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T U R K I S H - J E W I S H E N T A N G L E M E N T S R E S I L I E N C E , M I G R A T I O N A N D N E W D I A S P O R A S

Turkey'sJewishcommunitiestodayfaceexistentialchallenges.Pressuresrangefromthosebroughtaboutbyeco-nomicandpolitical instabilitythatplaguetheentirecountrytothosethatspecificallytargetJewsandothermi-norities such as anti-Semitism, xenophobia and nationalism. Once scattered over the country from Thrace toeasternAnatolia incommunitiesofvarious sizes, the Jewishpresence inTurkey todayhas shrunk toanumberestimatedtobebetween15,000–20,000atbest,settledalmostexclusivelyinthetwourbancentresofIstanbulandIzmir.

Thenation-buildingpoliciesof theearlyTurkishRepublicdiscriminatedagainstnon-Muslimelementswhileen-couragingassimilationthroughtheerasureofthecultural, linguistic,andphysicalremindersoftheirdifference.Whenthesepoliciesresulted inactsofcollectiveviolencespecificallytargetingJewishcommunitiessuchasthepogromsinThracein1934,thefirstlargewaveofJewishemigrationbegan.ThesecondsuchwavecamewiththeproclamationoftheStateofIsraelin1948.Sincetheearly1980stheJewishcommunityhasalsocomeunderat-tackfromvariousIslamistorganizationsresultinginthelossoflives.Mostrecently,membersofthegovernmenthave espoused anti-Semitic rhetoric as response to Israel’s treatment of Palestinians. The result is a growingsenseof insecurityamongTurkishJews,someofwhomhavestartedtotakeadvantageofSpainandPortugal’sextensionofcitizenshiptothedescendantsof Jewsexpelled fromSpain in the15thcentury.Despitetheir longhistoryandattachmenttotheterritoriesofmodernTurkey,theJewishcommunitiesmaynowbenearingapointwherelong-termsurvivalinTurkeyisnotacertainty.Emigrationisanimmediate,ifnotideal,optionformany.

Yet,evenasfamiliesaremovingtotheUS,Israel,SpainorFrance,theyoftenmaintainTurkey-relatednetworksand identifications,which, it couldbe argued, amount to anotionof Turkey-centred 'diasporic consciousness'.SuchconsciousnessispalpableinneighbourhoodslikeBatYaminTelAvivbutalsoinacademiccirclesinParis.Atthesametime,manyJewsarenotmovingandinsistontheiracceptanceasequalcitizens.Resilienceisnotlim-itedtotheinstitutionsofthecommunity,butextendstothosewhoaredeterminedtostay.Finally,thereisalsothephenomenonofreturnmigrationtoTurkey.

Itisinthiscontextofresilience,dispersalandnewbeginningsthatweseektorevisitthepastandpresentofTur-key'sJewishcommunitiesandexploretheirpossiblefutures.Wewishtore-engagewiththemodernisationandTurkification in the lateOttomanEmpireand theearlyRepublicandexamine thewavesofmigrationafter theestablishmentofIsrael,theemergenceofTurkish-speakingcommunitiesinIsrael,andthemaintenanceofcom-munitylifeandstrugglesforrecognitioninthe1980sandtoday.

ThisSymposiumseekstoprovideahistoricallygroundedsnapshotofTurkey'sJewishcommunityanditsdiasporicentanglements.Yet,italsowishestoengagewithTurkey'srecenthistorythroughtheprismofitsJewishcommu-nities.TheirhistoryintersectswiththemajorturningpointsofTurkey'shistory,anditisintheseintersectionsandinstancesofentanglementthatweexpecttofindadditionalinsightsonTurkey'spolitics,society,andtheroleofthestateinshapingthesitesofevery-daylife.Atthesametime,andwithaneyeontheoldandnewTurkishdi-asporasinIsraelandelsewhere,weseektorethinkwhatitmeanstobeTurkish,andexplorepossiblefuturesofade-territorialised,transnationalformsofTurkishJewryandTurkishidentitymoregenerally.

EstablishedconceptualframeworksofdiasporawouldnotusuallythinkofJewsfromTurkeyinIsraelasadiasporagroup,butratherasaformerdiasporacommunitysettodissolvewithin itsethnickin-state.Fromaconceptualangle,then,ouraimwouldalsobetoquestionandrethinkthediasporaapproachandworktowardsanunder-standingof'diasporicsensibilities'and'post-communitariandiasporas'.

WearelookingforwardtodiscusstheseissuesinthisSymposiumandwewouldverymuchliketowelcomeyouinGrazfortwodaysofintensivedebate.

IpekYosmaoğluandKeremÖktem

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S Y M P O S I U M P R O G R A M M E

M O N D A Y 1 8 J U N E 2 0 1 8 _____________________________________________________________________________________________14.00RegistrationIMeerscheinschlösselIMozartgasse3IGraz

14.30-15.00Welcomebytheuniversityandtheconvenors

15.00-17.15Panel1:Theshiftingbordersofcitizenshipandbelonging

Chair:FlorianBieber(Graz)

JuliaPhilipsCohen(Vanderbilt)AModelMinority?SephardiJewsintheLateOttomanEra

DeviElizabethMays(UMichigan)JewishÉmigrésandTurkishCitizenshipintheEarlyRepublic

CorryGuttstadt(Hamburg)TheTurkishJewishDiasporainEurope–RelationswithandExpectationsofTurkey

DuyguAtlas(TelAviv)TheFoundingoftheStateofIsraelandtheTurkishJews:AViewfromIsrael,1948-1955

Coffeeandtea

18.00-19.15KeynoteLecture:ReflectionsonTurkishJewry.PastandPresent

AronRodrigue(Stanford)introducedbyİpekYosmaoğlu(Northwestern)

Dinnerreception

20.15-21.15SongsofLove,YearningandGossip:Aconcertofoff-mainstreamSephardicsongs

AronSaltiel(Graz)

T U E S D A Y 1 9 J U N E 2 0 1 8 _____________________________________________________________________________________________

09.15-10.45Panel2:ThePoliticsofanti-Semitism

Chair:GeraldLamprecht(Graz)

MarcBaer(LSE)TheFearof‘SecretJews’inTurkey:FromMustafaKemalAtatürktoFethullahGülen

TurkaySalimNefes(Oxford)TheFoundationsofAnti-JewishAttitudesinTurkishPolitics

RıfatN.Bali (CentreAlbertoBenvenisteandLibraBooks)“AprontaremosLasValidjas?”....“Lets(Shallwe)StartPackingOurSuitcases(?)”

