Syllables: 1. vav with a vocal shewa. Why a vocal shewa? Because you need one to make this

‘open’ syllable. 2. aleph with a ‘long a’ Qamets. Why? Because a consonant with a long vowel makes a

syllable. 3. he with ‘short a’ and a bet and a non-vocal shewa. Why? The syllable starts with a

consonant a short vowel and then ‘ends’ with a consonant. The shewa only ‘secures’the fact that this is a closed syllable with a short vowel.

4. taw with a ‘long a’ Qamets. Why? Well first of all this fits the rule. However, sincethis is the last syllable and thus accented we could ‘cheat’.

Syllables

1. Alef with ‘long e’ Tsere. Why? Wouldn’t you have expected a shorter Seghol to fitwith the pattern of closed syllable – short vowel? Well…this is a word and as suchthe last (and only) syllable is accented and I can ‘cheat’….got ya.

2. The next word is never vowel pointed to disregard.3. Alef and a reduced vowel. Well…if the shewa is a reduced vowel and it ‘works’ as a

‘kind of long vowel’ (open syllable – long vowel) why not this reduced vowel? Seehow it works?

4. He with seghol yod. This is an unchangeable lone vowel. Great? Open syllable – longvowel. But why is this unchangeable? Well…you just can’t get ‘rid’ of the yod (orvav whichever is the case).

5. Kaf with a long ‘a’ Qamets. Why? Open syllable – long vowel.

Syllables1. Bet with vocal shewa….old news by now. 2. Kaf with Qamets or Qamets Hatuf? and then lamed. Which is it? I have the pattern of

consonant vowel consonant for the syllable so which is it? Why the Qamets Hatuf ofcourse! Why? Closed syllable short vowel.

3. Lamed with vocal shewa…old news.4. Bet with Qamets or Qamets Hatuf? and Bet. Well at first sight you might say it is the

same as # 2 above. However, notice the mark over the first bet. This is my attempt atan accent mark. This means that this syllable (rather than the last one) is accented.This being the case I can ‘cheat’ and use the Qamets (long vowel) in a closed syllable.

Chapter 3

3.2 Rules of Syllabification: 1. They all begin with one consonant and have only one vowel. 2. Theyare ‘open’ or ‘closed’

Fair enough they will have the pattern CV ‘open’ or CVC ‘closed’ for the most part the ‘closed’ syllableswill have a short vowel and the ‘open’ a long (although ‘reduced’ vowels and vocal shewas will work as well fora ‘long’ vowel) and the ‘closed’ syllable a short vowel. So taking in the reduced and the shewa lets get rightdown to this: open/long closed/short The only time I can cheat this rule is if the syllable is accented.

3.3 Accents: easy…..the last syllable is accented unless you are told otherwise.

3.4 Classification: Simple….where is the accent? The accented syllable is the tonic! The one before it is thepretonic (like wow…figure that out. Pre = before). And the one before that is the propretonic (again wow! Pre= before and pro = before so you have the ‘before the before the tonic syllable’. So what would you call thesyllable that follows the tonic is the first of two syllables is accented? As in the word for ‘book’ in 3.3? Well thatwould be the ‘post-tonic’ would it not?! In Hebrew we don’t seem to care about that syllable but I hope thisgives you the idea or classification.

3.5 Daghesh lene daghesh forte……what gives? Just remember the bdgadkephats if a consonant is the last ‘thing’pronounce (remember the ‘last thing’ can also be the last syllable of the preceding word) you have lene. If thereis a need to double the consonant it’s a forte. Why use a forte at all? Saves ink! Can’t tell the difference? Do thesyllables….if you guessed wrong the syllables rules will not work. Tov!

3.6 The Shewa: Wow did you read all that! Let’s just go back to syllables: open/long (or reduced) closed/shortvowels. Ok question…..is the shewa used on the last consonant of a closed syllable? If yes than the shewa issilent and closes the syllable. Is the shewa used in an open syllable? Remember a vowel shewa is a ‘reduced’vowel and can ‘work’ as a long vowel for making syllables…so do you need a ‘long’ vowel to make an opensyllable? Then the shewa is vocal. Two side by side you say! Than the first one closes the CVC closed syllableand the second one will be the vowel for a CV open syllable. This is all ‘stuff’ you’ve already learned.

3.7 Qamets and Qamets Hatuf: Rules of syllables again! Open/long – qamets Closed/short qamets hatuf. Whatabout this metheg thing? That’s just there to make sure you know that you are using the qamets (long vowel)if there could be any doubt. It’s just that simple.

3.8 Furtive Pathach: Notice that our candidates for this are both gutturals. Try to pronounce the words listed inthis section without the pathach. Very difficult? Now you understand the furtive pathach.

3.9 Quiescent alef: The alef is either there acting like a consonant (taking vowels or starting syllables etc.) or itis ‘just not there’. Hint: Never quiescent when the starting a syllable. Why? I need the consonant. Could be if thesecond consonant. How do I tell….easy. Does the vowel pattern just ‘blow by’ the alef like its just not there?Yes?! Than quiescent alef. Just that simple.

3.10 Dipthong: Cool. Looks more like a tripthong if you get my meaning. There will be more about this later.

Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns

Ok skip down to 4.4: Here is the ‘stuff’. These are the endings or not (Masc. Sing). Learn these endings or lotov.

4.5 the chart: notice on page 30 the examples…don’t strain on the reasons why the vowel patterns are changing.You will learn more later….so cool it….just look and ‘see’ the endings.

4.6 lexical form: This may seem almost not worth mentioning. But in the future getting you from a Hebrew wordwith prefixes and suffixes and missing ‘parts’ to this form. That is where the fun begins.

4.7 Exceptions to the rules: Wouldn’t you know. Did you read all that! If there are irregular endings and the likeor ‘endless’ feminine words than they will be listed in your vocabulary. Learn these exceptions as you learn theword and always be ‘open minded’ to things ‘not being spelled right’.

4.8 Plural patterns: Let’s take #1 & #2 Ok so I add the endings. One does not change. Why? Because my syllableand vowel rules ‘let me’ So now other changes…why? Well I simply have propretonic reduction of the qametsand tsere. Singular I have two syllables: tonic – pretonic. Add the ending and now I have tonic (my added ending)– pretonic – propretonic. And in that position the qamets and the tsere reduce. Hey! That’s why we call them‘changeable long vowels’ Get it.

Segholates: this is another creature. Without going into historical Hebrew grammar lets think from hereon out that no one knows the vowel pattern of the segholate and we ‘artificially’ put those vowels there. Noticethat the first syllable is accented and we are breaking syllable rules and the whole word in thesingular…well…really looks a little bogus. Well truthfully we are not far from the truth. Segholate ‘return’ totheir original spellings when the suffix is added. Let’s say that meklek for king was ‘really’ at one timepronounced with an ‘a’ and evolved over time to this ‘bogus’ segholate spelling. Once you add the ending the “a’s” return. Then the pattern for ‘king’ on page 33 looks just like the pattern of ‘word’ on page 32. Ok enoughhistorical Hebrew grammar because there area few types of these segholates. The skinny: for segholates the pluralwill be given in the vocabulary listing of that word. And when in doubt look at the plural of ‘kings’ on page 33.Forget the vowels…do you ‘see’ the plural endings? Yes! So ‘take that off’ what remains….do those threeconsonants ‘look like’ any word you know? If you can say yes to this you are on your way to great things inHebrew.

Geminate: Well they were originally spelled with the last two consonants the same. And when you putendings on the ‘other twin’ is needed. That’s it.

Irregular plurals: You mean those that don’t follow any rules. We have a very scholarly name forthem….irregular. You will learn these word by word as you increase your vocabulary. And don’t worry muchthese are for the most part words that are used a lot so you will get used to them.

4.12 Advanced rules? I just got used to the regular rules of the shewa. 1. Side by side: Well look at the example one goes to a short vowel and the other closed the syllable.

Nothing new there. 2. Exception to the above: Now this only works with the yod. Why? Because I can make a long

unchangeable vowel out of the yod. So I have an open syllable with a long vowel. That’s it.3. Second rule of shewa: This is just a great time to introduce you to the fact that gutturals do not like

a hireq to be pronounced before the gutteral. Just try to say the word for dream on page 39 using the

first rule of the shewa. Need a drink? See we are ‘almost’ back to the furtive pathach aren’t we? Getused to gutturals ‘liking’ the short or reduced ‘a’ vowel. Hint for the future….they ‘like’ the segholtoo.

4. Exception to the second rule: This rule only occurs with the word for God so get used to it. I canexplain what happened if you wish but just look for yourself and remember the Hebrew you alreadyknow. The answer is there.

Chapter 5 articles and conjunctions

5.2 This is the ‘standard’ way to add the definite article. Now from here on in remember….no matter what vowelchanges there may be the consonant ‘he’ will always be there.

5.3 First bdgadkephat words: So what’s the ‘deal’? Add the he and the daghesh changes from lene to forte. Justto the syllables.

5.4 Gutturals and resh: They can not be doubled…but you knew that…so if you can’t start the word with adefinite article by using a nice closed syllable with a short vowel then you must start with an open syllable anda long vowel. In short that s compensatory lengthening…you just have to to make the syllables ‘right’.

Virtual doubling and irregular seghol vowels: Notice that we are working with gutturals again. Theguttural ‘he’ in our example can’t be doubled and the first syllable did not lengthen to vowel. Rule breaker! Okso what. The ‘he’ is there…take it off…do you know the word that remains. That’s all there is to Hebrew. Theseghol….remember I told you some gutturals ‘like’ the seghol. But remember what I just said….the ‘he’ isalways there no matter what the vowel pattern.

5.5 Article with initial yod and mem with the shewa: No doubling? Why? Hey why not just make a closed syllablewith a short vowel and let the shewa close the syllable. Nothing new here.

5.6 Vowel Changes: Didn’t we just go over this? But look at the ‘small group’ of words on page 43. You canlearn them this way or just ‘do’ the syllables with the rules you already know or just ‘see’ the ‘he’ pull it off andknow what the rest of the consonants mean.

5.7 The Conjunction: Just like the definite article remember….the ‘waw’ will be there no matter how the vowelpattern comes out!

1. Just stick it on there: Nice open syllable with a reduced vowel…I like it it works. 2. The shureq

a. The ‘bump’ thing on the labials: Just try to say the word without the shureq…now you’relearning Hebrew. But remember the ‘waw’ IS there we’ve just made a vowel out of it.Well…nothing new here.

b. Before consonants with a vocal shewa already….You can’t have two vocal shewas and thereis no vowel with a waw + hireq which would be ‘kind of like’ the pattern you’ve learned. Saywhy not a waw + hireq like in the previous chapter. Answer: It doesn’t exist. So make ashureq which does.

3. Notice the gutturals again: this is just like the definite article. 4. Qamets not shewa: Well notice that the first syllable keeps the accent and the shewa lengthens to

qamets. Ok …. So what…the ‘waw’ is there and I pull it off and know the meaning of he rest of theword.

5.11 & 12 All these uses of the article are gained by looking at the context of the sentence. What is the authortrying to say?!

Go for it and email me with any questions. I’ll have chapter 6 out to you before your quiz next week.

Chapter 6 Prepositions

6.2 Independent Preps: Learn them ….use them. No problem.

6.3 Maqqaf Preps: Same as above.

6.4 Inseparable Preps: These three listed just ‘smash’ into the word and they become ‘one’. Now thatthey are ‘one’ there may be a shift in the tonic, pretonic, etc.

1. With Vocal Shewa: Take a look as the words on page 51. All you added was an opensyllable with a vocal shewa.

2. Before a reduced or hateph vowel: Hey this is just like the definite article. And alwaysremember…..it’s the consonants! The preposition is there whether you remember thevowel pattern or not. Just ‘take off’ the preposition and know the word that remains.

3. Before the consonant with a vocal shewa: so the shewa with the preposition ‘turns’ intoa hereq and the next consonant has a shewa to close the syllable. Nothing new here!

4. Nouns with the definite article: be a little careful here. Notice that the preposition ‘takeson’ the doubling and vowel pointing of the definite article. The daghesh forts is a ‘dead’give away along with the non-shewa under the preposition. This should not be difficultto ‘see’.

6.5 The form of ‘min’ (sorry only English font presently) With or without the maqqef1. With maqqef…..no problem.2. As inseparable: Ok so you’ve read on page 52 about the daghesh forte representing an

assimilated ‘nun’. I want to stop and talk about the nun for just a minute. The nun is aweak consonant and it will ‘assimilate’ meaning ‘it kind of goes away’ BUT ISrepresented by a daghesh forte. Get used to this occurrence! Put this away into yourknowledge of Hebrew. You will see this again and again.

3. With begadkephat consonants the daghesh lene go to a daghesh forte….like no kidding.Nothing new here.

4. With the guttural: You read this on page 53 now let’s ‘think’ about the Hebrew wealready know. The nun assimilates BUT the guttural can’t be doubled with the daghestforte…the hireq under the mem lengthens to a tsere. Why? Hey when the guttural can’tbe doubled to make a closed syllable with a short vowel we end up with an open syllableand a long vowel. Hey I knew that! This is just using the ‘stuff’ you already know.

5. With the Het. Ok it either does like #4 above or breaks the rule. Either way…just take themem off and know the rest as a word. So there you have just a little more knowledge ofthe Het which is a guttural and the gutturals can be tricky.

6.6 The use of the preposition: You have three uses listed. So which one do I use? Context iseverything!!!

5.7 The definite direct object marker: So… you know what a direct object is right? So why the twospellings? Well with the maqqef the object marker ‘joins’ the word…they become ‘one’ and you havea nice closed syllable with a short vowel. When it is just ‘there’ it is a one syllable word which thus

is the tonic and you can have a closed syllable with a long vowel IF it’s accented which this would.Wow…no real new Hebrew here either. Either way the object marker is easy to see and guesswhat….it generally with follow the subject which generally follows the verb. And that is Hebrewword order. Now learn that and you are a step ahead for the future when you find words that makeno sense to you. Word order may give you a hint.

6.11 The advanced information: Look it over and notice how Hebrew ‘makes’ words. You just‘smash’ them together and apply the syllable rules or break them some times. But you get theidea….take two word/ideas and ‘smash’ you have another. Get used to it Hebrew is a ‘smash’!

Chapter 7Adjectives

7.2 Endings for Adjectives: These are standard endings that you should already know.

7.3 Inflection of Adjectives: 1. The adjective agrees in gender and number with the nouns. Period!2. Although agreeing in gender and number they are not always translated that way. Notice

the example: You would never say “goods (plural) queens” You say: good queens.3. Remember once you place a suffix on a word you change the tonic, pretonic, and

propretonic if it has one. Meaning you might see some propretonic reduction.

7.4 Use of the Adjectives: They are used either attributive, predicative, or substantive in uses. Youshould know the difference in English between the two: attributive is just like an adjective andpredicative you actually create a sentence with the verb ‘to be’ understood or expressed. But howdo you tell the difference? That is the question.

1. Attributive: “All or Nothing!” Meaning BOTH the noun AND the Adjective WILL havethe definite article OR NONE have the article. Get it....All or nothing.

2. Predicative: ONLY the NOUN has the Definite Article. Get it! The verb ‘to be’ isunderstood but may also be expressed.

3. Substantive: How do you tell here? There is NO noun! The adjective just ‘hangs there’AND the context of the verse would demand that the adjective be used as a noun.

7.6 The directional ending: this is simply the h (he) with the qamets added to the end of the word.

So how to I not get confused....Hey its only added to nouns. But what if the noun is femininesingular. How to you tell? The context of the verse...is there a verb that has some movement?

What about all this mappiq stuff? Indeed you will learn later that the mappiq is used to let you know

for sure that the h (he) is a consonant and not part of a long unchangeable vowel. Which by the way

IS just what the direction ending it....a long unchangeable ‘a’ vowel. Didn’t have that is you listearlier did they? Shame shame. But keep you mind open to all possibilities with Hebrew.

7.10 Advanced inflections: We will review them using ONLY the Hebrew knowledge that you know(and a little historical Hebrew grammar that will just set the stage for you).

1. No change: We these are all one syllable adjectives and there will be to propretonic syllableto worry about anyway.

2. With Propretonic reduction: look at the paradigms! This is all ‘old stuff’ You start with atwo syllable adjective...add the ending (if necessary) and you create a propretonic syllable. Just reduceas you already know.

3. Adjective ending in h , (he with a seghol) These are rare and the ‘he’ drops off when the

is an ending added. STOP. Make note of this! ‘He’ is a weak consonant and will do this often. Getused to it! NOW THINK HEBREW! This really gives you difficulties what you ‘work backwards’.That is work ‘back’ to the lexicon form. Take the adjective mentioned on page 69 and look at the

masculine plural. You first ‘take off’ the ending and you have only two consonant. But you may notknow any adjective with a Qof and a Shin. You may think that something is missing. Here is how to

THINK HEBREW....What could be missing? Good chance so far that you have a missing NUN n or

a HE h. BUT if the nun assimilates is ‘leaves behind’ a daghesh. You don’t ‘see’ one here.

Therefore......h is your culprit. You missing letter is ‘he’.

4. Geminate adjectives: All this means is that the adjective br; is ‘really bbr and the second

‘bet’ is needed and shown with the daghesh when you ‘need’ it for endings. But what about the adjective for ‘evil’ on page 69. You can’t double the guttural with a

daghesh for the endings to you have to lengthen the vowel....you know this already. Because you arelearning to THINK HEBREW.

Chapter 8Pronouns

8.3 Independent Personal Pronouns: They stand on their own and you must memorize them.

8.4 Use of the Independent personal pronoun: Really notice that there is a predicative use. How canyou tell.....context, context, context. And don’t forget to put in an understood ‘to be verb’. Whenused in conjunction with a verb it is for emphasis.

8.6 The paradigm and some observations:

1. Confusion in the forms: aWh and ayhi are the same for independent pronouns and

demonstrative pronouns. How do you tell the difference? Context! The must be agreement betweenthe pronoun AND the noun!

2. hL,ae has not gender inflection. How do I tell the difference? Context!

3. These infrequent uses.....You will ‘see’ this in action and learn as you go. So for now just‘look’ at the forms and move on.

8.7 The use of the Demonstratives: 1. Adjective: Well let’s just say ‘attributive’ It will FOLLOW the noun AND they BOTH have

the article. 2. Demonstrative pronouns: why not say ‘predicative’ with ‘to be’ understood and it will

PRECEDE the noun and NOT have the article.

8.8 rv,a] This form does not change and is used for the relative pronoun that introduces a relative

clause. How will I know how to translate with word? Context will determine this.

8.9 Interrogative pronouns: Ok two words...with or without the maqqef. Any question?

8.10 The interrogative particle: Ok this ‘looks’ like the definite article! But wait! This is not attachedto a noun like the definite article. This IS the BIG point here. Sorry that the example of page 76 ‘Didthe king send the prophet?’ the particle is attached to a verb. You would not know this yet. But thepoint IS the same...this attaches to a non-noun!!

8.14 It’s ok if you can’t translate these examples. Just move on to chapter 9.

Chapter 9 Pronominal suffixes

9.2 The suffixes: Type 1 and 2. Learn these and learn these endings well. But which one is used?Type 1 ‘if’ I don’t ‘need’ a vowel to ‘do’ my syllables right and type 2 if I do.

9.3 Notes on the suffixes1. Ok 1 is singular and 2 is plural. 2. Agreement in person, gender, and number. ...Nothing new. 3. Ok type 2 have the yod...I noticed that already.4. The ‘dot’. Now it’s called a ‘dot’. Well really it’s a mappiq and it used to let you know that

the he h is a true consonant and not part of a long unchangeable vowel.

5. Take note of the alternate forms because you MUST keep and OPEN mind with what you‘see’ in Hebrew. Learn these forms.

9.4 Masculine nouns with the suffixes: Stop! Remember....its type 1 for singular and type 2 for

plural...generally. That IS the difference between ‘my horse’ ysiWs and ys;Ws ‘my horses’. This

might be easier to ‘see’ in the second person. ^s.Ws and ^ys,Ws ‘your horse’ and ‘your horses’.

STOP. Notice that the plural regular endings are NOT there!! Ok...get over it. NOW the singularnessor pluralness of the noun is determined by the suffixes. When in doubt look to the context of theverse.

9.5 Notes on the suffixes:1. Didn’t I just say the same thing....the endings now determine the singularness or pluralness.2. Wow. Redundant! We already know this. 3. This just means that feminine nouns that you have learned from your vocabulary to use

‘masculine’ plural endings will ‘keep up the tradition’ and use the masculine suffixes. 4. This is just a warning to ‘keep a good’ EYE out. 5. Another warning to ‘keep a good’ EYE out.

6. Now here we are on to something...but wait. We know this!!! h (he) is weak and might

just drop off before endings are added. Nothing new but when you are ‘working your way back’ toa lexical form ‘keep your options open’.

9.6 Feminine suffixes: Just for fun take page 84 for and flip it back and forth to ‘flash’ the masculineand then the feminine. Any difference? In the endings NO! But the plural endings are there! With thesyllable vowels...a little but we have opened and closed syllables and this can change things that weall ready know.

9.7 Notes on the feminine suffixes

1. When a feminine word ends in h + qamets the h with become a t and the ending will be

added. STOP! Get used to this! The h (he) can do ‘funny’ things. Remember this one. It will return

later.

2. Ok so the feminine plural endings stay before the ‘type 2 kind of plural endings’ are added.

9.8 Vowel changes: forget all the words lets just look at the word for ‘word’. rbd Ok this is a two

syllable word. Add the singular 1cs ending and we now have a three syllable word with propretonicreduction. But now add the 3fp ending and you have a FOUR syllable word. Meaning that the ‘long’

and ‘no such thing form’ would be !h,yEb.D. The qamets under the bet would reduce and now you

have two vocal shewas. You know you can’t do this. So the vowel pattern is to have a hireq under

the first consonant and a shewa to close the syllable therefore the form !h,yrEb.Di is correct. Why?

The rule of two vocal shewas....But you know this already!

9.9 Monosyllabic nouns: Type 1 singular....type 2 plural. Simple!

9.10 Prepositions and pronominal suffixes: Let’s stop right here and just say that you can putpronominal suffixes on almost anything. Just add the suffix and ‘do’ the syllables (reduction and thelike).

9.11 Well...some like type 1 and some like type 2. Just learn these as you ‘see’ them ‘in action’ in thetext. This will all come together. Don’t make it hard.

9.12 & 13 With K. and !mi. Notice that they are using ‘type 1' endings. Notice in the notes that there

is a ‘longer’ spelling of the preposition. Some of these...and these are an example should bememorized. Fortunately these forms are not used that often in the Hebrew text.

9.14 Hey we can put these on anything! Now this you will see very often in the Hebrew text. And you

must always be able to ‘work backwards’. Take ^t.ao (2ms you) for example: just ‘take off’ the

pronominal suffix and you have ta left which is the object marker. This ‘works’ for all the forms.

Just ‘take off’ the suffix and ‘see’ what you have left.

9.15 ~[i and ~[; with suffixes. Wow look at the paradigms. How do you tell the difference? Two

way: one by noticing the difference between the hireq and the pathach AND by the context of theverse....which one fits!

Side Note: Notice on page 93 the alternate forms for type 1....learn these and ‘keep your mind open’to the possibilities of anything you ‘see’ in Hebrew.

More notes on chapter 9 A. This chapter might slow you down so let’s take another look. Remember Type 1 endings ‘make’ the noun singular and Type 2 endings ‘make’ the noun plural. Forget about the regular plural endings for these nouns. The suffix makes it singular or plural. Take a good look at page 83 and the types listed there. We will used the 2ms as our example:

^s.Ws your horse - here it is easy. Horse is singular and the ending is too.

