sustainable city & urban planning experiences

Sustainable City & Sustainable City & Urban Planning ExperiencesUrban Planning Experiences

Mee Kam NgMee Kam Ng

Centre of Urban Planning & Environmental Centre of Urban Planning & Environmental ManagementManagement

The University of Hong KongThe University of Hong Kong

Evolution of the Evolution of the Understandings of Understandings of

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Meanings of Sustainable Meanings of Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

• 1962, Rachel Carson: 1962, Rachel Carson: Silent SpringSilent Spring• 1972, United Nations Conference on the 1972, United Nations Conference on the

Human Environment in Stockholm, Human Environment in Stockholm, Barbara Ward: Barbara Ward: Only One EarthOnly One Earth

• 1983, the World Commission on 1983, the World Commission on Environment and Development was Environment and Development was establishedestablished

• 1987: 1987: Our Common FutureOur Common Future““Sustainable development is development that Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED, 1987, p.8). to meet their own needs” (WCED, 1987, p.8).


• 1992: United Nations Conference on 1992: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, the First Earth SummitJaneiro, the First Earth Summit

• Rio Declaration on Environment and Rio Declaration on Environment and Development & Agenda 21Development & Agenda 21

• 1992: the United Nations Commission on 1992: the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development was establishedSustainable Development was established

• 1996: Habitat Agenda1996: Habitat Agenda• 2000: United Nations Millennium Development 2000: United Nations Millennium Development

GoalsGoals• 2002: Second Earth Summit in Johannesburg—2002: Second Earth Summit in Johannesburg—

Johannesburg Declaration & Action 21Johannesburg Declaration & Action 21

Why Sustainable Development Why Sustainable Development (SD) ?(SD) ?

Why SD ?Why SD ?• The world’sThe world’s population is now at 6 billion, population is now at 6 billion,

and estimated to grow to 8 billion in the and estimated to grow to 8 billion in the next 20 years. next 20 years.

• While most countries’ economies have While most countries’ economies have grown economically in the last 20 years, grown economically in the last 20 years, some have declined. some have declined.

• In the developing world, one in every five In the developing world, one in every five persons lives in extreme poverty and persons lives in extreme poverty and many associated social problems result: many associated social problems result: disease, disintegration of family, crime disease, disintegration of family, crime and use of drugs.and use of drugs.

• 800 million people in the world are still 800 million people in the world are still malnourished due to poor distribution in malnourished due to poor distribution in more remote areas. more remote areas.

• Diseases such as AIDS and malaria have Diseases such as AIDS and malaria have greatly affected populationsgreatly affected populations

Why SD ?Why SD ?• Since 1971, global energy use has increased by Since 1971, global energy use has increased by

70% and is expected to rise 2% per year in the 70% and is expected to rise 2% per year in the next 15 years. This will increase greenhouse next 15 years. This will increase greenhouse gases by 50% over current levels. gases by 50% over current levels.

• The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased enormously since 1950, with the global increased enormously since 1950, with the global climate changing drastically. climate changing drastically.

• Increased atmospheric nitrogen from fossil fuel Increased atmospheric nitrogen from fossil fuel combustion and farming of root crops, which combustion and farming of root crops, which release nitrogen, has intensified the occurrence in release nitrogen, has intensified the occurrence in of acid rainof acid rain

• Natural resources (e.g. soils, forests, fish aquatic Natural resources (e.g. soils, forests, fish aquatic habitats) continue to decrease in quantity due to habitats) continue to decrease in quantity due to fires, pollution and human influences. fires, pollution and human influences.

• Loss of biological diversity has resulted from Loss of biological diversity has resulted from human activities such as deforestation and , human activities such as deforestation and , pollution. 40% of our global economy is pollution. 40% of our global economy is dependent on biologically derived products. dependent on biologically derived products.

• Water, soil and air have been strained due to high Water, soil and air have been strained due to high pollution levels. pollution levels.

Why SD? We are in a Risk Why SD? We are in a Risk Society! Society!

• The aging of industrial modernity & the The aging of industrial modernity & the emergence of emergence of a risk societya risk society

• Risk society arises through “the ... Risk society arises through “the ... modernization processes which are modernization processes which are blind & deafblind & deaf to consequences & to consequences & dangers.”dangers.”