Coffeeandtea

11.15-13.30Panel3:Turkey'sJewsinTurkeyandintransnationaldiasporas

Chair:KeremÖktem(Graz)

ÖzgürKaymak(Istanbul)PoliticalParticipationOfTurkishJewsInIstanbul:AComparisonBetweenGenerations

MahmureIdilÖzkan(Northwestern)PoliticsofTimeandAffect:TracingNarrativesonLanguageLoss

YoannMorvan (Idemec CNRS / Aix-Marseille) Jews of Istanbul: From a dispersed diasporicminority inside theTurkishmegalopolistopost-communitariandiasporathroughmetropolises(TelAviv,NYC,etc.)

Marcy Brink Danan (Hebrew U) Virtually Turkish: Images in/of Expatriate Reunions, Facebook Pages andWhatsappGroupsasSitesofNationalCosmopolitanism

Lunch

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T U E S D A Y 1 9 J U N E 2 0 1 8 _____________________________________________________________________________________________

14.45-15.30Videoscreening:GülerOrgun-ATurkish-Jewish-Muslim-Tale

IntroducedbyEdwardSerotta,Centropa(Vienna)

15.30-17.00Roundtable:BetweenKayadezandAvlaremoz-JewishlifeworldsinTurkeytoday

Chairs:İpekYosmaoğluandKeremÖktem

BetsiPenso(Avlaremoz)Tryingtocombatkayadez:Ajourneyofachievementsandfailures

MoisGabay(ŞalomNewspaper)BetweenMoussaandMoses,howtobeaJewinTurkeytoday?

HayEytanCohenYanarocak(TelAvivUniversity,MosheDayanCenter)Homeawayhome:The"Normalization"oftheTurkishJewinIsrael

Rifat Bali (Centre Alberto Benveniste, Paris and Libra Books, Istanbul) The One-Million-Dollar Question: Can aTurkishJewbeaTurk,aJewandaZionist,allatthesametime?

17.00-17.15 ConcludingRemarks

20.00SymposiumDinner

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A B S T R A C T S _____________________________________________________________________________________________ K e y n o t e

AronRodrigue(StanfordUniversity)

ReflectionsonTurkishJewry:PastandPresent

ThislectureconsidersthestudyofTurkishJewryinhistoricalperspective.Itexaminesthechallengesthatitfacedasthetopicbegantodrawtheattentionofscholarsinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.Situatedatthecross-roadsofmultipledisciplinesandmultiplehistoriographies,thefieldhasemergedasavibrantareaofstudy.Thelectureidentifiescertaintrendsthathavemarkeditscontoursandhasshapedwhatisstudied.FinallyitoffersreflectionsonthechallengeofwritingaboutTurkishJewryatthisconjunctureoffraughtpoliticization.

P a p e r s

DuyguAtlas(TelAvivUniversity)

TheFoundingoftheStateofIsraelandtheTurkishJews:AViewfromIsrael,1948-1955

OnJuly24,1951,thethenPrimeMinisterofthenewlyestablishedStateofIsrael,DavidBen-Gurion,metwithagroupofnewimmigrants,whohadsettledinthecoastalcityofJaffa.WhilespeakingwiththosewhohadarrivedfromTurkey,heexclaimed“IamalittleTurkish,too,”referringtohistimeasayounglawstudentatIstanbulUni-versityattheturnofthetwentiethcentury,andcontinued“IamsurethatwewillbringalltheTurkishJewswhowishtomakealiyah.Iwouldnothavethoughtthattheywouldbecomesuchgreatpioneers.”Ben-Gurion’saston-ishmentatthepioneeringcapabilitiesoftheTurkishimmigrationreflectedthecentralplacethatimmigrationandpioneerismoccupiedinthecreationofamodernHebrewsociety inEretzYisrael/Palestine.Butbesidesechoingthe importance of the central tenets of Zionism, Ben-Gurion's words also carried a tint of the European-non-Europeandichotomy,innatelypresentinZionistdiscourse.AsapoliticalideologythatemergedinEuropeandinresponse to the crisis of European Jewry, Zionismwas shaped overwhelmingly byAshkenazi Jews,whose per-ceivedracialbiasanddiscriminatorypolicieshavebeenthesubjectofmuchscholarlyattentionaswellaspubliccriticisminIsrael.

Thispaperwill seek tounderstand theplaceofTurkish Jewswithin this specific, internalZionist/Israeli contextandwillattempttoanswerthefollowingquestions:howdidtheZionistestablishmentseetheinitialTurkishim-migrationtoIsrael?HowdidittreatorconsidertheseJews?WhatkindofsimilaritiesordifferencesdidthisZion-istperceptionhavewiththeZionistviewheldtowardsJewsofotherIslamiccountries(theMizrahim)?Lastly,howdidtheZionistestablishmentapproachtheissueoftheimmigrationoftheTurkishJewishcommunity,whochosetoremaininTurkey?ThisresearchreliesmainlyonmaterialsfromtheIsraeliStateArchivesandIsraelinewspa-persaswellasinterviewsconductedinHebrewwithfirstgenerationTurkishJewishimmigrants.

