sustainable groundwater irrigation ......sector/'local' authority/rural community run...

SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER IRRIGATIONTECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT WITHIN ANDBETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATESECTORS

Guidelines of good practice, based on the experiencesof Bangladesh and Pakistan

Principal author: David Sutherland [[email protected]]Project manager: Peter Howsam [[email protected]]

REFERENCE MANUALINTRODUCTION

Findings of DFID funded research project (R6877) on ‘Technology Transfer andSustainable Rural Development’ to develop guidelines of good practice for (a)

technology transfer in relation to the full or partial transfer of tubewell irrigation fromthe public to the private sector, and (b) associated rural development, 1997-1999.

REFERENCE MANUAL - INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................................3

2. GUIDELINES’ RATIONALE.......................................................................................................................................................5

3. GUIDELINES' STRUCTURE......................................................................................................................................................6

4. GUIDELINES’ APPROACH.......................................................................................................................................................6

4.1 FEASIBILITY.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2 AFFORDABILITY ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.3 MANAGEABILITY..................................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.4 ASSOCIATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS................................................................................................................ 8

5. GUIDELINES’ TARGET AUDIENCE.........................................................................................................................................8

TABLE OF BOXES

BOX 1: STRUCTURE AND APPROACH OF RESEARCH PROJECT IN SUPPORT OF GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT ................... 3

BOX 2: CONTINUUM OF POSSIBILITIES FOR IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT TRANSFER .......................................................... 4

BOX 3: STRUCTURE OF THE GUIDELINES.................................................................................................................................... 6

BOX 4: RURAL DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH SUCCESSFUL GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION ..................... 8

BOX 5: INTENDED DISSEMINATION STRUCTURE FOR REFERENCE MANUAL AND GUIDELINES......................................... 9

Reference - Introduction

Intro 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Grateful thanks are due to many people within Bangladesh and Pakistan who have helped in the development of

these guidelines. Given the broad nature of this project and the amount of time spent in-country, there are too many to

name but their assistance and friendship is acknowledged and remembered.

In particular, thanks are due to Dr. Asaduzzaman in Bangladesh and Dr. Tahir Qazi from IWASRI in Pakistan for their

support, friendship and insight.

Within Bangladesh, gratitude is extended to the following for their advice and enthusiasm in support of this

project:

- the staff of the Barind Multi-purpose Development Authority, Rajshahi;

- Md. Shah Alam and the staff of the Grameen Krishi Foundation;

- Md. Aftab Alam Ansari and the staff of the North Bengal Tubewell Project;

- Md. Matin and his team at the Rural Development Academy in Bogra;

- Dr. Sattar Mandal and Dr. W.M.H. Jaim and the staff of the Bangladesh Agricultural

University;

- Malcolm Wallace and the staff of the National Minor Irrigation Development Project.

Thanks also go to Martin Gilham, Peter Ravenscroft and the staff of Mott MacDonalds Bangladesh for

their administrative support and practical advice, Ed Mallorie for wise words, Chris Finney at the National

Water Management Plan, Allen Armstrong at RDRS, Dr. Hakim at PKSF, and Santosh Sarkar at

Proshika. Much gratitude is due to Md. Mahbubul Alam and Md. Mostafisur Rahman for their wonderful

work in carrying the bulk of the questionnaire survey, whose application, commitment and enthusiasm were

much appreciated.

Within Pakistan, particular gratitude goes to Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Bhutta, Dr. Abid Bodla, Javed

Sultan, and Md. Javed at IWASRI for their friendly and efficient administrative and technical support, and

thanks also go to the following for their advice and enthusiasm in support of this project:

- Dr. Shahid Ahmad, Director, Water Resources Research Institute;

- Dr. Ahmed Khan Bhatti, Project Manager, National Drainage Programme;

- Dr. Thomas Kajer and the staff of the Punjab Private Sector Groundwater Development

Project;


Intro 2

- Jim Hamilton and Dr. Iqbal Chowdhury at the PPSGDP Project Impact Evaluation Survey

- Alex Hamming and Abdul Wahid at the Balochistan Community Irrigation and Agriculture

Project

- the Directorate of Agricultural Extension for carrying out the questionnaire survey;

- the staff of the National Rural Support Programme;

- Guy Jones, Md. Junejo and Dr. Qureshi from the Drainage Advisory Service of the Left Bank

Outfall Drain project in Sindh.

Thanks are also due to Frank van Steenbergen for his valuable advice and to Jan Knops for his constant

advice and friendship.

In the UK, the advice and support from Dr. Mary Tiffen is particularly appreciated.

Finally and most importantly, the co-operation, insight and help from, farmers, well owners, well operators

and extension field staff is acknowledged and very much appreciated.


Intro 3

1. INTRODUCTION

These guidelines have been prepared in fulfilment of a UK Department for

International Development (DFID) research project (R6877) based in the UK,

Bangladesh and Pakistan.

The Goal of the project is the "improved availability of water for sustainable food

production and rural development". The Purpose of the project is "To facilitate the

optimisation of technology transfer, community involvement and beneficial rural

development in the transition from public sector/central government to private

sector/'local' authority/rural community run tubewell irrigation". The structure and

approach of the project is summarised in Box 1. Evaluation has been carried out on

a sector by sector basis, from technology, economic and management perspectives.

The most important indicators of success in the context of this project were seen to

be equity, reliability and cost-effectiveness and for these, plus others, key enabling

and constraining factors were identified for different types of scheme. These

guidelines of good practice are the result.

Box 1: Structure and approach of research project in support of guideline development

DFID Project 6877PROJECT STRUCTURE

Continuumof management

Possibilities

EVALUATION GUIDELINES

Total publicownership andmanagement

Total privateownership andmanagement

Evaluationperspectives

Technology

Economic

Management

Goodpractice -technology

options

Criteria forindicators of

success

Productivity

Equity

Convenience

Reliability

Cost-effectiveness

Causesand links

Keyenabling andconstrainingfactors

Scheme typology

Location specific General

Options

Scheme evaluation and guideline development


Intro 4

The guidelinesconcentrate on ways inwhich the chances ofprofitable, sustainableand beneficialgroundwater irrigationmanagement may beincreased.