• ““Reflexive modernization”: self-Reflexive modernization”: self-confrontation with the consequences confrontation with the consequences of risk society which cannot be of risk society which cannot be addressed & overcome in the system addressed & overcome in the system of industrial society (Ulrich Beck)of industrial society (Ulrich Beck)

Why SD? We are in a Risk Why SD? We are in a Risk Society!Society!

• Risk society: hazards produced by society Risk society: hazards produced by society undermine and/or cancel the established undermine and/or cancel the established safety systems of the state’s existing risk safety systems of the state’s existing risk calculations.calculations.

• Nuclear, chemical, ecological & genetic Nuclear, chemical, ecological & genetic engineering risks: no time/place limit, not engineering risks: no time/place limit, not accountable, compensated or insured (Ulrich accountable, compensated or insured (Ulrich Beck).Beck).

• Risk Society: recognition of the incalculability Risk Society: recognition of the incalculability of the hazards produced by technical-of the hazards produced by technical-industrial developmentindustrial development

• Compels self-reflection on the foundation of Compels self-reflection on the foundation of the social context & review of prevailing the social context & review of prevailing conventions & principles of “rationality”conventions & principles of “rationality”

• Risk society becomes self-reflexive: it Risk society becomes self-reflexive: it becomes an issue & a problem to itself becomes an issue & a problem to itself (Ulrich Beck)(Ulrich Beck)

Why SD? We are in a Risk Why SD? We are in a Risk SocietySociety

• Answer: to let “Answer: to let “politics & politics & moralitymorality” gain priority over ” gain priority over “shifting & inherently uncertain “shifting & inherently uncertain science”--science”--a radical (second) a radical (second) modernity & a new ecological modernity & a new ecological democracydemocracy (Ulrich Beck) (Ulrich Beck) a a need to build a sustainable need to build a sustainable communitycommunity

Meanings of SDMeanings of SD

City Region

People

Resources:renewable & non-rew

Energy & water

Goods and services

Carrying Capacity

Future impactsPeople

Information & capital

Goods & services

Wastes & pollution

Resource depletion

Source: Ravetz, Joe (2000), City Region 2020, London: Earthscan

Meanings of SD:Meanings of SD:Economic, Social & Environmental Economic, Social & Environmental

CapitalCapital

Human & Social Capital

Environ-mentalCapital

Economic Capital

Some Interactions Between Economic, Social and Environmental Capital

Health impacts vs. Human impacts

Income & employment vs. Labour & consumption

Resources & assimilation of

pollution vs. Pollution & its abatement

Meanings of SD:Meanings of SD:Nested Sustainable DevelopmentNested Sustainable Development

ENVIRONMENT

SOCIETY

ECONOMY

Environmental Capital:

Air WaterNoiseMineralsForests, Land,Species of

Flora & Fauna

Soil, etc.

Human, Social & Cultural CapitalEducationHealthHousingSocial NetworkCommunity SpiritSocial EquityArts and CultureSports & recreationEntertainment & media, etc.

Economic CapitalBuilt environmentMachineryVehiclesInvestment, etc.

(Modified from Giddings et. al, 2002, p.192)


• Basic Principles:Basic Principles:– an ethical utilization of natural an ethical utilization of natural

resourcesresources– an intra- and inter-generational an intra- and inter-generational

equityequity• Derived Sustainable Development Derived Sustainable Development

PrinciplesPrinciples

Meanings of SD: principles & policiesMeanings of SD: principles & policiesUrban Context

Economic CapitalEconomyUrban fiscal baseEconomic spacesInfrastructureBuilt environment

Human and Social CapitalEducationHealthSports and LeisureSafetyCommunityPolitical SystemGovernance

Environmental (Physical & Built) CapitalFoodAirWaterNoiseArchitectureCultural Heritage

Urban Context

Economic CapitalEconomyUrban fiscal baseEconomic spacesInfrastructureBuilt environment

Human and Social CapitalEducationHealthSports and LeisureSafetyCommunityPolitical SystemGovernance

Environmental (Physical & Built) CapitalFoodAirWaterNoiseArchitectureCultural Heritage

Sustain. Development Principles

Basic PrinciplesEthical utilization of natural resourcesIntra- and inter-generational equity

