University of Alabama in Huntsville

Sustainable Engineering and its Practical Electrical Application in Power

Systems: As proposed by the Gearless Magnetically Levitated Wind/Solar

Powered Turbine Storage System

Jurgen Sawatzki Chaw

EE 213 Honors

Dr. Charles Corsetti

12/02/2014

Sawatzki Chaw 2

Table of Contents

Introduction….........................................................................................................................Page 5

What is Sustainable Engineering (SE)……………………………………...………..…..Pages 6-7

SE applications in the Electrical and Overall Engineering Fields…………….………..Pages 7-10

Ethical and Legal Considerations………………………………………………………..…Page 11

EPEAT………………………………………………………………………..……….Pages 11-12

RoHS…………….…………………...…………………………………………………….Page 12

IEEE Standard 1680-2009…………………………………………….……………….Pages 12-13

Proposed model for GMAG-WINDSOPTSS………..……….……..…..……………..…...Page 13

Designing a Small Scale Wind Turbine…………………….……....………...……………Page 14

Turbine Blade…….……...……………………………...………….………………….Pages 14-15

Rotor Blade Frame……………………………………..……………..……………………Page 15

The Turbine’s AC Generator……………………………………………………………....Page 15

The Solar Cells ……………………………………….…...……………….……………....Page 15

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The Deep Cycle Battery Array…………………………………..………..……………..…Page 16

The Rectifier Module………………...……………….……………………………………Page 16

The Charge Controller Module…………………..………...………..………….………….Page 16

The Power Inverter Module………...……..…………...……………………….………….Page 16

Arduino ONE Controller Interface…………………………………………………………Page 16

Theoretical Results……………………………………....…………………………….Pages 17-18

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….Pages 18-19

End Notes…..……………………….……………………………………………………...Page 20

Works Cited …………………………………………………………..……………….Pages 21-28

Appendix A (Statistics)..………………………………………………….…………...Pages 29-31

Appendix B (Wind Speeds by Altitude)…...…….…………….……………………...Pages 32-34

Appendix C (Wind Turbine Model)…………………………………………………...Pages 35-43

Appendix D (Generator Model & Wind Resource Potential)………….……………...Pages 44-46

Appendix E (Solar Cells)……………………………………….…………..……………...Page 47

Appendix F (Deep Cycle Batteries)………………...………...…………………………...Page 48

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Appendix G (Rectifier)..…………………………………………………………………...Page 49

Appendix H (Charge Controller)...………………………………………………………...Page 50

Appendix I (Power Inverter)………………………………..……………………………...Page 51

Appendix J (Control Interface).......…………………………………………………...Pages 52-54

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Sustainable Engineering and its Practical Electrical Application in Power Systems: As proposed

by the Gearless Magnetically Levitated Wind/Solar Powered Turbine Storage System

Even though wind and solar power are not used by TVA in Alabama, they are used

worldwide by many different electrical power companies to provide electricity to end-users.

Prices for electric consumption are always rising. This is due to the majority of the sources used

in generating electricity being non-renewable. Please, refer to table 1 in Appendix A. In the past

two decades, new wind and solar designs have surfaced, providing better energy efficiency

output, cheaper fabrication, and reduction in their size. GMAG-WINDSOPTSS is a sub-branch

of Power Systems, because it generates, transmits, and delivers power to the end-user. The

purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how energy generating devices based on Sustainable

Engineering, such as wind powered generators and solar powered cells, can be incorporated into

a system like GMAG-WINDSOPTSS that can, deliver a “steady” auxiliary power1 to the user’s

home grid in emergency scenarios.

To achieve this goal, this paper is divided into four main sections, three of them having

sub-sections. In the first section, the definition of Sustainable Engineering is developed, along

with its applications in the Electrical Engineering and the overall Engineering Fields. In the

second section, ethical and legal considerations pertaining to engineering are address through

industry standards such as: EPEAT, RoHS, and IEEE Standard 1680-2009. In the third section,

the proposed model for GMAG-WINDSOPTSS is covered. The last section is composed of the

theoretical results and the conclusion obtained by applying Sustainable Engineering to the area

of Electrical Engineering using the proposed model of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS. This paper also

includes appendixes A- J after the references’ section.

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SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING

Sustainable Engineering is “the process of designing or operating systems such that they use

energy and resources based on a distribution between: ecology, economics, politics, and culture,

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Wikipedia).

Sustainable engineering prioritizes ecology above all other three. Sustainable Engineering tries to

maintain the planet’s ecosystem without destroying it, so that future generations can benefit from

its resources while living in it. Sustainable Engineering designs new technologies that will

benefit the economy of a land by incorporating systems that produce less contamination and also

systems that will redirect the flow of money to other economic areas, instead of using it to

maintain less efficient systems. These lesser efficient systems are measured by their inability to:

keep up with consumer demands, lower their harmful by-product, and their non-renewable

resources consumption. Sustainable Engineering tries to influence people on a global scale by

welcoming new methods of energy production that will not deplete the non-renewable resources

of our planet.

This is achieved by creating a balance transition from old to new technologies.

Sustainable Engineering plays an important role in the decision making process related to

economy, such as when new job openings are created in order to increase the manufacturing

production of wind turbines that will be install in prospective wind farms. Sustainable

Engineering tries to create a conscience in people about the needed connection between us and

our environment. Without Sustainable Engineering degradation of the environment will occur

sooner than expected. In the year 1990, “fossil fuels accounted for 89% of the U.S energy

production and 80% of the total energy worldwide” (Cassedy, 3).