These guidelines draw primarily from experiences in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

They result from literature surveys and from interviews, field visits and

questionnaire surveys. A large range of wells have been looked at, from those still

under complete government ownership and management to those totally developed,

owned and managed under the private sector. In addition, information has been

used from other countries in South-East Asia, primarily India, where appropriate to

this study.

Whilst the guidelines cover issues directly relating to the transfer of technology

along the management continuum from public to private ownership, the main thrust

of the guidelines is to suggest ways in which the chances of profitable, sustainable

and beneficial groundwater irrigation management may be increased. The

management continuum (see Box 2) is based on Turral's continuum (1995).

Box 2: Continuum of possibilities for irrigation management transfer

Fully subsidised state-run and state-provided systems plus/minus farmer involvementin management decisions *

âFull state responsibility, paid for by farmers *

âLocalised management with full farmer responsibility for O&M *

âParticipatory management at local and higher levels, full payment of O&M *

âJoint management - full payment of O&M plus/minus capital depreciation

âFully privatised operation by farmers or by farmer-paid contractors plus/minus capital

payment of depreciation *â

Privatised management and ownership plus/minus state subsidies *â

Divestment by sale to shareholders or by competitive tender *

(* - indicates management possibilities covered by this survey)

For groundwater

irrigation to succeed in

the private sector it must

be profitable.

For transferred groundwater irrigation to succeed in the private sector it needs to be

profitable. To reduce the burden of subsidies, direct or indirect (e.g. through lack of

rigour in collecting electricity bills), technical, management and financial

performance needs to be improved. There are many cases in both countries where

groundwater irrigation under government ownership and management has

historically been heavily subsidised and this situation is not sustainable in the current

economic climate. There are also many cases where wells, which have been

unprofitable in the private sector, have simply ceased to be operated. In addition to


Intro 5

profitability there has been much evidence during the project of inefficiencies within

the groundwater irrigation sector. Improving the efficiencies (both in terms of

pump/well performance and water delivered to the field) will increase the

profitability of irrigation but will also help to conserve water and energy, both

important finite resources.

2. GUIDELINES’ RATIONALE

The research for these guidelines has identified that the largest areas for

potential improvement are in the technical and economic aspects of shallow

tubewell (STW) technology and the management aspects of deep tubewell

(DTW) technology. The emphasis of the guidelines is therefore on these

aspects.

DTWs need much larger command areas than STWs, and in countries like

Bangladesh, where the average farm is very small (approx. 0.5 acre), this implies a

large number of farmers will be served. In Pakistan, with its larger average farm

size (approx. 5 acres), the number served will be smaller, but even there, it may well

exceed 20. Group management, when the group consists of more than 20 members,

is inherently more difficult than management by small groups. Because of the

practical difficulties, high transaction costs for the farmers are involved, and they

may quite properly consider that they do better by concentrating on their main job,

agricultural production, and buying their water in from an organisation specialising in

water management, or having their own STW. Hence, alternatives to group

management need to be considered, for example, management by an organisation or

entrepreneur whose main function is to supply water. STWs have only small

command areas, and group management, or management by an entrepreneur selling

water to a few farmers, has a long record of success. DTWs are the only means of

providing irrigation in certain areas, and, if the management and financial challenges

that they present can be overcome, they can greatly enhance agricultural production,

local incomes, and rural development.

The guidelines in no way advocate privatisation of groundwater irrigation, but make

suggestions with regard to situations under which private ownership and

management may be preferable, and why, and situations where it may be more

appropriate to maintain a level of government involvement. An example of the latter

may be where a major one-off, or periodic, capital investment may be required in

'difficult and depressed' areas. Indeed,


Intro 6

"There is a strong case for support to farmer-managed irrigation...

where such schemes would reach small, marginal farmers whose

productivity is limited by uncertain water supplies. In developing such

schemes, the right balance of private sector and local organisational

involvement is essential to ensure access rights for the poor." (Soussans,

in Carney, 1998)

If these guidelines were to consider all aspects of groundwater irrigation

management in detail, the output would be bulky and not easy to use. During the

course of the research into these guidelines, other guidelines on aspects of

technology management and social development have been evaluated. Where the

guidelines are relevant, short extracts will be included and a list of useful 'Guideline

Publications' have been produced in the reference section. All references in the

reference section will, where possible, include ISBN numbers, contact addresses,

telephone/fax numbers and/or e-mail addresses to ease access.

3. GUIDELINES’ STRUCTURE

The output is presented in two volumes, as shown in Box 3. Volume I (this

document) is a background document which includes this introduction, useful

reference information in support of the guidelines, and wider conclusions and

recommendations from the research carried out for this project. Volume II contains

specific guidelines for technical feasibility, affordability and manageability.

Volume I is designed to be an office based document covering wider policy

issues and more general guidelines, whilst the guidelines themselves (Volume II)

are designed to be more for use in the field.

Box 3: Structure of the Guidelines

VOLUME I - REFERENCE MANUAL VOLUME II - GUIDELINES

Introduction

Technical Feasibility

Affordability

Manageability

Associated Rural Development

Conclusion and Recommendations

References

⇔

Introduction

Technical Feasibility

Affordability

Manageability

In Volume II, where specific guidelines are presented, they will, where appropriate,


Intro 7

Feasibility includes:

• technology

• environment

Affordability includes:

• costs

• cost-recovery

• financing

Manageability includes:

• management system

- type

- scale

take the form of subject, context, risks, benefits, guidelines, and target audience.

4. GUIDELINES’ APPROACH

The guidelines are presented with the approach that there are four main themes

which need to be considered in the successful development and management of

groundwater irrigation. These are technical feasibility, affordability, manageability

and associated rural development benefits. Whilst many of the subjects dealt with in

these guidelines fit discretely into one or other of these themes, there are overlaps

between the themes and these are dealt with as they occur. The approach is

described briefly below. More thorough explanations of the approach and of the

components of the guidelines are provided in the Introduction to Volume II..

4.1 Feasibility

The feasibility of groundwater irrigation technology refers to the technology itself

and its efficiency and efficacy within the environment in which it operates. The

main technology components of any groundwater irrigation scheme are the pump,

motor, well and conveyance system. The guidelines concentrate on mechanised

groundwater irrigation. Sources of information on manually powered groundwater

irrigation are provided where appropriate.