MarcBaer(LSE)

TheFearof‘SecretJews’inTurkey:FromMustafaKemalAtatürktoFethullahGülen

InmodernTurkey, theDönmecharacter—analleged secret Jewhiding in theguiseof thenation’s leaderwhosurreptitiouslyaimstodestroy theTurkishculture,nation,andpeopleonbehalfofworld Jewry—hasbeenthestock figure in anti-government conspiracy theories. These theories have been promoted by Islamists dispos-sessedoftheirauthorityfrom1923(thefoundingofthesecularrepublicbyMustafaKemalAtatürk)to2002(theelection of the Islamist Recep Tayyib Erdoğan). They have been promoted by leftists, secularists, and neo-nationalistsdivestedoftheirpowersince2002.Andsince2015theyhaveagainbeenpropagatedbyIslamists,thistimeagainstanewenemy,FethullahGülen.TheIslamists’risetopowerandthedeclineofthesecularelite’scon-trolofTurkey’swealth,power,andculture, triggeredthesecularists’acceptanceof the ideaofacrypto-Jewishprimeminister/president.TheriseofseriousthreatstothecurrentIslamistregimecompelledits leaderandhissupporterstousethesametropeagainstitsenemy,apresumptiveleaderinhiding.Antisemiticconspiracytheo-riesgaintractionamongallelementsofTurkishsocietybasedontheessentialistandracistassumptionthatonly

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anethnicTurkishMuslimcanhaveTurkey’sinterestsatheart,whileaJew—herethefalseconvert,thesecretJewDönme—canonlyserveforeigninterestsatoddswiththoseoftheTurks.

RıfatN.Bali(CentreAlbertoBenveniste,Paris/LibraBooks)

“AprontaremosLasValidjas?”....“Lets(Shallwe)StartPackingOurSuitcases?”

NewsaboutTurkishJews,leavingTurkeytoemigratetoIsraelandothercountries,gettingcitizenshipfromSpainand/or Portugal because of their Sephardic roots have been circulating in the internationalmedia and digitalworld in the last 1-2 years. The samemedia have stated that Turkish Jewswere leaving because of thewide-spreadantisemitism in theTurkishprintedand socialmedia, becauseof the strong fistedauthoritarian ruleofPresidentErdoğan,censorship,obstaclesonfreedomofexpressionandmoreimportantlybecauseoftheunsuc-cessfulcoupattemptofJuly15,2016.Thispaperwillattempttoreflecttheintricaciesofthe“artoflivinginTur-key”,thatTurkishJewsdevelopedoverdecadesandgenerationsadelicatebalancebetweenwhatcanandwhatcannotbeexpressedpublicly.Itwilltrytoassesshowrealisthe“threat”ofantisemitismtowardsTurkishJewry,iftheenvironmentinwhichtheyarecirculatingishostileornot,whetherthe“fear”and“anxiety”ofTurkishJewsarerealorimaginedones,thechallengesofthenewdigitalageandofthesocialmediafacingTurkishJewsanditsleadershipandwhatonecanguessaboutthefutureofTurkishJewry.

MarcyBrinkDanan(HebrewUniversity)

Virtually Turkish: Images in/ofExpatriateReunions, FacebookPagesandWhatsappGroupsas SitesofNationalCosmopolitanism

Thispaperanalyzes the recombinationof social, culturalandmediageography in the intersectionbetweenna-tionalandDiasporaaffinities, lookingparticularlyat the roleofmultimodality (sound, text,photographs, icons,memes,hashtags,flagsandothersymbolicforms)intheproductionofsharednarratives.Takingthecaseof"reu-nited"JewishémigrésfromTurkeyacrossdifferentgeographicsitesandmedia,Ibuildonmyearlierworkonvir-tualcommunities(2011)andTurkish-Jewishemigrantnarratives(2013)inordertoarguethatstudyingtherepre-sentationofnational-cosmopolitantensionsinherentinémigréexperiencescanteachusmorebroadlyabouttheroleofmediainglobalization(ErdemandGündüz2017).

JuliaPhilipsCohen(VanderbiltUniversity)

AModelMinority?SephardiJewsintheLateOttomanEra

Mypresentationforthe“Turkish-JewishEntanglements”symposiumwill includeanexplorationof thepolitical,legal,cultural,economic,andmaterialoptionsavailabletoadiversesetofOttomanJewsduringthe longnine-teenthcenturyastheysoughttobecomecitizens—oftheirempire,offoreignstates,andoftheworld.BuildinguponbutalsomovingbeyondmyworkinmymonographBecomingOttomans:SephardiJewsandImperialCiti-zenship intheModernEra, Iwillexplorethetriangularrelationsthisprocessentailed,as Jews indifferentcon-textssoughttoalignthemselveswiththeirstate,withotherOttomans,andwithaninternationalcommunityofactorsmadeuplargelyofphilanthropists,educators,journalists,ambassadors,consuls,andmerchants.Suchre-sponseswereatonce intensely localandglobal, influenced,on theonehand,byEuropean imperialism,globalcapitalism,andtheextensivepresenceofEuropeanJewsinOttomanJews’affairsand,ontheother,byOttomanJews’ active participation in imperial, regional, city, and neighborhood networks. Such networks sawOttomanJewsjointheirChristianandMuslimneighborsinbusinessventures,studyOttomanmusicinSufilodges,meetincafesandclubsoronthequaysoftheircities,danceatballshostedbymembersoftheirrespectivecommunities,andconspiretogetherinFreemasonlodges.EveninternationaleventssuchastheDreyfusAffairhadlocalreper-cussionsandmeaningsforOttomanJews—andotherOttomans—wellbeyondtheiroriginal,foreigncontexts.Itispreciselythiscomplexinteraction—betweentheglobalandthelocal—aswellasthecompetingclaimsmadeonOttomanJews’loyaltyduringthisperiod,thatwillremainatthecenterofmypresentationinGraz.