^ys,Ws your horses - here there ‘seems’ to be no plural for horse and the ending looks very much like the previous endings. But let’s take another look.

sWs + plural ending = ~ysiWs horses + 2ms pronominal suffix ^ Now whenever the suffix is added to a plural word the ~ drops off. You have seen this occur in my other notes. Now this would give us the following form:

^ysiWs Now remember in my other notes about such suffixes where the y i was

‘lengthened’ to a y e So follow the same train of thought only have this ‘lengthened’ to a y +

something. That will be the pathach, seghol, qamets, etc. just something! Notice that the y is there (from the masculine plural ending) no matter what! This IS the CLUE that the nouns is plural!! B. The endings on the Feminine nouns: 9.6 Remember that these too take the type 1 for

singular nouns and type 2 for the plural. The ideas above about the ~ dropping off etc. seem not

to apply. But do notice what happens....in the singular type 1 endings. The h changes to a t and

the ending is attached. This you know and ‘last h’ words will continue to do this. In the plural the type 2 endings is simply just placed on the plural ending without and changes. 9.8 Vowel changes with the suffixes: All you are ‘doing’ is to keep with the rules that you

already know: Take rb @D @ place the suffix and ‘do the syllables and the propretonic reduction’

rb @D @ + y i= yrIb @D> Why? Three syllables...from the rear....open/unchangeable long,

open/long, and dalet with the propretonic reduction. All this you know.

9.9 Monosyllabic nouns: Just note that these will add a y before the endings. This of course takes

away our ‘clue - y’ mentioned earlier. Also notice that there are only slight differences: the

plurals for the pronouns are easy. the difference is clearly seen: singular Wnyxia@ vs Wnyxea; here

the big difference is the singular has the y i and the plural y ee. the singular pronouns are not as

uniformed but the ‘clue’ is the in the singular (for the noun) there is a y i and the plural don’t.

This is Joe’s hint for survival. Monosyllabic pronoun suffixes...singular have the y i the plurals do not.

9.10 With prepositions: Easy....type 1 singular...type 2 plural. Hint: the plurals all have the y.

9.12 K. and !mi Ok. Just notice that the singular pronouns have this Am in the middle.

Recognizing these is just about that difficult. Let the Am be the ‘clue’ that brings you to K.. It just looks to odd that you can’t miss it.

!mi on the other hand is simply working with the rules that you know. Notice that the n

has assimilated and like K. a m is added with all the singular pronouns (and the 1cp). Don’t ‘see’ it? Let me show you:

!mi + 1cs ending + m that is added for these two prepositions = ynI nm, nmi These are the syllables that would occur. The n on the final syllable is there because the suffix

begins with a vowel y i Hint: get used to this. The m is added and I have left the first syllable as

it would start out to be. Now the n of the first syllable assimilates into the second m. You ‘see’

this with the daghesh forte. The n that closes the second syllable and the one that starts the last syllable are combined with another daghesh forte. Put all this together (shake) and you get the

following form: yNIM,mi This form is more economical and just simply follows the rules you know. 9.14 Suffixes with the object marker and the preposition ‘with’: First notice that these are all a form of type 1. But the ‘real’ trouble is telling them apart! Two things will help here: 1. Notice

that the preposition has the ai the object marker has and ‘o’ or ‘e’ vowel. Or just to make it

simple the preposition has ai and the object marker has ‘something else.’ 2. The object marker will follow the verb in the sentence.

9.15 ~[i vs ~[; Now they are all ‘running together’! Not quite! The simple difference:

~[i has the hireq and ~[; the pathach in the first syllable. Sorry if it seems harder...it’s not. Final note: Notice on page 93 the type 1 alternate forms: Always know your options when looking at Hebrew. You will see these alternates often. But to make the alternates a little simpler with the exception of 1cs they all are alternatives for the 3 persons both masculine and feminine.

Notes on Chapter 10 The Construct Chain 10.1 The term ‘chain’ is a good visual for this grammatical relationship. The two NOUNS are ‘chained’ together into a single ‘thought’. That is why you can have ‘the voice of the man’ or ‘the man’s voice’ be the translation for the same words in Hebrew. The context will tell which is the translation. 10.2 1. Construct and absolute: In the chain the final noun is called the absolute. In fact all words that do not have a prefix of a suffix or any other changes to their spelling may be considered absolute. “They absolutely have nothing attached”. The ‘construct’ form, however, may have changes in spelling but not in thought. They are ONE and thus nothing goes in-between. 2. Definiteness and Indefiniteness: In short the last word in the chain controls the chain. If it is definite then the whole chain is definite (regardless of whether there is a def. art. on the first word!!). Remember: names are definite by nature. 3. Multiple construct nouns: Remember that the LAST noun controls the chain! 4. The Maqqef in the chain: Consider this a ‘gift’ or ‘clue’ that there is a chain. 10.3 Adjectives with the chains: 1. Attributive position: Since the construct is ‘chained’ together then the adjective most follow the chain. Therefore like any adjective it must agree in number, gender, and definiteness with the noun that it modifies. But if the last noun controls the chain how does one tell which noun is being modified? Clues: Look for gender of the adjective and compare the gender of the nouns. What if everything agrees? The use context to deside. 2. Demonstrative adjectives: Simple! It too will follow the chain and will conform to the rules of the demonstrative adjective. 3. Adjectives in a construct chain. Although only nouns can be placed in the construct chain, there are times when a Hebrew adjective will be used grammatically like a noun. Your example was: “ wise of heart” where ‘wise’ is an adjective but is ‘chained’ to the noun to form the idea of “wise of heart”. Here this ‘chain’ could be used as the subject of a sentence such as...The wise of heart are of great interest to the Lord. Note: Let’s look at the forms:

%l,m, ‘chains’ with rb @D @ What happens is that when these words are ‘chained’ they

‘become’ one word as regard to spelling and one thought as to translation. Once these two words become one the accented syllables change and the following form is constructed:

%l,m, rb;D> Here the with the ‘chain’ the last syllable of rb @D @ has lost its accent

and most now be a closed syllable with a short vowel and the first syllable will now be in the propretonic position with a changeable vowel. Thus the form! This is why latter in this chapter

rb;D> is given as the ‘construct’ form of rb @D.

Notice the plural construct when both ‘king’ and ‘word’ are plural. This can best be ‘seen’ in stages:

~ykil @M.h; + ~yrIb @D> The ~ drops off and the y i changes to y e which

provides a great ‘clue’ that the first word is plural. From there you have propretonic reduction and the rule of the shewa (no two vocal shewas). The result is the form:

~ykil @M.h; yrEba.Di Note that this ‘change’ occurs only with words with changeable long vowels. Segholets and words with unchangeable vowels will simply not have these changes.

Now consider the forms that end in the ‘he’ h

hV@ai wife Once a final h word is placed in construct the h is converted to a t

then the ending (in this case the other noun) is added. The form is as follows:

hV@ai + or connected to ‘this man’ hZ,h; vyaih@ the final h converts to the t and

the ending (or construct noun) is ‘added’. The final form is hZ,h; vyaih tv,ae as shown in

the book on page 101. So why do I say that the final h converts to the t and the ending

is added? Consider the following: the word hn@B@ when the suffix h 2 is added the h

converts to a t and the ending is added. Thus the form becomes: ht@n>B@ This will be true for

all words that end in the h and always consider the ‘other’ words in construct as a ‘ending’. This information will pay dividends later!!. 10.5 Spelling of nouns in construct chains: Once in a construct chain consider this ‘chain’ as a single word!!!! Accents shift ‘off’ the first word and ‘on’ to the other words. Then simple apply all the vowel rules you already know. 1. Vowel Reduction:

A. What happens once you read the ‘rule’? The final syllable lost its accent and you can no longer have a closed syllable with a long vowel!!!

rB @d>mi The final syllable can have the long ‘a’ qamets because it is accented. Lose the

accent....lose the long vowel. It is as simple as that! rB;d>mi B. Qamets and Tsere in the ‘first’ syllable. Once you ‘chain’ the word with the noun that follows you change the accents and used simple propretonic reduction:

aybin@ once ‘chained’ then you simply have propretonic reduction: aybin>

C. Both?! Yes. In the case of rb @D @ you have both propretonic reduction AND

the last syllable loses the accent and the vowel shortens. Thus the form: rb;D> All this you should know. D. Monosyllabic nouns: These most be learned like vocabulary. But here is a ‘hint’. When in construct the pattern of the sentence will be: ‘noun/noun’. Look for this pattern in the text.

2. Masculine plurals and duals: You have seen this already. The final ~ drops the y iis

‘made longer’ (not really I’m inventing here) to a y e which is the ‘clue’ and all other rules of vowel reduction and open/long closed/short syllable rules apply.

3. Feminine singular nouns with h. Wow! The h converts to a t and the ‘ending’ or in this case another noun is added. You know this already. But why the short ‘a’ vowel pathach? Because the final syllable is a closed syllable with a short vowel!! But you know this.

4. Feminine plural nouns with tA Simple! You can’t change the vowel pattern because this is an unchangeable vowel....so just do your propretonic reductions and rule of vocal shewa. But you know this already! 5. Certain monosyllabic nouns: Context will help you here. Remember the pattern: noun/noun. Whenever this is the sequence of the sentence think “Construct chain”.

6. Diphthong: In short the diphthong ‘collapses’ to y e In fact the diphthong is so ‘weak’ that there will be times when ‘house’ is spelled with the construct spelling even when it is not in construct. 7. Segholets: Singular....no change/notice the context of noun/noun. Plurals: You’ve seen

this before. ~ drops etc.

8. Nouns ending in h , Simply this form (which has a strong h because it ‘stays’) is the

only final h word that breaks the previous rule. In fact this form breaks a few rules but simply lengthen the seghol to Tsere and ‘do the reduction’. This you know. Remember even though this breaks rules it is the context that gives this away....noun/noun sequence!!

Chapter 11 Numbers

The first thing that I want to say about numbers is....who cares. You will get the idea of thenumber system as you see it in the text. You will also ‘cheat’ by looking up this ‘number’ in yourEnglish text. However, there are certain numbers to which you should pay some attention.

11.2 You should memorize the numbers 1 - 10. On page 111 there is a large list. It is best to associatethe consonants with the number and leave the vowels alone. This is Joe’s tip of the day.

1. The number one: notice how this can be used as an adjective. Notice also that the numberfollows the noun.

2. The number two: notice that it is used like a noun. It ‘combines’ with the noun to form acomplete idea....like ‘two sons’ (as per page 112).

3. Numbers 3 - 10: Notice again that these are used as nouns and do not agree in gender.Context, context, context....what is the verse trying to say. This will help.

4. Pronominal suffixes: Now this is important. But notice that these are all suffixes that youknow. You are just combining these things.

11.3 Numbers 11 - 19 Ok Just look at the numbers and see how they are constructed. Its 10 +whatever with different feminine endings. The KEY here is to recognize the consonants of thenumbers and figure the number out. Remember my first statement about numbers.

11.4 Numbers 20 - 90: Ok so you add the masculine plural ending to the numbers. Got it! So to addother numbers like 21. Just use 20 and the word for 1. Simple...and remember what I first said.

11.5 Numbers 100 and higher: Again notice the consonants. Of these numbers the most importantis 100 and 1000.

11.6 Ordinal numbers...the positions. Look at the consonants and learn from there. the only ‘different’number is ‘first’ which just happens to mean ‘chief or top’ thus first. See page 466.

Chapter 12 Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 12.2 Roots and Stems: Simply remember that the ROOT is the basic ‘idea’ of the three or two consonants. For

example: the root %lm has the basic ROOT idea of ‘rule’. Therefore when wanting to use this

ROOT as a noun one uses the STEM %l,m,. This STEM is the ROOT + the vowel pointing for the type of word one desires to construct. A STEM does not include any prefix or suffix only the root + vowel pattern. Root Noun Stem Verb Stem

%lm %l,m, %l;m@ rbD rb @D @ rBeDi

jpv jP@v.mi* jp;v @ *Notice that in the noun stem the m is added to the root. This m when added to a root adds the ‘idea’ of where/or what/or how the action of the root idea occurs. For example if root ‘idea’ of

jpv is ‘judge’ than the ‘thing’ of ‘judge’ is ‘judgement’. To convey this thought the m is

added. Notice another example: the root ~wq means ‘to rise up’ and when adding the m we

arrive at the ‘idea’ of ~Aqm@ which is ‘place or pillar’ = the thing/place/what that is ‘raised up’.

12.3 Person, gender, and number: All verbs have these three components and they are either added on with a suffix or added on with a personal pronoun preceding the verb. The great part is that the suffixes are the same as those already known. The odd part is that the verbal paradigm is produced in the ‘wrong’ direction. Meaning pronoun suffixes are learned 1st person to 3d and verbs are learned 3d person to 1st. 12.5 - 9 For now just use the following chart. You will learn each of these verbal stems and their

meanings as you approach them in the chapters to follow. We will use the root l[p because this is the root from which the names of these stems (called conjugations) arrive. REMEMBER: This is just introduction!!! You ARE NOT required to master this yet!!

Qal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael

l[;P @* l[;p.nI l[ePi l[;Pu ly[ip.hi l[;p.h@ l[eP;t.hi

Basic meaning active voice

Simple action with passive or reflexive voice

Intensive action with active voice.

Passive of Piel therefore intensive action with passive voice.

Causative action with active voice.

Passive of Hiphil therefore causative action with passive voice.

Intensive action with reflexive or passive voice.

“He heard” “He was heard” passive or “he heard himself” reflexive

Qal “he broke” = Piel “he broke or smashed into pieces”

Piel “he broke or smashed into pieces” = Pual “He/it was smashed into pieces”

Qal “he was king or he reigned” = Hiphil “he caused to reign or he made someone king”

Hiphil “he caused to reign or he made someone king” = Hophal “he was made king”

Qal “he hid” = Hithpael “he hid himself”

*The book used lq as the root because this is the root from which the stem name derrives.

Thus lq; is pronounced ‘qal’ but the regular pattern is as used in the above chart.

12.10 Verbal stems and meaning: Simple...the root ‘idea’ %lm provides the ‘meaning’, it is

then converted into a verbal conjugation %l;m@ Qal or %l;m.ni Niphal etc. to denote function

or ‘fine tuning in the translation’. 12.11 Introduction to Verbal Conjugations-tenses. Notice the following chart: Perfect Imperfect

Completed action or state of being whether in the past, present or future

Denotes incomplete action whether in the past, present or future.

Generally translated in the past tense. However the ‘time’ relationship can be

‘converted’ = changed when the w conversive is used. More on this later the main point is that this will ‘flip’ the general tenses of perfect and imperfect.

Generally translated in the future tense unless ‘converted’ as noted for the perfect.

Final note: for completed action past, present or future the perfect is used.

Final note: for uncompleted action in past, present or future the imperfect is used.

The following chart is for the volitional or command conjugations: Imperative Cohortative Jussive

Command, wish or desire Command, wish or desire Command, wish or desire

Second person: “You defend the cause of the weak!”

First person: “Let me honor the Lord!”

Third person: “May the Lord give to me another son.” or “Let us honor the Lord!”

The following chart is for verbal nouns and adjectives (verbal forms used as nouns or adjectives in the context of the Hebrew sentence). Infinitive Construct Infinitive Absolute Participle

Verbal Noun Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective

Used like the English infinitive and as a noun in the sentence. “To study is hard work.” Here ‘to study’ is the infinitive AND the subject of the sentence thus is used as a noun.

Less used that the construct. This form will intensify the verbal action or express a command. When noticed in the Hebrew text it is mostly used for emphasis!

Like the English participle and used like the Hebrew adjective: attributively (Eng. Adj) predicatively (‘the rest of the sentence after the subject. Like Hebrew adj) or substantively (like Hebrew adj were is functions much like a noun.

12.12 & 13 Strong and Weak Verbs: Remember this is an introduction!!! You are not required to master this list. Mastery will come much later. In short ALL verb are strong UNLESS they have

Gutturals in the root. Notice the chart the weak stems have I or II Gutturals, III - x [ a h

all Gutturals again!! And I - n y have weak or different spellings. The only others are when you

only have two roots ~q where the ‘weakness’ is that you are missing a consonant in the middle and when the root is Geminate: having the identical second and third consonants. Introduction!!!

These are the ‘weak’ verbs and there are only a few types. 12.14 Word order in the Hebrew sentence: Do not over look this section because it is not as intensive as conjugations, weak verbs or stems! Word order can save a translation. The following are examples (reading from left to right as English understanding the words will be right to left in Hebrew) Verb - subject - object Verb - subject - adjectives - object - adjectives Verb (subject understood in the verb) - object Just pay attention to word order! 12.15 Parsing: simply follow the pattern Conjugation/perfect or imperfect/number and person/root.

Chapter 13 Qal Perfect - Strong Verbs 13.1 Introduction: Simply note that in all conjugations that follow the syllable with the personal pronoun (number) endings will ALWAYS be the SAME. The changes between the various conjugations with be at the beginning and second syllable. Note those differences and you will parse correctly. 13.2 The Qal Stem: This stem translates easily into English. It is simple active voice action. 1. Transitive: As in English a transitive verb must have a direct object. “He threw the ball.” The word ‘ball’ is needed to complete the ‘idea’ of the verb. Think of transitive as needing a ‘bridge’ from the verb to the object to complete the thought. 2. Intransitive: As in English there is no direct object. “Birds fly.” This is an intransitive verb. There is not direct object. 3. Stative: As in English these are ‘state of being’ verbs. Stative verbs is the Qal will have their own different spelling in the Masculine Singular of the paradigm. Also they will be learned in the vocabulary as stative. Therefore the translation of these verbs is easy. 13.3 The Perfect: Three things here to remember: 1. Completed action or state of being. 2. Although to real sense of time of action it is generally translated in the past. 3. The above mentioned general past tense can be changed to the future tense. There will be more on this later. The idea at this point should be ‘simple past with completed action’. 13.4,5 Qal Perfect the Strong Verbs: Learn this paradigm! Memorize this paradigm! Be able to write this paradigm with any verb that you have learned so far! Once this is completed you will have a much easier time the rest of this semester and the next. Side note: ‘sufformative’ really means ‘suffix attached to the stem’. Let’s look very closely at this paradigm. I will explain everything! Final form

3ms This is the starting 3ms of all vocabulary verbs lj;q@ 3fs All endings that begin with a vowel will have a vocal shewa just before the suffix. Thus the ‘steps’ are as follows:

h @ + lj;q@ = place the suffix on the l place

a vocal shewa under the j. Now put is all together. The

form becomes hl @j.q(()@ But wait!

Should this not have propretonic reduction? One would think so but the metheg over rides the general rule. You

Final form

will see this again in the 3 cp ending. Thus the final form is hl @j.q(()@ 2ms All endings that begin with a consonant have a non-vocal shewa that closes the syllable just before placing the suffix. Now follow this rule and start with the end of the word. You

will get the following form: T@l.j;q@ Now on page 140 notice

that the second syllable is accented which will give the following

form: T@l.j;iq@ Now that the second syllable is accented there

is not propretonic syllable or reduction. Thus the final form is T@l.j;iq@ 2fs The second feminine singular suffix is unique because it is actually only a consonant without a vowel. As such it is just placed on e end of the word, pronounced, and does not create th a syllable. Since it does not create another syllable there is no propretonic reduction. The suffix is places to the stem in accordance with the above ‘rules’ and the follow is form:

T.l.j;q@ Thus the final form: T.l.j;q@ 1cs This is formed in the same manner as the 2ms. The suffix begins with a consonant, the preceding syllable is closed with a non-vocal shewa, and the second syllable is accented. This provides the following form:

yTil.j;iq@ Thus the final form: yTil.j;iq@

Final form 3cp Here the suffix begins with a vowel. The vowel is added along with the vocal shewa under the second root. The metheg is added to insure that the qamets remains under the first root. (In other words it allows you to ‘cheat’ the propretonic reduction rule). The form thus becomes:

Wlj.qU Thus the final form is: Wlj.qU 2mp Here the suffix begins with a consonant and there is not shift in accent so add the suffix and ‘do’ the propretonic reduction. The form becomes:

~T,l.j;q. Thus the final form is: ~T,l.j;q. 2fp This will follow the same as the 2mp constructing the following:

!T,l.j;q. Thus the final form is: !T,l.j;q. 1cp Here the suffix begins with a consonant and there is a shift in accent. The following is the resulting form:

Wnl.j;iqU Thus the final form is: Wnl.j;iqU

13.7 Notice that ALL the strong paradigms are all the same! Why? Because they are doing everything that was discussed above.

13.8 Roots ending in t. We will examine two of the examples from page 142. 2ms Following the strong root forms one should add the suffix according to the notes

above. When we do this the following form is created with trk as the root.

T@t.r;IkU This form would evolve and the two t’s would become one thus giving the

final form of T@r;IK@ Both t’s are ‘there’ just in a more economical manner.

2fp Following the root forms one should add the suffix according to the notes above.

When we do this the following form is created with trk as the root.

!T,t.r;K. This form would evolve and the two t’s would become one thus giving the

final form of !T,r;K. Both t’s are ‘there’ just in a more economical manner.

13.9 Roots ending in n. We will examine two of the examples from page 142. 2ms Following the strong root forms one should add the suffix according to the notes

above. When we do this the following form is created with !tn as the root.

T@n>t;In@ This would be the form created. However, the n will assimilate most of the

time whenever a suffix or prefix as add! Thus the n assimilates and the shorter form is created:

T@t;In@

2fp Following the strong root forms one should add the suffix according to the notes

above. When we do this the following form is created with !tn as the root.

!T,n>t;n> This would be the form created. However, the n will assimilate most of the

time whenever a suffix or prefix as add! Thus the n assimilates and the shorter form is created:

!T,t;n> 13.10 Stative Verbs: Perfect. Notice that in the 3ms you notice the difference in the Tsere and Holem types. Also notice that with the exception of the Holem type, which retains the Holem

vowel throughout the paradigm (and don’t be fooled the @ of the form 2mp ~T,n>j@q. is a

‘Holem’. Well actually a short ‘o’ vowel Qamets Hatuf see page 14.) Also make a small note

that the n did not a assimilate. Rule of thumb, however, is that is does. 13.11 Parsing: this is now the only form for parsing accepted! A note to remember is that ALL roots for verbs not matter the conjugation will be given in the Qal 3ms perfect. 13.13 The Particle hNEhi and its pronominal suffixes have not become vocabulary words! The translation of this word with its suffixes are for the most part easy. Just answer the question: “What is the author trying to say?”

Chapter 14 Qal -Perfect - Weak Verbs

14.2 I & II Guttural and III-h/[ On page 151 there is a listing of the full paradigms for these and the strong verb. In this note only the differences and rules will be noted and explained. A. I & II Guttural: Of the weak verbs these two are perhaps the easiest. The ONLY thing to remember is that you do not place a ‘full’ vocal shewa under a guttural. It will ALWAYS have the reduced shewa. 1. I Guttural: the vocal shewa is ONLY found on the 2mp and 2fp endings. Thus these are the ONLY things to remember in this entire paradigm. The forms are thus explained:

2mp (normally in the strong) for root dm[ = ~T,d.m;[. However, since the first root is a guttural the shewa must be reduced creating the following form:

2mp I - Guttural = ~T,d.m;[] The 2fp will have the same reduction. 2. II Guttural: Since the vocal shewa is placed under the second root ONLY when the suffix/ending begins with a vocal, the ONLY forms to be concerned with are 3fs and 3cp. The forms are thus explained:

3fs (normally in the strong) for root rxb = hr@x.BU However, since this has a second guttural root which can not have a ‘full’ vocal shewa the shewa is reduced which produces the following form:

hr@x]BU The 3cp will see the same reduction of the vocal shewa: Wrx U]B

Thus these are the ONLY forms with which to be concerned!!