The 'Technical Feasibility' section of this reference manual provides definitions of

the main technology types in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

Among the key environmental features which have an influence upon appropriate

technology selection are static water level, topography, climate, groundwater quality,

soils, and cropping systems. Each of these can have impact on the feasibility of

given technology choices and operation methods.

4.2 Affordability

The affordability of groundwater irrigation technology refers to the costs of irrigation

(purchase, replacement/change and O&M costs), to the adequacy of cost recovery

through water use and water selling, and to the financing of groundwater irrigation.

4.3 Manageability

The manageability of groundwater irrigation technology refers to the management

system for the technology, its type, scale and effectiveness in satisfying the needs of

water sellers and water users or buyers.

Manageability refers mainly to those wells which are owned/managed by groups


Intro 8

- effectiveness

Associated ruraldevelopment:

• direct/indirect

• women

•communication

rather than individuals, such as the DTWs in Bangladesh and the SCARP tubewells

in Pakistan. In these cases there are often many owners/managers and large

numbers of users over a wide area. There are many examples of good and poor

well performance as a result of management practices from both countries.

Examples of management practices are taken from both public and private sectors

and the inter-changeability of these practices between sectors is examined.

4.4 Associated Rural Development Benefits

The associated rural development benefits are those direct or indirect benefits which

can be gained from the successful operation of groundwater irrigation technology

and are summarised in Box 4.

The role of women in the groundwater irrigation markets and in irrigated agriculture

in general, and the benefits which may be provided for them will also be looked at in

some detail.

The 'Associated Rural Development' section also look at ways of communicating

information to potential beneficiaries, owners and/or users.

Box 4: Rural development benefits associated with successful groundwater irrigation

Irrigation status Direct benefits Indirect benefits

Technically feasible Increased crop/food production Market awareness

Employment (in agricultural andnon-agricultural sectors)

Group awareness

Affordable Þ Income Þ Financial management

Education Increased confidence

Manageable Clothing Development of the non-agricultural sector

Nutrition Taken into all walks of life

Drinking water

Health

MULTIPLIER EFFECT Þ Þ Þ

5. GUIDELINES’ TARGET AUDIENCE

Given the wide range of subjects covered, and recommendations given, these

guidelines are designed to be an advisory document for all managers in all sectors

involved with irrigation.


Intro 9

Managers will belong to: national and international government funding, policy-

making and extension departments, government managed projects, NGO’s,

equipment manufacturers, trade associations and research organisations. Box 5

illustrates the intended structures for dissemination.

An example of how the guidelines could be used is provided by the National

Drainage Programme in Pakistan. In this case, the senior managers have said that

they will use the document in their decision-making and that those practical

guidelines directly relevant to the farmers with whom they are working will be

translated and disseminated to their field staff.

Box 5: Intended dissemination structure for reference manual and guidelines


Intro 10

REFERENCE MANUAL

- Background, scope, rationale - Technical feasibility - Affordability - Manageability - Associated rural development

- Conclusions and recommendations *

GUIDELINES

- Technical feasibility - Affordability - Manageability - Associated rural development

DOCUMENTS USERS

MANAGEMENT LEVEL

Policy-makers/financiers * - government - national - internationalPolicy advisors - research institutesDecision makers - government projects - NGO’sTrainers - extension agencies - NGO’s - research institutes

IMPLEMENTATIONLEVEL

Field staff from - extension agencies - NGO’s - research institutes

FARMERSMANUFACTURERS

TRADERS

* NB: Conclusions and recommendations of particular importance to national and international policy-makers and funding agencies


Intro 11

REFERENCES

These guidelines have been developed on basis of trying to be practical, rather than academic, and

as a source of information. It is proposed to prepare the references on the same basis, i.e. as a

source of information. Therefore, conventional academic referencing standards have not been

followed. In additional to the normal reference information, ISBN references and contact

addresses, phone/fax, e-mail and web site details have been included where available.

Many of the references have been used in more than one section above, so they will not be

categorised by subject. Rather, they will be categorised by type of reference, i.e. project reports,

papers/reports from and about research institutions, books, company/agency reports (annual or

otherwise) and occasional papers. The nature of this survey has been such that occasional,

unpublished, material has been given/discovered. In this case, the author and title have been

given and contact details given of where photocopies of these documents can be ordered. There

will also be a category devoted to references which are useful guidelines in their own right.


Intro 12

1. PROJECT REPORTS .....................................................................................................................................................................13

1.1 BANGLADESH.............................................................................................................................................................................. 13

Barind Multi-purpose Development Authority .....................................................................................................................13

Deep Tubewell Project II ...........................................................................................................................................................13

Grameen Deep Tubewell Project .............................................................................................................................................13

National Minor Irrigation Development Project (NMIDP) ...............................................................................................14

National Water Management Plan .........................................................................................................................................14

North East Minor Irrigation Project.......................................................................................................................................14

Other Reports ..............................................................................................................................................................................15

1.2 PAKISTAN.................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

SCARP Transfer Projects...........................................................................................................................................................15

Other Reports ..............................................................................................................................................................................15

1.3 INDIA............................................................................................................................................................................................ 16

North Bengal Terai Development Project..............................................................................................................................16

2. RESEARCH REPORTS..................................................................................................................................................................16

2.1 BANGLADESH.............................................................................................................................................................................. 16

Bangladesh Agricultural University.......................................................................................................................................16

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.......................................................................................................................16

Rural Development Academy ...................................................................................................................................................17

Other institutions........................................................................................................................................................................17

2.2 PAKISTAN.................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute ............................................................................................17

International Water Management Institute ...........................................................................................................................17

2.3 OTHER COUNTRIES.................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Conferences/Workshops............................................................................................................................................................18

3. BOOKS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................19

4. COMPANY/AGENCY REPORTS.................................................................................................................................................20

4.1 BANGLADESH.............................................................................................................................................................................. 20

4.2 PAKISTAN.................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Rural Support Programmes......................................................................................................................................................20

5. UNPUBLISHED PAPERS...............................................................................................................................................................21

6. GUIDELINES PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................22


Intro 13

1. Project Reports

These include reports produced by projects and evaluation reports of projects.