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Since 1990, it has been estimated that the effect of “greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is

over 20 billion metric tons per year” (Cassedy, 3); a figure that, only increases every year due to

human population growth. This study was conducted by the International Energy Agency (IEA),

which also stated that developing countries such as “China and India, will produce more carbon

dioxide emissions in the next coming decades than other already industrialized countries

belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)” (Cassedy,

3). The reason of the slowly rise of Sustainable Engineering over fossil fuels is due to the

technological, economic and political challenges that have been set upon it. This paper will

briefly focus on only two renewable energy sources: solar and wind energy.

These two renewable energy sources are catalogued as “sustainable because they possess

at least one of these attributes: inexhaustibility, renewability, and recyclability” (Cassedy, 8).

Solar power and wind power have inexhaustibility attributes because the sun and the wind are

available in overabundance for us to harness. According to a study by the U.S Dept. of Energy

between January 2010 and August 2010, and based on U.S Net Generation by sources, “wind

and solar sources account for only 2% and less than 1% respectively, of all the generated power

in the U.S. Coal accounts for 45% of the generated power used in the U.S, while Natural Gas,

Nuclear, Hydro, and Petroleum, account for 24%, 19%, 7%, and 1% respectively” (U.S Dept. of

Energy). Please, refer to table 2 on Appendix A. These small percentages for wind and solar

power, if upscale, can meet all of the end-user demands in the U.S. Solar and wind power also

possess renewability attributes because the sun’s leftover lifespan is about five billion years and

the wind can be harness at any time, especially around coasts that takes advantage of the wind

seasons every year. Solar and wind power also possess recyclability, because they can be reused,

without producing any waste.

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Even though solar cells are deemed as quote Green Energy Sources end quote, their

manufacturing process is very inefficient, because they produce carbon dioxide emissions while

making the substrate. Radiation from the Sun can be foreseen as the number one source of clean

energy in the near future. Solar cells can convert radiant energy from the electromagnet ic

spectrum into useful electricity. It is estimated that “it would take less than 2% of all the land

area here in the U.S, to supply all the country’s primary energy consumption from solar sources”

(Cassedy, 19). This method of directly harnessing electricity from a solar cell by avoiding heat

conversion was first studied in 1839 by French Physicist Edmund Becquerel. In 1921, Einstein

proposed an explanation for how the photoelectric effect works. By around mid-1950s Bell

Telephone Labs, made significant advancements in photovoltaic (PV) cell efficiency. Around the

late 1950s, the U.S Space Program, started to use solar cells to power their satellites. Nowadays,

solar cells can be obtained for less than 100 USD, compare to their value of 200 USD twenty

years go. Poly-Crystalline Solar Cells are inexpensive; their power output is around one watt per

USD.

Commercially available solar cells come in 5 different technologies: “Mono-Crystalline

Silicon Cells (15%-20% eff.), Poly-Crystalline Silicon Cells (13%-16% eff.), Stacked Cells

(15%-30% eff.), String Ribbon Solar Cells (13-14%), and Thin Film Solar Cells (7%-13% eff.)”

(Sørensen, 387-390; Wengenmayr, 46). The first windmill used in generating electricity was

developed in 1891 by Danish inventor Dane Paul la Cour. The current technologies that harness

Wind Power are: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

(VAWT), and Spiral Axis Wind Turbine (SAWT). Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines comprise the

majority of the turbines used in today’s world.

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In 1919 a British Aeronautical Pioneer named “Albert Betz, concluded that the

theoretical maximum power factor that a wind turbine can produce is 59.3%” (Burton. 43).

Physical wind turbines can only extract 33% - 45% of the energy that is store in the wind. This

power factor is denoted by 𝐶𝑝 and is based on each individual turbine strength and durability. In

a wind turbine, “the wind causes the blades of the turbine to rotate; therefore wind energy is

translated into kinetic rotational energy by the movement of the blades, which at the same time

creates the available torque needed to spin the rotor in the generator. This rotor is attached to the

turbine blade shaft directly or through the use of gears in order to produce more current”

(Maloney 458-486, 556-597; Gipe 59-72). A “HAWT uses a Yaw system2 in active or passive

mode” (Wikipedia). Please, refer to figure 10 on Appendix C. The active mode of a HAWT

turbine simply orients the nacelle of a wind turbine by applying torque to it through a

mechanism, and redirecting it into the wind’s direction.

The passive mode of a VAWT also orients the nacelle of a wind turbine, but it does not

rely on the same mechanism as the active mode, instead it uses roller bearings mounted in the

junction between the nacelle and the top of the tower to facilitate the rotation of the nacelle into

the wind’s incoming direction by mounting a rudder on the nacelle. A VAWT completely

eliminates the use of a Yaw system because the vertical oriented rotor is able to face the wind

from any incoming direction. Please, refer to figure 11 on Appendix C. There is a difference in

power production between a HAWT and a VAWT. A HAWT swept area “is calculated by using

the area of a circle, with the radius being the turbine’s blade length” (NPOWER, 2; Gipe 59-72).

Please, refer to figure 12 on Appendix C. A VAWT swept area is calculated by using the area of

a rectangle. Even though a VAWT has a bigger area, the laminar flow of the wind that interacts

with the turbine, tends to rotate it clockwise and anticlockwise at the same time.

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This creates a loss of efficiency; therefore, a power correction of 2/3 is used in the

formula for calculating wind power. Thus, a HAWT is far more efficient than a VAWT. Two

examples of Sustainable Engineering and its application to Power Systems are the wind and solar

power farms depicted by the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm located at Riverside County in

California, and the solar farm located at San Bernardino County; also in California. They provide

the California Power Company’s Electric grid with 615MW and 354 MW of power per year.

Sustainable Engineering can be applied to the overall Engineering fields by taking the example

of Algae production. Algae “have a wide variety of benefits due to their ability to produce and

store energy in the form of oil, which, is more efficiently than any other man made process”

(Algae Biomass Organization).

