, visit http://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/demographics.aspx

For more information on the psychology workforce, visit www.apa.org/workforce

Contact us at [email protected]

Thanks!

http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/16-demographics/index.aspx

http://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/demographics.aspx


mailto:[email protected]

Health Service Psychologists

across the Career SpanKaren Stamm, PhD

Director, Center for Workforce StudiesAmerican Psychological Association Convention

August 9, 2018

The opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not constitute official policy of the American Psychological Association.

Co-authors: Luona Lin, MPP, & Peggy Christidis, PhD, American Psychological Association

Slides will be available at CWS website under Presentations http://www.apa.org/workforce/presentations/index.aspx

56

Purpose

• Examine the psychologist workforce across the career span, focusing on:

• Demographic diversity• Work settings• Cultural competency

• Preparedness to provide services to diverse populations and • Knowledge ratings about cultural competency• Resources utilized to build cultural competency

57

2015 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers• Online survey sent to ~36,700 licensed psychologists• N = 5,325 licensed doctoral-level psychologists

• 14.5% response rate• ~75% APA members

• Survey content• Demographic characteristics• Employment and practice patterns• Populations served• Geropsychology• Team-based/integrated care• Cultural competency

58

Overall Demographic Characteristics

• Gender: 59% women• Racial/ethnic minorities: 14%• Sexual orientation: 7% gay, lesbian, or bisexual• Disability status: 6% with at least one disability• Mean age: 55.7 years (SD = 12.7)

• Career stage, defined by years since doctorate• Early career (1-10 years)• Mid-career (11-20 years)• Senior career (21-30 years)• Late senior career (31+ years)

59

Demographics by Career Stage: Gender & Race/Ethnicity

76.7 72.258.7

38.1

23.3 27.841.3

61.9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%Percents by Gender

Female Male

78.2 84.1 89.4 91.0

21.8 15.9 10.6 9.0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%Percents by Race/Ethnicity

White Minority

60Source: 2015 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers: Career Stage Report

Demographics by Career Stage: Sexual Orientation & Disability Status

91.0 92.3 92.1 95.4

9.0 7.7 7.9 4.6

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%Percents by Sexual Orientation

Heterosexual Gay/lesbian/ bisexual

94.0 95.2 94.6 93.1

6.0 4.8 5.4 6.9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%Percents by Disability Status

No Yes


Work Settings by Career Stage

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Perc

ent

Work Setting

Early Career

Mid-Career

Senior Career

Late SeniorCareer


Work Setting Highlights

• Private practice was the most common work setting across all career stages

• Earlier career psychologists were more likely to work in organized settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.)

• Later career psychologists were more likely to work in private practice

• Typical career paths vs. shifts in the workforce?

63

Knowledge Ratings about Working with Diverse Populations


0 1 2 3 4 5

ChildrenAdolescentOlder Adult

Black/African AmericanAsian

American Indian/Alaska NativePacific Islander/Native Hawaiian

Hispanic

Gay/Lesbian/BisexualTransgender

Clients living in povertyClients living with chronic IllnessClients with physical disabilities

Clients with intellectual disabilitiesClients with cognitive disabilities

MilitaryImmigrant

RuralReligious

Mean KnowledgeEarly Career Mid-Career Senior Career Late Senior Career

Race/Ethnicity

Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity

Chronic Conditions & Disabilities

Other Populations

Age Group

Knowledge Rating Highlights

• Psychologists in earlier career stages reported higher knowledge ratings for most population groups

• Exception – older adults had an opposite pattern where psychologists in later career stages reported higher knowledge ratings

• Overall preparedness by graduate training to work with diverse populations

• Mean = 3.44 (SD = 1) on 5-point scale• Similar pattern of higher ratings in earlier career stages

65

Cultural Competency: Resources Utilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