Economic CapitalLong-term economic prosperityRestorative economyReforming market economyEcological modernization

Human and Social CapitalDiversities in human resourcesCultural diversitiesSatisfying basic needsEquity in governanceSocial cohesionEqual opportunities

Environmental (Physical & Built) CapitalGeographical equityLiving within nature’s carrying capacityEnhancing biodiversityReplace/ Recycle/ Reuse

Sustain. Development Principles

Basic PrinciplesEthical utilization of natural resourcesIntra- and inter-generational equity

Economic CapitalLong-term economic prosperityRestorative economyReforming market economyEcological modernization

Human and Social CapitalDiversities in human resourcesCultural diversitiesSatisfying basic needsEquity in governanceSocial cohesionEqual opportunities

Environmental (Physical & Built) CapitalGeographical equityLiving within nature’s carrying capacityEnhancing biodiversityReplace/ Recycle/ Reuse

Policy Tools

GovernmentLong term strategic views &

integrated policy makingLaw & legislationFinancing mechanisms

Government vis-à-vis Market

Ecological modernizationGreen consumerismTargeted inward investmentPromotion of environmental

businessEncourage competitionInformation dissemination

Government vis-à-vis Community

A learning cultureThree-way (government,

private sector, community) partnership

Community based initiativesSocial/cultural/attitudinal

changes

Policy Tools

GovernmentLong term strategic views &

integrated policy makingLaw & legislationFinancing mechanisms

Government vis-à-vis Market

Ecological modernizationGreen consumerismTargeted inward investmentPromotion of environmental

businessEncourage competitionInformation dissemination

Government vis-à-vis Community

A learning cultureThree-way (government,

private sector, community) partnership

Community based initiativesSocial/cultural/attitudinal

changes

Meanings of SDMeanings of SD

Meanings of Meanings of SDSD

Characteristics of SDCharacteristics of SD

Characteristics of SDCharacteristics of SDECOLOGICALLY ETHICAL UTILIZATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Use of resources and pollution within carrying capacity of nature

Biodiversity enhanced

Three “R”s to minimize wastes and energy consumption

INTRA- AND INTER-GENERATIONAL EQUITY

Demographic stabilization

Reforming market economy: “restorative”, community based economies vibrant

Ecological modernization

Diversities in human resources development

Diversity in the built environment

Diversity in economic activities

Diversity in culture

Meeting basic needs

Strong social cohesion

Equity in governance

Equal opportunities available

Geographical equity: self-reliance


RESPONSES

Strategic long term view with strategic information

Horizontal cross-sectoral approach within the government

Vertical integration (local-regional initiatives)

Politics: new governance (three-way [public-private-community] partnership)

Sustainable planning process: participation & dialogue

Law & legislation on environmental management

Market: green consumerism, ecological modernization

Socio-cultural changes (public awareness)

Green financing

Characteristics of SDCharacteristics of SDParticipation:Participation: participatoryparticipatory making good use of local knowledge making good use of local knowledge perspectives of different stakeholders perspectives of different stakeholders accessible participation channels and information accessible participation channels and information participation should be engagement in making choices and participation should be engagement in making choices and

determining future developmentdetermining future development

Community character:Community character: respect community historyrespect community history strengthen community identitystrengthen community identity facilitate community building and fulfill the needs and facilitate community building and fulfill the needs and

expectations of the communityexpectations of the community

Equity:Equity: ensure equitable distribution of benefits and costsensure equitable distribution of benefits and costs consider the impacts on different social groupsconsider the impacts on different social groups ensure adequate resources and services are available to mitigate ensure adequate resources and services are available to mitigate

the impacts on disadvantaged groupsthe impacts on disadvantaged groups

Environment:Environment: improve the overall living and working environment in order to improve the overall living and working environment in order to

promote health, safety and enjoymentpromote health, safety and enjoyment safeguard resources and prevent environmental degradationsafeguard resources and prevent environmental degradation

Economy:Economy: should improve the overall economic conditionsshould improve the overall economic conditions

Why Citizen Participation?Why Citizen Participation?• Plans have a greater chance of Plans have a greater chance of

being implemented when citizens being implemented when citizens play a meaningful role in shaping play a meaningful role in shaping them.them.