B. III x/[: For both of these forms there is ONLY ONE form that has any difference then the regular strong paradigm. This form is the 2fs. This suffix/ending is unique because it begins with a consonant BUT does NOT have a vocal. In the construction of syllables is combines with the third root to create a syllable and an accent is used to keep the second syllable to remain the same as the strong paradigm. Consider the following:

Strong verb 2fs of ljq = T.l.j;Iq@ Notice when pronouncing this verb that

the second syllable AND the ending T. are ‘really’ all pronounced together ‘as if’ they were all the same syllable. Which they must be since the ending does not have a vowel. Now applying

this to the III - x and [ forms in the 2fs we arrive at the following forms:

2fs (normally in the strong) for [mv would be T.[.m;Iv @ However, with this III guttural we create another syllable and get the following form:

2fs of [mv = T.[;m;Iv @ and NOT T.[.m; Iv @ This is the ONLY difference between

this and the strong paradigm!!! 14.4 III - a: for this form of acm we will examine the paradigm and make comment. The

ONLY thing to remember about a III - a verb is that the a is ALWAYS quiescent (not there) UNLESS the suffix/ending is a vowel (3fs & 3cp). Knowing this the paradigm is as follows:

3ms ac@m@ The a is quiescent and the second syllable vowel lengthens.

3fs ha@c.mU The a is ‘needed’ for the suffix that begins with a vowel.

2ms t@ac@Im @ The a is not ‘needed’ for the suffix since it begins with a

consonant. Thus the second syllable ‘really’ is open and ‘needs’ a long vowel. Notice that it retains the accent just like the strong form!

2fs ta[@m@ The a is not ‘needed’ and thus the second syllable is

‘really’ closed (ta[@) but since it is the last syllable and

thus accented it is correct.

1cs ytia[ @Im@ Same as the 2ms above.

3cp Wa[.m] Same as the 3fs the a is ‘needed’ for the suffix that starts with a vowel and looks just like the strong form.

2mp ~t,a[ @m. The a is not ‘needed’ and thus the second syllable ‘opens’

and the vowel lengthens to the qamets.

2fp !t,a[ @m. Same as the 2mp!

1cp Wna[ @Im@ The a is not ‘needed’ and thus the second syllable ‘opens’

and the vowel lengthens to the qamets. This form also maintains the accent on the second syllable JUST LIKE the strong form.

14.6 III - h For this form it might be best to place this paradigm to memory. However, we will examine the paradigm with comments that will explain what is occurring.

3ms hn@B@ The vowel of the second syllable is lengthened much like the

III - a verb.

3fs ht@n>BU Here the h from the root ‘turns’ to a t and the h @ ending

is added.

2ms t@ynIIB@ Here something very interesting occurs. The h is a very weak

consonant and in the third root position as a verb it will

‘convert’ to a yod y when a suffix/ending is added that begins with a consonant. Thus the ‘root’ for an ending

that begins with a consonant is ynB. Given that this is the case, what is the easiest ‘thing to do’ with the yod? Correct!

We will create a long unchangeable vowel: the y i From there one simply places the suffix/ending and notices the vowel and syllable rules.

2fs tynIB@ Same as the 2ms above.

1cs ytiynIIB@ Same as the 2ms above.

3cp WnB@ Here the h disappears all together with the suffix/ending that begins

with a vowel. This is not uncommon with the h which is why

words with the h as a final root can be tricky. Therefore the h drops off and the suffix/ending is placed on the next available

consonant (the n in this case).

2mp ~t,ynIB. As with the 2ms above the h turns to a y, the endings is added

and there is propretonic reduction with the qamets under the b.

2fp !t,ynIB. Same as the 2mp above.

1cp WnynIIB@ Here we have the same as most all of the above. The accent is

retained on the second syllable and thus there is no propretonic

reduction under the b. 14.8 Doubly Weak Verbs: In short just follow all that you know about each weakness and apply it. 14.10 Geminate Verbs: Remember that this type of verb will have the second and the third root the same. Also notice that there are basically three types: Strong, Weak 1, and Weak 2. The following will be listed the notes and examples of these forms. 1. Strong. Notice the following: A. The 3ms, 3fs, and 1cs are 'really' the same as the Qal strong verbs. Why? This is because with the exception of the 3ms, the endings begin with a vowel. When the endings begin with a vowel there are no changes in the forms. However, when the suffix/ending begins with a consonant there are two changes. We will examine the 2ms form and make comment.

t' + bbs = T'b..b;s' This would be the form if this was a Qal Strong verb. However, as a Geminate there are two things occuring: 1. Rather than 'writing' two beth's it is more economical to create two by placing a daghesh in the first. Thus you create the following form: Bs. 2. Now with the above form the suffix/ending must be placed. Here one finds the second point to note. The second syllable is opened and a long vowel is needed. Notice that the Qal strong's second syllable is a closed syllable with a short vowel (T'l.j;q'). Now the geminate

opens the second syllable and a long vowel is 'needed'. The A was chosen almost artificially to not only be a long vowel but also to 'signal' that the root is geminate. 3. Finally the first syllable which is an open syllable with a long vowel in the Qal Strong now becomes a closed syllable with a short vowel. As a result the following form is created: t'ABs; Note: regardless of whether the above discription of the evolution of the Hebrew is understood, the A should be easily noticed and the daghesh in the b is a 'give away' that the root is geminate. 2. Weak 1: the 'trade' marks for this form are that the A is clearly visible and that the first

syllable returns to being an open syllable with a long vowel. Thus the form for te 2ms is t'Ara'. Also notice that the suffix/endings that begin with vowels (3fs and 3cp) and the 3ms are the same as the Qal strong. 3. Weak 2: the item to notice with this type is that the second and third root are always combined this a daghesh (3ms being the exception). Final comments: The doubling of the second and third roots with a daghesh and the A with endings that begin with consonants should be obvious. Also the closed first sylable with the short pathach vowel should be a 'clue' as well. 14:12 Biconsonantal Verbs: these are often called 'Hollow' verbs in other grammars. Although it would appear that there are only two roots to these verbs, there are actually three. The roots are either II - y or II - w. When constructing these forms start from the end (or last syllable and work to the front or first and attempt to construct the strong just like the Qal strong). For example let's look at .q'

3ms .q' Why the long 'a' qamets and not the short 'a' like in .T; on page 156? Well...the long 'a' distinguishes this from the Geminate! You have to do this some how...right1? 3fs hm'q' Now starting from the ending and 'moving' to the 'front' of the form we

place the 3fs ending on the m and the first (and remaining) syllable is open with a long vowel.

Thus the form hm'q'. 2ms T'm.q; Starting from the last syllable or the end of the word one places the ending that begins with a consonant. This means that the next consonant will receive a non-vocal shewa which will close the syllable giving it a short vowel. Now with the Hollow or Biconsonantal verbs this is the 'end' of the verbal form thus the form: T'm.q; is correct partly because that is all that is left of the verb's root. Later the fact of the 'middle' being a waw or a yod will matter. All other forms: that begin with a consonant will have the same thing occur as the 2ms. All those beginning with a vowel (3fs and 1cp) will be like the 3fs mentioned above). Weak Biconsonantals: Simply notice that the a is quiesant (not there) and the 'a' vowels lengthen. 14.18 Advanced information: Simply do not over look these forms. Notice that the n will

assimilate when the ending begins with a consonant. The h turns to y and the sufix/ending is added. There is nothing new here. It is just a bit tricky at first. But look! Two yods in a row! What other verb has that? Answer: None but hy'h'.

Chapter 14 Continued 14.10 Geminate Verbs: Remember that this type of verb will have the second and the third root the same. Also notice that there are basically three types: Strong, Weak 1, and Weak 2. The following will be listed the notes and examples of these forms.

1. Strong. Notice the following: A. The 3ms, 3fs, and 1cs are 'really' the same as the Qal strong verbs. Why? This is because with the exception of the 3ms, the endings begin with a vowel. When the endings begin with a vowel there are no changes in the forms. However, when the suffix/ending begins with a consonant there are two changes. We will examine the 2ms form and make comment. t' + bbs = T'b..b;s' This would be the form if this was a Qal Strong verb. However, as a Geminate there are two things occuring: 1. Rather than 'writing' two beth's it is more economical to create two by placing a daghesh in the first. Thus you create the following form: Bs. 2. Now with the above form the suffix/ending must be placed. Here one finds the second point to note. The second syllable is opened and a long vowel is needed. Notice that the Qal strong's second syllable is a closed syllable with a short vowel (T'l.j;q'). Now the geminate

opens the second syllable and a long vowel is 'needed'. The A was chosen almost artificially to not only be a long vowel but also to 'signal' that the root is geminate. 3. Finally the first syllable which is an open syllable with a long vowel in the Qal Strong now becomes a closed syllable with a short vowel. As a result the following form is created: t'ABs; Note: regardless of whether the above discription of the evolution of the Hebrew is understood, the A should be easily noticed and the daghesh in the b is a 'give away' that the root is geminate. 2. Weak 1: the 'trade' marks for this form are that the A is clearly visible and that the first

syllable returns to being an open syllable with a long vowel. Thus the form for te 2ms is t'Ara'. Also notice that the suffix/endings that begin with vowels (3fs and 3cp) and the 3ms are the same as the Qal strong. 3. Weak 2: the item to notice with this type is that the second and third root are always combined this a daghesh (3ms being the exception). Final comments: The doubling of the second and third roots with a daghesh and the A with endings that begin with consonants should be obvious. Also the closed first sylable with the short pathach vowel should be a 'clue' as well.

14:12 Biconsonantal Verbs: these are often called 'Hollow' verbs in other grammars. Although it would appear that there are only two roots to these verbs, there are actually three. The roots are either II - y or II - w. When constructing these forms start from the end (or last syllable and work to the front or first and attempt to construct the strong just like the Qal strong). For example let's look at .q' 3ms .q' Why the long 'a' qamets and not the short 'a' like in .T; on page 156? Well...the long 'a' distinguishes this from the Geminate! You have to do this some how...right1? 3fs hm'q' Now starting from the ending and 'moving' to the 'front' of the form we

place the 3fs ending on the m and the first (and remaining) syllable is open with a long vowel.

Thus the form hm'q'. 2ms T'm.q; Starting from the last syllable or the end of the word one places the ending that begins with a consonant. This means that the next consonant will receive a non-vocal shewa which will close the syllable giving it a short vowel. Now with the Hollow or Biconsonantal verbs this is the 'end' of the verbal form thus the form: T'm.q; is correct partly because that is all that is left of the verb's root. Later the fact of the 'middle' being a waw or a yod will matter. All other forms: that begin with a consonant will have the same thing occur as the 2ms. All those beginning with a vowel (3fs and 1cp) will be like the 3fs mentioned above). Weak Biconsonantals: Simply notice that the a is quiesant (not there) and the 'a' vowels lengthen. 14.18 Advanced information: Simply do not over look these forms. Notice that the n will

assimilate when the ending begins with a consonant. The h turns to y and the sufix/ending is added. There is nothing new here. It is just a bit tricky at first. But look! Two yods in a row! What other verb has that? Answer: None but hy'h'.

Chapter 15 The Qal Imperfect

15.2 Meaning: Although at this time you are advised to translate this as future tense, remember thatthe idea is that this is incomplete action!

15.3 The form of the Qal Imperfect: Just a reminder that the Perfect is a suffix conjugation (you addperson and number to the end of the verb) and the Imperfect is a prefix conjugation (you add personand number to the beginning of the verb).

Comments will be made regarding the entire paradigm. Interestingly the personal pronoun endingsthat you have learned to this point are not used here for person and number. Note later they will beused with the Imperfect as a shorter form of the direct object marker. But more on that later.

3ms ljoq.yI Simple enough the yod is ALWAYS used for the 3m whether singular or

plural. And the 'o' vowel is the 'clue' for the Qal Imperfect. Thus as a verb you have a closed firstsyllable with a short vowel and a closed accented syllable with a short vowel which you can havebecause it is accented.

3fs/2ms ljoq.Ti Notice that both forms are the same. Context will tell which is the correct

person and number. Here as in the above you have a closed first syllable with a short vowel and aclosed accented syllable with a short vowel which you can have because it is accented.

2fs ylij.q.Ti the hireg/yod is used to make a difference between the 3fs and the 2fs.

Examine this form starting from the end of the verb. This has a suffix/ending that begins with avowel. Thus the ending is placed of the final root and a vocal shewa is placed on the second root.This conjugation is a prefix conjugation and the TAW is added to the first root with the yod. Thusthe first syllable is closed with a short vowel. Do not become confused in regards to the shewas.These are not two vocal shewas but two non-vocal shewas!

1cs ljoq.a, In the Imperfect the aleph indicated the first person singular. Notice that the

aleph has a seghole and not a hireq. Why? Try to say the verb with the hireq. The aleph is simplypronounced with greater ease with the seghole.

3mp Wlj.q.yI The yod means third person and the W ending indicates plural. Now some

comment regarding the form. The ending begins with a vowel and is placed on the third root. Thesecond root always receives a vocal shewa when an ending is added that begins with a vowel. Thisis a prefix conjugation and thus the prefix is added....a closed syllable with a short vowel. Thus theform is complete.

3fp/2f'p hn'l.joq.Ti the TAW states that this is either 3 or 2 feminine or 2 masculine. The hn'indicates that this is plural. The context will determine whether this is 3fp or 2fp. Now a note on theform. This ending begins with a consonant. Therefore place the ending and put a non-vocal shewaon the third root. Next comes a short vowel (an 'o' here) because the next syllable will be closed witha short vowel. Then place the prefix which constructs a closed syllable with a short vowel and youhave the form!

2mp Wlj.q.Ti Note the difference between the 3mp and the 2mp is the TAW! Other that

this the verb is constructed the same way!

1cp ljoq.ni The NUN indicates the 1cp (person and number) for the Imperfect.

Notice on page 168 all the paradigms. Is there any difference in any of them? NO! So just look atthem as examples and nothing more.

15.6 Stative Verbs Imperfect: In a past chapter these verbs were listed as being of three types:Pathach, Tsere, and Holem stative verbs. This was due to the vowel pointing of the 3ms in thePerfect. The remainder of the paradigm in the Perfect continued in the pattern of the Qal strong. Inthe Imperfect for the Stative verbs there is ONLY ONE modification to the Qal Strong paradigm;instead of an 'o' vowel Holem there is the 'a' vowel Pathach in the second syllable! This IS the ONLYdifference!!

15.9 Negation of the Imperfect:

1. aloo this has been used to negate the Perfect as well. The point to remember with the

Imperfect is that this is used to express and absolute or permanent prohibition.

2. la; in the Imperfect this negation is used to express and immediate prohibition!!

Consider the following:

1. You will not turn the TV on in the morning before you have eaten breakfast. Here use alo2. Turn that TV off! I told you not to turn the TV on until you have eaten breakfast. Here use

la;

Chapter 16 Qal Imperfect - weak Verbs

16.2 II - Guttural and III - x [These forms are very simple to understand. In fact there are only two things to remember:

1. These Gutturals all 'like' the 'a' pathach and take it in the second syllable. 2. Endings that begin

with a vowel (2fs and 3mp) will want to have a vocal shewa under the second root (ylij.q.Ti) will

have a reduced shewa under the II - Guttural root. That is all you need to know!!

16.4 III - aThis is another easy paradigm with only two things to remember: 1. All forms with NO

suffix/ending will have a long 'a' qamets as the vowel in the second syllable. Why? The a is 'really

not there'. This lengthening is consistant with this form in the Perfect. 2. The a 'takes' the seghole

rather than the qamets in the 3fp and 2fp endings.

16.6 III - h

The simplest note is that the h goes to y when the suffix begins with a consonant and

'disappears' when the suffix is a vowel.

16.8, 10 I - Gutturals x [ a

Again to keep things simple the x and Type 1 a prefer the segol as the preformative vowel

of choice. The a may also (Type 2) have the preformative vowel holem. The [ prefers the pathach.

Notice that generally the holem remains as the vowel for the second syllable. The x and the a take

the pathach mainly because the x very much prefers the pathach and the Tpye 2 a would have two

holem vowels in a row which is difficult for Hebrew. Note: With or without understanding the different vowel patterns of the I-Gutturals you should easilybe able to parse the verb...giving Qal Imperfect person and number with root. And if your vocabularyis good also the meaning of the root.

16.12 Geminate Verbs: Rather than explain all the forms I will give you the key points torecognizing these forms:

A. Type 1: things to notice.1. The forms without endings (3ms, 3fs, 2ms etc) the forms are simply short a

consonant and the preformative vowel is the qamets rather than the expected hireq. bsoy' rather than

bbos.yI2. When there is a suffix then the Geminate is obvious with the daghesh. Note: don't

be fooled by the 3fp and 2fp form with the yod! B. Alternate Type 1: In this form the 'third' root is there with the daghesh AND the expected

yod is present. Also notice that tht e 3fp and the 2fp are the same. C. Type 2: there are two keys.

1. The Tsere as the preformative vowel is one key. Note: don't think that all Tserepreformative vowels are Geminate!

2. Person and number that has a suffix will have the daghesh.

16.14 Biconsonantal Verbs: Remember my stating earlier that all these 'hollow' verbs are either II -

w or II - iy. The classes of this type are formed around the long unchangable vowels that can be

constructed from these consonants; namely: W A y iThus the classes represented by ~wq ~Wqy'awB aAby" ~yf ~yfiy". For these classes notice the following:

A. The 'middle' consonant is present and constructs a long unchangeable vowel. B. The preformative vowel is the qamets. Note: the Geminate also has the qamets as the

preformative vowel BUT the Hollow has the long unchangeable vowel 'in the middle'!.

16.16 I - y Verbs. Notice that there are two types:

A. Type I: Notice the following.1. The preformative vowel is a Tsere. This could look like a Geminate BUT the next

syllable has the Tsere as well when there is no suffix. With the suffix that begins with a vowel youhave the expected vocal shewa and with those beginning with a consonant (3fp, 2fp) the 'a' vowel.

2. The yod assimilates into the preformative consonant thus making the form 'lookshort'. Note: There is no daghesh (Geminate) and no middle unchangeable vowel (Hollow).

B. Type 2: this is similar to the Stative forms that you know by taking the short 'a' pathachas the vowel for the second syllable. However, the first yod has combined with the hireq of theexpected preformative vowel to form a long unchangeable vowel in the first syllable. Notice that thistype dose not 'look' short.

16.18 First Nun: In short these follow the same second vowel as the strong and stative verbs (theholem or the pathach) but the nun assimilates in all forms. Therefore this form 'looks short' as well.

Final comments: To put this all together it would be good to know your options when the Imperfectform in front of you 'looks' different than the regular strong or stative forms. We will examine a fewforms and simply deduce our 'options' and work from there.

Wrx]b.Ti Qal Impf 2mp from rxb Easy! All the roots are there. This will be true for II -

Gutterals and III - x [ a The III - a may have a long qamets vowel but all the roots are easy to

find.

hn'yn,b.Ti Qal Impf 3fp or 2fp from (here simply take what is left) ynb. Just how many III -

yod verbs are there? None! The 'He' went to 'yod' and now you have your full root hnbdmo[]y; Qal Impf 3ms from (take off the preformative consonant) dm[yqiz.x/T, Qal Impf 2fs from (take off the preformative and the suffix) qzx Do I need to know

why the vowel pattern is the way it is to parse this? No! Take off the preformative and the suffix andthree consonants remain. They will be the root.

Wrs.a;y; Qal Impf 3mp from (take off the preformative and the suffix. What is left is the root.

Even if you don't understand why the vowel pattern is as it is) rsa

Chapter 16 the Short forms: Now you have a great number of posibilities for the roots of theseImperfect verbs. For the most part the Qal Imperfect with person and number should be obvious.However, it will be the root that will be difficult to find. In what follows I will examine these'shorter' forms and 'work' through the possible roots.

1. bsoT' Examine the possibilities:

A. The 'as the preformative vowel leads ONLY two possibilities:

1. Type 1 Geminate from bbs.

2. Hollow or Biconsonantal root.Note: these are your ONLY two choices with the qamets as the preformative vowel! But which is

correct? The Hollow MUST have the 'middle' consonant present in the Imperfect. (~Wqy') The

Geminate WILL NOT. Therefore the root for 'A' is Geminate from bbs.

2. bSoyI Qal Impf 3ms Examine the possibilities:

A. A yod as the preformative vowel. 1. Type 1 Geminate.

2. Strong verb with III - h with an ending that begins with a vowel like: 3mp Wnb.Ti3. Type 2 first yod could even work because it 'looks funny' like vr;yyi. 4. A Type 1 first Nun verb.

B. Examine the second syllable or simply the next consonant. In our example we have bSoyi.Here we notice a daghesh and a holem vowel. Question: dose this limit the posibilities? Yes! A yodpreformative vowel, with daghest, and holem vowel leads to ONLY two possibilities: Alternatve

Type 1 Geminate or First Nun. Thus I have two possible roots: bbsor bsn. Interestingly both roots

in Qal Impf 3ms would look like...bSoyI. So which is correct? The vocabulary or lexicon form that

best fits the sentence! Context.

3. hn'b.v;Te Qal Impf 3fp and 2fp. Examine the form:

A. Tsere as a preformative vowel.

1. Geminate Type 2 like ~t;Te. 2. First Yod Type 1 like bveTe.3. The word %l;h' which has an odd Qal Impf for of %leTe

B. Examine further: 1. From the preformative vowel onward this form looks just like the strong!

2. The preformative vowel remains the Tsere! Had the vowel be a hireq (hn'b.v;Ti)this would be a strong verb from the root bvt. However, the vowel is a Tsere! And this tells you

that you HAVE a First Yod root: bvy.

4. !Tea, Qal Impf 1cs Examine the form:

A. Seghol as the preformative vowel. Wow! That could be almost anything but Hollow, FirstYod, Geminate Type 1. So not much help there.

B. Questions: since the a is the preformative consonant leaving !t1. Could this be a Hollow? No the preformative vowel is 'wrong' (Hollow has

qamets).

2. Could this be III - h with the h dropping off? No! There is no suffix! Only then

does it drop off. C. Look at the second consonant: it is a Tsere. This brings the possibilities down to ONLY

two.

1. First Yod from !ty2. First Nun from !tn

Question: since both of these roots would have the same form which is the correct root?Context! Or is your case your vocabulary list!

Final Note: When you have parsed the verb (stem-Qal, conj. Imperfect/Perfect, person and number)and you have taken away the preformative consonant in the Imperfect and you are 'short' aconsonant...Know your options. Look FIRST at the preformative vowel. SECOND look at the nextconsonant for clues. THIRD look for a daghesh or the vowel pattern in the second consonant.FOURTH look for the consonant 'in the middle' for the Hollow. In the Qal Imperfect you shouldALWAYS be able to make a ROOT choice with simply noticing the preformative vowel and thepattern of the second consonant.

Chapter 17 The Waw Conversive:

17.1 Introduction: Having read all that...it really amounts to the fact that the special form of theconjunction can 'turn' the properties of the Perfect to the Imperfect and via versa. You will see thismany times in narrative 'stories' were it denotes sequences of the continued 'story'.

17.2 Form with the Imperfect: The simplest explanation to the form is to note that the waw is placedbefore the preformative consonant and vowel pointed just like the definite article. The only 'odd'

form is the 1cs which uses the preformative a, here the vowel is long 'a' qamets rather that the short

'a' pathach. However, this is simply compensitory lengthening!

17.3 Use of the Converted Imperfect: 1. Past tense narrative sequence.Normally the past tense sequence will begin with a verb in the Perfect tense. This will

establish the act as happening in the past and may also state that the act is completed. However, inthe sequence of the narrative the action/s have not completed....they continued. So to express thisand 'keep the story going' the Imperfect is 'converted'....meaning the tense is past and the action iscontinuing.

2. The form yhiy.w;As noted in the text this is an Inperfect 'converted' form of the word 'to be'. In the narrative

'story' many times the Hebrew will simply place this at the beginning (and nowhere else!) of thesentence to establish that the action of the 'story' is in the past. This is simply a very efficient wayof getting the narrative into 'past'.