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CorryGuttstadt(HamburgUniversity)TheTurkishJewishDiasporainEurope–RelationswithandExpectationsofTurkey

The relationshipbetween the JewsandTurkey/theOttomanEmpire ismarkedby immigrationandemigration.Between1890and1935,morethan50,000JewsleftTurkey/theOttomanEmpirefortheUS,LatinAmerica,andEurope,predominantlyforFrance.IntheperiodbetweentheendofWorldWarIand1935alone,morethanonethirdofTurkey’sJewsleftthecountry.InmanyEuropeancountries,theTurkishJewsarrivingduringtheinterwarperiodconstitutedthe firstgenerationof“Turkish immigrants” In theirnewcountriesof residence, theyestab-lished Turkish-Jewish communities, charities, and religious and cultural organizations. My paperwill focus ontheirviewofandrelationshipwithaswellasontheirexpectationsofTurkey.AlthoughTurkey’snationalistpolicywasoneofthemainreasonsforTurkishJewstoleavethecountry,manyoftheseemigrantscontinuedtoholdapositiveviewoftheirhomecountry.RepresentativesofTurkish-Jewishcommunitiesmaintainedagoodrelation-shipwithTurkishrepresentatives:LeJudaïsmeSépharadi(thejournaloftheUnionUniverselledesCommunautésSéphardites),inwhichJewsfromTurkeyplayedanimportantrole,repeatedlypublishedarticlesfullofpraiseforTurkey.AfterthedeathofAtatürk,TurkishJewsinParisaswellas inSwitzerlandorganizedlargememorialser-vices.DuringWorldWarIIandtheHolocaustyears,receivingprotectionfromTurkishrepresentativeswouldhavemadeacrucialdifferencefortheTurkishJews.Butthepositiveexpectationsofmanyprovedillusory.

ÖzgürKaymak(IstanbulUniversity,Avlaremoz)

PoliticalParticipationOfTurkishJewsInIstanbul:AComparisonBetweenGenerations

Inthispaper,IinvestigatetheTurkishJewishcommunity’scitizenshipexperienceinthecontextofpoliticalpartic-ipation innation-widedebates. ItwillexamineTurkishJewishcitizensperceptionaboutthemeaningofcitizen-shipandadaptittonewconditionsinordertomeetthisminority’sexpectationsoffullandequalcitizenship.Thispaper focusesonthepolitical tendenciesamongtheTurkish Jewishpeopleduetotheir thoughtson importantpolitical turning points that Turkish society is currently debating. The paper is based on narratives collect-edbyoralhistoryand in-depth interviewsover thepast fouryearswith55membersof the Jewishcommunitycomingfromvariousages,socio-economicclassesandgendersinIstanbul.Thedatacollectedthroughthisfield-workwillbepresentedinthelightofthetheoriesofcitizenshipandnationalism.

DeviElizabethMays(UniversityofMichigan)

JewishÉmigrésandTurkishCitizenshipintheEarlyRepublicanPeriod

ScholarlydiscussionsofthehistoryofJewishemigrationfromTurkeypredominatelymarktheThracePogromsof1934astheimpetusforthefirstwaveofJewishmassdeparture.Thispaper,incontrast,assertsthatJewishemi-grationcontinuedfromthelateOttomanperiod,througharmistice,andintheyearsofthenascentTurkishRe-public.However, evenbefore the Thrace Pogroms, Jews emigrated fromTurkey in large numbers in direct re-sponsetoearlyRepublicanTurkificationeffortsthatsoughttoassimilateJewsculturallyandlinguisticallyevenastheyunderminedJewishinstitutionsandmarginalizedJewsfromcertaineconomicrealms.TheseJews,whomi-gratedthroughoutWesternEuropeandtheAmericas,oftenemigratedonTurkishpassports,and, inplaces likeMexico, because synonymouswith governmental perceptions of who constituted a “Turk.” In doing so, thesemigrantsprovokedTurkishofficialstoarticulatetheboundariesofTurkishcitizenshipandnationalityinwaysthatattimesoverlappedandattimesdivergedfromthewaysinwhich“Turkishness”wasmappedontoJewsstillresi-dentinTurkey.Thispaperdrawsonoralhistories,theLadinopressinTurkeyandtheUnitedStates,andTurkishandMexicanarchivalsourcesinordertoexploretheimbricatednatureofTurkishJewishmigrantnetworksthatlinkedTurkey,France,theUnitedStates,Cuba,andMexico,andthewaysinwhichJewishmigrants’movementsandactivitiespromptedTurkishauthoritiestomonitor,redefine,andcircumscribetheboundariesofTurkishness.Indoingso,itseekstocenterJewishemigrationfromTurkeyasaresponsetoTurkificationpoliciesintheyearsoftheearlyrepublic,predatingtheviolenceoftheThracePogroms.

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YoannMorvan(IdemecCNRS/AixMarseilleUniv.)

JewsofIstanbul:FromadisperseddiasporicminorityinsidetheTurkishmegalopolistopost-communitariandias-porathroughmetropolises(TelAviv,NYC,etc.)

Afterlivinginspecificneighbourhoods(mahalle)inOttomanIstanbul(Balat,Hasköy,Kuzguncuk,Ortaköy,etc.)-not tobeconfusedwithghettos-,Turkey's Jewishminority started tomove tomorecentralmodernareas inatransformingmetropolis.Galata(“LaKula”)ontheEuropeanside,andKadıköyontheAnatoliansideappearedasnewsocialspacesinthelate19thcenturyuntilthemid20thcentury.ThecreationoftheStateofIsraelin1948constitutedamajor turningpoint: almosthalfofTurkey's Jews left. Theyestablished themselvesmostly inBatYam,asouthernsuburbofTelAviv.BatYamcouldbeseenasanequivalentofGalataorKadıköy,intermsofcre-atinganewkindofcommunitylifethroughnewsynagogues,shops,etc.

