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CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The concept ofSUSTAINABLE BUILDING incorporates and integrates a variety ofstrategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. The use of

green building materials and products represents one important strategy in the design of a

building.

Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and buildingoccupants:

* Energy conservation.

* Improved occupant health and productivity.

* Lower costs associated with changing space configurations.

* Greater design flexibility.

Building and construction activities worldwide consume 3 billion tons of raw materialseach year or 40 percent of total global use(Roodman and Lenssen, 1995). Using green

building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling nonrenewableresources internationally. In addition, integrating green building materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction,

transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these

building industry source materials.

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CHAPTER 2

Green Building

The concept of a green building was developed in the 1970s in response to the energycrisis and people's growing concerns about the environment.

A Green Building, also known as a sustainable building, is a structure that is

designed, built, renovated, operated, or re-used in an ecological and resource

efficient manner.

Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the human need to

improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural

resources and ecosystems, on which we & future generations depend

2.1 Objectives of a green building:

Protecting occupant health

Improving employee productivity

Using energy, water and other resources more efficiently

Reducing overall impact to the environment

Optimal environmental and economic performance

Satisfying and quality indoor spaces

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2.2 Considerations of a green building:

* Control erosion to reduce negative impacts on water and air quality

* Reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use

* Limit disruption of natural water hydrology by reducing impervious cover, increasing

on-site infiltration and managing storm water run-off

* Encourage and recognize increasing levels of self supply through renewable

technologies to reduce environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel energy use

* Provide a high level of individual occupant control of ventilation and lighting systems

to support good health, better productivity and a comfortable atmosphere

Provide a connection between indoor spaces and outdoor environment through the

introduction of sunlight and views into the occupied areas of the building.

2.3 How to make a building green:

* Building design

* Orientation

* Building insulation (walls of AEC block and roof with over deck insulation and rooflawn)

* Window sizing

* Window shading (fixed overhangs)

* Glass selection

* Envelope efficiency measures contributed to 12% savings over base case

* System design

* Energy efficient lighting (CFLs , efficient tube lights and electronic ballasts)

* Daylight sensing (90% lighting energy savings)

* Efficient chillers, Variable air volume systems.

* Wind towers for pre cooling of fresh air.

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* Lighting efficiency measures contributed to 15% savings over base case and HVAC

efficiency measures contributed 20% savings over base case.

2.4Constitutes a green building

A) Sustainable Site:

* Appropriate site selection.

* Effective use of nature.

* Soil erosion control.

B) Water use efficiency:

* Capture storm water from impervious areas of the building for ground water re-

charge or reuse.

* Do not use potable water for landscape irrigation. Use recycled water/storm water.

* Install moisture denser on plants for water conservation.

* Use recycled water for toilet flushing.

* Use ultra high efficiency water fittings and controls.

* Monitor water consumption through on-line controls.

C) Energy efficient and eco-friendly equipment:

* Design orientation of the building to get maximum day-lighting.

* Use green wall and green roof to avoid heat gain into the building.

* Adopt spectrally natural glass materials such that it reduces heat gain, minimize

lighting of landscape features.

* Use of energy efficient goods

* Use zero CFC base refrigerants in refrigeration and air-conditioning system.

* Use of renewable energy to reduce environmental impacts associated with fossil fuelenergy use.

* Establish Baseline data for energy consumption

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D) Eco-friendly building materials and resources:

* Recyclable and Salvage materials.

* Material from local sources mitigating / reducing environmental impact.

* Impact of manufacturing and transportation.

* Salvage controls.

* Material pollutant management

* Health Hazard management of workers on site.

* Material storage methodologies.

* Waste management.

E) Indoor air quality:

* Distribution channels for air intake movement and exhaust

* Climate and pollution monitoring systems.

* Elimination of chemically toxic materials and devices.

* Maintenance of optimum temperature and humidity.

F) Energy system management:

* 30% to 40% saving in operation costs.

* Alternative energy system design

* Optimization of Conventional Energy.

* Building management, control and monitoring systems.