3. This just simply repeats #'s 1&2. However, there is an error in the text on page 197. Thefirst sentence of the page should say "Imperfect" not Perfect .... verbal form... You will notice thatthe examples given are all converted Imperfects.

4. After reading all this section simply remember that in Hebrew when a particular sequenceis interupted this is done for the reason of emphasis, add notes, or to contrast things. 17.4 Changes in spelling.

1. First aleph, some first yod and %l;h'. Ok so the second root is a seghol! But do notice that

the three words used as examples are very frequent in the Hebrew text.

2. Hollow and third hverbs:

Notice for the Hollow verbs that the middle consonant is lost and that the qamets or seghol

is used. For the third h verbs notice that the seghol is used AND the h drops off!! Now this might

cause confusion between the Hollow with the y iand the III - h However, notice that the

preformative vowels are not the same!! This is how you tell the difference when finding the root andthus the meaning of the verb.

17.5 Form of the Waw Conversive with the Perfect. In short the Waw Conversive 'flips' the tense of the verb. So what is the 'big deal' or reason

for this one might ask. Remember that the Perfect discribes action that has occured as a stating offact and the Imperfect discribes action that occurs but there is a non-definateness if you will on this.And of course the short answer to all this Waw Conversive is "This is the way they do it in the

narrative."

17.6 The Use of the Converted Perfect: In short the converted Perfect (which was past) is used forfuture tense narrative and the Imperfect (which was future) is used for past tense narrative. Again:in short....this is what you will find....get used to it.

17.7 Translating the Temporal Modifiers and the Waw Conversive: First you should notice that these

two forms are form the verb 'to be' hyh and they simply 'set the tense tone for the narrative'. Leave

them untranslated but know that they have 'set the tone'. yhiy>w; for past tense and hy'h'w> for future

tense. Of the two the first is seen the most in the text.

17.8 Parsing: Simply remember to add in a note that the verb has the Waw conversive if this is thecase.

Chapter 18Qal Imperative, Cohortative and Jussive.

18.2. The Imperative: it is just like the English imperative....always in the second person...and is usedin Hebrew for making a request. This is the use in prayer!

18.3. Imperative strong paradigm: In short these forms are the Imperfect second person without thepreformative consonant: Let's exmine this....

Imperfect Imperative Notes:

2ms ljoq.ti ljooq. Simple! Just 'loop off the preformative'!

2fs ylij.q.ti ylij.qi Why the hereq? Rule of the shewa. The evolution of this form

would be as follows: ylij.q.ti goes to ylij.q. now we have two vocal shewas so the first becomes

a hereq to form a closed syllable with a short vowel.

2mp Wlj.q.ti Wlj.qi same as above.

2fp hn'l.joq.ti hn'l.joq. again same as above.

18.4 Imperative Notes: Just take note of #3 that this ending occurs from time to time. You should'get it' in the context of the sentence. I'll make mention of this whenever I find in in translation infurther notes.

18.5 Negation of the Imperative: In short....there is none. Hebrew uses the Imperfect with either aloor la; with the imperfect.

18.6 The particle an' Just remember that this is used for emphasis. Please!

18.7 Translation: simple....just do it.

18.8. Weak forms of the Imperative: Part I The Gutturals. A. I & II Gutturals: the forms are simple.

1. Just think of the I Guttural as a Strong form only you can't put a full vocal shewaunder the Guttural. But you knew that.

2. II Guttural...two simple things.a. No full vocal shewa under the Guttural. Under the second consonant. b. Where you would expect a hereq under the first consonant (2fs & 2mp)

there is a pathach. Why? Because you can't say the word without hurting yourself is you keep thehereq!

B. I - Aleph: even though there are two types notice that the imperative is just the same as

the strong except that you have the reduced shewa rather than a 'regular' shewa. ( / rather than .)Why? The Aleph prefers the reduced shews...this you have seen.

C. III - x/[ Consider these to be the same as the strong paradigm. Just remember that the

vowel is the pathach rather than the holem in the second consonant.

D. III - a Again remember that the construction of this is the same as the strong....take off

the preformative from the Imperfect and you have the Imperative. It's as simple as that.

18.9 Weak forms part 2: the previous forms were more or less easy. Simply remember a few featuresof the Gutturals and you have the form. Now things change in that these next group of forms areshorter (there may seem to be something missing).

A. III - He: easy....you take off the preformative from the Imperfect and you have theImparative! Just note that the seghol of the 2ms is lengthened to a tsere.

B. Geminate: easy...take off the preformative again! Notice that there is a 'clue' in the 2fs and2mp that you have a Geminate...notice the daghesh!

C. I - Nun: One of two things will happen. 1. The Nun will return and the form will be the same as the strong form. 2. The Nun remains assimilated and the form remains 'short'. What are the clue

between geminate and I - Nun? Or even III - He? a. Daghesh in the second consonant = Geminateb. Look for vowel patterns. Like III - He 2fp vs all the others 2fp.

D. I - Yod: easy...just take off the Imperfect preformative and you have the Imparative. Note: You have now entered the time in Hebrew when forms of different roots will start to look

alike. For example consider the following: W[s. (given as an example on page 211) could be 2mp

Qal Imperative for the roots [sn [sy or h[s. The forms would be the same! So how do you

know which is correct?! Vocabulary! Context! Choose one root as a choice and see if it 'fits' thesentence (context) or even exists (vocabulary).

18.10 Biconsonantal/Hollow forms: Simple....take off the preformative and you have the Imparative.Notice that with the Hollows the yod or waw 'in the middle' will always show up.

18.11 Irregular and double weak: Notice that there are six forms! But !tn xql %lh and hl[all really follow the regular pattern of taking off the preformative on the Imperfect and there you

have the Imperative (%lh beging the only one with a little different vowel pattern). This leaves only

hyh and hjn to consider. Consider the forms for hyh as vocabulary and hjn as a type 1 I-Nun

with a III-He...meaning that when it comes to the root the 'missing part' is on the end....the h.

18.12 Frequently confused forms: Take a good look at these forms! Very close in appearance arethey not? But notice that in each parsing it is the Person and Number that are different!!! Yes theymay be Perfect vs Imperative BUT it is the Person and Number in the CONTEXT of the sentencethat is the reasurance that your parsing is correct. You may not have noticed the slight differences(or even the same form) but you must always notice the person and number in the sentence.

18.13 Cohortative: Simply remember that this h ' is attached to a verb and not a noun. Because

when it is attached to a noun it is the directional h '.

18.14 Jussive: The 'short' on the Jussive is that these are short forms. Mostly in the third person and

almost always in III - h verbs. The h just simply drops off. You saw this on page 127 of the

workbook on verse 7. For the most part you will learn the few verbs that use the jussive forms as youtranslate more.

18.5 Negation of the Cohortative and Jussive: la; Simple enough and this is your clue that you have

a Jussive too!

Chapter 19Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs

First off....breath easy! You just got an easy chapter. Purhaps your last.

19.3 Suffixes on the Perfect: The suffixes you already know. Just on the suffix and adjust the vowelsaccording to the rules you know. Or to put it another way...when parsing, take off the ending and anyprefix if there is one and you have the root. One note to remember is that the suffix attaches to thelast root (generally).

19.4 Spelling of the Perfect with suffixes: Take note of the 'Notes' on pages 225 and 226. But here

are the things to remember: 3fs ends in h. When and ending is placed the h goes to t and the

suffix is added. Also note that y i might not have the yod before the suffix and that any W endings

(with or without the nun) can simply be the qibbuts u

19.6 Pronominal suffixes on the Imperfect: Simply notice that there are two types...add them on...anadjust spelling as needed.

19.7 Spelling of the Imperfect with suffixes: In short...remember the optional spellings of the vowels

and the nature of the h(note 4 on page 229). The 'real' short: "Suffixes (which you know already)

attach to the end of the verb! That simple!

19. 8 Suffixes on the Imperative: Now you are only dealing with the second person and the endingsare 'just put on'.

19.9 Parsing: small section...big importance! You must indicate in the parsinig that you 'see' thesuffix. Even if your translation shows the suffix it will be an incorrect parsing without it!

Chapter 20Qal Infinitive Construct

20.1 For now just consider the Infinitive Construct just the same as an English infinitive fortranslation.

20.2 The form: No person, number, or gender! Great! Just shewa under the first root and holem overthe second. Simple right? Yes, but now this will look like other forms too! Like the Imperative Qal!Context and look for the holem. It will always be there for the infinitive but not for the imperative.And remember....context!

20.4 III -h forms: Simply remember that these forms have the tA ending. Look through the

examples on page 237. They all simply have the tA ending.

20.5 I - n Here you have two types.

A. Those that act like the strong like [;son.B. Or shorter forms with the t. Like t[;s;

Notice that both forms are from the same root and that the shorter form for the most part has a shift

in the accent. A clue for sure. And the shorter form for !tn tTe just learn it because you will see

it alot.

20.6 I - y They are all using the t like the alternate form on I - Nun AND the YOD is gone! Take

notice of this because this could be tricky. Let you memory of this and your vocabulary along withyour root options help you here.

20.7 Hollow or Biconsonantal infinitives: In short the forms are the same as the root. So how do youknow? Context!

20.8 Parsing: Just parse it so you 'tell what you see'!

20.9 Infinitive Construct with suffixes: Why not! But remember the suffix can be the subject as wellas the object. How to tell the difference? Context! Also note that the Infinitive Contrusts withsuffixes are beginning to look a lot like Qal Perfect. To some degree this is true in appearance butthe context will help and remember that an infinitive has no person, number, or gender. A verb hasall three. Context once again.

20.10 Infinitive Construct with Inseparable Prepositions: Well why not? Just remember that when

doing so we create in English purpose clauses/phrases l. 'in order to' or adverbial clauses/phrases

B. K. 'when or while'.

20.11 Negation of the Infinitive Construct: yTil.Bi or yTil.bil. Learn these like vocabulary AND

hints that the next word is an Infinitive Construct.

20.12 Use of the Infinitive Contruct: Simply read through these. I've already mentioned the type ofclauses or phrases that you will create with the infinitive and the prepositions. So what is the bestwhy to translate these? Add the idea of the verbal with the idea of the suffix and/or the idea of thepreposition in the context of what you believe that the verse is trying to say.

Chapter 21Qal Ininitive Absolute

21.2/3 Qal Inf. Ab. of the strong verb: Notice that there is not inflection or English equivalent.Therefore in translation you simply 'do your best' at trying to discribe the verbal idea in the contextof the verse.

Notice also the distinct form: of 'a' vowel 'o' vowel: lAjq'. Remember that this 'o' vowel will be

written with and without the Waw. Thus you will see ljoq'. Please note that ANY vowel form that

uses a consonant as part of the vowel (unchangeable long vowels) will be written in their 'long' and'short' forms!!

21.4 Weak forms of the Qal Inf. Absolute: Please note three things:

1. For the most part the forms are all the same! With III - x [there is a frutive pathach. But

you should be used to this by now.

2. The III - h forms might be tricky because they are written in two forms: A. With the

shorter vowel where the h is intact hvo[' and B. Where the unchangeable vowel is used and the his gone...Af['.

3. The Hollow forms have the A not matter what the root form.

21.6 Use of the Infinitive Abslolute: 1. Emphatic: Notice that in this use the verbal root is used twice! This is a great clue that you

have an Inf. Ab. in the first place. In translation just add the emphasis in some way. This is much likethe Greek Cognate Accusative.

2. Imperatival: As noted there are times when this form is used rather than the Imperative.But when it is used this way the verbal root is only used once.

3. Comtemporaneous Action: Much like the Greek Genative of Circumstance this is used toshow action occuring at the same time as the action of the main verb. But also notice that for themost part there are always two of them in a row!!

4. Complementary: Notice that this use is for the most part connected with the object marker.This is generally true and for translation one must simply 'do ones best' to communicate the idea ofthe verse.

21.7 The Particles vye and

!yae: You have really had these before.

Chapter 22Qal Participle

22.1 Introduction: In short Hebrew active participles are the same as English in translation, use, onlyagreeing in all ways (person, number, etc.)

22.2 The Qal Active Participle paradigm of the Strong Verbs: Notice that they inflect much like theadjective with two forms for the feminine singular. But also notice the 'o' vowel on the first rootconsonant. This will be THE clue that you have a participle!

22.4 Weak Verbs: the good news..All I -whatever forms will act like the strong forms! Other formsto have changes are:

1. II - Guttural roots: where ever a vocal shewa is required there will be a reduced shewa. Butyou know this already1

2. III - x [: they have the frutive pathach or all pathach vowels. But you are used to this

already! Here is a good point to remind you that the 'o' vowel on the first root is the clue!

3. III - a: the aleph 'acts as if its not there'. But again you should be accustomed to this

already.

4. III - h: the h 'comes up missing' or changes to a Yod before and end. But you should be

familiar with this as well!!5. Hollow forms: The 'middle' consonant is not used at all. These forms out of context of a

verse could lead to confusion. However, in the verse their placement in Hebrew word order willprovide the clue to where you have a participle or a perfect form.

22.5 Use of the Qal Active Participle: remember these act just like adjectives! Therefore they areused the same:

1. Attributive: 'all or nothing' are far as the definite article. 2. Predicative: 'only one' has the article.3. Substative: used as the subject of the verb.

Note: this is not different at all then the regular adjective!!

22.6 Qal Passive Participle: simple...the subject 'receives' the action of the verb.

22.7/8 The Paradigm and notes:

1. Notice the form: lWjq'. The 'long a' and 'unchangeable u'. Remember the W can also be

written u. Also do not confuse this form with the Qal Infinitive Absolute: lAjq'. Hebrew word order

will assist in providing clues should you confuse the forms at first. 2. Notice that the weak forms are inflected according to rules that you already know.

3. III-h forms will all have the hgo to y before the suffix (or not...see mas sing). This should

be so familiar at this point.

22.9 Use as attributive, predicative, and substantive. No suprise here! All the same rules apply as tohow they are to be distinguished.

22.11 Participles with prefixes and suffixes: 1. Prefixes:

A. Definite Article: creating a relative phrase...'the one who...'

B. Prepositions: the three l. B. K. will attach with the same meaning as learned

earlier. 2. Suffixes: the direct objects are attached to the particle...nothing new here.

Chapter 23Issues of Sentence Syntax

23.1 Introduction: As a review remember that Hebrew word order is typically verb-subject-object.

23.3 Exceptions to the Verb being first. To keep things simple I will follow the order in this section.

1. Adverbs: They may follow or procede the verb. As is: ~yhiloa/h'-lK'.mi hw'hy. lAdg'-yKiyTi[.d;y' hT'[; which is in your text. Here the adverb hT'[; is listed first. Why? Because this is a

great location for the adverb....just before the verb-subject-object pattern of Hebrew word order!2. Words providing context for the verse. Again we have some form of an adverb. Take the

first example: After these things, the word of the LORD. Even in English this creates and adverbialphrase. Look for this type of adverbial phrase just before the typical Hebrew word order.

3. "Behold" hNehi with or without pronoun suffixes....just get used to this word.

4. Temporal clause: You have had these type verses already. They begin with either yhiy.w;or hy'h'w. and the 'real verse' (typical word order) starts with the second w conjunction. Notice that

this is the case in all the examples on page 274. 5. Preceded by te negative particle: well this is not hard to 'see'! 6. Preceded by the independenct personal pronoun. This is ALWAYS done for emphasis!

This is the ONLY reason for doing this so translate it that way. 7. Preceded by a number of other things. This is a catch all way of saying that the verb may

be preceded by other words. Simply find the main verb (whether first of not) and work from thatpoint.

23.4 Syntax of the Subject: 1. Directly following the verb. When the subject is NOT in the verb itself look for it after the

verb. 2. Preceding the verb: This is done for emphasis. In fact any time that Hebrew has different

word order than expected it is done for emphasis. Remember this point!

23.5 Syntax of the Object: For those who have not had Greek, the object can be either the directobject (receiving 'directly' the action of the verb) or the indirect object (that which receives the itemthat has received the action of the verb...John threw the ball to Jim. Ball is the direct object and Jimis the indirect object. In Hebrew there is no distinction between the two in regards to word order.There are, however, clues.

1. The Indirect Object: These follow the verb and are marked by l. or -la, 2. The Direct Object: these follow the verb and are marked by the object marker. There are

occations when this will not be the case. When this happens look for the main verb in the section ofthe verse, translate from there, and the object of the verb will often 'find itself'.

3. Verb preceded by the object: As noted above this is done for emphasize. Truth is everytime the word order is 'not what you expect' is will be done for emphasis. Did I say ALWAYS?! Yes

23.6 Conditional sentences: These are the 'if' ... 'then' translations. They may be easily identified by

~ai. When other Hebrew words are used to set up the condition (yK. !he w. rv,a]) the conditions

might not be apparent at first. Simply divide the verse into smaller sections using the above as wellas the conjunctions and translate into a rough English. Then look again and ask "What is this versetrying to say?" Often the conditional clause will be visible. And remember a 'clause' has its ownverb! A phrase will have no verb.

23.7 Adverbs: Generally the adverb in Hebrew will precede the verb or follow directly after it. It willnever be in a construct form (only nouns do this), are often one word, and should be easy torecognize and translate. Simply remember them as the following:

a. Time: hT'[; now, za' then, at that time, ~r,j, before, not yet.

b. Place: hPo here, hN'he here, ~v' there, #Wx outside.

c. Degree: daom. very, dA[ again, dymiT' continually.

d. Manner: wD'x.y; togehter, ~aot.Pi suddenly.

23.8 Disjunctive Waw: the easiest way to identify this use of the Waw is that the sentence or sectionof the verse will have the conjunction BUT it will NOT be attached to a verb. Such a pattern disruptsthe natural flow of Hebrew word order. And WHENEVER this happens it is for emphasis! Althoughthere are four uses mentioned in the text sufficient to say at this point is that whenever theconjunction is attached to a non-verb in the narrative sequence one should look more closely to theusage.

Chapter 24The Niphal Stem - Strong Verbs

24.4 Niphal Perfect Paradigm: You have already read about the meaning. Let's now look at the

Niphal Perfect paradigm. First notice that this has the prefix ni also notice that except for this prefix

which creates the first syllable the rest of the paradigm is the SAME! I will this by placing the QalPerfect next to the Niphal Perfect and leaving space between the Niphal's first and second syllables.Thus Niphal Perfect should be easy to recognize...the person and number are gathered the same asthe Qal and the Niphal has the prefix, the Qal does not!

Qal Niphal

lj;q' lj' q.ni hl'j.q' hl'j.; q.ni

T'l.j'q' T'l.j;;q.niT.l.j;q' T.l.j;q.niyTil.j;q' yTil.j; q.niWlj.q' Wlj. q.ni~T,l.j;q. ~T,l.j; q.ni!T,l.j;q. !T,l.j; q.niWnl.j;q' Wnl.j; q.ni

Now having looked at these two paradigms with the space between the first and second syllables onecan 'see' how easy the Perfect is. Now turn to page 416 in your text which give the strong verbparadigms for all the conjugations. Notice that 'for the most part' what is true of the Niphal (itscloseness to the Qal or how easy the person and number is collected from the verb's suffix) is true

of all the others. In these paradigms syllables formed with the lj of the root ljq are almost

identical. Therefore all you need to learn is the distinguishing marks of the conjugations!

24.6 Paradigm for the Niphal Imperfect. Notice that the Imperfect is using the same preformativeconsonants! In fact notice that the preformative consonants are using the same vowels as the Qal!

But notice the doubling of the first root and the ' qamets under the first root. This IS the most

important distinguishing marker! But what about the e under the second root as in ljeQ'yi Why

is this not a distinguishing mark? Weaker forms may take the short 'a' and other forms may take theshort 'e'. So focus on 'seeing' the doubled first syllable and the qamets! Notice again in theseparadigms just how close they are:

Imperfect

Qal Niphal

ljoq.yi lje Q'yiljoq.Ti lje Q'Tiljoq.Ti lje Q'Tiylij.q.Ti ylij. Q'TiWlj.q.yi Wje Q'a,hn'l.joq.Ti hn'l.j; Q'TiWlj.q.Ti Wlj. Q'Tihn'l.joq.Ti hn'l.j; Q'Tiljoq.ni lje Q'ni

Now look again at page 416 in the text. Notice that all the conjugations for the Imperfect use thesame preformative consonants! Notice also that 'for the most part' the second and third roots withor without suffixes are the same or similar. So therefore notice that the distinguishing markers forthe conjugations can be found in the different vowels of the preformative consonants, in the doublingof the second root, or even with a 'tell tail' hireq yod on the second root. Well having mentioned this much, the rest of this text will be simply getting familiar with thedistinctive and adding to it what you already know about gutturals, weak consonants, and the liketo the strong paradigms. 24.8 Niphal Imperative: the imperative is used much like the Qal but is formed differently. In the Qalthe Imperative is formed by using the Imperfect form and 'taking off' the preformative consonant andthen addressing any vowel reduction. In the Niphal the Imperative is formed by replacing thepreformative consonant and retaining the vowel pointing. Although the text compare the QalImperative with the Niphal Imperative, it would be better to compare the Niphal Imperfect with theNiphal Imperative:

Niphal Imperfect Niphal Imperative

ljeQ'Ti ljeQ'hiylij.Q'Ti ylij.Q'hiWlj.Q'Ti Wlj.q'hihn'l.j;Q'Ti hn'l.j;Q'hi

24.10 the Niphal Imperative and Infinitive Construct: They both are the same form. But rememberthe infinitive does not have person and number the imperative will. Also the placement in thesentence (Hebrew word order) and context will assist in determining the parsing and translation ofthe form.

24.11 Niphal Infinitive Absolute. This form is constructed much like the Infinitive construct but can

also use the NUN. But notice the long unchangeable 'o' vowel A This is how to really know the

difference. Also remember how infinitive absolutes are used. As far as word order and usage Niphalwill be the same as Qal. Notice the forms and the comments:

Qal Inf. Ab. lAjq' Notice the long 'o' vowel with the second consonant.

Niphal Inf. Ab. lAjq.ni Notice that this is formed from the Niphal Perfect only using the Infinitive

Absolute long 'o' vowel!

Niphal Inf Ab. lAjQ'hi Notice that this is formed from the Niphal Imperfect and is like the Inf.

Construct or Imperative. BUT with the long 'o' vowel.

24.13 Niphal Participle: In reality the participle will be used just like the Qal. Notice that the formsare constructed with the endings of the Qal but the beginnings (preformative) like the Niphal. Thisis why in the text the Qal and Niphal are compared. Remember the Niphal participle will have thefamiliar person and number endings and be in the same place (Hebrew word order) as the Qal. Thiswill be generally true for all the conjugations that will be encountered. The Keys: the preformative

ni and the ' vowel.

Chapter 25Niphal Weak Verbs

25.1 Introduction: Note that the III - x/[ will have the same paradigm as the strong verbs.

25.2 III - a In this section the beginning of the paradigm will be given and commented upon as it

related to the strong Niphal verb roots.

Perfect: Strong lj;q.ni III - a ac'm.ni The a 'acts as if' it is not there and the vowel of the second

root is lenghten to the qamets. This has been documented in the Qal Perfect III - a paradigm.

Imperfect: Strong ljeQ'yi III - a aceM'yi Notice that this is the same as the strong Niphal Imperfect!

The only difference will be in the 2fp and 3fp there is a seghole rather than a pathach under the

second root. But this has been noted as well in the Qal Imperfect III - a paradigm.

Imperative: Strong ljeQ'hi III - a aceM'hi The only difference that the strong paradigm again is

in the 2fp where the seghole is used rather than the pathach.

Infinitive Construct: Strong ljeQ'hi III - a aceM'hi Exactly the same as the strong!