During the last decades of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, rapid urbanization and socio-economicalchangecontributedtoaradicaltransformationofTurkishJewries,bothinIstanbulandinTelAviv.Akindof“Goldrush”pushedthewealthiestJewstothenorthernpartsofthesemetropolises(Ulus,Etiler,Istinye,andfinallytoKemerburgaz/RamatAviv),andtotheeasternpartsinCaddebostan,SuadiyeandbeyondforthoseontheAnatolianside,searchingnewlifestyles.Thisnew(post-)urbancontextcanbeconsideredasacollectionofnew diasporas inside the metropolises, constituting an archipelago of islands/enclaves in a sea of (sub-)urbanization.Thiscomplexity isnowreinforcedbyaproportionally importantemigrationofTurkish Jews fromIstanbul.NewYorkCity-aboveallManhattanifindispersedsettlementpatterns,andgreaterTelAviv(PetahTik-va,Raanana,etc.)arethemaindestinations.ButeveninthelargestandmostpowerfulgroupofTurkishJewsinIsrael, in Raanana,many are commuting to Istanbul. Raanana seems to be hauntedby the ghost of Etiler andCaddebostan.

MahmureIdilÖzkan(NorthwesternUniversity)PoliticsofTimeandAffect:TracingNarrativesonLanguageLoss

The topic of ‘endangered languages’ from a linguistic perspective typically centers around practical measurestakeninordertopreventtheextinctionoflanguagessuchasthecollectionoflinguisticmetadata,preparationofdictionaries, or language revival campaigns. From an anthropological perspective, however, it is imperative totracethesocialconditionsthatcontributetotheendangermentoflanguages:languagedeclineanddeathoccurunderspecifichistorical,politicalandsocioculturalcircumstances.DrawingonmyresearchwithintheSephardicpopulationinIstanbul,Turkey,IinvestigatethesocialroleofaffectinthedeclineofLadino,thelanguageofthisurbancommunity.WhilemanymembersofthecommunityconsiderLadinotobeanimportantmarkerofcultureandidentity,theydonotclaimtobespeakersofthelanguage.TakingLadinoasatotalspherethatconstitutesaspatial,materialelementofculture,Iproposethatemotiveresponsestothelanguagehavecertainpatternsthatreference wider political configurations and ideologies, in this case of Turkish nationalism, Euro-centrism andZionisminthedeclineofJudeo-Spanishlanguage.Investigatingtheaffectoflanguageloss,myresearchuncoversafundamentaldividewithinthecommunity,betweenthosewhofeelastrongattachmenttoIberianhistoryasasharedpastandculture,andthosewhoemphasizetheimportanceofHebrewandamoreglobalreligiousidenti-ty.Throughthisethnographicexample Iarguethatunderstandingtheemotiveaspectsof language lossrevealsimportantinsightsintothemechanismsthatoperateinthesystemicextinctionofworldlanguages.

TürkaySalimNefes(UniversityofOxford)

TheFoundationsofAnti-JewishAttitudesinTurkishPolitics

What are the political roots of the anti-Jewish rhetoric in Turkey?Which events, political views and dynamicstriggertheexclusionaryrationaletowardsJewsinTurkey?ThisstudyfocusesontheperceptionofJewsinTurkishpoliticsbetween1983and2016.Buildingon threat theoryand thehistoricalbackgroundof theTurkish-Jewishrelations,theresearchproposesthatright-wingideologicalorientationandperceivedthreatscanpredictnegativeperception of Jews. To test this claim, it scrutinises the Turkish parliamentary proceedings between 1983 and2016byusingamixtureofquantitativeandqualitativecontentanalysis.Thefindingsstronglysupportthemainpremise. The studypostulates thatperceived threatsand right-wing ideologicalorientationare significant con-tributorstohostilitytowardsethnicandreligiousminoritiesinTurkishpolitics.

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S P E A K E R S A N D C O N T R I B U T O R S _____________________________________________________________________________________________

DuyguAtlasisaPhDcandidateinTelAvivUniversity’sSchoolofHistorywritingonTurkey’sJewishminorityandits identity formation(1948–2002).ShecompletedherMA inMiddleEasternhistoryatTelAvivUniversity.Herthesis focusedon the solidificationof Kurdishnational identity in Turkeyduring theperiodof the “democraticopeningprocess”(2009–2014).SheisalsoaresearcherattheMosheDayanCenterforMiddleEasternandAfri-canStudies.AttheVanLeerJerusalemInstitute,sheistheeditorialcoordinatoroftheJournalofLevantineStud-ies.In2016,shewasawardedtheDanDavidPrizeforYoungResearchers.Inherresearch,shefocusesonminori-tiesinTurkey.Herpublishedarticlesinclude“TheRoleofLanguageintheEvolutionofKurdishNationalIdentityinTurkey” (2014); “Turkey, ItsKurdsand theGeziParkProtests” (2014); “The JewsofMardin” (inTurkish,2016),and“ATestofDemocracy:Non-MuslimMinorities inTurkey” (2017).Shehasdocumentary filmprojects in themakingabouttheJewsofThraceandtheKurdishdiasporainEurope.

MarcDavidBaerisProfessorattheInternationalHistoryDepartment,LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience

RıfatN.BaliisagraduateofEcolePratiquesdesHautesEtudes.Heisanindependentresearcherandthefounderandmanagingpartner of LibraBooks,which is an academicpress and a service company serving libraries andscholarsabroadwithacademicpublicationsformTurkeyinthefieldsofOttomanandTurkishstudies.Hehaspub-lishedextensivelyonthehistoryofTurkishJewsintheRepublicanyears,onanti-Semitismandconspiracytheo-ries,onthedestructionofthearchivesandlibrariesinTurkey,onrarebookdealersandcollectors.MrBaliisalsoaresearchfellowoftheCentreAlbertoBenveniste(Paris)andrecipientofthe2005and2008prizesinSocialSci-encesoftheYunusNadiAwards(İstanbul)andofthe2009AlbertoBenvenistePrize(Paris)forresearchonTurk-ishJewishStudies.Hisfulllistofworkscanbeaccessedatwww.rifatbali.com