1.1 Bangladesh

Barind Multi-purpose Development Authority

Contact: BMDA, Barendra Bhaban, Cantonment Road, Rajshahi-6000, Fax: +880 721 761897

Ghafur, A. & Latif, A, 1995 Barind Integrated Area Development Project: An evaluation. Bangladesh Institute ofDevelopment Studies, E-17 Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, GPO Box 3854, Dhaka, 1207. Fax: +880 2813023, May 1995

Rahman, M. S., 1994 An Economic Analysis of Deep Tubewells under Barind Integrated Area Development Authority inan Area of Rajshahi District. MSc Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, BangladeshAgricultural University, Mymensingh, Fax: +880 91 55810, November 1994

Asaduzzaman, 1989 Modified Well Construction Matching Field Conditions in Barind Tract, Bangladesh. BADC,October 1989

Asaduzzaman, 1996 Sustainable Irrigation Management through Cost Recovery System, in Water Policy - Allocationand Management in Practice, Howsam, P. and Carter, R. (eds.), Proceedings of International Conferenceon Water Policy, Cranfield University, 23-24 September 1996.E & FN Spon, 1996. Available through e-mail: [email protected] or on the web at http://www.thomson.com.

Deep Tubewell Project II

Contact: Mott MacDonalds, 122 Gulshan Avenue, Dhaka-1212, Fax: +880 2 883393

BADC, 1989 Tubewell Development Limits 1990-1992, Working Paper 47, Mott MacDonalds & Huntings TechnicalServices for Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation, May 1989

BADC, 1989 Current Status of Minor Irrigation Development in North East Bangladesh, Working Paper 41, MottMacDonalds & Huntings Technical Services for Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation,July 1989

Grameen Deep Tubewell Project

Contact: Grameen Krishi Foundation, Head Office, College Road, Alamnagar, Rangpur.Fax:+880 521 2995

UNCDF, 1997 Grameen Deep Tubewell Irrigation Project BGD/90/C01. Fourth Annual Review and MonitoringMission, Final Report. January 1997

UNCDF, 1994 Grameen Deep Tubewell Irrigation Project BGD/90/C01. First Irrigation Season Mission, MissionReport (Draft). April 1994

UNCDF, 1993Grameen Deep Tubewell Irrigation Project BGD/90/C01. First Annual Review

and Monitoring Mission, Mission Report, Vol.1, October 1993

Jordans, E. and Zwarteveen, M. 1997. A well of one's own - Gender analysis of an irrigation programme in Bangladesh.IIMI Country Paper, Bangladesh No. 1. International Irrigation Management Institute and GrameenKrishi Foundation. ISBN: 92 9090 342 2. IIMI, P. O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Fax: 00 94 1 866854.GKF, College Road, Alamnagar, Rangpur. Fax: 00 880 521 2995


Intro 14

National Minor Irrigation Development Project (NMIDP)

Contact: Project office: House No. 35, Road No. 12A, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka,Fax: +880 2 818167, or from Ministry of Agriculture, GoB; Halcrow or DHV in

Dhaka.

NMIDP, 1998 List of selected private sector association (PSA), January 1998

NMIDP, 1997a List of selected private sector network (PSN) members, October 1997

NMIDP, 1997b Groundwater Irrigation Development, A spatial optimisation model, May 1997 (NMIDP ref. 205)

NMIDP, 1997c Price Monitoring of Irrigation Equipment, draft, April 1997

NMIDP, 1997d National Minor Irrigation Census, Bangladesh, 1995-96 Irrigation Season (Draft Final), April 1997

NMIDP, 1997e Technology Development, Status Report March 1997 and Proposed Programme July 1997 to April 2000,April 1997 (NMIDP ref. 200)

NMIDP 1997f Market Development and Promotion Unit, Restructuring Report and Strategy, April 1997 (NMIDP ref.197)

NMIDP 1997g Arsenic Pollution in Bangladesh, Background Papers, April 1997 (NMIDP ref. 195)

NMIDP, 1997h Product Leaflet - Well, Pit and Irrigation Equipment. March 1997

NMIDP 1997i Groundwater Development Potential and Limitations, March 1997 (NMIDP ref. 194)

NMIDP 1996a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey 1995/96: Contact and Impact of NMIDP with Villages,Investors, Dealers and Drillers in the Project Promotions Area, December 1996 (NMIDP ref. 179)

NMIDP 1996b Water Use Investigations, August 1996 (NMIDP ref. 170)

NMIDP 1996c The Cost of Power for Minor Irrigation: Impact of Price Distributions and Policy Implications for DieselTaxation and Rural Electrification, July 1996

NMIDP, 1996d Technology Development Monitoring Report 1995/96, June 1996 (NMIDP ref. 161)

NMIDP, 1996e Topic Report on Ecological Baseline Survey, Vol.1, June 1996 (NMIDP ref. 146)

NMIDP, 1996f Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Investors and Dealers in Groundwater Irrigation Equipment,February 1996 (NMIDP ref. 142)

NMIDP, 1995 Credit Demand Sample Survey of Country Based Irrigation Equipment Dealers, March 1995 (NMIDPref. 91)

NMIDP, 1994 Topic Report on Groundwater Abstraction Technology, April 1994 (NMIDP ref. 31)

NMIDP, 1993 A Review of Available Information on Deep Tubewell Operations and Rates of Return, November 1993(NMIDP ref. 139)

National Water Management Plan

Contact: NWMP, Water Resources Planning Organisation, House No. 450, Road 31, NewDoHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1206. Fax: +880 2 883663

NWMP, 1999a Perspectives on Long-Term Development - Trends and Perspectives, Working Paper, March 1999

NWMP, 1999b Development of a Groundwater Cost Model, Discussion Paper, February 1999

NWMP, 1996 National Water Management Plan Terms of Reference, October 1996

North East Minor Irrigation Project

Contact: Project Co-ordination Unit, 714 West Nakhalpara, Dhaka

NEMIP, 1997a Aquifer Availability and Deep Setting Requirements for Shallow Tubewells, June 1997


Intro 15

NEMIP, 1997b Project Pro Forma for NEMIP (Revised)

Other Reports

FAO/WB, 1997 Bangladesh agricultural inputs supply review. Working paper 3 - minor irrigation. FAO/WB.