Infinitive Absolute: Strong lAjq.ni or lAjQ'hi depending on whether the author is building this

from the Perfect or the Imperfect. III - a aAcm.ni This indicates that the form is based on the

Perfect. But still notice the A (with or without the waw) and the word order placement in the sentence

to easily determine this form for parsing.

Participle: Strong lj'q.ni III - a ac'm.ni Again the same form as the strong but make note of the

footnote on page 296 of the text. Notice that the participle is formed from the Perfect.

25.4 III - h verbs

Perfect: Strong lj;q.ni III - h hn'b.ni Notice the the pathach is lengthened to the qamets. This

should be familiar at this point. But notice what happens with Perfect endings that begin with a

consonant. III - h verbs are expected to have the h go to y i before the ending but in the Niphal

Perfect the h goes to y e This is a minor point but just do not be distracted by the Tsere.

Imperfect: Strong ljeQ'yi III - h hn,B'yi The seghole before the h is common.. It occurs as it does

in the Qal Imperfect. In fact the second and third roots of the Qal and Niphal Imperfect are the same

in general and for the III - hImperative: Strong ljeQ'hi III - h hneB'hi For the most part they are the same as the strong with

the seghole on the 2fp as with the III - a but do not be fooled by the fact that the h drops off in

the 2fs and 2mp forms. This occurance is also common in the Qal as well.

Infinitive Construct: Strong ljeQ'hi III - h tAnB'hi Notice that this combines the Niphal strong

form with the known tA endings for III - h infinitive construct endings.

Infinitive Absolute: Strong lAjQ'ni lAjq.ni depending on whether the infinitive is constructed on

the Perfect or Imperfect. With the III - h hnob.ni is the form from the Perfect. Note you may see the

'o' vowel as a 'full' A as well and the form hneB'hi is formed from the Imperfect and is the same as

the strong.

Participle: Strong lj'q.ni formed from the Perfect and the III - h hn,b.ni is also formed from the

Perfect with the familiar seghole vowel before the h Notice that the forms are shorter by comparing

the strong paradigm on page 293 of the text. Notice that with the endings that the h is dropping off.

25.6 I - Guttural Verbs:

Perfect: Strong lj;q.ni I - Guttural bz;[/n, The Gutturals are 'not liking' the hireq pronounced before

they are. This reducing of the shewa and having the coordinating vowel to precede the Guttural hasbeen documented in the Qal and in nouns as well. This will remain throughout the paradigm.

Imperfect: Strong ljeQ'yi I - Guttural bze['ye Since the first Guttural can not be doubled then the

vowel of the preceding syllable is lengthened now that it is an open syllable. This should be routine!However, do not be confused by the Tsere under the preformative consonant and think that this isa I - Yod verb!

Imperative: Strong ljeQ'hi I - Guttural bze['he This is the same occurance as with the Imperfect;

gutturals do not double and there is compensitory lengthening!

Infinitive Construct: Strong ljeQ'hi I - Guttural bze['ehe Same as with the Imperative.

Infinitive Absolute: Strong lAjq.ni lAjQ'hi whether formed from the Perfect or Imperfect. The

expected compensitory lengthening occurs on those formed from the Imperfect bAz['he and a

reduced 'a' vowel preceded by a short 'a' vowel is expected on forms from the Perfect: bAz[]n; No

matter how the Infinitive Absolute is formed the A of the Absolute and the h of the Niphal should

be clear as well as Hebrew word order (just were you find an Infinitive Absolute in the sentence).

Participles: Strong lj'q.ni I - Guttural bz'[/n, Remember that the participle for the Niphal is

constructed from the Perfect form. Thus the same vowel pattern for the guttural is noticed. The onlyparsing that might provide difficulty is with the ms form of the participle and the 3ms form of the

Perfect (bz'[/n, bz;[/n,). The only 'seen' difference is in the length of the 'a' vowel. However,

remember Hebrew word order and where a main verb would be found (Niphal Perfect) and wherea participle is found!

25.8 I - n Verbs

Perfect: Strong lj;q.ni I - n lC;ni The Nun assimilates! The Nun here is the preformative

consonant. The following is the evolution of the form: lc;n.ni to lC;ni the c is doubled to close the

first syllable and to open the next.

Imperfect: Strong ljeQ'yi I - n lceN'yi Notice that the Nun stays and the paradigm is the same as the

strong verb.

Imperative: Strong ljeQ'hi I - n lceN'hi Again the Nun stays and the paradigm is the same as the

strong!

Infinitive Construct: Strong ljeQ'hi I - n lceN'hi Another form where the I - Nun and the strong are

the same!

Infinitive Absolute: Strong lAjq.ni or lAjQ'hi depending of which form is used to build the

infinitive. The I - Nun forms are the same. Those built on the Perfect form will have an assimilated

Nun and those built on the Imperfect form will look like the strong: lACni lceN'hi The only

confusion that this may cause is that the Infinitive construct and the Infinitive Absolute from theImperfect form are the same! Hebrew word order and context will determine the parsing andtranslation.

Participle: Strong lj'q.ni I - n lC'ni No surprises here! The participle is formed from the Perfect

and in the Niphal Perfect the Nun assimilates, therefore it will do the same in the Participle.

25.10 I - y Verbs: Before completing the comparison between the Niphal strong and I - Yod forms

a little historical Hebrew grammar is in order. It should be noted that historically I - Yod verbs wereI - Waw verbs. The first Waw is noticed in many forms that have preformatives. In the case of theNiphal, the first Waw returns in all forms. Remembering this historical note will greatly increaseyour success in discovering the root of the verb once it has been parsed. Also on a side note: thereare only a very verbs that begin with a Waw so whenever the preformatives and/or suffixes are

removed and the only 'thing' left are three consonants and the first is a Waw bvw you will have

a I - Yod verb bvyPerfect: Strong lj;q.ni I - y bv;An The Waw returns and it is used to create a long unchangeable

vowel! The remainder of the paradigm does the same.

Imperfect: Strong ljeQ'yi I - y bveW'yi The Waw returns only this time it is used as a consonant;

it is doubled, takes the qamets, closes one syllable, and opens the next just like the strong form.

Imperative: Strong ljeQ'hi I - y bveW'hi Since the Imperative is formed from the Imperfect than

the same thing occurs; the 'returning' Waw is used as a consonant.

Infinitive Construct: Strong ljeQ'hi I - y bveW'hi Again another form from the Imperfect and the

Waw returns to act as a consonant.

Particple: Strong lj'q.ni I - y bv'An The Participle is built from the Perfect form and thus the

Waw 'returns' and is used to form a long unchangeable vowel.

Chapter 26The Piel Stem - Strong Verbs

26.2 Meaning and use of the Piel Stem: 1. Intensive: As noticed in the text's example this use brings the verbal idea to an intense meaning:Qal = break Piel = smash to pieces!2. Factitive: The text mentions that the Piel makes an intransitive Qal verb transitive. But what doesthat exactly mean? An intransitive verb does not have an object and a transitive verb has an object.In English "Bill threw the ball." the verb is transative because the verb needs an object to completeits meaning. Likewise in English: "Birds fly" the verb does not need an object to complete its

meaning. The same is with Hebrew: vd;q' is Qal Perfect 3ms and will not have an object marker

or object of any kind. But vD;qi is Piel Perfect and will have an object marker or object because it

needs one (or more) to complete the idea of the verb. 3. Denominative: In this usage the Piel stem is used to 'create' verbs from the 'idea' of a noun. The

noun rb'D' means 'word' but the Piel Perfect dBeDi means 'to speak'. The Piel has 'created' a verb

from the meaning of the noun. This is very common. 4. Iterative: This usage is much like the Qal Infinitive Absolute where it expresses repeated action.Notice the example in the text. Qal is 'to go, walk and Piel means 'to pace, walk around. This usageis least common and used rarely.

26.3/4 The Piel Perfect. The charactoristic of the Piel Perfect is the doubling of the second root (sowatch those II - Guttutal verbs!) and the hireq with the first root. The suffixes and how they attachto the root are THE SAME as the Qal. In fact place a paper on the paradigms on page 309 of the textand notice the the 'ending parts' are the SAME. Therefore the Piel is noticed at the beginning of theverb in the Perfect. Thus notice the 'keys': doubling of the second root & the hireq under the first

root. Consider the 3ms & 2mp forms: lJeqi ~T,l.J;qi

26.5 Piel Imperfect: Notice that the same preformative consonants are used as well as the sameendings as the Qal and Niphal Imperfect. In fact all the conjugations will use these! Notice also thatthe second root consonant is doubled that the shewa as the preformative vowel. The patach underthe first root is important but it will change in some weak forms so look more for the doubling andthe shewa. Notice the paradigm on page 310 of the text. The preformatives are all the same as wellas the endings. The only difference between the Qal and Piel are the doubling and the vowel patterns.When parsing look for the doubling of the second consonant & the shewa. This will always lead tothe Piel Imperfect.

26.8 Piel Imperative: this is formed the same way as the Qal: simply remove the preformative

consonant and the remaining form is the imperative. Consider: lJeq;T. is 2ms Piel Imperfect of

ljq Now remove the preformative of the Imperfect form and the Imperative is formed: lJeq;T.minus preformative = lJeq; the imperative!

26.9 Piel Infinitive Construct: The Piel is formed much like the Qal in that they both use the verb's

root and vowel point accordingly. Qal Inf. Con. is ljoq. the Piel is lJeq; the doubling of the second

root remains and the pathach is present. Do not confuse this with the imperative 2ms which looksthe same. Each will be in the correct location in the sentence (Hebrew word order!). Context willalso assist in the translation and parsing.

26.11 Piel Participle: this is formed from the Imperfect only using the mas a preformative. The vowel

pattern, doubling of the second root, and the typical participle endings will all remain. Pay closeattention to the vowel patterns of the Piel participle (doubling of the second root and the shewa

particularily) because the Piel will not be the only conjugation to use the m as a preformative for

the participle.

Chapter 27The Piel Stem - Weak Verbs.

27.1 Introduction: Since the second root is doubled only forms with II - Guttural pose any difficulty.The only point to remember is the characteristic of the particular weak consonant and apply thatunderstanding to the paradigm.

27.3 III - x/[ verbs: Since neither of these gutturals are in the second root position the only point

of interest is a frutive pathach.

27.4 III - a verbs: Again since this guttural is not in the second possition there is only one point to

observe; the a will often 'act as if' it is not there as in the 2mf Piel Perfect form taCemi This is

common in III - a and has been observed in the Qal & Niphal Perfects.

27.5 III - h verbs: another guttural NOT in the second position. Thus these forms will be

constructed with the characteristics of the III - h. The h goes to y i before suffixes that begin with

a consonant and are removed with suffixes that begin with a vowel. Remember that in the Imperfect

the h will retain its familiar seghole vowel and that the tA ending is the ending for the infinitive

construct. 27.6 Geminate verbs: Since the second & the third roots are the same there is no reason to make anychanges in the paradigms for this form!27.7 II - Guttural verbs: these are the only verbal forms that provide difficulty. Fortunately, there areonly two ways of addressing a II - Guttural verb; 1. Virtual doubling were the paradigm is vowelpointed the same as the strong BUT the second root is not doubled or 2. Compensatory lengtheningwere the doubling does not occur BUT the first vowel is lengthened. Be familiar with both forms.27.8-10 II - Gutturals of both forms: What are the keys to parsing these forms? 1. Piel Perfect:

A. The hireq under the first root will be the only key. VirtualB. The Tsere under the first root will be the key. Compensitory

Remember: Only the Piel Perfect as the hireq or its lengthened form Tsere under the first root!2. Piel Imperfect:

A. The shewa under the preformative is the key to a Piel Imperfect! Both Virtual andCompensitory.

B. On the compensitory form: do not confuse this with the Niphal Imperfect because thereis a qamets under the first root. The Piel has the shewa as the preformative vowel and the NiphalImperfect doubles the first root!

Chapter 28The Pual Stem - Strong Verbs

28.1 Introduction: The good news....the Pual is not used very often and can be easily recognized by

the "U" vowel u .

28.2 Meaning of the Pual: As the passive of the Piel. That simple!

28.3 Pual Perfect: Notice that as with all Perfects this uses the same suffixes for person and number.There are not preformative consonants in this Perfect and the vowel pointing is much like the Piel.The BIG difference! The qibbuts under the first root! But remember the second root will also bedoubled. Although these two forms look similar just remember the vowel pattern is 'in the name':

Piel = lJeqi the "I" + "E" pattern while the Pual = lJ;qu the "U" + "A" pattern.

28.5 Pual Imperfect: Notice again that this form uses the Imperfect preformative consonants. Likethe Piel the second root is doubled, there is a shewa with the preformative consonant, but unlike thePiel the vowel of the first root is qibbuts and the second root the pathach. This is the "A" of the PuAl.

Also of note is the the qibbuts will not be written as the long unchangeable vowel W. This otherwises

is always a possibility for a "U" vowel but to my knowledge it has not been attested.

28.7 Pual Participle: As expected the form is constructed the same as the Piel but with its own "U"

+ "A" pattern. How they are alike: both used the m preformative with the shewa and both double the

second root. How they are different: the Piel has a short "a" with the first root and the typical "E"with the doubled second root. The Pual, however, has the qibbuts with the first root and the longer"A" vowel with the doubled second root. In this regard the Pual is more consistant with it name(which provides the basic vowel pattern... U + A).

Chapter 29The Pual Stem - Weak Verbs

29.2 Features: As noted that the weak for the Pual are like that for the Piel. The main thing to learnat this point is the vowel pointing differences between the Piel and the Pual. Once that is masteredthen all forms are easy to parse.

29.3 III - a Remarks: with this form notice that the a lengthen the preceding vowel (as it always

had and will do). But also do not be fooled by seeing the Tsere reather than the long a Qamets as in

taCemu. The major point with the Pual will be the long 'U' u Once this is 'seen' along with the

doubling of the second consonent and the shewa performative vowel of the Imperfect etc. parsinga verb as Pual is an easy task.

29.4 III - h Remarks: Again this will have feature that are true for all verb conjugations that are III -

h. The key to distinguishing the Pual from the Piel will be the 'U' vowel!!

29.5 II - Guttural: As with the Piel this is the only difficult form. Like the Piel there are two options:virtual doubling and compensatory lengthening. For comparison we will consider II - Guttural Pieland Pual:

PielStrong Virtual Doubling Compensatory Lengthening

lJeqi r[eBi !aeme

PualStrong Virtual Doubling Compensatory Lengthening

lJ;qu ~x;nu %r;Bo

Note: In the Pual virtual doubling means that the verb is vowel pointed as one would expect BUTthere is simply no doubling of the second root since this just can not be done. With compensatory

lengthening remember that a short 'U' u is lengthened to a long 'O' oOr to say this another way: the

Qibbuts is a short vowel and the Holem is its corresponding long vowel (review page 14 in the text).Once this is remember there should be no confusion between Piel and Pual.

Parsing helps for the Piel and Pual: 1. Look for the doubling of the second root. If II - Guttural look for virtual doubling or lengthening.2. The Imperfect preformative vowel is the shewa for both!!3. Participles will have the Mim preformative consonant and the shewa for both.

Follow these simple 'keys' and both conjugations should be easy to parse.

Chapter 30The Hiphil Stem - Strong Verbs

30.2 Meaning of the Hiphil stem: After reading the four uses of the Hiphil concentrate on thecausative and the simple action as these are used most. The context of the verse will determine theuse of the Hiphil.

30.3 Hiphil Perfect: Notice first the name of this conjugation: hIphIl. It has two 'I' vowels in itsname! This is a key to the form. The 'first I' vowel will always be seen in first syllable! This is thebiggest key to Hiphil Perfect. The 'second I' vowel in the Perfect is only 'seen' in the 3ms and withsuffixes that begin with a vowel (3fs & 1cs). Other than these three persons and numbers the secondand third syllables of the Hiphil are the same as the Qal. This is a point to remember!

30.4 Just a note of caution since the Niphal Infinitive Construct and the Hiphil Perfect have h as a

preformative. The Niphal Inf. Con. is constructed from the Imperfect and will have the doubling ofthe first root and the distinctive Qamets vowel! The Hiphil Perfect will have the SAME preformativeconsonant AND the SAME vowel Hireq BUT will have the Hireq-yod! Look for this difference.Also the Hiphil Perfect will be placed in the word order in the position held by main verbs while theNiphal Inf. Con. will be in the word order where it should appear. The two will never occupy eachother's positions in Hebrew word order!.

30.5 Hiphil Imperfect: Notice there are two features: 1. The short 'a' vowel Pathach as the preformative vowel. 2. The distinctive Hireq-Yod combination for the unchangeable long vowel. Note: One should be expecting that the Hireq-Yod will also be written as a simple Tsere. These twoforms of a long "I" are used interchangable!

30.7 Hiphil Imperative: Like the Qal and other conjugations, the Hiphil Imperative is formed from

the Imperfect. The form is vowel pointed the same BUT has the h preformative! Consider the

following: Hiphil Imperfect Imperative

lyjiq.T; ljeq.h;yliyjiq.T; yliyjiq.h;The rest of the paradigm will agree with the above. The h simply replaces the 'regular' preformative

consonant (also in the 2ms you will find the Tsere for the Hireq-Yod).

30.9 Hiphil Infinitive Construct: Notice that the form is constructed from the Imperfect and that you'see' the Hireq-Yod combination. This is why the 2ms Hiphil Imperative has the Tsere! So you can

tell the difference! Hiphil Imperative: ljeq.h; Hiphil Inf. Con: lyjiq.h; Lest one think that this

is the only difference, remember Hebrew word order. The imperative will be found near thebeginning of the verse where main verbs are found while the Inf. Con. will be found further in theverse! A point to remember!.

30.11 Hiphil Infinitive Absolute: This form is the same as the 2ms Imperative: ljeq.h; So how does

one tell the difference? Context and word order! Remember the Inf. Ab. is often used in conjunctionwith a verb or the same root.

30.13 Hiphil Participle: Note that this participle is formed much like that of the Piel and Pual in thatthe Mim is the preformative consonant. However, the vowel is the Hiphil Imperfect's short 'a'Pathach AND the distinctive Hireq-Yod is 'seen'.

30.16 Vocabulary: please note that you will be learning verbs that are only attested in the Hiphil orHiphil/Niphal. You have seen this before with verbs that are given at only attested in the Piel. Thissimply means that these are the only conjugations where this verb has been used in the OT Hebrew.

Also notice that some words have different meanings in other conjugations: ll;x' (is the Qal Perfect

form, if it exsisted, which is the lexical form) means 'to be defiled' in the Niphal, 'to pollute, profane'in the Piel, and 'to begin' in the Hiphil. You must learn the verb this way. For this verb the Niphaland the Piel seem to have the same 'type' of 'idea' but the Hiphil seems to have no connect.Well...welcome to Hebrew.

Chapter 31Hiphil Weak Verb Stems

31.2 I - Guttural

The only real concern with this type root will be with the preformative consonant vowel which isseen throughout the paradigms. In the Perfect the Seghole is used with the preformative and thereduced Seghole under the first guttural. This should be no surprise by this point. Also with theImperfrect, Imperative, Infinitives, ad Participles the Pathach preformative vowel remains and areduced shewa is used. Why? In the Perfect: the Hireq is almost never used in pronunciation before a guttural the Segholeor Pathach is used. This should be routine at this point. The Rest: Since the preformative vowel isthe Pathach it remains and the shewa that closes the syllable is reduced. This too should be routine.Note: Even if the vowel pointing is not understood the HE and the Hireq-Yod (or shorter Tsere) canbe seen for parsing purposes.

31.4 III - x [

In short there is nothing new to learn here. Just remember the frutive pathach. This is all routine. Justalways remember the 'keys' to the Hiphil: Perfect = HE preformative and the Hireq-Yod Imperfect= pathach preformative vowel and Hireq-Yod. All the REST: HE preformative and many times theHireq-Yod (some forms do not use the Hireq-Yod).

31.6 III - a Simply notice that this paradigm is so much like all the other III - a paradigms. The key

with the Hiphil is to 'see' the hi preformative in the Perfect (the Hireq-Yod or Tsere is only further

help). In the Imperfect look for the pathach preformative vowel (the Hireq-Yod or Tsere is only

further help). The Imperative is formed like the Imperfect only using the h.

31.8 III - h Nothing really new here. Just remember to 'look' for short forms (no h on the end) or

the h going to a y before endings beginning with a consonant (that's Perfect, Imperfect, anything).

All 'old stuff'.

31.10 I-n Again there is nothing new here! Look for the Nun to assimilate (a short root will appear

and a daghesh!). But one should be able to parse easy enough. Preformative h in the Perfect,

Imperative, and Infinitivies. Preformative m in the Participles and regular preformatives in the

Imperfect. Each of these having the pathach vowel (this is the key).

31.12 I - y In short...nothing new here either! Remember: all I - y verbs were once I-w and the wreturns whenever there is a preformative consonant which happens to be on EVERY form for the

Hiphil. The w in EVERY form creates the long 'o' vowel wO. This long vowel with the preformatives

for the Hiphil forms should be easy to 'see'.

31.14 Biconsonantal - Hollow verbs.

Be careful! In the Perfect: you will have a 'shorter' form with the preformative h with the Tsere.

Imperfect the preformative vowel is lengthened to a Qamets AND either the y or the w of the root

will be 'seen'. The Imperatives are formed from the Imperfect but with the h preformative. The

Infinitive Absolute is the Tsere only to distinguish it from the construct and the Participle has onlyan odd form in the 3ms.

Chapter 32 Hophal Strong Verbs

32:3 A point to remember is that in the Perfect there are two forms: Qibbuts 'u' and the Qamets hatuf'o' class. Remember the 'name' of the conjugation 'gives away' the vowel pattern. This is the hOphAl

or hUphAl conjugation! In the Perfect both will have the h preformative AND the 'a' pathach in the

second root. However, there will be either the Qibbuts or the Qamets hatuf under the preformative.Note: which ever vowel is under this preformative if it is NOT the Hireq it is NOT Hiphil! This willbe the point of parsing this form.

32.5 Hophal Imperfect: Remember there will be the 'a' vowel with the second root (when a vowelis needed) AND the preformative vowel will be either the Qibbuts or the Qamets hatuf. Either waythe preformative vowel will NOT be anything you have learned as yet!!! The only possible point ofconfusion would be the 'o' type which uses the Qamets like a Hollow verb. But wait! The Hophalwill have ALL three roots present and easy to 'see'.

32.7 Participle: It all looks familiar by now BUT with a Qibbuts or a Qamets hatuf! That's all thereis to it!

Workbook Chapter 17

1. Page 126 (1) Gen 12:10

hm'y>r;c.mi ~r'b.a; dr,Yew; dr,a'B' b['r' yhiy>w>#r,a'B' b['r'h' dbek'-yKi ~v' rWgl'

Translation with note: yhiy>w> Waw conversive from hyh 'to be' along with b['r 'famine' Thus we

start: "There was a famine..." dr,a'B' 'earth + preposition' "in the earth". dr,Yew; 'waw conversive from

a I - Yod verb. Why did I choose I - Yod so fast? The Tsere under the Yod is the 'give-a-way'! Herethe yod is the prefomative vowel for the Qal Imperfect. The I - Yod assimilates and has the Tsereas the vowel. Therefore we have a Qal Imperfect 3ms (the next word is Abram which is a give-a-way

for the person and number) waw conversitive of the root dry 'to go down'.

Where did Abram go? hm'y>r;c.mi toward h ' Egypt. "to sojourn" is given. ~v' "there".

Why did Abram go to Egypt? "Because" yKi "heavy" dbek' was (understood) "the famine" we've had

this word already "in the land" we've had this too. Translation in full: "And there was a famine in the land and/so Abram went down to Egypt tosojourn there because there was a great/heavy famine in the land."