These benefits are: Algae grows fast, Algae consumes carbon dioxide and

produces Oxygen, it does not compete with agriculture, micro-algal can be used

for fuel, feed and food, macro-algae can be grown in the sea, Algae can purify

wastewaters because they feed of the micro-organisms in putrid waters, Algae can

be used to produce many useful products such as plastics, lubricants, fertilizers,

cosmetics, among other, and it can generate new job openings (Algae Biomass

Organization).

In summer 2014, scientists and engineers in Switzerland from the Dutch and French

design firm Cloud Collective, created an overpass system of Algae carrying plastic transparent

pipes. This “system using filters and pumps, absorbed the carbon dioxide from the cars that

passed underneath the bridge, while at the same time feeding of the solar radiation emitted from

the sun. The output of this system is oxygen and a bulk quantity of grown Algae which can be

used to manufacture many recyclable products” (Cloud Collective).

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ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

The ethical and legal considerations arise as a need to protect: the environment, the end-users,

and the corporations. There are three standards used in the electronics industry, these are:

EPEAT, RoHS and the IEEE Standard 1680-2009.

EPEAT. Stands for Electronic Products Environmental Assessment Tool. It was “designed to

help institutional purchasers and consumers evaluate, compare and select desktop computers,

laptops and displays based on their environmental attributes” (U.S Environmental Protection

Agency). It was developed by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and is managed by the

Green Electronics Council (GEC). The EPEAT provides market recognition for environmentally

preferable electronics; it is built on U.S and International Requirement & Standards such as

Energy Star®, RoHS, ECMA, and Blue Angel. The EPEAT register products that meet “ANSI

accredited standards such as: IEEE 1680.1-2009 Standard for the Environmental Assessment of

Personal Computer Products, IEEE 1680.2-2012 Standard for the Environmental Assessment of

Imaging Equipment, and IEEE 1680.3-2012 Standard for the Environmental Assessment of

Televisions” (U.S Environmental Protection Agency).

Its rating system is based on IEEE’s 1680.1-2009 Standard for the Environmental

Assessment of Personal Computer Products and it consists of: EPEAT Bronze, Silver and Gold

medals. The bronze medal meets all the required criteria of the EPEAT, the Silver meets all the

required criteria and 50% of the optimal criteria, and the Gold medal meets the required criteria

plus 75% of the optional criteria. Some of the basic EPEAT standards for PC and Displays,

Imaging Equipment, and Televisions are: the Reduction/elimination of environmentally sensitive

materials, Material selection, Design for end of life, Product Longevity/life extension, Energy

conservation, End-of-life management, corporate performance Packaging, Consumables (unique

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to Imaging Equipment standard), and Indoor Air Quality (unique to Imaging Equipment

standard). Some of the EPEAT “participant manufacturers are: Toshiba, Lenovo, Dell, Samsung,

HP, Xerox, Panasonic, and Apple, while some of the EPEAT purchasers are: Marriott, the

U.S.A, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Canada, Yale University, Ford, Microsoft, and Nike” (Green

Electronics Council).

RoHS. Stands for “Restriction of Hazardous Substances. It is also known as Directive

2002/95/EC. It originated in the European Union and its purpose is the restriction of specific

hazardous materials found in electrical and electronic products. All products dated after July 1 st,

2006 are compliant with this regulation in the European Union” (European Union Council and

Parliament; Wikipedia). The banned substances under RoHS are: “Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg),

Cadmium (Cd) hexavalent chromium (CrVI), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and

polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)” (European Union Council and Parliament; Wikipedia;

United Kingdom Government). These materials are not only hazardous to the environment, they

are also hazardous to humans and animals, as they pollute landfills, and are deemed unsafe

during their manufacturing and recycling stages.

IEEE Standard 1680-2009.Are standards “developed by the Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers and the IEEE Computer Society sponsored by the Environmental

Assessment Standards Committee. These standards asses the environmental impact of Electronic

products” (IEEE Computer Society). This standard is based on eight categories of environmental

performance: “reduction or elimination of environmentally sensitive materials, materials

selection, design for end of life, life cycle extension, energy conservation, end-of-life

management, corporate performance, and packaging” (IEEE Computer Society).

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IEEE Standard 1680-2009 can be based on a specific geographic region according to the

manufacturer’s specifications and the laws governing that region or country. The “Market

Surveillance Entity (MSE) is the one responsible for determining the regions or countries that are

in these family of standards, to whom companies can then declare their product performance”

(IEEE Computer Society). Its rating system was explained in the previous pages.

PROPOSED MODEL FOR GMAG WINDSOPTSS

Based on the U.S Energy Information Administration, the average monthly residential electricity

consumption for a modest U.S. home was around 903 kWh per month” (U.S Dept. of Energy).

The numbers on the table 1 Appendix A shows a staggering number of revenue in millions of

dollars that electric companies earn by providing electricity to consumer. The majority of the

sources used, in generating this electricity, pollute the environment and destroy the ecosystem. It

is crucial to increase the percentage of these less polluting sources in order to preserve the

environment. Table 3 on Appendix A exemplifies the amps-hour (Ah) that the electrical

equipment used in a household consumes. It is from this table, that an approximatio n of the

power output that GMAG-WINDSOPTSS outputs was approximated from. The three reasons for

designing a Wind based powered turbine were the following:

1. Designs are commercially available.

2. To create a backup emergency system, that will commercially rival a 3KW Generator.

3. To deliver a semi-favorable 3 impact on the environment by applying Sustainable

Engineering.