Rahim, A. M. A., 1993 Economic Issues in Irrigated Agriculture. A Draft Final Report Prepared for the AssistingTransformation to Irrigated Agriculture (ATIA) Project. FAO/UNDP - (BGD/89/039). October 1993.

David, W. P., 1994 Strengthening Support Services for Accelerated Transformation to Irrigated Agriculture. ATIA -Technical Report 9. FAO/UNDP - (BGD/89/039), July 1994.

SSWRDP, 1994 Small-Scale Water Resources Development Project - Interim Report. Asian Development Bank - TANo. 1817-BAN). Halcrow Rural Management and Aqua Consultants, January 1994

1.2 Pakistan

SCARP Transfer Projects

NB: Includes Second SCARP Transition Project and Punjab Private Sector Groundwater Development Project (PPSGDP)

Contact: PPSGDP Management Unit, P & D Department, Government of Punjab, 128-E ModelTown, Lahore - 54700, Fax: +92 42 857675, or

Project Impact Evaluation Study (PIES/PPSGDP), G-165/166 LCCHS, DefenceSociety, Lahore-Cantt., Fax: +92 42 57 25478

PIES/PPSGDP, 1998 Punjab Private Sector Groundwater Development Project - Baseline Survey Report, Project ImpactEvaluation Study, October 1998

PPSGDP, 1998 Punjab Private Sector Groundwater Development Project, Quarterly Report No. 5 and Annual Report1997-1998, Punjab Groundwater Consultants, July 1998

OFWM, 1997a .....and now Community Tubewells replace SCARP Tubewells, On Farm Water ManagementComponent of PPSGD, September 1997 [Project information pamphlet]

PGC, 1997b Community Tubewell Replacing SCARP Tubewells, Punjab Groundwater Consultants Component ofPPSGDP, September 1997 [Project information pamphlet]

PIES/SSTP, 1997a Impact Evaluation Study of Second SCARP Transition Project, Final Report, December 1997

PIES/SSTP, 1997b Impact Evaluation Study of Second SCARP Transition Project, Monitoring Farmers' Organisations,Final Report, September 1997

PIES/SSTP, 1995a Impact Evaluation Study of Second SCARP Transition Project, Monitoring Farmers' Organisations,Interim Report, May 1995

PIES/SSTP, 1995b Impact Evaluation Study of Second SCARP Transition Project, Monitoring Farmers' Organisations,Inception Report, February 1995

Other Reports

Meinzen-Dick, R. 1996. Groundwater markets in Pakistan: participation and productivity. Research report 105.International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C.

LBOD, 1997 Left Bank Outfall Drain Project - Drainage Advisory Service Communication Strategy. Report,pamphlet and leaflets. DAS, LBOD, WAPDA, Central Office, Fatima, Jinnah Road, Hussainabad,Hyderabad. Fax: +92 221 860047


Intro 16

ABAD Agency for Barani Areas Development - A Brief. ABAD, Information & Publication Cell, Murree Road,Rawalpindi.

1.3 India

North Bengal Terai Development Project

Shah, T. 1997, Elixir or Opiate? An assessment of minor irrigation subsidies in North Bengal Terai DevelopmentProject (NBTDP). Report on study carried out on behalf of NBTDP. The Policy School, 'Sweet Karan',Mangalpura, Anand 388 001. Tel/fax: 00 ?? 2692 41684

2. Research Reports

2.1 Bangladesh

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Contact: BAU, Mymensingh-2202. Fax: +880 91 55810

IIMI & BAU, 1995 Study on privatisation of minor irrigation in Bangladesh - Draft. International Irrigation ManagementInstitute and Bureau of Socio-Economic Research and Training, Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh, for Asian Development Bank, June 1995.

Jaim, W. M. H., 1993 Can Potential Capacity of Deep Tubewells be Utilized? A Study in Bogra Region of North WestBangladesh with Special Reference to Compacted Earth Channel. Completed when Jaim, now at BAU,was Post-Doctoral Fellow with Winrock International, Dhaka, 1993.

Jaim, W. M. H., 1995 Agricultural Development in Bangladesh - Views and Reviews. Joint Study on Rural DevelopmentExperimental Project, for BARD and JICA, JSRDE Research Monograph Series No. 1, December 1995

Kazal, M. M. H., Jaim, W. M. H., and Rahman, M. H., 1997 Crop Diversification in Deep Tubewell Irrigation Projects - TheConstrsints of Adding a Third Crop with Two Rice Crops. Bangladesh Journal of Rural Development,Vol. 27, No. 2, BARD, Comilla. (First author from BARI).

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

Contact: BIDS, E-17 Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, GPO Box 3854, Dhaka, 1207.Fax: +880 2 813023

Rahman, R., I., 1996 Impact of Credit for Rural Poor: An Evaluation of Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation's CreditProgramme, BIDS Research Report No. 143, April 1996

Bhuiyan, K., 1995 Performance of Small Scale Water Management Projects in Bangladesh, BIDS Working Paper NewSeries No. 14, June 1995

Murshid, K. A. S., 1995 The Social Impact of DTWs on Landless Owners, BIDS Research Report No. 140, May 1995

Ahmed, A. and Kennedy, J., 1994 The Effect of Credit Liberalisation on Farm Households in Bangladesh, in TheBangladesh Development Studies, (The Quarterly Journal of BIDS), Volume XXII, Nos. 4, December1994

BIDS, 1993 Crop Diversification in Bangladesh (Special Issue), Sajjad Zohir (ed.), The Bangladesh DevelopmentStudies, (The Quarterly Journal of BIDS), Volume XXI, No. 3, September 1993

BIDS, 1994 Women, Development and Change (Special Issue), Sajeda Amin (ed.), The Bangladesh DevelopmentStudies, (The Quarterly Journal of BIDS), Volume XXII, Nos. 2 & 3, June-September 1993


Intro 17

Rural Development Academy

Contact: RDA, Bogra. Tel: +880 59 6505/6511

RDA, 1999 Present Status of Rural Development Academy, Bogra in Developing Irrigation Water Management forAgriculture in Bangladesh. Position Paper.