Page 126 (2) I choose this verse because the third word might be difficult (seeing it is not in yourbook or presented above)

~yhloa/ rKoz>Yiw; ~t'q'a]n;-ta, ~yhiloa/ [m;v.Yiw;bqo[]y;-ta,w> qx'c.yi-ta, ~h'r'b,a;-ta, AtyriB,-ta,

Translation: "And God heard" The verb is Qal converted 3ms from [mv What did hear? The next

word you have not had AND it is not give above on this page. No matter! What could it be? Noticethe object marker and its place in the word order. Obviously whatever it is it is a noun. Notice also

on the end of this noun we have ~ 'this could either be the end of the noun or a suffix for 'their'.

Either way we have a noun with the roots tqan this word is 'groaning' Thus we now know what

God heard...their groaning.

"And God remembered his covenant" rKoz.Yiw; the w; is a give-a-way that this is a waw conversive.

So we have a Qal Imperfect converted 3ms from rkz 'remember'. Notice then the object marker

after the subject. This means that the next word will be a noun. Notice the A on the end of Atyrib.a suffix for sure leaving tyrib as the noun...."his covenant".

Next we have three object markers in a row! Thus we will have three nouns in a row. Here we havethree names. The translation then becomes: "And(can be used) God heard their groaning andremembered his covenant with Abramham, Isaac, and Jacob."

Page 126 (4) I choose this because it had some points of interest.

x;ylic.m; vyai yhiy>w; @seAy-ta, hw'hy>> yhiy>w;yric.M.h; wyn'doa] tybeB. yhiy>w;

Translation: the first 'part' is "the LORD was with Joseph" Now how did I get that translation? The

sentence begins with yhiy>w; which is a converted form of the verb 'to be' which provides the 'was' of

this sentence. But what about 'with'? Is this not the object marker? True. But this is also the word'with' see page 448. "And he (Joseph) was a man of success/ a successful man" A converted form of 'to be' and a

construct chain with the noun man vyai + x;ylic.m; which you are given the definition as

'successful'"and he was in the house of his lord the Egyptian" Here 'house of his lord' is another construct chainwith 'house and his lord' Notice the preposition on 'house' and the suffix on 'lord'. 'Egyptian' might

be tricky. It is not given above on this page and you might expect to have seen the form ~yir;c.mi by

taking off the ~ on the ending you get Egyptian.

Translation: "And the LORD was with Joseph and he was a successful man/a man of success andhe was in the house of his lord the Egyptian."

Page 127 (7) I choose this verse because it has a point of interest that you have not seen yet. Theanswer is given but I will introduce you to the concept.

[l'Ceh;-ta, ~yhiloa/ hw'hy> !b,Yiw;~d'a'h'-la, h'a,biy>w; ~d'a'h'-!mi xq;l'-rv,a]

Translation: "And the LORD God built with the rib which he look from Adam to create (understoodfrom the first verb) a woman and he brought her to Adam." Here is another way to put it in English:"And the LORD God took the rib from Adam and built a woman and brought her to Adam."

Notice the points of interest: !b,Yiw; Qal converted 3ms Imperfect from hnb This is a Jussive or

shorter form which you really don't see until the next chapter. Sorry! You might have expected the

form hn,b.Yiw; This form would have been easier. But this is Hebrew and you must think out of the

box. You should see the object marker with the noun. The next point of interest would be what to

do with hV'ail. 'to woman' You should remembered the verb 'build' and made a connection. God

build from the rib a woman 'to or for' Adam or 'built from the rib a woman'. Again you have to putthe parts together and make sense of it all.

The next point of interest in h'a,biy>w; Qal converted Imperfect 3ms of awb This can be deduced by

taking off everything else....h' off the end and y>w; off the front leaves the root. But notice the h'ending! This is a pronoun suffix that acts like a suffix with an object marker. That is just how itworks. Put a pronoun ending on a verb is the same as having an object marker.

WK CH 18

Page 137 (3) Here is an interestiing verse.

hm'y>r'c.mi dreTe-la; rm,aoYw; hw'hy> wyl'ae ar'Yew;^yl,ae rm;a] #r,a'B' !kov.

Translation: Break this down into smaller parts; verb to verb. So the first part translates:"God/Yahweh appeared to him" You are given the verb as 'appeared' This is a Niphal form from the

root har But more on that latter. 'To him' is the standard al + wy ' suffix.

The next part: "and said do not go down to Egypt". Notice the verb! This is Qal Imperfect 2ms from

dry the Tsere under the Taw as the preformative vowel is the clue that this is a I - Yod verb. Notice

also the directional h ' on the end of Egypt. Your vocabulary could also help here because a

directional note means that the verb must have motion....which might lead to dry. "Stay in the land" Notice that you have a Qal Imperative of !kv. Remember this is formed by taking

off the preformative consonant of the Imperfect. Thus !kov.Ti becomes our form !kov.. "which I told to you" Notice the verb rm;ao. Now at first you might recognize the root first as rmaand you would be correct! However, parsing the rest might give you trouble. You mind wants totranslate this 'said' but you are not sure how this is the correct answer. With I - Aleph verb in QalImperfect 1cs the preformative and the first root are the same so the first root assimilates and theholem is used as the vowel. This is also an "A" type Qal Imperfect: meaning that the pathach is the

vowel of the second syllable rather than the "O" type holem. Thus the form is rm;ao which we have.

Putting it all together we have..."God/Yahweh appeared to him and said; Do not go down to Egypt

but dwell in the land which I have told you." I placed the 'but' there because there was no w before

this verb. This was done to create contrast so I added it with 'but'.

Page 143 (3) Here is an interesting verse because it uses the same verbal root three times.

yTixi' hY'riWa-ta, yl;ae xl;v. ba'Ay-la, dwID' xl;v.Yiw;

dwID'-la, hY'riWa-ta, ba'Ay xl'v.YIw;

Translation: Again break this down into parts: "And David sent for/to Joab" The verb is a simple Qal

converted Imperfect 3ms of xlv.

"send to me Uriah the Hittite" Here the verb is easy.. Qal Imperative from xlv. The name might

have been difficult. But you should get the hint that it is a name by the length of the word and thatthere seems to be to prefix or suffix to 'take off'. But 'Hittite' where did this come form? How did Iknow? Say the word. Notice the definite article and the yod ending. Much like the ending on

Egyptian in the last chapter's workbook verse. Also the context. I've recognized the story and I knowthat this is Uriah the Hittite. Use everything you know at your disposal in translation. "and Joab sent Uriah to David" Putting it all together: "David sent to Joab saying (understood) sendme Uriah the Hittite. And Joab sent Uriah to David."

WK Chapter 19

Page 160 (1) An interesting verse

@seAy-la, laer'f.yi rm,aYow; "And Israel said to Joseph.

~k,v.Bi ~y[iro ^yx,a; aAlh]"are not your brothers shepards in Shecem?”

Notice the interrogative h] and the pronoun suffix with 'brothers'. This you should see easily.

However ~y[iro may have caused problems. It is the plural for shepard which is the particle for 'to

shepherd'. 'In Shecem' this should be seen as well.

~h,ylea] ^xl'v.a,w> hk'l.

'come and I will send you to them'

The only part here with difficulty is hk'l. . What in the world is this? Can you see that this could

be a form of %lh? Why do I choose this? Because the h will drop off in many forms and the

context! The next verb means to send. Why not say "come here" Qal Imperative and directional h' Sounds funny but why not? On page 213 of your text there is a footnote that states that the Qal

Imperative 2ms has an alternate form of hk'l. which is used 17 times! So now you know.

yniNehi Al rm,aYow;"and he said to him...here I am."Nothing here of note.

Page 161 (7)

~ymiy' %r,aol. hw'hy.-tybeB. yTib.v;w. yY'x; ymey.-lK' yniWpD.r.yi ds,x,w' bAj %a;

ds,x,w' bAj %a;

'Surely goodness and mercy/covenant faithfulness'

yniWpD.r.yi'shall follow/pursue me' Qal Imperfect 1 cpl from pdr 'to pursue' + pronominal suffix.

Getting to the root: 1) this word is most likely a verb because there were two nouns 'in front' of this

word. 2) Now work from one end or the other. Either 'take off' the yi from the front or the yni from

the end. If yi is the preformative consonant of the Qal Imperfect then the next three consonants are

most likely the verb roots. Thus pdr is the root. W---yi provides Qal Imperfect 1 cpl and everything

else is suffix.

yY'x; ymey.-lK'

'all the days of my life'

Note: Here we have really a construct chain that 'goes all the way' to the conjunction. lK is easy!

ymey. is the constrruct plural the y e gives this away. But what about yY'x;? One should see yx; as 'life'

but what of y '? Is not the pronominal suffix for 1cpl y ; (type 2)? Yes! While this is true one most

'think out of the box' for Hebrew. This is the pronominal suffix for 1cpl. Just a little different.

hw'hy.-tybeB. yTib.v;w.

'and I will dwell in the house of the LORD'

yTib.v;w.This form is a challenge. What clues are there to assist? Certainly the w. is the conjunction and

this is a verb. Now the form w. on a verb converts the tense and it is the form used with the Qal

Perfect. Therefore this is Qal Perfect. Now person and number? yTi provides us with 1 cs. The

rest is the root: bv. But we are short a consonant. What are the possiblities? III-Nun? III-He?

Hollow? I-Nun? I-Yod? The form in front of us is surely similar to the 1 cs form on page 434 of

the text (yTim.q;) which ia the biconsonantal form. Thus are verb would be from bwv 'to turn or

return' But this dose not fit the context or our memory of Ps 23:6! Our memory states 'dwell' but

this verb is from bvy and according to page 432 the form for Qal Perfect 1cs is yTib.v;y' which is

not the form of our text! At this point one should call a 'time out' because bvy is attested with

the form of our text but you would only find this out when you have concluded that 'dwell' bvy

fits the context and you would look this root up in the lexicon and find that the form in our text isattested.

hw'hy.-tybeB'in the house of the LORD' No difficulty here.

~ymiy' %r,aol.

'all the days of my life' is how most translations read. Let's examine the text. ~ymiy' should provide

no difficulty at this is the form for 'days'. However, %r,aol may provide for interest. Is this ralwith a pronoun suffix or %ra with the preposition? Let's examine both possibilities. If this is ralwith a suffix then one should find this root in the lexicon (or text book in your present case). Uponlooking in the text book's lexicon one finds that there is no word for this root. Therefore this idea

comes to an end. So move to the next possibility; %ra with the preposition. Looking in the text

book's lexicon one finds that there is a word for this root: 'length'. Thus together we have the ideaof 'to the length of days' which can be put into English as 'all the days of my life'. The meaning is thesame. However, should this occur on a test or quiz please give the more 'wooden' Hebrew to English(to the length of days) and then polish the English.

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bqo[]y; xl;v'-alo @seAy yxia] !ymiy'n.Bi-ta,,!Asa' WNa,r'q.yi-!P, rm;a' yKi wyx'a,-ta,

Now in this verse there is little difficult Hebrew. The only tricky part is that the verse is long thusallowing for a break in your thought and the word order is a slight bit different. The object markerprecedes the verb and one must pay attention to 'what is trying to be said'.

@seAy yxia] !ymiy'n.Bi-ta,,Literally: 'and Benjamin my brother Joseph' would be the translation. Now notice that this is at thebeginning of the verse. Why? For emphasis! So how to put this in polished English? "BenjaminJoseph's brother" or something of this sort will work well.

wyx'a-ta, bqo[]y; xl;v'-alo'Jacob would not send (Qal Perfect 3ms of xlv) his brothers (noticed this is type 2 and thus

the noun is plural)" No other difficulties are here.

!Asa' WNa,r'q.yi-!P, rm;a' yKi 'for/because he said: lest harm (sorry I don't find this word in your text) meet him' This would be aworking of the Hebrew.

Let's examine the text: !Asa' I did not find in your text book. However looking at this word one

should conclude that this is not a verb and is most likely a noun. Why? It does not follow any verbform that you know AND it follows the verb. Therefore it is most likely the subject...thus a noun.In this case that is correct and you would need a 'real' lexicon to look up this form...'harm'. My pointbeing that even without having this word in your vocabulary you should know from Hebrew wordorder that this is a noun and as such you have the lexicon form.

WNa,r'q.y

'meet him' Notice that one can work from either end of this word to break it down. From the front

you notice the preformative Yod which leaves arqas the root with the suffix Wn. Parsed Qal

Imperfect 3ms from arq with pronominal suffix 3ms (do not be fooled...see pages 233 and 234 in

the text. See on page 234 that Wn , is the same form for 3ms AND 1cp so why did I choose to

translate/parse this as 3ms? Context! This is the key.

WKBK Chapter 20

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aboK. hy'h'w.hv,mo-~[i rB,diw.. lh,aoh' xt;P, dm;['w. !n'['h, dWM[; dreye hl'h/aoh' hv,mo

hl'h/aoh' hv,mo aboK. hy'h'wTranslation: "and it happen (or nothing) while/when Moses entered/entering the Tabernacle/Tent"

The beginning hy'h'w. really just 'sets the tone or tense of the narrative. This can often remain

untranslated. Notice that the next Hebrew word is occupying the position where one would expectverb, namely; just before the subject (for surely Moses is the subject). This is a clue that we aredealing with a verb or some form of a verb. Our options are that we have an infinitive construct of

a verb with abk as its root (as the vowel pattern would be correct for this form) or that we have a

Qal infinitive construct of the Hollow verb ab with the preposition K.. This being the case one must

look up these two verbs and choose which fits the context of this verse. After looking in the lexicon

(or just knowing your vocabulary) ab with the preposition becomes the choice. Now since the

preposition is found on the infinitive construct, we have a Qal Infinitive Construct of ab with the

preposition. The preposition with the infinitive creates a temporal phrase or clause (when or while).

Thus 'while or when' Moses entered the Tent'. Notice also that there is a directional h ' on the end

of the word for Tent. This may be left untranslated or translated because it is understood that Mosesis moving toward the tent either way.

!n'['h, dWM[; dreyTranslation: 'the pillar of cloud came down'. The verb here is actually the main verb of the verse thusfar. The section just before this tells 'when' the cloud came down.....when Moses entered the Tent.This is the nature of the preceding temporal phrase. Notice that we have easy Hebrew word order:verb + subject. In this case the subject is the construct chain created by placing the two nounstogether (side by side). Thus 'the pillar of cloud' is considered the subject as one grammatical unit

in Hebrew. The verb, however, is of interest. dreye came be concluded to be a verb for a number of

reasons: first, it is the first Hebrew that one encounters following the previous temporal phrase(meaning it follow the noun tent and must either be another noun in the construct chain or somethingelse. That 'something else' would be a verb.). So the form....since there are at least three consonantsexamine the form's vowel pattern to determine the parsing. Is this Qal Perfect? No, wrong pattern.Is this Qal Infinitive Construct or Imperative? No, wrong pattern. This would lead to a conclusionthat the first Yod might not be part of a verbal root. Therefore what could it be? The conclusionwould be that this would be a preformative Yod of the Qal Imperfect. This would leave only tworoots and a big clue. If there remains only two roots the choices are that the missing root is either atthe end, middle, or beginning. Here there is a clue! Notice the Tsere under the first Yod. This is the

clue that closes the choices. This is a I-Yod formation for Qal Imperfect. The root therefore is dry.My hope is that you saw the Tsere at first and avoided the above listed method. I brought you

through this to have you begin to think of the various vowel options and root possibilities. Thismethod will greatly assist as we move on to other conjunctions.

lh,aoh' xt;P, dm;['w.Translation: 'and stood at the door of the Tent' Notice the Waw attached to the first word of this part.The Waw will always begin another section of a verse. It will be attached most likely to a verb. Itwill for emphasis be connected to a non-verb. However, verb should be the first choice. Therefore

what remains is (my first choice) a verb. Qal Perfect 3ms of dm[ should be obvious at this point.

But what is the subject? The next thing to follow the verb is 'the door of the Tent'. Here we have aconstruct chain but surely the context would not allow for this to be the subject! The context wouldsuggest that 'the pillar of cloud' is the subject and that 'the door of the Tent' tells 'where' the pillar ofcloud stood. This is why in the translation I place 'at' in italics. 'At' is not in the Hebrew butunderstood if my 'context' conclusion is correct.

hv,mo-~[i rB,diw..Translation: 'and he spoke with Moses'. Notice again the Waw. This suggests another section andmost likely another verb. You are provided the translation in the footnote. However, examine theform. Whatever it is it must be a Perfect. Correct? Why? Answer: no possible preformative

consonant which would create an Imperfect (no first y t a n). This happens to be a Piel Perfect

from rbd a root that you know as the noun 'word'. So the Piel creates verbs out of nouns....cool.

More on this later.

Why did I divide this verse into sections? And how did I determine where one section ended andanother began? Verses are generally divided into sections by noticing the Waws and verbs (alsonotice prepositions on infinitive constructs). By dividing the verse into smaller sections one can moreeasily translation the verse and 'see' the connection of the parts. Also there is less chance of losingone's concentration on a larger verse.

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yhiy.w;H'M'[i tAyh.li Hl'c.a, bK'v.li h'yl,ae [m;v'-alow. ~Ay ~Ay @seAy-la, Hr'B.d;K.

~Ay ~Ay @seAy-la, Hr'B.d;K. yhiy.w;Translation: 'and (it happened that) though she spoke to Joseph day by day/daily' This starts with

yhiy.w; which sets the narration tense/tone. Again this may be left untranslated. Notice that in the

translation that the book has chosen the phrase 'though she spoke...' The word 'though' is chosenbecause the next section begins with a non-verb. This would be done for emphasis. Therefore 'thoughshe spoke....he would not...' Also notice the form of footnote #2. You are given the meaning but

notice the root rbd the preposition and the pronoun ending. All this should be seen at this point.

Therefore whatever this is it must be an infinitive construct. Why? Because we have a verbal rootwith a preposition. And this occurs with the infinitive construct. Correct! This is a Piel infinitive

construct with the pronoun ending. Note that a pronoun ending on and infinitive construct can eitherbe the object or the subject of the infinitive. So which is it? The context of this verse determines thatthe pronoun ending here is the subject.

h'yl,ae [m;v'-alow..Translation: 'but he would not listen to her'. Why start this section with 'but'? Because this sectionbegins with a non-verb which is done for emphasis. The verb follows which is Qal Perfect followedby the preposition with the pronoun ending. All easy!

Hl'c.a, bK;;v.liTranslation: 'to lie near her'. Why does this become a section? Because we have and infinitiveconstruct. This starts another section and continues to the next infinitive construct. Havingmentioned this much notice that this begins with the Qal infinitive construct + preposition from

bkv. The preposition on a root that one's vocabulary states is a verbal root is the clue for the

infinitive construct. Here we have a purpose clause or phrase. Next follows the preposition 'near'with the pronoun ending 'her'.

H'M'[i tAyh.liTranslation: 'to be with her'. The ending 'with her': preposition with the pronoun ending should be

easy to discover. However, the form tAyh.li may present difficulties. There are clues to why this

is an infinitive construct; first this section is preceded by a section that begins with an infinitive

construct with the same preposition, secondly the tA endings provides a clue that this is a III-hending verb, and lastly one's vocabulary (and verse context) leads to the root of hyh. When

translating look for these clues and the context of the verse.

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tB'V;h;-ta, laer'f.yi-yneb. Wrm.v'w.

~l'A[ tyriB. ~t'rodol. TB'V;h;-ta, tAf[]l; tB'V;h;-ta, laer'f.yi-yneb. Wrm.v'w.

Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout theirgenerations, for a perpetual covenant. Translation: '(and) the children of Israel will keep the Sabbath'. Notice that the verse begins with verystandard Hebrew: verb + subject + object. The next word that follows thus starts the next section.The footnote provides the parsing of Qal Perfect converted which changes the tense from 'past' to'future' = the children of Israel 'will' keep.

TB'V;h;-ta, tAf[]lTranslation: 'to do/keep/observe the Sabbath'. This section starts with a verbal. How do you know?

Because of the object marker which precedes the verb or verbal form. Therefore tAf[]li is from a

verb. The clues that this is an infinitive construct from hv[are: first the tA ending which suggests

III-He and secondly the preposition. This is attached to infinitive constructs.

~l'A[ tyriB. ~t'rodolTranslation: 'to there generation, an eternal covenant'. This section begins with ~t'rodol.. Could this

be an infinitive construct with the preposition along with a pronoun ending (easily 'seen')? It would

be possible that this could be a Qal infinitive construct of the verb trd if the vowel pointing was

correct for such a parsing. The vowel pointing for such a parsing (Qal infinitive construct of trdplus the preposition plus the pronoun) would be ~t'rod.li which is not what we have. The form that

I have created should be obvious. The d would take the shewa and the shewa under the l becomes

the hireq (rule of the shewa). Therefore we have a non-verb. A noun would be my first choice. I

would be looking either for a noun with the root trdl or hrd + l or (by looking at the vowel

pointing...notice the holem with the rash! Perhaps a defective plural ending?!) rd with the

preposition. From here either vocabulary (which makes translation quicker) or the lexicon will help.

Of the above conclusions a noun with at least the beginning roots rd (or even rwd with the holem

over the daleth also being a defective writing for A. Always keep your options open) is the first

choice. Using the lexicon (or your text book) start to look up these forms using your clues. The form

discovered will be the plural of rwd 'generations (page 451 in your text). The next two words that

follow are nouns which are therefore in construct = eternal covenant.

WKBK Chap 21

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wyf'g.no yneP.mi yTi[.m;v' ~t'q'[]c;-ta,w. ~yir'c.miB. rv,a] yMi[; yni[\-ta, ytiyair' haor'hw'hy. rm,aYow;

yMi[; yni[\-ta, ytiyair' haor' hw'hy. rm,aYow ~yir'c.miB. rv,a] I have divided this verse into two (larger than normal) sections using the w. as the dividing point.

Translation: 'And the LORD said: Surely I have seen the affliction of my people which are inEgypt...' This verse begins with typical Hebrew word order: verb then subject. The point of interest

is the construction: ytiyair' haor'. Notice first that both of these words have similar roots (ar).

This is the first clue that they are both from the same root. The second clue is in the parsing of the

second of these words: ytiyair' is Qal Perfect 1cs from har. The final h becomes y i before the

ending. This should be obvious at this point. This leads to the third clue to what the first of thesewords might be. By the 'looks' of the roots shown it would appear that both words come from thesame verbal root. This means you have an infinitive absolute! Thus parsing the first word of the two

as Qal Infinitive Absolute from the root har.

Next follows the object marker attached to a construct chain (two nouns together acting as one idea).

The first word yni[\ is in construct with the second noun. Therefore the ending is a plural construct

and not a personal pronoun ending! The next noun, yMi[; must be a noun and also has a personal

pronoun ending. What follows next is easy Hebrew: the relative pronoun rv,a] followed by a noun

with the preposition B.. Translated: 'which are in Egypt'. I have supplied the verb to complete the

meaning of the Hebrew.

wyf'g.no yneP.mi yTi[.m;v' ~t'q'[]c;-ta,w. Translation: 'and have heard their cry because of/on account of/from before their taskmasters.' Noticefirst the change in Hebrew word order: object marker before the verb. This is done to make a pointof emphasis. In this section the first word must be a noun because it has the object marker. This isa simple point that is often over looked. Looking at the noun the pronoun ending should be noticed.

Thus the noun's root should be either tq[c or hq[c (the final h turning to t before the

ending). With three of the four consonants known, looking this word up in the lexicon is made easy.

Next follows the verb: yTi[.m;v'. This should be an easy parsing as Qal Perfect 1cs. But notice that

this is not a converted form. Therefore the translation is 'I HAVE heard'. Now the object of his'hearing' is all ready know because of the object marker and noun the precedes this verb. This wouldmean that the remainder of this verse might just create an adverbial phrase. Why? Because it follows

a verb, does not have an object marker, and begins with the preposition m. Notice then that this

preposition is attached to a noun which is followed by a noun thus creating another construct chain.Why is the last word a noun? Because there is not enough verse left for it to be anything else! Being

a construct chain the first of these words is plural (notice the ending). It is from the root !p which

means literally 'before or face'. The meaning of the last word is given as his/their taskmasters. Given

that this note really means that fgn must mean taskmaster why plural and why 'their' and not 'his'

since the ending is in the third person? This is a type 2 ending which means that the noun is pluralAND the context of this verse dictates the translation!