• They know better what they want!They know better what they want!• Stakeholders must feel Stakeholders must feel ownershipownership

of the plan.of the plan.• Identifying common values in Identifying common values in

divergent interestsdivergent interests• Building consensusBuilding consensus

Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen ParticipationParticipation

DEGREE OF CITIIZEN PARTICIPATIONDEGREE OF CITIIZEN PARTICIPATION

8. Citizen control8. Citizen control

7. Delegated power7. Delegated power

6. Partnership6. Partnership

DEGREES OF TOKENISMDEGREES OF TOKENISM

5. Placation5. Placation

4. Consultation4. Consultation

3. Informing3. Informing

NON-PARTICIPATIONNON-PARTICIPATION

2. Therapy2. Therapy

1. Manipulation1. Manipulation

The ‘Wheel’ of EmpowermentThe ‘Wheel’ of EmpowermentEMPOWERMENTEMPOWERMENT

Entrusted controlEntrusted control

Independent controlIndependent control

Delegated controlDelegated control

Limited decentralized decision makingLimited decentralized decision making

PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION

Limited decentralized decision makingLimited decentralized decision making

PartnershipPartnership

Effective advisory bodyEffective advisory body

CONSULTATIONCONSULTATION

Genuine informationGenuine information

Customer careCustomer care

Limited consultationLimited consultation

INFORMATIONINFORMATION

Good quality informationGood quality information

Limited informationLimited information

Minimal communicationMinimal communication

TechniquesTechniques

• Citizen attitude Citizen attitude surveyssurveys

• Use of mediator or Use of mediator or facilitatorfacilitator

• Citizen trainingCitizen training• Telephone hotlinesTelephone hotlines• Interactive cable TVInteractive cable TV• Open door policyOpen door policy• Visioning sessionsVisioning sessions• Task forcesTask forces• Public hearingsPublic hearings

• Guided toursGuided tours• Workshops/ charettesWorkshops/ charettes• Visual preference Visual preference

testingtesting• Game simulationGame simulation• Citizen advisory boardCitizen advisory board• Media & public Media & public

information campaignsinformation campaigns• Community planning Community planning

centrescentres• Involving youths & kidsInvolving youths & kids

Characteristics of SDCharacteristics of SDVitality & Variety

•activity nodes•street activities

•land uses•texture (relationship of

buildings and space)•grain of street pattern

•visual quality•relation of buildings to

street“Greening the city”•colour•shade•softening•air pollution absorption•micro-climate•aesthetics•ambience

Traffic and transportpublic access to non-polluting

transportconnectivity of public transport

modes and routespedestrian accessibilitypedestrian permeabilitypedestrian experience

Form of new developmentSympathetic to topography

Compatible with the desired character of the area

Public spaceappropriateness of location

opportunities for ‘conferred life’quality

connectivityappropriateness of purpose


New Buildingscalelayoutformappearanceuse materials

Existing buildingsPhysical conditionsafetyappearancespecial individual quality (historic, architectural, or cultural merit)special group quality (contribution to streetscape, townscape)UseCompatibility with areaCompatibility with immediate adjacent usesContribution to needs of areaContribution to character of areaRe-use potentialrehabilitationconservationrecycling to other uses

How to Develop HonHow to Develop Hong Kong into a Sustainable City ?g Kong into a Sustainable City ?

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPNMENT

PRINCIPLES

HOW TO DEVELOP HONG KONG INTO A

SUSTAINABLE CITY?

Ecologically Ethical Utilization of Natural Resources

Carrying capacity of nature

Biodiversity

Three “R”s to minimize wastes and energy consumption

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPNMENT PRINCIPLES

HOW TO DEVELOP HONG KONG INTO A SUSTAINABLE CITY?

Intra- and Inter-Generational Equity

Demographic stabilization

Reforming market economy: “restorative” & ecological modernization

Diversity in human resources development

Diversity in built environment

Diversity in economic activities

Diversity in culture

Satisfying basic needs

Social cohesion

Equity in governance

Equal opportunities

Geographical equity: self-reliance

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPNMENT PRINCIPLES

HOW TO DEVELOP HONG KONG INTO A SUSTAINABLE CITY?