RDA, 1998a Irrigation cum-Domestic Water Supply Project at Shashibadani DTW Scheme Bogra. IntegratedTraining, Research and Technology Transfer under Irrigation Management Programme.

RDA, 1998b Completion of Report of Pump Testing Centre. With Agricultural Technology Limited.

RDA, 1995 Integrated Training Research and Technology Transfer under Irrigation Management Programme.Proceedings of National Workshop, Bogra, 11-13 June 1995

Other institutions

Mrida, M. A. K., Rashid, M. H. and Fazal, M. A., 1995 A Feasibility Study of Buried Pipe Irrigation Systems in TangailRegion. Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture, 5(1), pp. 35-42, 1995.

2.2 Pakistan

International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute

Contact: IWASRI, 13 West Wood Colony, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore. Fax: +92 42 522 1445E-mail: [email protected]

IWASRI, 1997a Evaluation of design, construction techniques and performance of SCARP tubewells. Internal Report97/15, August 1997.

International Water Management Institute

Contact: IWMI, 12KM Multan Road, Chowk Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore-53700.Fax: +92 42 5410054 E-mail: [email protected]

Bandaragoda, T., 1993 The Role of Research-Supported Irrigation Policy in Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture: AnInterpretive Precis of the Case of Pakistan, IIMI Country Paper - Pakistan-No.6. 1993

Johnson, R. L., 1991 Latent Groundwater Demand in Pakistan's Punjab: Theory and Applications. Phd Thesis, CornellUniversity, USA. Research at IIMI. 1991

IWMI, 1997 Salinity Management Alternatives for the Rechna Doab, Punjab, Pakistan. Volume 1: PrincipalFindings and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture. Pakistan National Programme, Report No. R-21.1, May 1997.

2.3 Other countries

AWWA 1993 Evaluation and Restoration of Water Supply Wells, ISBN 0 89867 659 2, American Water WorksAssociation (well efficiency)

Chowdhury, M., and Gilbert, E. H., 1996 Reforming Agricultural Extension in Bangladesh - Blending Greater Participationand Sustainability with Institutional Strengthening. Overseas Development Institute, AgriculturalResearch and Extension Network. Network Paper No. 61, January, 1996.

Frederiksen, H. D. and Vissia, R.J., 1998. Considerations in Formulating the Transfer of Services in the Water Sector.IWMI, P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Fax: +94 1 544584. ISBN 92 9090 373 2.

Kruse, S-E., Kyilönen, T., Ojanperä, S, Riddell, R.C., and Vielajus, J-L., 1997. Searching for Impact and Methods: NGOEvaluation Synthesis Study. A report prepared for the OECD/DAC Expert Group on Evaluation. Blue


Intro 18

Series 1997:8. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Department for Internation Development Co-operation, Helsinki, Finland. ISBN 951 724 150 X. Available on Internet athttp://www.valt.helsinki.fi/ds/ngo

Shah, P. and Sha, M. K., 1994, Multi-function Irrigation Organisations - Advantage or Handicap. Overseas DevelopmentInstitute, Irrigation Management Network, Network Paper 28, April 1994

Subramanian, A., Vijay Jagannathan, N. and Meinzen-Dick, R., 1997. User Organisations for Sustainable Water Services.World Bank Technical Paper No. 354. The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433,USA. ISBN 0 8213 3855 2.

Sutherland, D. C., Carter, R., and Morris, J. 1993, Literature Review of Irrigation Support Services. For IIMI, P.O. Box2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Fax: +94 1 544584

Sutherland, D. C., Howsam, P., and Morris, J. 1996 Cost-effective monitoring and maintenance strategies forgroundwater abstraction. J. Water SRT - Aqua Vol. 45, No.2, pp. 49-56. Blackwell Science Ltd. FromCranfield University

Stoner, R. F., Milne, D. M. and Lund, P. J., 1979 Economic Design of Wells. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology,Vol.12, pp. 63-78. The Geological Society.

Turral, H., 1995 Recent Trends in Irrigation Management - Changing Directions for the Public Sector. Natural ResourcePerspectives Number 5, September 1995. Overseas Development Institute. Available on web onhttp://www.oneworld.org/odi/odi_irrigation.html

Vermillion, D. L., 1997 Impacts of Irrigation Management Transfer: A Review of the Evidence. Research Report 11, IIMI.ISBN 92 9090 340 5.

Zwarteveen, M., 1996 Linking Women to the Main Canal: Gender and Irrigation Management. Gatekeeper Series No. 54.International Institute for Environment and Development, IIED.

Conferences/Workshops

Role of Social Organisers in Assisting Farmer-Managed Irrigation Systems. Proceedings of RegionalWorkshop of the FMIS Network, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 15-20 May 1989. IIMI and TRIMNET:

Pradhan, P. and Sharples, R. Overview of the workshop. pp. 1-10

Karim. M. Mobilisation of the Rural Poor for Access to Agricultural Resources other then Land: IrrigationEnterprise by the Rural Poor. pp. 11-17

Helmi and Vermillion, D. Using Irrigation Agency Staff as Institutional Organisers: The Small Systems TurnoverProgramme in Indonesia. pp. 33-40

Sihombing, M. Role of Social Organisers in Pumped Irrigation Systems in Subang, West Java, Indonesia. pp. 49-52

Irrigation Management Transfer. International Conference in Wuhan, China, 20-24 September 1994sponsored by IIMI and FAO:

Frederiksen, H. D., Considerations in the Transfer of Responsibilities for Services in the Water Resources Sector, pp 21-37

Sagardy, J. A. Lessons Learned form Irrigation Management Transfer Programmes. pp. 39-46

de Graaf, M. Institutional Context of Irrigation Management Transfer. pp. 69-86

Zwarteveen, M. Gender Aspects of Irrigation Management Transfer: Rethinking Efficiency and Equity, pp. 87-99

Shah, T., Ballabh, V., Dobrial, K. and Talati, J. Turnover of State Tubewells to Farmer Co-operatives: Assessment ofGujarat's experience, India. pp. 159-176

Pant, N. Turnover of Public Tubewells in Uttar Pradesh: Case Study of a Successful Co-operative Society. pp.177-190