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The proposed design will consist of: the use of 1 DC current source (four high powered

semi-flexible Mono-Crystalline solar cells with 1.2 kW output power), the use of 1 source 3∅

phase AC generator, 1 power inverter circuit, 1 charge controller circuit, 1 rectifier circuit, a

turbine blade, sources of wind and solar, an Arduino-One micro-controller, and a set of two

parallel connected 250Ah batteries. Some of the designing problems are: the device will require

winds of at least 10mph to work and the limit availability to UAH’s machine shop. Data obtained

from NREL as depicted in figures 1 and 2 on Appendix B, shows the different wind speeds at

30meters and at 80 meters height for the State of Alabama. Also, Table 4 in section B, shows the

average wind speeds for the state of Alabama ranked by county. The Beaufort scale of the wind

in Huntsville, Alabama is force 3 on a scale of 12. Small wind turbines operate between force 3

and force 7, therefore, it is feasible to build a small size turbine. Figure 3 in Appendix C, shows

the proposed home setup of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS. Please refer to figure 14 on Appendix D for

Alabama’s Wind Resource Potential Cumulative Rated Capacity vs. Gross Capacity Factor

graph.

Turbine Blade. The turbine design for GMAG-WINDSOPTSS is based on the Liam F1 UWT

design by the Archimedes BV-RDM Campus in the Netherland. This design is based on the

Archimedes screw pump. It is not suited for turbulent urban winds. This is due that the turbine is

designed to be at an angle of attack of 60 degrees to catch the wind” (The Archimedes BV-RDM

Campus). This turbine will not require the use of a yaw system, making it self-orient to the

direction the wind. Please, refer to figure 4 on Appendix C. If one were to use a 3HP 3Φ

induction generator (the one shown in table 5 of Appendix D), one would need to design an 18-8

meters in diameter turbine for altitudes of 30-80 meters height at low wind speeds.

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An interesting aspect of GMAG-WINDSOPTSS, is that the blades will be suspended

(levitated) by magnetic compression, thus, eliminating completely the use of bearings and the

loss of energy through them. Please, refer to figures 6, 7, and 8 on Appendix C. Figure 5 on

Appendix C, illustrates the SAWPT structural analysis, depicting the total deformation of the

blade per elapsed minutes. A proposed frame modification was added to the initial design so that

the SAWT could function in either vertical or horizontal positions. This can be achieved by using

“an Altazimuth mount to control the altitude of the turbine” (Wikipedia). Please refer to figure 9

on Appendix C.

AC Generator. This 3HP, 3Φ Induction generator produces 5.85 amps of current, with a rated

manufacturer efficiency of 80%, and a power factor of 0.71, while rotating at a minimum of 710

rpm. The difference between “the synchronous speed of the magnetic field and the shaft rotating

speed, is term slip; it is some number of RPM or frequency. The slip increases with an increasing

load, thus providing a greater torque” (Maloney 458-486, 556-597). This slip can be expressed

by the formula on Appendix D. For this design, the slip has a value of 5.33. Please refer to figure

13 in Appendix D.

Solar Cells. Each panel has a high efficiency of 330Watts; its cell type is Mono-Crystalline, with

a maximum power voltage of 48V, and a maximum power current of 6.87 Amps. Their flexible

design allows them to be mounted along the turbine’s overall blade surface area. After mounted,

these solar cells will be coated with optical resin to secure them in place. Please refer to figures

15, 16 and 17 in Appendix E.

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Deep Cycle Battery Array. Each Battery is rated for 250Ah at 12VDC. Their configuration is in

parallel. Since there are two batteries, their output current is 500 amps. Please, refer to figures 18

and 19 in Appendix F. Each battery’s maximum power is 3,000Watts with a weight of 72 Kgs.

Rectifier. A rectifier is an electrical device that “converts AC to DC” (Wikipedia; Engineering

Photos, Videos and Articles). Please refer to figure 20 in Appendix G.

Charge Controller. A charge controller is “a circuit that limits the rate at which electric current is

added to or drawn from electric batteries” (Wikipedia; Northern Arizona Wind & Sun;

Rozenblat). Please, refer to figure 21 in Appendix H.

Power Inverter. A power inverter is “a circuit that changes DC to AC. A power inverter produces

a sine wave output” (Wikipedia; Zouein; Doucet). The Vin in this project is 12VDC and the

output voltage will be 120VAC. Transformer 1 to transformer 2 (T1:T2) will have a ratio of 1:10

turns. Please, refer to figure 22 in Appendix I.

Arduino ONE Control Interface. This model was chosen mainly because of its value, open

source code, multiple analog inputs, and its expandability. This Arduino One micro-controller,

will act as the GMAG-WINDSOPTSS control interface, it will read and then display on a LCD

the values for: the Wind Powered Generator (WPG) torque, speed, output, among many other

parameters. It will control several switches: battery charging by WPG, battery charging by solar

cells, among others. Please refer to figures 23, 24 and 25 on Appendix J.

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THEORETICAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The theoretical results shown that for a generator spinning at 710 rpm and generating 2908.11

Watts of power, one would need a turbine blade span of at least 8.50 meters in length (assuming

constant winds of 10mph). With a smaller blade span of 1.05meters (please refer to the formula

in Appendix D) and with winds of 8.44 m/s the power output of the turbine, should be about 400

watts or 0.54 HP. At 10m/s winds the turbine will produce 665.22 Watts or 0.892 HP, and at 12

m/s winds the turbine will produce 665.2 Watts or 1.541 HP.

An 8.44 meters per second wind is equivalent to an 18.88 mph wind. This translates to a factor of

3 on the Beaufort scale which is equivalent to a light breeze. With this in mind, the output power

of the generator should be between 0.5 and 1 HP. In order to design a generator that would rotate

at around 450 rpm and that will operate at a frequency of 60 Hz, one would need a 16 pole rotor

generator.