Reso

urce

Util

izatio

n In

dex

Resource

Early Career

Mid-Career

Senior Career

Late SeniorCareer


Implications: Demographic Characteristics• The proportion of women psychologists has been

increasing• Slow change is occurring toward greater racial/ethnic

diversity• Comparison to overall psychology workforce

demographics• The workforce has higher percentages of women (69%),

similar proportion of racial/ethnic minorities (14%), and lower age (mean = 48.9 years) (2015 American Community Survey)

• In 2013, psychology research doctorates were ~48% women, ~16% racial/ethnic minorities, and had a mean age of 54 years (Hur et al., 2017)

• Comparison to U.S. population• 51% women, 35% racial/ethnic minorities (U.S. Census, 2015)

67

Implications: Cultural Competency

• A more culturally competent psychologist workforce is emerging

• Yet competency self-ratings may not improve patient outcomes (APA Handbook of Multicultural Psychology, 2014)

• Proximity to graduate training? Knowledge fading over time?

• APA Guidelines – low usage/awareness

68

CWS Publications• APA Center for Workforce Studies website:

www.apa.org/workforce• 2005-2013 Demographics of the U.S. Psychology Workforce

• Used the American Community Survey to examine age, gender, race/ethnicity, and disability status

• 2015 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers• Full report• Fact sheet series on psychologists providing services to diverse

population groups• Special analyses by career stages

Questions? Contact [email protected] or [email protected]

Thank you!69


http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/13-demographics/index.aspx

http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/15-health-service-providers/index.aspx

http://www.apa.org/workforce/factsheets/default.aspx

http://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/15-health-service-career/index.aspx



The Changing Face of Psychology Faculty

Jacqueline Bichsel, PhDDirector of Research, CUPA-HR

About CUPA-HR and Our Faculty Survey

Current Psychology Faculty• 9,100 psychology faculty reported (4% of all faculty)• 393 department heads (chairs; 4% of psychology

faculty)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Rank

Postdoc Instructor/Researcher New Asst. Prof.

Asst. Prof. Assoc. Prof. Professor

$106,875

$80,709

$69,400

$70,000

$99,265

$77,100

$65,000

$63,000

$- $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000

Median Salaries of Tenure-Track Faculty, 2018

Psychology Faculty

All Faculty

3740

50

60

3437

47

58

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

New Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof. Assoc. Prof. Professor

Median Ages of Tenure-Track Faculty, 2018

All Faculty

Psychology Faculty

1

4

7

11

1

4

7

11

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Median Years in Rank of Tenure-Track Faculty, 2018

All Faculty

Psychology Faculty

25%26% 27%

32% 32%

22% 22% 23%

29%28%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Perc

enta

ge o

f All

Facu

ltyNon-Tenure-Track Faculty Growth, 2014-18

All Faculty Psychology Faculty

Representation and Pay of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in All Faculty

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%


Representation of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Tenure-Track Psychology Faculty

Asian Black Hispanic

$0.90

$0.95

$1.00

$1.05

$1.10

$1.15


Pay Ratio of Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Tenure-Track Psychology Faculty

Asian Black Hispanic

Jacqueline Bichsel, Ph.D.Director of Research, CUPA-HR

[email protected]@bixresearch

http://www.cupahr.org/

Relationship of the Pipeline to the Workforce

Graduate Education Population

The Psychology Workforce


Workforce Sector

Graduate Training Primary Objective

Health Service Provision

Academia &

Education

For Profit Business

Nonprofit &

Government

Health Service Psychology

Academia &

Education

Applied Service Psychology

Applied Research Psychology

Disciplinary Research Psychology


Workforce Sector



Academia &

Education

For Profit Business

Nonprofit &

Government


Academia &

Education




Learning to Apply Skills, Competencies, Knowledge and Abilities to different Workforce Sectors


Workforce Sector



Academia &

Education

For Profit Business

Nonprofit &

Government


Academia &

Education




symposium: the state of the psychology training pipeline ... · 8/9/2018 · nascent workforce....

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