Kolavalli, S. aad Raju, K. V. Turnover of Public Tubewells by Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation


Intro 19

Gender Analysis and Reform of Irrigation Management: Concepts, Cases, and Gaps in Knowledge.Proceedings of International Workshop on Gender and Water, in Habarana, Sri Lanka, 15-19September 1997. IWMI. Douglas Merrey and Shirish Baiskar, Editors, 1998. ISBN92 9090 367 8. IWMI, P.O. Box2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Zwarteveen, M. Z. Identifying Gender Aspects of New Irrigation Management Policies, pp. 67-86

van Koppen, B. Water Rights and Poverty Alleviation: Inclusion and Exclusion of Resource-Poor Women and Men asRights Holders in Externally Supported Irrigation Development, pp. 107-134

Meinzen-Dick, R. and Zwarteveen, M. Z. Gender Participation in Water Management: Issues and Illustrations fromWater Users Associations in South Asia, pp. 173-192

Sub-regional Workshop on Irrigation Technology Transfer in Support of Food Security, in Harare,Zimbabwe, 14-17 April 1997. Sponsored by FAO, IPTRID and Global Water Partnership. ISBN 92 5104072 9.

Palanisami, K Economics of Irrigation Technology Transfer and Adoption, pp. 57-80

Sundaram, C.R.S. Review of the Irrigation Equipment Manufacture and Supply Sector in India, pp. 123-134

Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, What Contribution Can We Make? DFID's Natural ResourcesAdvisers' Conference, London, July 1998. Carney, D., Editor. DFID, 94 Victoria Street, London, SW1E 5JL, UK.ISBN 1 86192 082 2

Soussan, J. Water/Irrigation and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, pp. 181-196

3. Books

Byrnes, K. J., 1992 Water Users Associations in World Bank-Assisted Irrigation Projects in Pakistan. World BankTechnical Paper No. 173. Washington D.C. ISBN 0253 7494

Carr, M., Chen, M., and Jhabvala, R., 1996 Speaking Out - Women's Economic Empowerment in South Asia. IntermediateTechnology Publications Ltd., 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK, on behalf of AgaKhan Foundation Canada and United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). ISBN 185339 382 7

Driscoll, F.G., 1986 Groundwater and Wells (2nd edition). St. Paul, Minnesota, Johnson Division.

Holloway, R., 1998 Supporting Citizens' Initiatives - Bangladesh's NGOs and Society. Intermediate TechnologyPublications, 9 King Street, London, WC2E 8HW, UK. ISBN 0 85339 428 9

Howsam, P. and Carter, R., 1996 Water Policy - Allocation and Management in Practice, Howsam, P. and Carter, R. (eds.),Proceedings of International Conference on Water Policy, Cranfield University, 23-24 September 1996.E& FN Spon, 1996. Available through e-mail: [email protected] or on the web athttp://www.thomson.com. ISBN 0 419 21650 2

ODA, 1992 Priorities for Water Resources Allocation and Management. Proceedings on Natural Resources andEngineering Advisers Conference, July 1992, Southampton. Copies from ODA, The DistributionOffice, Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK. Fax +44 1634 880066

Strosser, P., 1997, Analysing alternative Policy Instruments for the irrigation sector. An assessment of the potential forwater market development in the Chistian Sub-division [Pakistan]. PhD Thesis. WageningenAgricultural University, Department of Water Resources, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen,The Netherlands. ISBN 90 5485 786 2

van Koppen, B., and Mahmud, S., 1996 Women and Water Pumps in Bangladesh, The Impact of Participation inIrrigation Groups on Women's Status. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., 103-105Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. ISBN 1 85339 336 3


Intro 20

van Steenbergen, F., 1997 Institutional Change in Local Water Resource Management: Cases from Balochistan.Netherlands Geographical Studies 220. The Royal Dutch Geographical Society/Faculty ofGeographical Sciences Utrecht University. ISBN 90-6809-240-5

Wood, G. D., 1994 Bangladesh - Whose Ideas, Whose Interests? Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., 103-105Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. ISBN 1 85339 246 4, in association with University PressLtd., Red Crescent Building, 114 Motijheel C/A, P.O. Box 2611, Dhaka 1000

Wood, G.D., and Sharif, I.A. (eds.), 1997, Who needs credit? Poverty and finance in Bangladesh. Published in by Zed Books Ltd. in the UK (7 Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF) and the USA (Room 400, 175 Fifth

Avenue, New York, NY 10010) and in South Asia by the University Press Ltd., Red Crescent Building,114 Motijheel C/A, GPO Box 2611, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh). ISBN 1 85649 524 8

Wood, G.D., and Palmer-Jones, R., 1991, The Water Sellers - a cooperative venture by the rural poor. IT PublicationsLtd., 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. ISBN 1 85339 084 4

World Bank, 1999 Knowledge for Development, World Development Report. Oxford University Press, USA.ISBN 0 19 521118 9

4. Company/agency reports

4.1 Bangladesh

PKSF, 1997 Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation - Basic Facts. PKSF, House No. 31/A, Road No. 8, DhanmondhiResidential Area, Dhaka-1205

RDRS, 1996a Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service, 25 Years of RDRS. Postal address: RDRS Bangladesh, GPO Box 618,Dhaka 1000. Office: House 62, Road 7A, Dhanmondhi, Dhaka 1209. Fax: +880 2 813416.E-mail: [email protected]

RDRS, 1996b Integrated Homestead Farming, Samsuzzaman, S. (ed.), RDRS. Postal address: RDRS Bangladesh, GPOBox 618, Dhaka 1000. Office: House 62, Road 7A, Dhanmondhi, Dhaka 1209. Fax: +880 2 813416. E-mail: [email protected]

4.2 Pakistan

Rural Support Programmes

Contacts: Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, Babar Road, P.O. Box 506, Gilgit, NorthernAreas

Fax: +92 572 2779 E-mail: [email protected]

National Rural Support Programme, 46 Aga Khan Road, F-6/4, Islamabad, Pakistan.Fax: 00 92 51 822779

AKRSP, 1997 Fifteenth Annual Review

NRSP, 1997a Credit Policy Brief. Rural Credit & Enterprise Development

NRSP, 1997b Fourth Annual Report 1996-97

NRSP, 1998 Credit Administration Manual


Intro 21

5. UNPUBLISHED PAPERS

Photocopies of all the following unpublished (or unpublished at the time they were given to the authors ofthese guidelines) and various other publications can be obtained from the Centre for Action Research(CARB) office:

CARB Head Office, House #231, Sector#2, Uposhahar, Rajshahi-6202, Tel: +880 721760884, Fax: +880 2 9010014 or E-mail: [email protected]

Aeron-Thomas, M., 1991 The Equity Impact of Deep Tubewells: Evidence from DTW II. Paper presented at Conferenceof the Bangladesh Agricultural Economists Association, BARC, Dhaka 7-8 February 1991 byEconomist IDA DTW II Project.