Again, please refer to the formulas on Appendix D. The torque of this generator in

𝐿𝑏𝑠.𝑓𝑡

𝐻𝑃 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒,

5250

450=11.67. The synchronous speed (𝑛𝑠 ) of this generator as mentioned before is

450 rpm. The speed of the generator (n) is equal to 5250𝑥 𝐻𝑃

𝑇= 5250𝑥(11.67)−1 = 449.87 𝑟𝑝𝑚.

The motor slip (% slip) is equal to = 𝑛𝑠 −𝑛

𝑛𝑠𝑥100 =

(450−449.87)

100𝑥100 = 0.0286. Since the rule of

thumb is to have a turbine that produces 20% -30% more power than the generator, as to ensure

that the rotor will rotate, the require extracted power from the wind assuming a 20% increased

efficiency from the turbine should be 480 Watts. If we assume the same air density and power

factor (refer to the formula for a turbine’s length on Appendix D), one would need to design a

turbine with a blade length of 1.15 meters.

Sawatzki Chaw 18

The power that will be output by GMAG-WINDSOPTSS will depend on its battery array.

The power output from the wind generator only dictates the batteries charge time. The same can

be said for the solar cells. Keep in mind that the batteries should always operate above 50% of

their capacity to prevent failure. The power available from the batteries is 500𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠𝑥12 𝑉𝐷𝐶 =

6,000 Watts. Since each battery is rated at 250Ah, both batteries connected in parallel should

provide 250 amps in an hour without being depleted for more than 50% of their availability to

hold a charge. 250Ah at 12VDC equals 3000 Watts of power. There will be some small power

losses associated when using a power inverter. Since the power inverter will use a T1:T2 of 1:10

turns, the output voltage from the power inverter will be 120 Volts, and the output available

current will be 50 Amps.

Note that, since the user should only use up to 50% of the full battery charge to prevent

damage to the batteries, the maximum amount of current that can be drawn from these batteries

is 25Ah at 120 VAC. If the reader would refer to table 3 in Appendix A, he/she can estimate

what type of appliances can be used with this configuration. By applying the concepts learned

about Sustainable Engineering to the Electrical Engineering field, this paper has drawn the

following conclusions:

1. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4of the

requirements of Sustainable Engineering, because it is geared towards ecology by using

wind and solar power to produce electricity instead of burning coal, and by designing and

using commercially available components that meet the EPEAT, IEEE Standard 1680-

2009, the RoHS standards.

Sawatzki Chaw 19

2. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4of Sustainable

Engineering requirements, because it is geared towards economics as it helps in lowering

a residential electric bill.

3. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4 of the

requirements of Sustainable Engineering as it is geared towards politics, if and only if it’s

design can be incorporated on a grand scale. This in turn would help redirect, the cash

flow that is wasted in providing more frequent maintenance to power generators based on

coal, nuclear, and hydro.

4. The design and operation of GMAG-WINDOSPTS meets the majority4 of the

requirements of Sustainable Engineering as it is geared towards culture, because it creates

a conscience on the people by teaching them to care for their non-renewable resources

more responsibly.

Sustainable Engineering is a practice used by almost every engineering field today. It tries to

alleviate the overall pollution problem and the depletion of non-renewable resources by utilizing

renewable energy sources such as the case of Electrical and Mechanical engineering developed

wind and solar farms, which can provide the power system’s industry and the end-user, with the

electrical needs of everyday use.

Sawatzki Chaw 20

Notes

[1] Depends on user’s geographical location based on wind speed, and possible scalability of

GMAG-WINDSOPTSS.

[2] “The yaw system of a wind turbine is the component responsible for the orientation of the

wind turbine rotor towards the wind” (Burton, 161; Wikipedia).

[3] Lead-Acid Batteries and the process of designing solar panels are NOT environmentally

friendly.

[4] It is implied as majority, because encompass the betterment of: ecology, economics, politics,

and culture, even though some of its required components are not quote 100% Green end

quote.

Sawatzki Chaw 21

Works Cited

Wengenmayr, Roland, and Thomas Bührke. “Renewable Energy: Sustainable Concepts For The

Energy Change.” Edited By Roland Wengenmayr And Thomas Bührke. n.p.: Weinheim:

Wiley-VCH, c2013., 2013. UAH Library Catalog. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.

Cassedy, Edward S. “Prospects for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment.” Edward S.

Cassedy. n.p.: Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000., 2000. UAH

Library Catalog. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.

Sørensen, Bent. “Renewable Energy: Its Physics, Engineering, Use, Environmental Impacts,

Economy, And Planning Aspects.” Bent Sørensen. n.p.: Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier

Academic Press, c2004., 2004. UAH Library Catalog. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.

Gipe, Paul. “Wind Power For Home & Business: Renewable Energy for the 1990S and

Beyond.” Paul Gipe. n.p.: Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993, 1993. UAH

Library Catalog. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

Burton, Tony. “Wind Energy Handbook.” Tony Burton ... [Et Al.]. n.p.: Chichester, West

Sussex: Wiley, 2011, 2011. UAH Library Catalog. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

U.S Dept. of Energy. "How Much Electricity Does an American Home Use?" EIA -

Electricity DATA. U.S Energy Information Administration, 10 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Nov.

2014. <http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3>.

Sawatzki Chaw 22

U.S Dept. of Energy. "Revenue from Retail Sales of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by

End-Use Sector, by State, Year-to-Date through August 2014 and 2013 (Million

Dollars)." EIA - Electricity DATA. U.S Energy Information Administration, 24 Oct. 2014.

Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_5_05_b>.

U.S Dept. of Energy. "Electric Power Annual 2010." EIA. U.S Energy Information

Administration, 1 Nov. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/archive/03482010.pdf>.

Georgia Power. "Electric Safety." Home Appliance Amp Reference Chart. Georgia Power: A

Southern Company. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.georgiapower.com/in-your-

community/electric-safety/chart.cshtml>.