FlorianBieber isapoliticalscientistandhistorianworkingoninter-ethnicrelations,ethnicconflictandnational-ism,focusingonSoutheasternEurope.HeisaProfessorinSouthEastEuropeanHistoryandPoliticsanddirectorof theCenter for SouthEastEuropeanStudiesat theUniversityofGraz.Hecoordinates theBalkans inEuropePolicyAdvisoryGroup.HeisalsoaVisitingProfessorattheNationalismStudiesProgramatCentralEuropeanUni-versityandistheeditorofthebookseriesSoutheastEuropeanStudies,publishedwithRoutledge(formerlyAsh-gate)andeditstheopenaccessjournalContemporarySoutheasternEurope.HewastheeditorinchiefofNation-alitiesPapersbetween2009and2013andistheassociateeditorofSoutheasternEuropeaswellasbeingontheeditorialboardofseveraljournals.HestudiedatTrinityCollege(USA),theUniversityofViennaandCentralEuro-peanUniversity(Hungary)andreceivedhisM.A.inPoliticalScienceandHistoryandhisPh.D.inPoliticalSciencefromtheUniversityofVienna,aswellasanM.A.inSoutheastEuropeanStudiesfromCentralEuropeanUniversity(Budapest).BeforecomingtoGraz,hewasaLecturerinEastEuropeanPoliticsattheDepartmentofPoliticsandInternationalRelationsof theUniversityofKent,Canterbury,UK.FromJanuary toMay2009,heheld theLuigiEinaudiChairatCornellUniversity, Ithaca,NewYorkand inSpring2010,hewasavisiting fellowat LSEE–Re-searchonSouthEasternEuropeattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.InSpring2016,hewasavisitingfellowattheRemarqueInstituteofNewYorkUniversity.

MarcyBrink-Danan,Ph.D.,isbasedattheDepartmentofSociologyandAnthropology,HebrewUniversityofJeru-salem

JuliaPhillipsCohenisanAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofHistoryandthePrograminJewishStudiesatVanderbilt University. She is the author of two award-winning books:BecomingOttomans: Sephardi Jews andImperialCitizenshipintheModernEra(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2014),and—togetherwithSarahAbre-vaya Stein—Sephardi Lives: ADocumentaryHistory, 1700-1950 (Stanford: StanfordUniversity Press, 2014). Re-flectinghercommitmenttoworkingbetweenthefieldsofJewishStudies,MiddleEasternStudies,andthedisci-plineofhistorymorebroadly,Cohenhaspublishedarticlesinarangeofvenues,includingtheAmericanHistoricalReview,InternationalJournalofMiddleEastStudies,JewishSocialStudies,JewishQuarterlyReview,andAJSPer-spectives. Shehasalsoundertakenservice for theAssociation for JewishStudies (AJS), theMiddleEastStudiesAssociation(MESA),theOttomanandTurkishStudiesAssociation(OTSA),andtheAmericanHistoricalAssociation(AHA) including—most recently—stintsasSephardi/MizrahiDivisionChairof theAJS,chairofOTSA’sStanleyN.FisherPrize,boardmemberofboththeInternationalJournalofMiddleEastStudiesandtheAJS,andjurymem-ber for theAHA’sDorothyRosenbergBookPrize.A Turkish translationofCohen’smonographBecomingOtto-

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mansrecentlyappearedasOsmanlılaşmak:ModernÇağdaSefaradYahudilerive İmparatorlukYurttaşlığı (Istan-bul:AlfaYayınları,2017).Hernewprojects includeastudyofOttomanJews’ involvementintheOrientalgoodstradeandanotheronmodernSephardiJews’relationshiptoSpainandtheirSpanishpast.

MoisGabay isacolumnistattheTurkishJewishCommunityNewspaperŞalom,boardmemberoftheQuincen-tennialFoundation,theMuseumofTurkishJewsandanactivememberoftheJewishCommunityofTurkey.HeisagraduateofGalatasarayUniversitywithaMasterdegreeinPublicRelations.Inhisprofessionallife,heiswork-ing in the tourism industry specializedon tailormademinorities historytours.He alsoworks as a Professionaltourguide.He represented the JewishCommunityofTurkey indifferent seminarsandconferences inorder tocreateawarenessofthisCommunityoutsideofTurkey.Hegivesguestlecturesatschools,associationsandtalkstothenationalmediaonsubjectsrelatedtoJewishhistoryandJewishLifeinTurkeytoday.Hisaimistocontrib-utetobuildingastrongJewishcommunityfortheyoungergeneration.

CorryGuttstadtreceivedhermastersinTurkologyandhistoryfromHamburgUniversityandherPh.D.inhistoryformthesameUniversity.Duringthe1980sand1990sheworkedasatranslator/interpreterforTurkishandasajournalist on Turkey; she is affiliated with the Turkey-Europa Zentrum at Hamburg University (Department ofTurkology).HerPh.D.TurkeytheJewsandtheHolocaustisbasedonresearchinaboutfiftyarchivesworldwide.ItwasfirstpublishedinGermanyin2008(DieTürkeidieJudenundderHolocaust,AssoziationA,2008)inTurkeyin2012 (İletişim) and in EnglishwithCambridgeUniversity Press (2013).Hermain fieldsof research are Turkey’sminoritypolicies,especiallytowardsJewsandanti-SemitisminTurkey.Amongherlastpublicationsare:MuestrosDezaparesidos–CheminsetdestinsdesJudéo-EspagnolsdeFrance,withHenrietteAsseo,AnnieCohen,AlaindeToledo, Xavier Rotea (eds.), (in print)Bystanders, rescuers or perpetrators? The Neutrals and the Shoah, IHRAseries,vol.2,Berlin,Metropol,withThomasLutz,BerndRotherandYessicaSanRoman(eds.)(2016).