Responses

Long term view with strategic information

Horizontal cross-sectoral approach

Vertical integration (local-regional initiatives)

Politics: new governance (three-way partnership)

Sustainable planning process: participation & dialogue

Law & legislation on environmental management

Market: green consumerism, ecological modernization

Socio-cultural changes (public awareness)

Green financing

How to Develop HK into a How to Develop HK into a Sustainable City ?Sustainable City ?Participation:Participation:

participatoryparticipatory making good use of local knowledge making good use of local knowledge perspectives of different stakeholders perspectives of different stakeholders accessible participation channels and information accessible participation channels and information participation should be engagement in making choices and participation should be engagement in making choices and

determining future developmentdetermining future development

Community character:Community character: respect community historyrespect community history strengthen community identitystrengthen community identity facilitate community building and fulfill the needs and facilitate community building and fulfill the needs and

expectations of the communityexpectations of the community

Equity:Equity: ensure equitable distribution of benefits and costsensure equitable distribution of benefits and costs consider the impacts on different social groupsconsider the impacts on different social groups ensure adequate resources and services are available to mitigate ensure adequate resources and services are available to mitigate

the impacts on disadvantaged groupsthe impacts on disadvantaged groups

Environment:Environment: improve the overall living and working environment in order to improve the overall living and working environment in order to

promote health, safety and enjoymentpromote health, safety and enjoyment safeguard resources and prevent environmental degradationsafeguard resources and prevent environmental degradation

Economy:Economy: should improve the overall economic conditionsshould improve the overall economic conditions

How to Develop HK into a How to Develop HK into a Sustainable City ?Sustainable City ?

Vitality & VarietyVitality & Variety•activity nodes

•street activities•land uses

•texture (relationship of buildings and space)

•grain of street pattern•visual quality

•relation of buildings to street

““Greening the city”Greening the city”•colour•shade•softening•air pollution absorption•micro-climate•aesthetics•ambience

Traffic and transportTraffic and transportpublic access to non-polluting

transportconnectivity of public transport

modes and routespedestrian accessibilitypedestrian permeabilitypedestrian experience

Form of new developmentForm of new developmentSympathetic to topography

Compatible with the desired character of the area

Public spacePublic spaceappropriateness of location

opportunities for ‘conferred life’quality

connectivityappropriateness of purpose

How to develop HK into a How to develop HK into a sustainable city?sustainable city?

New New BuildingBuildingscalelayoutformappearanceuse materials

Existing buildingsExisting buildingsPhysical conditionsafetyappearancespecial individual quality (historic, architectural, or cultural merit)special group quality (contribution to streetscape, townscape)UseCompatibility with areaCompatibility with immediate adjacent usesContribution to needs of areaContribution to character of areaRe-use potentialrehabilitationconservationrecycling to other uses

What are the Costs of DevelopinWhat are the Costs of Developingg

Hong Kong into a Sustainable City?Hong Kong into a Sustainable City?

““Costs” of SD in Hong KongCosts” of SD in Hong Kong• Whose costs?Whose costs?• Fiscal costs? Hidden costs? Long term costs? SFiscal costs? Hidden costs? Long term costs? S

hort-term costs? Monetary costs? Social costs? hort-term costs? Monetary costs? Social costs? Political costs? Economic costs?Political costs? Economic costs?

• Three major stakeholders in SD: the governmeThree major stakeholders in SD: the government, the private sector, the general publicnt, the private sector, the general public

• At different geographical scales: local, city-levAt different geographical scales: local, city-level, regional, national, global…el, regional, national, global…

• Costs and benefits are relative… “One man’Costs and benefits are relative… “One man’s meat is another man’s poison”—the cost s meat is another man’s poison”—the cost of cleaning up may be too high for a factory buof cleaning up may be too high for a factory but the unaccounted costs as a result of pollutiot the unaccounted costs as a result of pollution could be a lot higher…n could be a lot higher…

““Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some examplesexamples• Utilizing the environmental resources in an ecologically ethiUtilizing the environmental resources in an ecologically ethi

cal way may mean:cal way may mean:Economic capital:Economic capital:– Controlled growthControlled growth– Fewer development projectsFewer development projects– Fewer jobs? However, maybe engaged in other productive activitiesFewer jobs? However, maybe engaged in other productive activities– A less materialistic and consumption-oriented society… (lowered liviA less materialistic and consumption-oriented society… (lowered livi

ng standards? Yet what is quality living standard?)ng standards? Yet what is quality living standard?)– Exit from the ‘world class’ city league? Exit from the ‘world class’ city league? Social capital:Social capital:– Less convenienceLess convenience– Families having more time togetherFamilies having more time together– A lot of needs are satisfied through social networks rather than markA lot of needs are satisfied through social networks rather than mark

ets—’moral economy’ets—’moral economy’– More spiritual rather than materialistic endeavoursMore spiritual rather than materialistic endeavoursEnvironmental capital:Environmental capital:– Less pollutionLess pollution– Sustainable resources for future generationsSustainable resources for future generations– Fresh water, air etc. Fresh water, air etc.

““Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some examplesexamples• Recycling industriesRecycling industries

Economic capitalEconomic capital– Government subsidies?Government subsidies?– Self-sustaining? Capital costs, operating costs…Self-sustaining? Capital costs, operating costs…– Providing jobs (low paying though)Providing jobs (low paying though)– Pushing ecological modernization: from design Pushing ecological modernization: from design

to disposalto disposalSocial capitalSocial capital– Nurturing social capital—labour intensive and Nurturing social capital—labour intensive and

educational processeducational process– Community drive & social capital accumulationCommunity drive & social capital accumulationEnvironmental capitalEnvironmental capital– Minimizing ‘wastes’ (resources), turning Minimizing ‘wastes’ (resources), turning

‘wastes’ into useful inputs to industries, etc.‘wastes’ into useful inputs to industries, etc.

““Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some examplesexamples• Diversity in human resources, culture, Diversity in human resources, culture,

urban environmenturban environmentEconomic capitalEconomic capital– Needs investment in nurturing human capitalNeeds investment in nurturing human capital– More resources into designing and providing More resources into designing and providing

spaces for all sorts of activitiesspaces for all sorts of activities– Cannot do things by fiscal calculations aloneCannot do things by fiscal calculations alone– However, “cultural turn of capitalism”—global However, “cultural turn of capitalism”—global

tourism, cultural tourism etc.tourism, cultural tourism etc.Social capitalSocial capital– More vibrant and convivial societyMore vibrant and convivial society– Happier individuals recognizing their unique Happier individuals recognizing their unique

potentials?potentials?Environmental capitalEnvironmental capital– Better quality of the built environmentBetter quality of the built environment– Expression of “tastes” in urban landscape…Expression of “tastes” in urban landscape…

““Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some Costs” of SD in Hong Kong: some examplesexamples

• Sustainable planning processSustainable planning processEconomic capitalEconomic capital– Needs money and human resources in organizing Needs money and human resources in organizing

events for public participationevents for public participation– Time consuming and may delay implementationTime consuming and may delay implementation

Social capitalSocial capital– Building trust among stakeholdersBuilding trust among stakeholders– Gelling different groups together and allow mutual Gelling different groups together and allow mutual

education: learning by doing and learning how to education: learning by doing and learning how to reach consensusreach consensus

Environmental capitalEnvironmental capital– Allowing “politics and morality” to take over Allowing “politics and morality” to take over

uncertain science — the case of Harbour uncertain science — the case of Harbour reclamationreclamation

Sharing of ExperiencesSharing of Experiences

ConclusionConclusion• Sustainable development requires everyone’s Sustainable development requires everyone’s

efforts and creativityefforts and creativity• SD is not just a concept to be learnt. SD is a SD is not just a concept to be learnt. SD is a

way of life, a commitment to social justice way of life, a commitment to social justice among fellow human beings and a respect for among fellow human beings and a respect for mother nature.mother nature.

• SD perspective carries a long term view and SD perspective carries a long term view and requires us to seek comprehensive requires us to seek comprehensive assessments of social, economic and assessments of social, economic and environmental costs of our actions, be it environmental costs of our actions, be it government policies, programmes and government policies, programmes and projects; the private sector’s production projects; the private sector’s production activities; or the community’s individual and activities; or the community’s individual and collective choices in their everyday life.collective choices in their everyday life.

sustainable city & urban planning experiences

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