The Archimedes BV -RDM Campus. "Spec Sheet Liam F1 UWT UK." The Archimedes. The

Archimedes BV -RDM Campus. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://dearchimedes.com/pdf/leaflet_archimedes_ENG.pdf>.

The Archimedes BV -RDM Campus. "The Mini-wind Turbine: The Explanation." Frequently

Asked Questions. The Archimedes BV -RDM Campus. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://dearchimedes.com/faqs/>.

AWS TruePower. "Residential-Scale 30-Meter Wind Maps." WINDExchange. National

Renewable Energy Laboratory, 21 Feb. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/windmaps/residential_scale.asp>.

Sawatzki Chaw 23

AWS TruePower. "Utility-Scale 80-Meter Wind Maps." WINDExchange. National

Renewable Energy Laboratory, 06 April. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/wind_maps.asp>.

USA.COM. "Alabama Average Wind Speed County Rank." USA.COM. World Media Group,

LLC, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.usa.com/rank/alabama-state--

average-wind-speed--county-rank.htm>.

Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ROTOR BLADE SUPPORTING FRAMETOP.” Personal photograph

by author. 20 Nov. 2014.

Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ROTOR BLADE SUPPORTING FRAME-TOP.” Personal photograph

by author. 20 Nov. 2014.

Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ROTOR BLADE SUPPORTING FRAME-BOTTOM.” Personal

photograph by author. 20 Nov. 2014.

Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “GMAG WINDSOPTSS Schematic.” Personal photograph by author.

20 Nov. 2014.

Sawatzki Chaw, Jürgen. “ARDUINO ONE Control Interface.” Personal photograph by author.

20 Nov. 2014.

Wikipedia. "Altazimuth Mount." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free

Encyclopedia, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altazimuth_mount>.

Sawatzki Chaw 24

Wikipedia. "Yaw System." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free

Encyclopedia, 20 Aug. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_system>.

Wikipedia. "Rectifier." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free

Encyclopedia, 21 Nov. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier>.

Wikipedia. "Charge Controller." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free

Encyclopedia, 08 June. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller>.

Wikipedia. "Ćuk Converter." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free

Encyclopedia, 02 Oct. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter>.

Wikipedia. "Power Inverter." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free

Encyclopedia, 21 Nov. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter >.

Wikipedia. "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 17 Oct. 2014. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive>.

NPOWER. "Wind Turbine Power Calculations." Publications. The Royal Academy of

Engineering. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbine>.

Sawatzki Chaw 25

Chengjin Electro Machinery Equipment."3 Phase AC Motor

Technical Data." Alibaba. Alibaba.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://chengjinmachinery.en.alibaba.com/product/314214252-

209344893/Y_motor_Y355L_8_200KW_270HP_.html>.

AWS TruePower. "Alabama-Wind Resource potential cumulative Rated Capacity vs. Gross

Capacity factor (CF)." WINDExchange. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Web.

22 Nov. 2014.

<http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/pdfs/wind_maps/al_wind_potential_c

hart.pdf>.

Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles. "Chapter 6: Principles of Rectification: Diodes."

Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles. Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles, 5

Dec. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://emadrlc.blogspot.com/2012/12/chapter-6-

principles-of-rectification.html>.

Northern Arizona Wind & Sun. "Everything You Need to Know about the Basics of Solar

Charge Controllers." Northern Arizona Wind & Sun. Northern Arizona Wind & Sun.

Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.solar-electric.com/solar-charge-controller-

basics.html>.

Shenzhen Suoyang New Energy. "High efficiency semi flexible solar panels 330WP."

Alibaba. Alibaba.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. < http://www.alibaba.com/product-

detail/Hight-efficiency-semi-flexible-solar-panels_451492037.html>.

Sawatzki Chaw 26

Linear Technology. "1Hz to 100MHz Voltage to Frequency Converter with 160dB Dynamic

Range @5V Supplied." Linear Technology. Linear Technology, 1 Jan. 1990. Web. 22

Nov. 2014. <http://www.linear.com/solutions/1323>.

Doucet, Jim, Dan Eggleston, and Jeremy Shaw. "DC/AC Pure Sine Wave Inverter." WPI

Electronic Projects. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1 Jan. 2006. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042507-

092653/unrestricted/MQP_D_1_2.pdf>.

Zouein, Nick. "250 to 5000 Watts PWM DC/AC 220V Power Inverter." Nick Zouein. Nick

Zouein, 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://nickzouein.wordpress.com/electronics/dcac-power- inverter/>.

Solaris. "New Solaris® Clear Encapsulating Silicone." Smooth-On. Smooth-On. Web. 22 Nov.

2014. <http://www.smooth-on.com/a103/New-Solaris=-Clear-

Encapsulatingsilicone/article_info.html>.

Yangzhou Bright Solar Solutions." 250A 12V Gelled High Efficient Solar Battery."

Alibaba. Alibaba.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. < http://www.alibaba.com/product-

detail/250A-12V-Gelled-High-Efficient-Solar_1969655706.html>.

Rozenblat, Lazar. "Wind Generator Operation." Generator Guide. Generator Guide, 1 Jan. 2013.

Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://windpower.generatorguide.net/how-wind-works.html>.

Arduino. "Arduino UNO Rev3." ARDUINO. Arduino. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://store.arduino.cc/product/A000066?language=en>.

Sawatzki Chaw 27

Wikispaces. "UNO Schematic." Arduino Quick Reference. Wikispaces. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://arduino- info.wikispaces.com/file/view/Arduino_Uno_Rev3-

schematic.jpg/346644662/Arduino_Uno_Rev3-schematic.jpg>.

U.S Environmental Protection Agency. "Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool

(EPEAT)." Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP). U.S Environmental

Protection Agency, 22 Apr. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.epa.gov/epp/pubs/products/epeat.htm>.