Ahmed, A., 1990 Efficiency and Equity Implications of Irrigation - Induced Technological Change in Rice Production inBangladesh. International Food Policy Research Institute, at BIDS Discussion Forum, 27 August 1990

Asaduzzaman, M. 1990, Deep Tubewell Irrigation Programme in Bangladesh - The Policy Options. Sumi Printing Press,March 1990.

Asaduzzaman, M., 1994 Acts, Ordinances, Notifications and Rules of Bangladesh Irrigation and Groundwater. BMDA,May 1994.

Bandaragoda, D. J. Government's Participation in People's Programmes: An Intermediary Role for NGOs in DevelopingViable Institutions for Water Resources Management.

Bom, G. J., and van Steenbergen, F. Fuel efficiency and inefficiency in private tubewell development. Solartec, P.O. Box1130, Papendrecht, The Netherlands and Arcadis Euroconsult, P.O. Box 441, Arnhem, The Netherlands,respectively.

Georgi, F., 1988 Manual on Buried Pipe Irrigation Schemes. Tangail Agricultural Development Project. BRDB/GTZ,May 1988.

Islam, M. N., 1991 Compatibility between Private and Public Ends: An Economic Analysis of Deep TubewellPrivatisation. Paper presented at Conference of the Bangladesh Agricultural Economists Association,BARC, Dhaka 7-8 February 1991 by Consulting Agricultural Economist IDA DTW II Project.

Khan, M. A., 1995 Disinvestment of SCARP Tubewells - An Examination of Staff Appraisal Report of The World Bank.Technical Paper from Executive Engineer SCARP III.

Merrey, D. J. The sociology of Warabandi: A case study from Pakistan. Paper from Social Scientist, IIMI.

Marshall, D. Irrigation Management Transfer: Pressures For! Constraints Against!

Montiginoul, M. and Strosser, P. Which policy instruments for managing the irrigation sector in Pakistan?

National Bank Ltd. 1995, A dream now a reality - an alternative mode of rural financing. Interim evaluation report ofsupervised credit project. Joint project between National Bank and Barind Multi-purpose DevelopmentAuthority. September 1995. National Bank Ltd., Rajshahi Branch, 106-109 Shaheb Bazar, Rajshahi.

Sarker, S. C. Irrigation management by the landless and marginal farmers group - a seventeen years endeavour ofProshika towards target farmers of Bangladesh for their economic emancipation. Proshika - IrrigationCo-ordinator.

Shah, T. 1995, Water Markets in North Bihar: Synthesis of Six Village Studies in Muzaffarpur District. WaterManagement Institutions Research Programme. The Policy School - Foundation Studies. 'SweetKaran', Mangalpura, Anand 388 001. Tel/fax: 00 ?? 2692 41684

Svendson, M. Second Generation Problems of Privatised Irrigation Systems. Price Creek Consultants, Kings Valley,Oregon, USA.

van Steenberegen, F., 1997 Groundwater Resource Management in Pakistan. ILRI Symposium on GroundwaterManagement, October 1997. Arcadis Euroconsult, P.O. Box 441, Arnhem, The Netherlands


Intro 22

6. GUIDELINES PUBLICATIONS

CIRIA, 1995 Report 137, Monitoring, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Water Supply Boreholes. CIRIA, 6Storey's Gate, Westminster, London SW1P 3AU, Tel +44 171 8891, ISBN 0 86017 417 4 (ConstructionIndustry Research and Information Association)

DFID, 1998 Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes. Published by WEDC for DFID,94 Victoria Street, London, SW1E 5JL, UK. ISBN 0906055 58 X. Internet: www.lboro.ac.uk/well/

Clarke L., 1988 The Field Guide to Water Wells and Boreholes. Reprinted 1992, 1996 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd,Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1UD, UK. ISBN 0-471-93211-6

Fraenkel, P., 1997 Water Pumping Devices - A Handbook for Users and Choosers. Intermediate TechnologyPublications, 9 King Street, London, WC2E 8HW, UK. ISBN 0 946688 85 0

Harper, M., 1996 Empowerment through Enterprise - A Training Manual for Non-Government Organisations. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. (103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK) ISBN 1 85339 332 0

IWASRI, 1997b Review of investigations into the causes of tubewell deterioration and rehabilitation trials. Internal Report 97/15, June 1997. IWASRI, 13 West Wood Colony, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore.

Fax: +92 42 522 1445 E-mail: [email protected]

IWASRI, 1998 Performance evaluation of fresh water skimming well designs. Publication no. 177, June 1998. IWASRI,13 West Wood Colony, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore. Fax: +92 42 522 1445 E-mail: [email protected]

NMIDP, 1995 Driller Handbook. (NB. Printed in Bengali). National Minor Irrigation Development Project, Project office: House No. 35, Road No. 12A, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka, Fax: +880 2 818167, or from Ministry of

Agriculture, GoB; Halcrow or DHV in Dhaka.

Orr, A., Nazrul Islam, A. S. M., and Barnes, G.1991, The treadle pump - manual irrigation for small farmers in Bangladesh.Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service. RDRS, House 62 Road 7A Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209. E-mail:

[email protected]

van Bentum, R. and Smout, I. K., 1994 Buried Pipelines for Surface Irrigation. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd.(103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK) in association with Water, Engineering andDevelopment Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University of Technology. ISBN 1 85339 084 4

sustainable groundwater irrigation ......sector/'local' authority/rural community run...

Documents