ÖzgürKaymak completedherPh.Ddegreeat the IstanbulUniversity,DepartmentofPublicAdministrationandPoliticalScienceinJuly2016withherdissertationtitledTheSocio-SpatialConstructionofIstanbul’sRum,JewishandArmenianCommunities.ShecompletedExecutiveEducationon“SocialEntepreneurship”atINSEADin2010.AfterreceivingaB.A.degreeinEconomicsfromArizonaStateUniversity,USAsheworkedintheprivatesectorforawhile.Shecompletedhermasterthesison“FeminizationofPoverty”andreceivedherM.A.degreeonWomenand Gender Studies at Istanbul University in 2011. She worked as a teaching assistant in Istanbul University,Women’sStudiesDepartmentuntil2013.Sheistheauthorofabooktitledİstanbul’daAz(ınlık)Olmak:GündelikHayattaRumlar,Yahudiler,Ermeniler(BeingaMinorityinIstanbul:Rums,Jews,ArmeniansintheDailyLife)pub-lishedin2017,SeptemberbyLibra.HerwritingsarealsopublishedatBianet,AgosandAvlaremoz.Sheiscurrent-lyworkingonaprojectwithAssoc.Prof.SevgiUçanÇubukcuincollaborationwithBremenUniversityandMerca-tor Foundation about theGender andWomen’s Research Centres at Universities in Turkey. She is actively in-volvedintheactivitiesoftheIstanbulWomen’sLibrary.Heracademicinterestareasareethno-religiousminori-ties,collectivememory,urbanstudiesof Istanbul,migrationsociologyandgeneration link,genderandfeministtheories.

GeraldLamprechtisProfessorforJewishHistoryattheCentreofJewishStudies,UniversityofGraz.

DeviElizabethMaysisAssistantProfessorofJudaicStudiesattheUniversityofMichigan,AnnArborsince2014.Her research interests lie in themodernSephardicMediterraneanand transnational Jewishnetworks. ShewastheinauguralPost-DoctoralFellowinModernJewishStudiesattheJewishTheologicalSeminary,andreceivedherPhDinHistoryfromIndianaUniversityinJune2013.Sheiscurrentlyrevisingabookmanuscript,tentativelyenti-tledForgingTies, ForgingPassports:Migrationand theModern SephardiDiaspora,which traces the itinerariesandconnectionsofSephardicmigrantsfromtheOttomanEmpireanditssuccessorstatestoandthroughMexico,arguing that transnational familial, commercial, andpatronagenetworks enabled Sephardimigrants to accom-modate,confront,andsubvertstates’nationalizingvisions.Shehasbegunworkonasecondsubstantiveproject,which focusesonOttomanandpost-OttomanJews’centrality inglobalopiate trades,andaimstocast lightonhowclass and commerce,masculinity andhonor,migrationand citizenship, legality and illegality, and imperialandnationalbelongingintersectedinthetransitionfromempiretonationalizingstates.HerworkhasappearedinAJSPerspectives,Mashriq&Mahjar:JournalofMiddleEastMigrationStudiesandtheLatinAmericanJewishStud-iesAssociationBulletin.

YoannMorvan isJuniorResearcheratCNRS(IdemecAixMarseilleUniv.).AfteranMAinPhilosophyattheSor-bonneandaPh.D.inUrbanstudiesatEastParisUniversity,hestartedtoworkonIstanbulasasocialanthropol-

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ogistaboutdiversetopics,includingtheTurkishJewry,publishingseveralarticles.WithSinanLogie(Bilgi),hepub-lishedthebookIstanbul2023,firstinFrench(2014,B2,Paris)theninTurkish(2017,Iletişim,Istanbul).HeisalsoassociatedwiththeFrenchResearchCentreinJerusalem(CRFJ),workingonIsraelandIsraeli-Palestinianspaces.ApartfromTurkishJews,hedidfieldworkontwootherJewishDiasporas:GeorgianJewsandMountainJewsfromAzerbaijan.HealsoconductedaglobalsurveyonOrientalJewsfromMoroccanstoCentralAsiansinNewYork.

TürkaySalimNefes isaWilliamGoldingJuniorResearchFellowattheBrasenoseCollegeoftheUniversityofOx-fordandaresearchassociateattheSociologyDepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.Hismainresearchinterestisonthepoliticalcommunicationofintergrouphostilityandconflict,particularlyviaconspiracytheories.TürkayhaspublishedhisworkonconspiracyrhetoricinvariousacademicjournalsincludingBritishJournalofSociology,Rationality and Society, Journal of Historical Sociology and Sociological Review. His research includes anti-Semitism in Turkey. On this topic, most recently, he published a book by Palgrave MacMillan, Online Anti-SemitisminTurkeyandanarticleinParliamentaryAffairs,whichfocusedontheperceptionofnon-Muslimminor-ities inTurkishpolitics.DrNefesstudiedhisundergraduateandpostgraduatedegrees inSociologyandPoliticalScience at theMiddle East TechnicalUniversity. In 2010, he received his PhD in Sociology at theUniversity ofKent.Hisworkcanbeaccessedfreelyathttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tuerkay_Nefes

KeremÖktemisProfessorofSoutheastEuropeandModernTurkeyattheCentreofSoutheastEuropeanStudies,UniversityofGraz.BeforecomingtoGraz,hewasResearchFellowattheEuropeanStudiesCentre,UniversityofOxford.ItwasalsoatOxfordwherehereadforaMasterdegreeinModernMiddleEasternStudiesandcomplet-edhisD.Phil.attheSchoolofGeographyin2006.HeisalongstandingresearchassociateoftheprogrammeforSoutheastEuropeanStudiesatOxford,FoundingChairoftheConsortiumforEuropeanSymposiaonTurkey,andalumnioftheMercator-IPCFellowship.Hismonograph 'AngryNation.Turkeysince1989'proposedabottom-upperspective to Turkey's recent history, bringing in the narratives of thitherto excluded social groups. Since hislatestbookwithKarabekirAkkoyunlu'ExitfromDemocracy.IlliberalGovernanceinTurkeyandBeyond'(2018),heisworkingonthetransnationalisationofTurkishnessandtheemergenceofnewdiasporicspaces.DrÖktemhasreceived awards and fellowships from the British Academy, the Open Society Foundations, the Hans-BöcklerFoundation,theGerda-HenkelFoundationandtheMercatorFoundationandtheIstanbulPolicyCentreatSabanciUniversity.