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CHAPTER 3

3.0 Elements of Green Building

Four main areas need to be considered in green building: materials, energy, water and

health.

3.1 Materials:

These are obtained from natural, renewable sources that have been managed and

harvested in a sustainable way; or they are obtained locally to reduce the embedded

energy costs of transportation; or salvaged from reclaimed materials at nearby sites.

Materials are assessed using green specifications that look at their Life Cycle Analysis

(LCA) in terms of their embodied energy, durability, recycled content, wasteminimisation, and their ability to be reused or recycled.

Natural Stone Permeable Pavers

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Parasoleil Recycled Content Panels

MATERIALS USED IN EXTERNAL

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http://www.jetsongreen.com/2009/08/parasoleil-recycled-content-architectural-panels.htmlhttp://www.jetsongreen.com/2009/08/parasoleil-recycled-content-architectural-panels.html


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Chocolate bamboo

MATERIALS USED IN INTERNAL

3.2 Energy

Passive solar design will dramatically reduce the heating and cooling costs of a

building, as will high levels of insulation and energy-efficient windows. Natural

daylight design reduces a building's electricity needs, and improves people's

health and productivity. Green buildings also incorporate energy-efficientlighting, low energy appliances, and renewable energy technologies such as wind

turbines and solar panels.

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3.2.1 Passive Solar Design

Passive solar design uses sunshine to heat, cool and light homes and otherbuildings without mechanical or electrical devices. It is usually part of the design

of the building itself, using certain materials and placement of windows orskylights.

3.2.1a Rules Of Passive Solar Systems

The building should be elongated on an east-west axis.

The buildings south face should receive sunlight between the hours of 9:00 A.M.and 3:00 P.M. (sun time) during the heating season.

Interior spaces requiring the most light and heating and cooling should be along

the south face of the building. Less used spaces should be located on the north.

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3.2.1bThe Advantages Of Passive Solar Design

H igh energy performance: lower energy bills all year round.

I nvestment: independent from future rises in fuel costs, continues to save money

long after initial cost recovery. V alue: high owner satisfaction, high resale value.

A ttractiveliving environment: large windows and views, sunny interiors, open

floor plans.

L ow Maintenance:durable, reduced operation and repair.

U nwavering comfort:quiet (no operating noise), warmer in winter, cooler in

summer (even during a power failure).

E nvironmentally friendly : clean, renewable energy doesn't contribute to globalwarming, acid rain or air pollution.

Passive Solar Heating

3.2.2 Definition

The goal of all passive solar heating systems is to capture the suns heat within thebuildings elements and release that heat during periods when the sun is not shining.

At the same time that the buildings elements (or materials) is absorbing heat for later

use, solar heat is available for keeping the space comfortable (not overheated).

3.2.2a` Two primary elements of passive solar heating are required:

South facing glass

Thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat.

3.2.2b There are three approaches to passive systems

1. Direct Gain: Sunlight shines into and warms the living space.

2. Indirect Gain: Sunlight warms thermal storage, which then warms the living space.

3. Isolated Gain: Sunlight warms another room (sunroom) and convection brings the

warmed air into the living space.

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3.3 Water

Minimising water use is achieved by installing greywater and rainwater catchment

systems that recycle water for irrigation or toilet flushing; water-efficient appliances,

such as low flow showerheads, self-closing or spray taps; low-flush toilets, orwaterless composting toilets. Installing point of use hot water systems and lagging

pipes saves on water heating.

3.3.1 WHAT IS RAIN WATER HARVESTING :

The principle of collecting and using precipitation from a catchments surface.

An old technology is gaining popularity in a new way. Rain water harvesting is

enjoying a renaissance of sorts in the world, but it traces its history to biblical times.Extensive rain water harvesting apparatus existed 4000 years ago in the Palestine and

Greece. In ancient Rome, residences were built with individual cisterns and pavedcourtyards to capture rain water to augment water from city's aqueducts. As early as

the third millennium BC, farming communities in Baluchistan and Kutch impounded

rain water and used it for irrigation dams.

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3.3.2Rain water harvesting is essential

Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water.

Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has decreased

drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished.

As you read this guide, seriously consider conserving water by harvesting and managingthis natural resource by artificially recharging the system. The examples covering several

dozen installations successfully operating in India constructed and maintained by CGWB,

provide an excellent snapshot of current systems.

3.3.3RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES :

There are two main techniques of rain water harvestings.

a. Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

b. Recharge to ground water

3.3.3a Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used wereunderground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc.

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3.3.3bRecharge to ground water

Recharge to ground water is a new concept of rain water harvesting and the structures

generally used are Pits ,Trenches, Dug wells, Hand pumps, ect.

Plate no3

3.4 Health

Using non-toxic materials and products will improve indoor air quality, and reduce the

rate of asthma, allergy and sick building syndrome. These materials are emission-free,

have low or no VOC content, and are moisture resistant to deter moulds, spores and othermicrobes. Indoor air quality is also addressed through ventilation systems and materials

that control humidity and allow a building to breathe.

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In addition to addressing the above areas, a green building should provide cost savings to

the builder and occupants, and meet the broader needs of the community, by using local

labour, providing affordable housing, and ensuring the building is sited appropriately forcommunity needs.

Plate no4

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Chapter 4

Zero energy homes

Zero energy homes are connected to the utility grid but can be designed and

constructed to produce as much energy as they consume annually, resulting in a

nearly zero operative energy costs.

A zero energy building (ZEB) ornet zero energy building is a general term applied to

a building with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. Zero

energy buildings are autonomous from the energy grid supply - energy is produced on-site. This design principle is gaining considerable interest as renewable energy is a means

to cut greenhouse gas emissions.

4.1 ZEB advantages

Isolation for building owners from future energy price increases .

Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficienc. Reduced total net monthly cost of living .

Higher resale value as potential owners demand more ZEBs than available

supply .

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4.2 ZEB disadvantages

Very few designers or builders have the necessary skills or experience to build

ZEBs.

Possible declines in future utility company renewable energy costs may lessen the

value of capital invested in energy efficiency. Climate-specific design may limit future ability to respond to rising-or-falling

ambient temperatures (global warming).

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CHAPTER 5

5.0 Features of Ecological Building and Some Techniques:

In more conventional building construction, it is how technology and building materials

merge and create ecological resources that are the key to green success, as well as usingsimple and readily available materials.

For example, using pulped recycled paper for roof insulation is a simple but highly

effective ecological resource. The damage to human health from asbestos insulation, laid

out in rolls in thousands of Indian homes, is now well known. Asbestos also takeshundreds of years to decompose in landfill.

Other features of an ecological building might include:

* The varied use of solar panels for domestic hot water heating,

* Water conservation, possibly including biological waste water treatment and re-use,

and the simple collection and recycling of rainwater for garden use,

* Low energy light bulbs, which can last up to 100 times longer than regular bulbs,

* Cellulose insulation (like the paper in the above example),

* Non-toxic or lead-free paints and wood preservatives,

* Locally-grown and harvested timber from sustainably managed forests.

5.1 Economics of Green Building:

They are inexpensive and they can be used by people to build their own homes

* Wood-framed and stone structures are relatively low-cost in many areas.

* Earth is the most important building material, providing housing for the majority ofthe worlds population.

* The thermal properties of earth also make it well-matched to passive solar design

requirements in many climates

* Construction of houses made with monolithic earth walls, soil-cement bricks, andadobe bricks.

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5.2 Benefits of Green Building

Green buildings use natural light and air, energy savings could be up to 35 percent, while

water savings can be up to 40 percent and productivity benefits up to 15 percent.

Green buildings cost 3-8 percent more than conventional buildings. However, the higher

cost is recovered within two-three years by the handsome savings in maintenance costs,making the concept extremely popular.

* Environmental Benefits

* Reduce the impacts of natural resource consumption

* Economic Benefits

* Reduced operating costs

* Marketing advantages

* Increased building valuation

* Optimizes life-cycle performance cost

* Health and Safety Benefits

* Enhance occupant comfort and health

* Community Benefits

* Minimize strain on local infrastructure and improve quality

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CHAPTER 6

6.0 Concept cross section of a Green Building

By preferring Green Building over a conventional building we help this planet earth andthe people to retain nature to a maximum extent possible in three ways with reference to

the location of the buildings.