~h,l' alo #r,a,B. ^[]r.z; hy,h.yi rge-yKi [dTe [;doy' ~r'b.a;l. rm,aYow;

WKBK Chap 22

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hv'd'x] tyriB. hd'Why. tyBe-ta,w.. laer'f.yi tyBe-ta, yTir;k'w. hw'hy.-~aun. ~yaiB'~ymiy' hNehi

hw'hy.-~aun. ~yaiB' ~ymiy' hNehiI have divided this verse into two sections using the ‘regular verb’ as the dividing point. Translation: “Behold, the days are coming says the LORD”. I have placed the definite article initalics because I used it to make good English while it is not in the Hebrew. I did the same with‘says’ for somewhat the same reason. In this section there are two points of interest. The first is the

form ~yaiB' Here we have a verbal form (the verb ab should be obvious enough) but what is the

parsing? Take note that a Masculine Plural ending on a verb of any conjugation will be the clue thatthis is a Participle! So mas. pl. ending on a verb = participle. Therefore we have a Qal Participle M

Pl or ab. Simple enough but what is the subject? For this we must find a Masculine Plural noun.

This is supplied by the preceding word ‘days’.

hv'd'x] tyriB. hd'Why. tyBe-ta,w.. laer'f.yi tyBe-ta, yTir;k'w.

Translation woodenly: “and I will cut/make with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah anew covenant.” Another wooden translation that takes the object markers into consideration wouldbe: “and I will make the house of Israel and the house of Judah a new covenant.” Translation‘cleaned up’: “that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah.”Notice the first word of this section. The Waw conjunction suggests a verb. The parsing of Qal

Perfect 1cs from trk should be routine. Notice that this is a converted form and therefore I

translated this a future. Although the object markers would point to the house of Israel and the houseof Judah as being the object of the verb why did I translate this verse with the ‘new covenant’ asbeing the object of the verb? Would not the Hebrew be otherwise? In the strictest sense this wouldbe true. However, the context of this verse must have ‘the new covenant’ as the ‘direct object’ of theverb and the two ‘houses’ as the ‘indirect object’ of the verb. This is why I have used the word ‘with’in the translation. It makes better sense of the verse AND allows the ‘object marker’ to ‘work’ on

the ‘houses’ as well....they are ‘indirect objects markers Mostly, however, you should have

translated this verse correctly just by ‘feel’. If so .... good! You are on your way.

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rm,aYow; #r,a'h'-l[;w. l[;M;mi ~yim;V'B; ~yhiloa/ ^AmK'-!yae laer'f.yi yheloa/ hw'hy.

~B'li-lk'B. ^yn,p'l. ~ykil.hoh; ^yd,b'[]l; ds,x,h;w. tyriB.h; rmevo. tx;T'm

hw'hy. rm,aYow; itx;T'mi #r,a'h'-l[;w. l[;M;mi ~yim;V'B; ~yhiloa/ ^AmK'-!yae laer'f.yi yheloa/

I have divided this rather large verse into only two sections. This is because (other than the firstword) there is only one verbal form in the whole verse. This makes for a good dividing point. Translation woodenly: “and he said oh LORD God of Israel there is none/not like you oh God in theheavens above and the earth beneath.” Translation ‘cleaned up’: “And he said: ‘Oh LORD God ofIsrael, there is no God like you, in heaven above or on the earth beneath.” Notice in the beginning

of this translation that I did not used the construct chain laer'f.yi yheloa/ hw'hy. ias the subject of

the verb. Grammatically this can ‘work’ since the construct chain is 3ms just like the verb. However,the context of this verse (along with a verb that means ‘to say’) determined that the construct chain

is a part of the address of the verb ‘to say’. The form ^AmK'-!yae may at first provide a little

difficulty. !yae should be easy enough but what of ^AmK'? Obviously there is a pronoun ending. It

should be seen that there is a K on the beginning. whenever you are in doubt of the construction of

a word (noun, verb, or otherwise) and the word begins with a K (or l b) you might want to

consider this the preposition first and a root second. This will assist you in identifying forms in the

future. Having mentioned all this one should remember that the preposition K. uses the Am as the

connecter for endings. But what if you did not remember this?!? What then? You have enough

information to go to a lexicon without knowing what Am is. You have at least K. + an ending. Look

up K.. Go with that! In a lexicon the form with the endings are given. The remainder of this section

should be routine. Just note that ‘above and beneath’ have the m attached. This means ‘from above’

and ‘from beneath’. You can leave the ‘from’ untranslated.

~B'li-lk'B. ^yn,p'l. ~ykil.hoh; ^yd,b'[]l; ds,x,h;w. tyriB.h; rmevo.Translation: “Keeping the Covenant and Loving Kindness with/to your servants that/who walkbefore you in/with all their heart.”

Notice the first word: rmevo This is a Qal Participle. Also note that we have not had a verb or verbal

since the first word. We are due. However, notice how this is used. We are creating an adjectivalphrase to further describe or modify the LORD God of Israel. He is the one ‘who’ keeps.... Thereforethe translation...’keeping... Although there are no object markers, both covenant and loving kindnessare the objects of this participle. Why? Because of context! Although the reminder of this verse is

seems routine, do not over look the form ~ykil.hoh; Notice the definite article and the plural ending.

Your first thought might be that this is a noun from the root %lh This would be true is there was

such a noun and looking up the root in the lexicon would also inform one that this is a verb. Nowthat I know (or discovered) that this is a verb what do I make with the plural ending and the definitearticle? When it comes to verbs ONLY participles can have the (noun or adj) plural endings and thedefinite article! ONLY the participles! In translation I would make a relative clause or phrase. ‘thosewho walk’....

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~l'A[-d[; ^[r.]z;l.W hN'n,T.a, ^l. ha,ro hT'a;-rv,a] #r,a'h'-lK'-ta, yKLook first at this verse. Where would you divide this verse? Is/are there any dividing points (verbs,

conjunctions, prepositions, or the like)? The answer is...none. There really is only one verb i hN'n,T.a,which one might not ‘see’ at first. When translating a verse that does not have the ‘regular’ wordorder consider the order for a moment. We have a conjunction starting the verse followed by the

object marker then the relative rv,a] then a participle (or unknown if you didn’t ‘see’ it) then

preposition with ending and then we get to the verb (or unknown). When you have this you caneither: 1. Just start putting down the Hebrew words you know. Simply just start translating and makesome sense of what you have. Or 2. Break up the verse into ‘really’ small parts so that you can ‘putdown’ the English and keep the Hebrew grammar in mind.

The process might be something like the following: yK (that’s the conjunction ‘because or that)

#r,a'h'-lK'-ta (that’s the object marker that goes with a verb that I hope I find. Translated: ‘all

the earth/land’) ha,ro hT'a;-rv,a] (that’s the relative with ‘you’ and either and unknown or you

may ‘see’ the Qal Participle 3ms from har ‘to see’. The holem on a known root is the clue! If you

could not ‘see’ this as a participle just move on.) ^l. (that’s ‘to you’ but one might not know what

to do with it yet). hN'n,T.a, (this may look like an unknown but look further...notice the ending!

This is a verbal ending! This is therefore a verb! That would mean that the aleph on the front is the

preformative consonant for the Imperfect! This leaves two roots listed as nT The daghesh in the taw

is the clue that something is missing on the front of the root...a Nun! This is from !tn ‘to give)

^[]r.z;l.W (that’s a conjunction with a preposition on a noun with a pronoun ending! Wow! Should

be a routine translation of ‘and to your seed’) ~l'A[-d[; (that’s a routine phrase for ‘forever’....until

forever. Now putting all this together just put your part together and make sense. The translation thenbecomes: “For/because all the land which you see (participle) I will give it to you and your seedforever.” Odd Hebrew word order but easy translation.

WKBK Chap 23

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2 rmoale yT;mia]-!b, hn'Ay-la, hw'hy.-rb;D. yhiy.w; 1yj'p'l. ~t'['r' ht'l.['-yKi h'yl,[' ar'q.W hl'AdG.h; ry[ih' hwen.yni-la, %le ~Wq

Before we begin to consider these passages open you Bible to the texts mentioned and use theEnglish translations to assist as you learn to translate. This can be very helpful and since this is alearning experience use every tool available. Jonah 1:1-2 Now the word of Jehovah came unto Jonah the son of Amittai,saying, Arise, go toNineveh, that great city, and cry againstit; for their wickedness is come up before me.

rmoale yT;mia]-!b, hn'Ay-la, hw'hy.-rb;D. yhiy.w; 1This workbook uses two verses. The first is its own unit and the second verse has two sectionsdivided by the conjunction. Translation: "And this is the Word of the LORD to Jonah the son of Amittai sayings...." Notice there that there is no verb to start the sentence. It starts with a construct chain (two nounsplaced together acting as one unit). Notice also the two names that follow. One great way to knowthat you have a proper name is that the spelling of the name does not fit any known verbal paradigm!Also there will be 'the son of' that precedes this as well. When all else fails and you can't make senseout of the Hebrew...it is most likely a name....look up the verse in English. No shame in that.

hl'AdG.h; ry[ih' hwen.yni-la, %le ~Wq 2Translation: "Arive, go to Nineveh the great city..." There should be no difficulty with Nineveh thegreat city. However, there might be some interest in the first two words. Now, since we are dealingwith the beginning of a verse the first choice is verb or a verbal form. In this case you would be

correct. ~Wq is Qal Imperative. Now what if I thought that this was Qal Perfect? Or Infinitive? Or

for that matter anything else? The clue here if I'm not sure about ~Wq is %le which follows. This

too is Qal Imperative of %lh. Now what if I did get the first imperative and did not get the second?

%le almost looks like a preposition and a suffix. Well try it that way. "Arise to you to Nineveh the

great city.." just does not work. And besides it's wrong. What is the clue then? Verse two starts withan imperative and it is a good guess to think that the next 'unknown' word might be imperative as

well since nothing else seems to fit. You should by now be familiar with this verb %lh as it acts

like a I-Yod verb.

yj'p'l. ~t'['r' ht'l.['-yKi h'yl,[' ar'q.W

Translation: and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me. This section begins with

good Hebrew word order: verb (subject understood) + object. Qal Perfect converted from arqwith the preposition with a pronoun suffix. "cry against it/her"...Now yK. will answer the question

"Why cry against the city?" Here we really start another section with the yK. which starts the word

order over again: verb + object + adverial phrase. Qal Perfect 3fs from hl[ with the h becoming

t before the ending. The subject: h[r evil/wickedness again the h becoming t before the

ending. This section ends with the adverbial phrase "before me" which by now is a vocabulary word.

Page 187 (3) ar'yti alo

~yir'c.mi-lk'l.W h[or.p;l. ^yh,loa/ hw'hy. hf'['-rv,a] tae rKoz.Ti rkoz' ~h,me

Deut 7:18 thou shalt not be afraid of them:thou shalt well remember what Jehovah thy God did untoPharaoh, and unto all Egypt;

tae rKoz.Ti rkoz' ~h,me ar'yti aloSections: there are basically two sections here divided by the rv,a] The first section has two parts:

with two verbs. When translating mark the verbs and the word order. The verse begins with thenegative of a verb + verb (with subject understood) + object (or even and adverbial phrase). The verb

is Qal Imperfedt 2ms from ary But one might say would not that form have the Tsere as the

preformative vowel and be ar'yte This would be a good observation and a correct one. However,

the form is attested with the hireq as well. How does the translator learn of such attested forms?Holladay has a great Shorter Lexicon that will have listings of such attested forms. Notice that the

object ~h,me has some odd things. One would expect an object marker with the suffix. Why the !mi?It seems that the idea is that one should 'not get from them fear'! Then notice that the next little

section has the Qal Imperfect 2ms verb rKoz.Ti and the word before this has the same root. When

this occurs the first of these two words will always be the infinitive absolute of the same conjucation!

Remember this as you learn more conjucations! The last word is this section is tae which looks like

an object marker with the Tsere and not the seghole. This would be correct since the remainder ofthe verse is in fact the object of what you are surely to remember!

~yir'c.mi-lk'l.W h[or.p;l. ^yh,loa/ hw'hy. hf'['-rv,a]After the relative rv,a] we return to regular word order: verb + subject + object ( This is indicated

by the l before both. It is the 'to ....' that indicates an object but still good Hebrew word order. Get

used to this usage of the preposition being used to mark objects as well. ) The verb is Qal Perfect

3ms very easy as is the subject. Keeping in mind that the l is used to mark objects of the verb the

action was 'done' to Pharoah and to all Egypt.

WKBK Ch 24

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hb'Aj hb'yfeB. rbeQ'Ti ~Alv'B. ^yt,boa]-la, aAbT' hT'a;w.Gen 15: 15 And thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age.

Dividing the verse: Look over the verse for conjunctions, preposition, relative pronouns, or verbs.

Notice the verb: rbeQ'Ti therefore that is were one should divide the verse here. Look then for

regular Hebrew word order: verb + subject + object + other modifiers.Translation: Notice the verse begins with the conjunction but it is attached to a non-verb. This willbe done for emphasis! The next word to follow should be a verb and one should expect the natural

word order. In fact this is the case. The next word: aAbT' is in fact a verb (and if there is any

doubt...it must be a verb). Now for the parsing... Qal Imperfect 2ms from aAb The preformative

t is the clue that this is Imperfect and the complete preformative T' along with the A should lead to

the above mentioned parsing. “And you will go!”....where? Is the next question. Although not usingan object marker the Hebrew here uses a preposition (which would be what may follow if an object

is not recorded). ̂ yt,boa]-la, is the preposition with ba ‘father’ and the type 2 ‘plural’ ending 2ms

= “to your fathers” Remember to translation the noun a plural “fathers”! What follows now is thepreposition (another clue that one is working in the first section of this verse). This would be usedadverbially to tell ‘how’ you will go to your fathers.....”In peace”.

Translation: The main/or regular verb rbeQ'Ti begins the next section of this verse. The verb in a

Niphal Imperfect 2ms from rbq With the preformative consonant the clue leads to the Imperfect.

The doubling of the first verbal root and the qamets under that root leads to the Niphal. The Tseremay be considered a clue as well but it is a weak clue as this vowel will change. The Hebrew wordorder will apply again. Only here the subject is in the verb, there is/are not object/s, therefore whatfollows will be used adverbially. Notice the preposition and then the adjective that follows. Theadjective is in the attributive position because both the noun AND the adjective have the definite

article (the preposition being both the preposition and the article). Thus hb'Aj hb'yfeB.communicates ‘how or when’ the subject will be ‘buried....in a good old age” (hbys being ‘grayhair, old age, if the student has not had this word).

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qx'c.yi-ta, lmeG'hi ~AyB. lAdg' hT,v.mi ~h'r'b.a; f[;Y;w; dl,Y,h; lD;g.Yiw;

Gen 21:8 And the child grew, and was weaned: and Abraham made a great feast the same day thatIsaac was weaned.

Dividing the verse: In this verse there are many sections divided by the conjunction. Therefore dividethe verse this way and translate the smaller sections looking for common Hebrew word order. Alsonotice that the end of the verse that the last word

qx'c.yi-ta, has an object marker!? We will discuss this observation when translating that section.

Translation: “And the child grew”. Typical word order: conjunction on a verb + the subject. The verbhere is most definitely an Imperfect because of the preformative consonant. But is this Qal orNiphal? Notice that the first root of the verb is not doubled and has not qamets. Therefore theconjugation is Qal! The following word is the subject. Translation: “and Abraham made a great feast in the day that Isaac was weaned.” Following theconjunction typical word order begins again: verb + subject + object + adverbial information. The

verb f[;Y;w; is a converted Imperfect. The vowel under the conjunction keys to a converted form and

the Yod keys to an Imperfect. Now is this a Qal or Niphal? And what is the root of this verb?Obviously this is Qal because there is not doubling of the first root (or anything other than thepreformative consonant which would be doubled in the converted form) and there is no qamets.

Therefore this is Qal! But the remaining roots are: f[ Where is the missing roots: end, middle, or

beginning? The choice of ‘middle’ is the first to be disregarded because there is no Yod or Waw. Afirst Nun is disregarded because there is no daghesh to signal an assimilated Nun. First Yod may be

a choice but the preformative vowel would be the Tsere as in bveieye The converted form would be

bveieYew; This would leave a final root missing. Here the choices are a or h and the better choice of

these two is always the h which happens to be the correct root. Notice that what follows does not

have an object marker! Regardless of this point what follows is a noun and the ‘makes’ it by defaultthe object of the verb. Therefore Abraham makes a feast (a great feast! The adjective that followsis in the attributive position since neither the noun or the adjective has the definite article.) Noticethat the next word begins with a preposition! This is used to signal an adverbial phrase or clause. Ittells ‘when’ Abraham made the great feast....”in the day that Isaac was weaned”. In the Hebrew that

follows: qx'c.yi-ta, lmeG'hi ~AyB. only lmeG'hi seems to provide any difficulty. What can this

be? Notice that what follows this interesting word is an object maker! This is a clue that ‘whatever’this word is it is formed from a verb. Why? Because verbs and anything else that is created from averb (participles or infinitives for example) can have objects as well as subjects. By looking at thisform it is obvious that this is from the Niphal conjugation. This is because of the doubling of the firstroot and the qamets! But is this Imperative or Infinitive Construct since both are the same in theNiphal? The answer to this question would be...Infinitive construct. Why? 1. This is not the position(word order) for an imperative and 2. The context clearly does not allow for a command at this point.The infinitive construct is the perfect choice for verbal ‘action’ in an adverbial phrase or clause

(which the preposition in ~AyB. keyed that this would be adverbial).

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hB'g.n,w' hn'poc'w. hm'd.qew' hM'y' T'c.r;p'W #r,a'h' rp;[]K; ^[]r.z; hy'h'w.^[,r.z;b.W hm'd'a]h' txoP.v.mi-lK' ^b. Wkr]b.niw.

Gen 28:14 And thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt spread abroad to the west,and to the east, and to the north, and to the south: and in thee and in thy seed shall all the familiesof the earth be blessed.Dividing the verse: This verse is long but with many conjunctions. Divide the verse using theconjunctions.

Translation: “And your seed will be as the dust of the earth” #r,a'h' rp;[]K; ^[]r.z; hy'h'w. Here

we have very simple word order: verb + subject + modifying words. In this case the narrative

converted form of hyh is the verb of this section. The subject is the noun ‘seed’ with the pronoun

suffix followed by the comparative K. which further modifies the subject.

Translation: “and you will spread out to the west, the east, the north and the south” Again theconjunction starts the typical word order with the verb/subject + adverbial information. The verb isPerfect because of the suffix that provides the person and number. But is this Qal or Niphal? Niphalwould have a prefixed Nun and since this form does not have one, therefore the verb is Qal Perfect!

The word that follows: hM'y' may seem odd but notice the directional ‘Ha’ on the end. This

continues as all directions are mentioned. Translation: “and in you and your seed will all the nations of the earth be blessed”. Now this sectionleads to different Hebrew word order than expected! What does this mean? 1. You loose your

concentration. and 2. Look for clues to determine the verb, subject, etc. This section begins ordinary

enough with the verb: Wkr]b.niw... Since the Hebrew consonant that follows the Waw is a Nun some

question arise. Is this Qal/Niphal Imperfect with the preformative Nun? Or is this Niphal Perfectwith the preformative Nun? If this is Qal Imperfect with the 1cp Nun then the vowel at the end of

the word does not match for Qal Perfect form. The W ending is used with the Imperfect of both the

Qal and Niphal but with preformatives of t and y not n. This reduces the choices to Niphal Perfect

because only this parsing has the Nun preformative and the W ending. This all comes from the root

%rb. But the next word is ̂ b. which is easily noticed to be the preposition with the pronoun suffix.

This can not be the subject but some adverbial modifier. Notice also that this section ends with the

same preposition attached to a familiar word ̂ [,r.z;b.W this too is part of a prepositional phrase. So

what is the subject of this verb? The person and number of the Niphal Perfect form would be 1cptherefore the subject must be the same. This leads to the conclusion that the subject must be found

in the construct chain modified by ‘all’: hm'd'a]h' txoP.v.mi-lK'. The Hebrew here is simple enough

as ‘all the nations/tribes of the earth’. But how is it used? Again by default this construct chain(which acts as a single noun) with modifier is the subject! It is plural and so is the verb! Placing theEnglish translation into better Hebrew word order the translation would read: “and all thenations/tribes of the earth will be blessed in/by you and your seed.” So why not just put the Hebrew

is the word order of this English translation? Emphasis!

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WxK.v.Ti-!P, ~k,l' Wrm.V'hils,P, ~k,l' ~t,yfi[]w; ~k,M'[i tr;K' rv,a] ~k,yheloa/ hw'hy. tyriB.-ta,

Deut 4:23 Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which hemade with you, and make you a graven image.

Dividing the verse: This verse begins with a verbal form. The next divider is the !P, ‘lest’ followed

by rv,a] before one finds a typical conjunction to divide the verse.

Translation: “take heed/keep guard to yourself” ~k,l' Wrm.V'hi The first word is a verbal of some

kind..it must be! But what is the form? The next word is obviously the preposition and the 2mpsuffix. This is a clue to the verb! Notice in the verb’s form the doubling of the first root, the qamets,

AND the preformative h. Sure signs that we are working with a Niphal. But a Niphal what since this

could be Imperative or Infinitive Construct. Three clues are present that suggest the Imperative: 1.This is the beginning of the sentence and that is where you should find imperatives rather than

infinitives. 2. The ~k,l' that follows is 2mp which would best follow an imperative rather than an

infinitive. 3. The context of this verse. What is the author trying to say!Translation: “lest you forget the covenant of the LORD our God”. This section is typical Hebrewword order and only the first word, the verbal, is of interest. When the ‘divider’ is removed the

following form remains: WxK.v.Ti Is this Qal, Niphal, Perfect, or Imperfect? Perfect is ruled out

because at this point there is no preformative t in any conjugation. Further observation concludes

that this is Qal because there is no doubling of the first root and no qamets! Therefore this is Qal

Imperfect 2mp from rmv.

Translation: “which the LORD made with you” ~k,M'[i tr;K' rv,a] The relative pronoun starts

this section and there is typical Hebrew word order. The subject I have supplies in italics because

the context of the verse dictated this. Following rv,a] the student should expect a verb. The form

is Qal Perfect 3ms from trk This should have been a routine parsing. The next word would be the

object of the verb or an adverb of some kind. Here ~k,M'[i “with you” is used as the indirect

object of the verb. Translation: “and make for yourself graven images” Notice that this section starts with a verb with

the conjunction. ls,P, ~k,l' ~t,yfi[]w; The verb is Perfect because of the suffix that provides the

person and number. Notice no Nun so therefore the form must be Qal. Once the suffix is removed

and the conjunction the following remains: yf[ The Yod is the clue that the from is hf[ the h

going to y before the suffix. This is a common occurrence.

WKBK Chap 25

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bqo[]y;l.W qx'c.yil. ~h'r'b.a;l. yTi[.B;v.ni rv,a] #r,a,h' tazo wyl'ae hw'hy. rm,aYow; Deut 34:4 And Jehovah said unto him, Thisis the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, andunto Jacob...

Dividing the verse: this verse divides with the rv,a].Translation: "And the LORD said to him this is the land...." This section has typical Hebrew word

order of verb, subject, object (indirect here). In this section: #r,a,h' tazo wyl'ae hw'hy. rm,aYow;Here the verb, Qal Imperfect converted form from rma should be routine. In fact this whole section

should be routine. But just before mentioning the next section consider the use of rv,a]. This is the

relative pronoun that will begin an adjectival clause that will modify 'this land'. What follows is adiscription or modification of the land mentioned in the first section.