MahmureIdilÖzkanisadoctoralstudentinlinguisticanthropologyatNorthwesternUniversity.Herdissertationprojectinvestigatesthe2015citizenshipofferofSpaintoSephardicJews,lookingintoexploringlanguageideolo-gies,citizenship,transnationalmigration,andtheunderstandingsofhomelandandbelongingamongTurkishSe-phardicJews.Ms.ÖzkanhasaBAinsociologyfromBoğaziciUniversity,andanMAinCulturalStudiesfromIstan-bulBilgiUniversity, Turkey.HerMA thesisdealtwith theaffects and temporalpoliticsof language loss amongTurkishJews.SheworkedasateachingassistantattheDepartmentofSociologyat IstanbulBilgiUniversitybe-tween2014-17.Asco-founderofYATOÇ(theStudyGrouponJewishCommunities)inIstanbulBilgiUniversity,sheorganizedanumberofroundtablesandacademicworkshopsonJewishStudiesinTurkey.

Betsi Penso is an Istanbul-based lawyer.Born toaSephardic Jewish family in Istanbul,Betsi attendedÜsküdarAmericanAcademyandKocUniversityFacultyofLaw.BetsiservedvoluntarilyindifferentbranchesandlevelsoftheJewishCommunityofTurkey.Shewaselectedastheyoungestadvisoreverof theChiefRabbiofTurkey in2016andstillholdsthisposition.BetsialsojoinedtheAvlaremozteamin2016,andcontributedarticles,opinionpieces, interviewsandservedaseditor.Mostrecently,shecontributedtotwobookscompiledbyRıfatBaliandpublishedbyLibra.

AronRodrigueistheDanielE.KoshlandProfessorofJewishCultureandHistoryatStanfordUniversity.Hespecial-izesinthehistoryandcultureofSephardiJewries.Hislatestpublicationistheco-editedbookAJewishVoicefromOttomanSalonica:TheLadinoMemoirofSa’adiBesalela-Levi(editedandwithanIntroductionwithSarahAbre-vayaStein,Translation,Transliteration,andGlossarybyIsaacJerusalmi)(2012).HisotherbooksincludeJewsandMuslims:ImagesofSephardiandEasternJewriesinTransition,1860-1939(2003)andSephardiJewry:AHistoryoftheJudeo-SpanishCommunity,14th-20thCenturies,(2000,co-authoredwithEstherBenbassa)Heistherecipi-ent of theAlbertoBenveniste Prize (Paris) for Research in Sephardic Studies, 2011, andof theNational JewishBookCouncilHonorAwardinSephardicStudies,1994.HehasbeennamedChevalierdel’OrdredesArtsetLet-tresbytheFrenchMinistryofCulturein2013.

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Aron Saltiel,bornandraised in Istanbul, studied translation inAustria.His fieldwork, traditionalSephardic folksongscollectedinSarajevo,Thessaloniki, IstanbulandBatyamwaspublishedin2002byEditionPeters.HelivesandworksasapsychotherapistandvoicecoachinGraz.

EdwardSerottaisajournalist,photographerandfilmmakerspecializinginJewishlifeinCentralandEasternEu-rope.BorninSavannah,Georgia,EdwardhasworkedinCentralEuropesince1985.Between1996and1999,heproducedthreefilmsforABCNewsNightline.Edwardhaspublishedthreebooks-OutoftheShadows,SurvivalinSarajevoandJews,Germany,Memory.HehascontributedtoTimeMagazine,TheL.A.Times,TheWashingtonPost,andotheroutlets.EdfoundedCentropain2000.

HayEytanCohenYanarocakisaresearcherattheMosheDayanCenter(MDC)andalectureratTelAvivUniversi-ty.HereceivedhisdoctoratefromTel-AvivUniversity’sSchoolofHistory.Dr.CohenYanarocakistheco-editorofTurkeyscopeInsightsonTurkishAffairsandservesastheTurkeyanalystofMDC'ssocialmediawatchbulletinBeeHive.InMay2015,hewasawardedtheDanDavidPrizeScholarshipinthecategoryof"Past:Retrievingthepast,historians and their sources."His areas of expertise are: contemporary Turkish politics, Turkish Foreign policy,Turkishnationalsecuritypolicy,Turkishsocialmedia,Turkisheducationsystem,Turkish-IsraelirelationsandKurdsinTurkey.

IpekKocaömerYosmaoğlu(Ph.D.,Princeton,2005)isahistorianofthelateOttomanEmpireandearlyRepubli-canTurkey.PriortojoiningtheHistoryDepartmentatNorthwesternshetaughtattheUniversityofWisconsin-MadisonandwasamemberoftheInstituteofAdvancedStudyinPrinceton.Theprimaryquestionmotivatingherresearch iswhyandhowpeoplecommitorcondoneviolence invarious forms.Her firstbook,BloodTies:Reli-gion, Violence, and the Politics ofNationhood inOttomanMacedonia (Cornell, 2014) traced the emergenceofnationhoodamongChristianOrthodoxpeasants inMacedoniaduring the final decadesofOttoman rule in theregion.Yosmaoğlu is currentlyworkingonanotherbookproject,RegimesofViolence:War,Militarism,and theMakingoftheTurkishNation,1878-1939,thatreconsiderstheoriginsofTurkishnationhoodthroughastudyofdemographicchangeandinter-communalrelationsinThrace.ShehasreceivedawardsandfellowshipsfromtheAmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens,theOnassisPublicBenefitFoundation,SabanciUniversityandtheBrookingsInstitute,AmericanResearchInstituteinTurkey,AndrewW.MellonFoundation,andtheNationalEn-dowmentfortheHumanities

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