Green Electronics Council. "EPEAT." Who Participates in EPEAT? Green Electronics Council.

Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.epeat.net/>.

IEEE Computer Society. "IEEE Standard for Environmental Assessment of Electronic Products."

IEEE Explore Digital Library. IEEE, 5 Mar. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

<http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5429923>.

European Union Council and Parliament. "RoHS Compliance FAQ." RoHS Guide Compliance.

RoHS Guide, 13 Aug. 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <http://www.rohsguide.com/rohs-

faq.htm>.

United Kingdom Government. "RoHS: Compliance and Guidance." GOV.UK. United

Kingdom Government, 13 Aug. 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. <https://www.gov.uk/rohs-

compliance-and-guidance>.

Maloney, Timothy J. "Chapter 12: WOUND-ROTOR DC MOTORS & Chapter 13: AC

MOTORS." Modern Industrial Electronics. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,

1996. 458-486, 556-597. Print.

Sawatzki Chaw 28

Wikipedia. "Sustainable Engineering." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free

Encyclopedia, 6 Oct. 2014. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering>.

Algae Biomass Organization. "Algae Basics - Benefits of Algae." Algae Basics - Benefits of

Algae. Algae Biomass Organization. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.

<http://allaboutalgae.com/benefits/>.

Cloud Collective. "This Algae Farm Eats Pollution From the Highway Below It." Gizmodo.

Gizmodo, 31 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. <http://gizmodo.com/this-algae-farm-eats-

pollution-from-the-highway-below-i-1653234583>.

Sawatzki Chaw 29

Table 1: EIA Electric Power Monthly Revenue (U.S Dept. of Energy).

APPENDIX A

Sawatzki Chaw 30

Table 2: U.S Net Generation by Sources Jan 2010- August 2010 in MWhx1000 (U.S Dept. of Energy).

Sawatzki Chaw 31

Electronic Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah) Small Appliances Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah) Computer 300 2.50 Blender 300 2.50

Stereo 1,200 10 Box Fan 175 1.46 Television 150 1.25 Clock Radio 70 0.58

Major Appliances Watts-Hour (Wh) Amps-Hour (Ah) Coffee Maker 1,200 10 Baseboard Heater 1,600 13.33 Food Processor 200 1.67

Clothes Dryer 4,900 40.83 Hair Dryer 600 5 Dishwasher 1,200 10 Heating Blanket 200 1.67

Frost-Free Deep Freeze 500 4.17 Heating Pad 65 0.54

Frost-Free Refrigerator 615 5.13 Iron 1,100 9.17

Furnace 500 4.17 Microwave Oven 1,450 12.08 Garbage Disposal 450 to 950 3.75 to 7.92 Mixer 130 1.08

Oven 4,000 to 8,000 33.33 to 66.70 Sewing Machine 75 0.63 Range 4,000 to 5,000 33.33 to 41.70 Toaster 1,150 9.58

Room Heater 1,350 11.25 Toaster/Toaster

Oven 1,150 9.58 Standard Deep

Freeze 400 3.33 Two Burner Hot

Plate 1,650 13.75 Standard

Refrigerator 325 2.71 Vacuum Cleaner 750 to 1,350 6.25 to 11.25 Washing Machine 500 4.17

Water Heater 2,000 to 5,000 16.70 to 41.70

Table 3: Georgia Power Electrical Safety (Georgia Power).

Sawatzki Chaw 32

APPENDIX B

Figure 1: U.S Annual Average Wind Speeds at 30m height (AWS TruePower).

Sawatzki Chaw 33

Figure 2: U.S Annual Average Wind Speeds at 80m height (AWS TruePower).

Sawatzki Chaw 34

Table 4: Alabama Average Wind Speed by County Rank (USA.COM).