Translation: "which I swore to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." After the rv,a] Hebrew word order

begins again. This time with the verb (and subject together) along with the indirect objects (this is

indicated by the use of the preposition l which is used often to 'point' to the indirect object of the

verb). In this section it is the verbal form that provides interest. Notice the form: yTi[.B;v.ni the yTiending is 3ms of the Perfect for ALL conjugations! Thus, counting from the 'end' of the word this

would mean that [bv are most likely roots which leaves the ni. This is the 'key' to the Niphal Perfect

therefore this is Niphal Perfect 3ms from [bv. Consider finding the parsing and root etc. by

following the method discribed below: 1. Look to the 'end' of the verb to determine if there is a Perfect person and number ending. If so thanthe verb is Perfect. 2. If there are Perfect endings then look to the 'front' of the verb for 'clues' to the conjugation. The

Qal will have no preformatives and the Niphal will have the n.3. If there are no Perfect person and number endings than look to the 'front' of the verb. Is there a

preformative consonant? That would be either y t a n h If there are no Perfect endings and one

of the above preformatives that the verbal item is either an Imperfect of some conjugation since theywill all use the same preformatives. Look next for the 'clues' as to which conjugation. The Qal simplyhas the hireq as the preformative syllable vowel. The Niphal will also have the hireq but will doublethe first root and place a qamets under it. The only other alternatives for other than Imperfect would

be if the preformative is the h. At this point this would mean a Niphal Imperfect or Infinitive.

4. What if the verbal has not Perfect endings or Imperfect preformatives? Then look for participleendings!

Parsing is a process of allimination should the student not 'see' the parsing from the start. Learn thismethod. The more you use it the faster you will be able to parse and be correct.

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wyl'ae ha,r.Nih; hw'hyl; x;Bez.mi ~v' !b,Yiw; taZoh; #r,a''-ta, !Tea, ^[]r.z;l. rm,aYow;~r'b.a;-la, hw'hy. ar'Yew;

Gen 12:7 And Jehovahappeared unto Abram, and said, Unto thy seed will I give this land: andtherebuilded he an altar unto Jehovah, who appeared unto him. Dividing the verse: This verse divides well with the conjunctions. Once divided expect the Hebrewword order to start over. Just remember with verbs that 'speak' (so and so 'said') expect another verbto follow within your division. Also expect that when that 'second' verb is found that typical wordorder should follow. If not, it is done for some form of emphasis.

Translations: "And the LORD appeared to Abraham..." ~r'b.a;-la, hw'hy. ar'Yew;The word order is expected: verb + subject + object (Remember prepositions that translate 'to' markindirect objects and object will follow the subject.) In this section it is the verb that is of interest. Thetext provides a footnote stating that this means 'he appeared'. However, let us examine this formusing the above mentioned method: 1. Any Perfect endings? No. 2. Any Imperfect preformatives? Maybe.

A. If this is a preformative than two of the roots are arB. If this is a preformative could the qamets under the 'first' root indicate the Niphal since the

r can not be doubled. This would also lengthen the hireq of the preformative to a Tsere too!?

Maybe....

C. Could this be the Qal form of the I - Yod verb ary. The Tsere under the Yod conforms

with the Qal Imperfect. Maybe?!D. If "A" above is correct AND the two roots proposed are correct, what would be the third

root? The choices are: End, Middle, or Beginning. We will consider these is reverse order.1. Beginning: If the Tsere under the Yod is correct for the I - Yod Qal Imperfect the

qamets under the Resh is not! There is also no daghesh to indicate an assimilated Nun. Options hereare thin at best.

2. Middle: Definately not! There is no y or w to be found!

3. End: If there is a missing root on the end the h is the first choice. This would

mean that the h has dropped of (for whatever reason...just follow along). This would also mean

that the qamets under the Resh could point toward a Niphal Imperfect. That would mean that theexpected hireq under the preformative would undergo compensitory lengthening. Following this line

of thought the parsing could be Niphal Imperfect 3ms from har. Now turn to page 466 in the text.

There you will find that har means 'to see' and in the Niphal is means 'to appear'.

Now this was a 'long' process but I examined all the options to train you to use this method. Thebetter you know your conjugation forms, keep up your vocabulary, and use this method the fasterand more accurate will be your parsing and translation.Translation woodenly: "and said to your seed I will give this land". A better English would changethe word order a bit. Notice that after the 'to speak' verb one should expect typical Hebrew word

order. However, this is not the case! The l indicates the indirect object. The verb/subject follows

with the object marker next...all typical. Therefore this was done for the reason of emphasis. In this

section again it is the verb that is of interest. What is !Tea,?

1. Any Perfect endings? No.

2. Any Imperfect beginnings? Maybe but that leaves !Te Any clues here? Yes the daghesh could

mean a Nun as assimilated. If this is true AND the aleph was a preformative the root would be !tn.But what about the conjugation? Is this Qal or Niphal? It could not be Niphal because the Nun doesnot assimilate in the Imperfect (is does in the Perfect). Therefore this verb is Qal Imperfect 3ms from

!tn

WKBK Chapter 26 Page 213 (3)

%l,M,h;-~[i ~yhloa/h' tybeB. tyriB. lh'Q'h;-lK' trok.Yiw;

dywid' yneB.-l[; hw'hy. rB,Di rv,a]K; %lom.yi %l,M,h;-!b, hNehi ~h,l' rm,aYow; 2 Chron 23:3 And all the assembly made a covenant with the king in the house of God. And he said unto them, Behold, the king's son shall reign, as Jehovah hath spoken concerning the sons of David. Dividing this verse: This verse divides tyically with the conjunction attached to the verb rm,aYow; and the rv,a]K; Translation: %l,M,h;-~[i ~yhloa/h' tybeB. tyriB. lh'Q'h;-lK' trok.Yiw; Notice that this section is very typical Hebrew word order: verb + subject + object (direct object) + object (indirect object). The verb trok.Yiw is Imperfect because of the preformative consonant just before the roots. It is Qal because of the "o" vowel attached to the second root. This is not Niphal because the first root is not doubled and there is no qamets under the first root. This is not Piel because the second root is not doubled (now you can't double the Resh but there is no compensitory lengthening under the first root either) and there is no shewa under the preformative consonant. Do not be fooled. What follows must be the subject of the verb. Thus "all the congregation" is the subject. Now notice the vowel pointing: tyriB. lh'Q'h;-lK' of the second word here. We have 'all' + 'congregation' + 'covenant'. Why would this not be construct chain translated: "all the congregation of the covenant"? After all we have two nouns placed together which creates a construct chain! Notice the vowel pointing of the last syllable of "congregation" lh'Q'h If this was a construct chain

the last syllable would have lost its accent and the qamets would be a pathach! lh;Q'h;. For the most part most students will 'know' via the context that 'covenant' tyriB. is the object of the verb. The next two words that follow are part of a prepositional phrase which is begun with the B. This is used adverbially to state 'where' the action of the verb took place..."in the house of God". The next two words that follow form another prepositional phrase which begins with ~[i "with" which tells 'with whom' the covenant is made. Translation: %lom.yi %l,M,h;-!b, hNehi ~h,l' rm,aYow;

Notice that this section begins with the verb rm,aYow; which means not only with there be >something said= but there will also be another verb in this section. The first two words of this section are typical Hebrew: verb/subject + object (indirect object) AAnd he said to them. Next follows what was spoken. Here notice the hNeh which indicates emphasis. This being

the case look for the verb to be in a different then normal location. In this case it is the last word of this section. The verb is %lom.yi which is Imperfect because of the preformative consonant and not Niphal because the first root is not doubled with the qamets and is not Piel because the second root is not doubled and the preformative vowel is not a shewa. Therefore this is Qal Imperfect 3ms! But what to do with %l,M,h;-!b, ? Is this the subject of the verb or the object....@the son of the king will rule@ or Ahe will rule the son of the king@? The context of the verse will surely assist in the dicision. But when there is a point of emphasis as there is here, look for the subject to precede the verb. The translation then is Aand he said to them: >the son of the king will rule=.

Translation: dywid' yneB.-l[; hw'hy. rB,Di rv,a]K; Once rv,a]K; is translated: according to, because, as, etc. look to have the typical Hebrew word order. Here you have it as verb + subject + prepositional phrase. This is to be expected. The subject is easy translation. The verb is obviously a Perfect but what conjugation? There is no preformative thus this is not a Niphal or for that matter an Imperfect. The second root is doubled with a hireq under the first root. These are clearly the markings of the Piel Perfect 3ms. The seghole under the Beth...expect that for this verb rather than the expected Tsere. The remainder of this section begins with the preposition and the nouns (construct chain) that follow. Awhich/according to, as the LORD spoke concern/about the sons of David.@ Page 213 (5)

!roh]a; aloh] rm,aYow; hv,moB. hw'hy. @a;-rx;Yiw; ^t,ar'q.li aceyo aWh-hNehi ~g;w. aWh rBed;y. rBed;-yKi yTi[.d;y' ywiLeh; ^yxia'

Ex 4:14And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee. Dividing the verse: This verse divides with the Waw of rm,aYow; the yK and finally with the

Waw of ~g;w.. In each of these sections look for typical Hebrew word order. When they typical is not found ask why? Translation: hv,moB. hw'hy. @a;-rx;Yiw; The begins with typical word order: verb + subject (a construct chain = two nouns placed together and considered grammatically as one) + object (indirect object with the preposition). The point of interest in this section is the verb: rx;Yiw; This will be Imperfect

because of the preformative (and the iw; which is used to >convert= the Imperfect). This will

leave the roots: rx Consider at this point continuing the parsing of the conjugation. Thus far the choices are Qal, Niphal, and Piel. With the root form begin to eliminate the choices

by looking for conjugation distinctive. Would this be Niphal Imperfect? No, even though there are only two roots at this point there is not doubling of any root and not qamets. Could this be Piel? No, again there is not doubling of any root (let alone a second root) and the preformative vowel is not a shewa. Therefore this must be a Qal Imperfect form. Most likely the person and number will be 3ms as well. Now back to the roots....with only two the choices are >ending=, >middle=, or >beginning=. Let=s consider them in reverse order. Consider the beginning and look for a clue for a Nun or Yod...there are none...no daghesh (Nun) and no Tsere under the preformative (Yod). Consider the middle and look for a Yod or a Waw for the Hollow forms. Again there are none to be found. Therefore the >missing= root is at the end of the verb. Here the first choice should always be the h This would be the form for the

verb hrx which means Ato kindle@. For those with a good vocabulary there is also another

>hint= that hrx iis the verb. This clue is @a This word is often used with hrx as >anger is kindled= is a Hebrew phrase. The translation then is: AAnd the anger of the LORD was kindled against (no >in=) Moses. Translation: yTi[.d;y' ywiLeh; ^yxia !roh]a; aloh] rm,aYow; Notice first that this section begins with the verb: >to speak or said=. This will mean that this section will have another verb and often will not follow typical word order because it will >say= what is >said=. This section translates woodenly as Aand he said: is not Aaron your brother the Levite did you know.@ The verb is an easy Qal Perfect 1cs from [dy >to know=. But in translation notice how awkward the transliteration of the Hebrew to English equivalent seems. This is when the translator must put in English >what is trying to be communicated= in the Hebrew. Thus a better English translation would be: Aand he said: isn=t Aaron your brother a Levite@ or Aand he said: don=t you know that Aaron your brother is a Levite@. Notice that each of these translations has a slightly different nuance. This is the art of translation.

Translation: aWh rBed;y. rBed;-yKi Notice first that there are two verbal forms! This will mean that the first of the two will be an Infinitive Absolute. Now here is a clue to remember: the Infinitive Absolute will almost always be from the same conjugation as the main verb that follows. Therefore parse one form and you have the conjugation of the other! This being the case the main verb should be easier to parse. The form rBed;y.. has the shewa as the preformative vowel, a doubling of the second root, and the pathach under the first root. These are the distinctives of the Piel Imperfect! Therefore the first verbal form rBed most be the Piel Infinitive Absolute! Now to the translation which woodenly is Abecause speak he will speak he@. What is the Hebrew trying to say? Well the key is in the use of the Infinitive Absolute which is used to intensify the meaning of the main verb. The subject (which follows the main verb) is the pronoun aWh which is not even needed but is used again for emphasis. So in English communicate all that emphasis: Abecause surely he speaks well!@ or Abecause he is a great speaker@. Translation: ^t,ar'q.li aceyo aWh-hNehi ~g;w. This section begins with no verb.

Therefore the emphasis continues. The verb >to be= is actually understood as the translation develops. Aand also behold he comes to meet you@. Notice the use of the form aceyo which is a Qal Participle (not Niphal because no Nun and not Piel because no Min).

Notice next the last word of this section: ̂ t,ar'q.li Start to >pull= this word >apart=. The l is the preposition, the ̂ is the suffix and the student should notice the arq from the verb

>to meet=. But what if the t remains as an unknown? One can still parse by asking what form is to be expected at this point in Hebrew word order. Although there is no main verb there is a participle and what would follow a participle? The subject or object or some adverbial phrase would be expected. Here the l is the clue that this is an adverbial phrase of some sort and the clue that this is an infinitive construct! Why? Because prepositions attach to infinitive constructs...it=s that simple! Also note that the infinitive construct will almost always follow the conjugation of the participle. Therefore if the participle is Qal the Infinitive Construct is Qal. Therefore the word is parsed AND the t (which happens to be

part of the Qal Infinitive Construct form for arq) remained an >unaccounted for= consonant!

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~k,yheloa/ hw'hy. hW'ci rf,a]K; tAf[]l; ~T,r.m;v.Wlamof.W !ymiy' Wrsut' alo ~k,ta,

Duet 5:32 Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath commanded you: ye shallnot turn aside to the right hand or to the left.

Dividing the verse: Since this verse does not have conjunctions for easy division, look for words like

rf,a]K and main verbs which can easily be found with their negatives like al.

Translation: Notice first that the verb begins the verse and the next word has the l. This will mean

that the l will signal the object of the verb. Remember, however, that the l attaches to verbals as

well as nouns. Here the verb is Qal Perfect 2mp and what follows must be a noun or an infinitive.

In this case it is the infinitive. The tA ending on a root that vocabulary assists (hf[) gives this

parsing: Qal Infinitive Construct. “You will observe to do....”

Translation: Question: What are they ‘to do’? “according to/as the LORD your God commandsyou...” Just following the ‘divider’ is the main verb. Why? Because that is where it should be unlessthere is some emphasis. The verb is not an infinitive because this is not where they will be found.I is not Imperfect because there is not preformative consonant. Therefore, it is Perfect. It is notNiphal because there is no preformative Nun. This is not Qal because the vowel pointing is incorrect.This must, therefore be either a Piel or a Pual verb. The second root is doubled and the first vowelis the Hireq “I”. Therefore this is Piel!.

Translation: lamof.W !ymiy' Wrsut' alo Notice the negative alo this will mean that a main verb

follows. Examine the verb: Wrsut' This form is an Imperfect because of the preformative Taw

(notice this is not a Perfect because the vowel pointing is incorrect for any conjunction you know...orexists). Notice the preformative consonant and the Qubbits. This is the key for a Hollow Qal

Imperfect. Why? The Qubbits is another way of writting W and the Qamets is the vowel for Hollow

Qal Imperfect! “You will not turn to the right or the left.” Just a quick note about lamof.W !ymiy'they are most always together with verbs that require movement.

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^l. bj;yyi ![;m;l. ^W,c;m. ykinoa' rv,a] hL,aeh' ~yrib'D.h;-lK' tae T'[.m;v'w. rmov.

^yh,lya/ hw'hy. yney[eB. rvY'h;w. bAJh; hf.[]t; yKi ~l'A[-d[; ^yr,x]a; ^yn,b'l.W

Deut 12:28 Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well withthee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest that which is good and right in thesight of the LORD thy God.

Dividing the verse: Notice there are a few conjunctions but notice the following: rv,a ![;m;l.yK these are words that divide the verse.

Translation: hL,aeh' ~yrib'D.h;-lK' tae T'[.m;v'w. rmov This begins with a verb as expected

and the form looks like either a Qal Imperative or Infinitive Construct. The verb must beImperative because it starts the sentence. The next word has a conjunction and will mean that ittoo is a verb. Notice that it is a Perfect because of the ending (person and number) and is Qalbecause there is no Nun for the Niphal and no doubling of the second root for the Piel or Pual.Next comes the object marker and the object. “Observe/pay attention and hear all these words...”Notice the sequence of the verbs; Imperative + Perfect with both being translated as Imperative.This is a Hebrew grammar sequence and look for it in the future.

Translation: ^W,c;m. ykinoa' rv,a This section actually is used as an adjective clause to modidy

‘these words’. “which I commaned you”. Here the verb is the last word because of emphasis and

one should notice the suffix. Also notice the m. which directs attention to the Participle of Piel or

Pual. The second consonant is doubled and the Pathach under the first root points to Piel. With a

suffix and a missing root, the third root of h should be the choice. Thus the root is hw[.

Translation: ~l'A[-d[; ^yr,x]a; ^yn,b'l.W ^l. bj;yyi ![;m;l. Notice this begins with

![;m;l which means “because/so that/that”. Such a word means that a new section will begin

and as such look for a main verb. This verb is bj;yyi This form is Imperfect because of the

preformative and is not Niphal because the first root is not doubled, is not Piel or Pual because

the second root is not doubled. Therefore, this is Qal. As such this is a Qal Imperfect from bjy.The rest of this section has the l with shows the indirect objects of the verb. “that it may go well

with you and your sons after you ^yr,x]a for ever”.

Translation: ^yh,lya/ hw'hy. yney[eB. rvY'h;w. bAJh; hf.[]t; yKi The yKi starts the ‘if or

that’ clause which is common in Hebrew. Next will follow the main verb: hf.[]t; This is an

Imperfect and is Qal because there is no doubling of the first or second roots. Parsing can be justthat short! Next even without the object marker is the object...the ‘what you will do’. “The good

and the right”. The preposition B. starts the adverbial phrase “in the eyes of the LORD your

God.”

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![;m;l. tAf[]l; !Wrm.v.Ti ~AYh; ^W.c;m. ykinoa' rv,a] hw'c.Mih;-lK~k,yteboa]l; hw'hy. [B;v.ni-rv,a] #r,a'h'-ta, ~T,v.riywi ~t,ab'W ~t,ybir.W !Wyx.Ti

Deut 8:1 All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye observe to do, that yemay live, and multiply, and go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers.

Dividing the verse: Let’s not divide this verse and just start at the beginning.

Translation: “All the commandments” hw'c.Mih is not a verb because it is attached to the ;-lK“which I command you this day” Here we have the Piel Participle with the suffix. The form

^W.c;m. has the second root doubled and the m. for the Piel Participle. “You will observe to

do” Two verbals are here a Qal Imperfect and a Qal Infinitive Construct. All very nice Hebrew.

“That you may live” The form is !Wyx.Ti Has a Nun on the end which you will be from time to

time....get used to it! This is a Qal Imperfect. There is a preformative consonant and nodoubling....therefore Qal...that simple. “You may multiply, go in and possess the land which Iswore to your fathers.” Notice that you have four verbs in a row AND that they are all QalPerfect and translated as future (converted). In the future when the verbs are ‘all in a line’ like

this you will most likely have the same conjugation. Finally after the rv,a] is the final verb

which is Niphal Perfect even though the form looks like it could be Qal Imperfect. So why go tothe Niphal so fast? Because the subject that follows is 3ms and with this person and number wewill have a Niphal Perfect because that will be the person and number of the form. Sometimesyou have to let the context do the parsing.

WKBK Chaper 28

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%l,m,W~ydg'B. ~yviB'lum. Aas.Ki-l[; vyai ~ybiv.Ay hd'Why.-%l,m, jp'v'Ahywi la,r'f.yi~h,ynep.li ~yaiB.n;t.mi ~yaiybiN.h;-l;k'w. !Arm.vo r[;v; xt;P, !r,goB. ~ybivyow.

2 Chron 18:9Now the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah sat each on his throne,arrayed in their robes, and they were sitting in an open place at the entrance of the gate of Samaria;and all the prophets were prophesying before them

Dividing this verse: This is a long verse and there seems to me only the Waw conjunctions to dividethis verse. As such, just start at the begining and translate until you reach the first conjunction thenmove on to the next one.

Translation jp'v'Ahywi la,r'f.yi %l,m,W: ~ydg'B. ~yviB'lum. Aas.Ki-l[; vyai ~ybiv.Ay hd'Why.-%l,m,

Here there is a long 'stretch' of words that do not contain a verb. In this case you should expect tofind nouns and the subject of a latter verb or verbal form. "And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphatking of Judah..." Now we come to the verbal. How does one know that this is a verbal form?Answer: it is not a noun! The sequence will be nouns until the subject is complete and then there will

be found the verb or verbal form that the preceding is the subject. The form ~ybiv.Ay is not a noun

and is therefore formed from a verb. Is this a main verb? Looking at this form the masculine plural

ending is noticed (now this could make one think that this is another noun!) But the begining Aypoints in the direction of a participle. And in this case a Qal participle. Don't let the 'long O' A fool

you. The form ~ybiv.yo might have been easier to 'see'. Continuing...all the above were "sitting, each

man, upon his throne..." Now comes another form that is not a noun: ~yviB'lum.

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rtow. vL'vum. lyia;w. tv,L,vum, z[ew. tv,L,vum. hl'f.[, yli hx'q. wyl'a rm,aYow lz'Agw.;e

Gen 15:9 And he said unto him, Take me a heifer three years old, and ashe-goat three years old, anda ram three years old, and a turtle-dove,and a young pigeon.

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~yrib'D.B; !beh' tAdmux]-vyai laYeniD' yl;ae rm,aYow;^yl,ae yTix,L;vu hT'[; yKi ^d,m.['-l[; dmo[]w; ^yl,ae rbedo ykinoa] rv,a]

Dan 10:11 And he said unto me, O Daniel, thou man greatly beloved,understand the words that Ispeak unto thee, and stand upright; forunto thee am I now sent. And when he had spoken this wordunto me, Istood trembling.

WKBK Chap 29

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~yim'V'h'-lK' tx;T;-rv,a] ~yrih'h,-lK' WSkuy.w; #r.a'h'-l[; daom. Wrb.G' ~yiM;h;wGen 7:19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; andall the high mountains that wereunder the whole heaven were covered.

Dividing the verse: Here the conjunction makes for a good dividing point.

Translation: #r.a'h'-l[; daom. Wrb.G' ~yiM;h;w "and the waters swelled greatly over the earth".

Notice here that the verse begins with a noun which is the subject of the verb. Since this is irregularthis must have been written this way for emphasis. This emphasis motif is continued with the word

daom. which is also used for emphasis. As for translation the nouns, adj, and prepositions are easy

to translate. Let's look at the verbal form: Wrb.G' Without much effort this form is concluded to be

Qal Perfect from rbg.

Translation: ~yim'V'h'-lK' tx;T;-rv,a] ~yrih'h,-lK' WSkuy.w; "and all the mountains which are

under all the heavens were covered." Notice that is Hebrew the verb comes first. Next comes the

subject and then following the rv,a] a phrase that is used to modify the subject. Therefore this makes

for verb good Hebrew word order. Only the verbal form: WSkuy.w; carries interest. This must be an

Imperfect because of the preformative Yod. There is a shewa under the Yod and a doubling of whatcould be a second root. This leads to either a Piel or Pual conjugation. Under what apprears to be thefirst root of this verb is a qibbuts which points to the Pual Imperfect. This with the ending providesa 1cp person and number. The only point now is the full root. Notice that when the preformative and

the suffix are removed that only sk remains.