Rank Average Wind Speed County / Population

1 18.60 mph Bullock, AL / 10,914

2 18.14 mph Barbour, AL / 27,457

3 17.89 mph Russell, AL / 52,947

4 17.34 mph Pike, AL / 32,899

5 16.98 mph Macon, AL / 21,452

6 16.92 mph Henry, AL / 17,302

7 16.84 mph Jackson, AL / 53,227

8 16.50 mph Montgomery, AL / 229,363

9 16.50 mph De Kalb, AL / 71,109

10 16.38 mph Crenshaw, AL / 13,906

11 16.18 mph Etowah, AL / 104,430

12 16.14 mph Cherokee, AL / 25,989

13 16.05 mph Dale, AL / 50,251

14 15.71 mph Coffee, AL / 49,948

15 15.67 mph Elmore, AL / 79,303

16 15.65 mph Walker, AL / 67,023

17 15.55 mph Marengo, AL / 21,027

18 15.52 mph Morgan, AL / 119,490

19 15.51 mph Lee, AL / 140,247

20 15.47 mph Lowndes, AL / 11,299

21 15.47 mph Hale, AL / 15,760

22 15.34 mph Marshall, AL / 93,019

23 15.28 mph Butler, AL / 20,947

24 15.25 mph Greene, AL / 9,045

25 15.15 mph Dallas, AL / 43,820

26 15.14 mph Tuscaloosa, AL / 194,656

27 15.11 mph Saint Clair, AL / 83,593

28 15.04 mph Fayette, AL / 17,241

29 15.04 mph Cullman, AL / 80,406

30 15.01 mph Tallapoosa, AL / 41,616

31 14.98 mph Conecuh, AL / 13,228

32 14.90 mph Chambers, AL / 34,215

33 14.81 mph Escambia, AL / 38,319

Rank Average Wind Speed County / Population

34 14.80 mph Madison, AL / 334,811

35 14.70 mph Wilcox, AL / 11,670

36 14.64 mph Sumter, AL / 13,763

37 14.54 mph Blount, AL / 57,322

38 14.53 mph Winston, AL / 24,484

39 14.53 mph Perry, AL / 10,591

40 14.49 mph Houston, AL / 101,547

41 14.47 mph Calhoun, AL / 118,572

42 14.42 mph Bibb, AL / 22,915

43 14.31 mph Pickens, AL / 19,746

44 14.22 mph Jefferson, AL / 658,466

45 14.19 mph Lamar, AL / 14,564

46 14.13 mph Covington, AL / 37,765

47 14.12 mph Monroe, AL / 23,068

48 14.04 mph Coosa, AL / 11,539

49 13.99 mph Lawrence, AL / 34,339

50 13.96 mph Franklin, AL / 31,704

51 13.79 mph Cleburne, AL / 14,972

52 13.78 mph Shelby, AL / 195,085

53 13.75 mph Autauga, AL / 54,571

54 13.73 mph Marion, AL / 30,776

55 13.64 mph Limestone, AL / 82,782

56 13.55 mph Choctaw, AL / 13,859

57 13.41 mph Chilton, AL / 43,643

58 13.35 mph Randolph, AL / 22,913

59 13.30 mph Colbert, AL / 54,428

60 13.20 mph Geneva, AL / 26,790

61 13.19 mph Clay, AL / 13,932

62 13.16 mph Lauderdale, AL / 92,709

63 12.96 mph Baldwin, AL / 182,265

64 12.84 mph Clarke, AL / 25,833

65 12.69 mph Mobile, AL / 412,992

66 12.58 mph Talladega, AL / 82,291

67 12.15 mph Washington, AL / 17,581

Sawatzki Chaw 35

APPENDIX C

Figure 3: Gearless Magnetic Levitated Wind-Solar Powered Turbine Storage System (Sawatzki Chaw).

Sawatzki Chaw 36

Figure 4: The LIAM F1 UWT UK Spiral Axis Wind Turbine (The Archimedes BV-RDM Campus).

Sawatzki Chaw 37

Figure 5: Spiral Axis Wind Turbine Structural Analysis (The Archimedes BV-RDM Campus).

Sawatzki Chaw 38

Figure 6: Rotor Blade Supporting Frame Top (Sawatzki Chaw).

Sawatzki Chaw 39

Figure 7: Rotor Blade Supporting Frame Bottom (Sawatzki Chaw).

Sawatzki Chaw 40

Figure 8: Version 1.0 of VAWT Blade design with C shaped Frame (Sawatzki Chaw).

Sawatzki Chaw 41

Figure 9: Altazimuth Mount on Dobsonian Telescope (Wikipedia).

Figure 10: Yaw Turbine Control System (Wikipedia).

Sawatzki Chaw 42

Figure 11: HAWT and VAWT Configurations (Gipe 98-103).

Sawatzki Chaw 43

MEASUREMENTS

Turbine power is defined as

Where P is power, 𝜌 is air density, A is swept area of the blade, V is wind speed, and 𝐶𝑝 is the power coefficient.

Since real world limit for a VAWT & HAWT is between 0.33 and 0.45, this paper will use the

minimum power coefficient for calculations (NPOWER 2).

The air density in Huntsville, Alabama is 1.164 kg / 𝑚3 . The length of the Turbine blade is

obtained by rearranging the previous formula for:

The power that the turbine needs to produce is between 2796.26 Watts and 2908.11 Watts. At an

altitude of 30 meters, the length of the turbine blade should be at least 8.50 meters.

Figure 12: Swept Area of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine or Spiral Axis

Wind Turbine (NPOWER 2).

Sawatzki Chaw 44

Table 5: Technical Data for 3 Phase ac Generator (Chengjin Electro Machinery).

APPENDIX D

Sawatzki Chaw 45

MEASUREMENTS

The rotor speed is rated at 710 rpm. The Synchronous speed is rated at 750 rpm.

Therefore, the Slip of this motor is 5.33.

The RP.M of a motor can be found with the following formula:

Where the operational frequency is either 50 or 60 Hz (for Europe and U.S).

Figure 13: Three Phase AC Induction, 12 poles Generator (Maloney 565).

Sawatzki Chaw 46

Figure 14: Alabama-Wind Resource Potential Cumulative Rated Capacity vs. Gross Capacity Factor (AWS TruePower).

Sawatzki Chaw 47

APPENDIX E

Figure 15: High Power Solar Cells (Shenzhen Suoyang New Energy).

Figure 16: Encapsulating Solar Cells with optical Resin (Solaris).

Figure 17: Circuit Schematic of Solar Cells Array (Sawatzki Chaw).

Sawatzki Chaw 48

APPENDIX F

Figure 18: 250Ah Lead Deep Cycle Battery (Yangzhou Bright Solar Solutions).

Figure 19: Circuit Schematic for proposed Battery Array (Sawatzki Chaw).

Sawatzki Chaw 49 APPENDIX G

Figure 20: Proposed design for Rectifier (Wikipedia; Engineering Photos, Videos and Articles).

Sawatzki Chaw 50 APPENDIX H

Figure 21: Proposed design for Charge Controller, aka Ćuk converter (Wikipedia).

Sawatzki Chaw 51

APPENDIX I

Figure 22: Proposed Design for Power Inverter, 250 to 500 Watts PWM DC/AC 220V (Zouein).

Sawatzki Chaw 52

Figure 23: Arduino UNO Micro-Controller (Arduino).

APPENDIX J

Sawatzki Chaw 53

Figure 24: Arduino UNO Circuit Schematic (Wikispaces).

Sawatzki Chaw 54

Figure 25: GMAG-WINDSOPTSS’s Arduino ONE Control Interface (Sawatzki Chaw).