1. Retain the external environment at the location of the building.

2. Improve internal environment for the occupants

3. Preserve the environment at places far away from the building

6.1Green Buildings Retain the Environment at the location of the Building.

Suppose we propose a multistoried office complex to accommodate thousands of officers

and staff, it requires a vast area. Therefore selection of a site for such a building complexshould consider retention of local vegetation, wild life, natural water courses etc. Either a

site with bio diversity should be avoided or the building should be planned to reduce sitedisturbance.

Concept cross section of a Green Building

Plate no5

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6.2 Green Building potential in India

The Green building movement is advancing at a rapid pace in India. Considering the

tremendous benefits that green building can result in several Corporate and Governmentagencies are considering green building by design. This could open up a plethora of

opportunities for several stakeholderslike construction industry, architects, material andequipment manufacturers etc. The project growth potential for green buildings in India is

estimated to Rs 730 crores by the year 2007.

6.3 Easy ways to be eco-friendly around the house:

Want to live a more environmental friendly life but don't know how? Well, all you need

to do is follow eight simple steps.

Below are listed eight 1. Clean out your storage: Take out the items that are not in use

anymore and organise them in different groups. Then decide what to do them

accordingly.

2. Recycle smarter: After grouping what you want to discard, think of how and where to

recycle these products or donate them for reuse. A way to recycle smart is to buy items

made from recycled content and with limited packaging.

3. Use energy more wisely: Use compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CFLs), which use 20 per

cent of the energy of incandescent bulb and also last 10 times longer. Keep a check on

your energy bill to monitor the trends every month and ask your energy company aboutrenewable alternatives.

4. Use less water: Saving water is important because it is a limited resource, either bytaking short showers or putting a bottle in your toilet tank. You can also reuse water

around the house, such as using cooking water for plants, which may provide nutrients tothe plant.

5. Start composting: Composting is a great way to reduce your waste and help your

garden at the same time. Most food scraps and biodegrade material like cardboard, which

may produce nutrient-rich fertiliser, can be easily used.

6. Invest in energy-efficient appliances: Try and start replacing older appliances in yourhome with more energy-efficient ones. This may reduce energy output and save money

on electricity bill.

7. Start a Green Group: Activities like carpooling can be arranged by talking with friends

about the importance of conserving. Develop programmes and activities in yourneighbourhood for others to get involved.

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8. Plant a tree: The original carbon offset. Planting a tree can not only reduces the amount

of carbon dioxide in the air, but can also provide shade for your home. This may even

help in reducing energy costs and will provide fruits that you won't have to buy at thestore.

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CHAPTER 7

CASE STUDIES

REJ building

REJ building

Plate no6

7.0 First Texas State Building Sustainable Design

The Robert E. Johnson, Sr. (REJ) building, sponsored by SECO and completed in 2000,

was designated as a demonstration project for sustainable building.The REJ building represents the State's first comprehensive commitment to incorporate

sustainability features into a public facility.

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7.0a The REJ building's sustainable features include:

* Extensive use of natural day lighting such as curvilinear, specular light shelves

that project light deep into the interior of the building.

* Clerestories - glass partitions above interior walls (7'-10') to enable daylight to

penetrate deeper into interior spaces, thereby reducing electric lighting loads andinternal heat gains.

* High-quality color rendering lamps and high efficiency dimmable electronic

ballasts - automatic dimming of artificial lights in response to the quantity ofdaylight available.

* New glazing technologies that allow for "selective tuning" that reduce solar heat

gain while maintaining a relatively high daylight transmittance.

* Combination of ambient and task lighting fixtures to reduce loads and concentrate

light where needed.

* Photovoltaic sunshades.

* Regionally-sourced structural and interior materials that neither off-gas nor emit

volatile organic compounds.

* High ceilings for daylight to penetrate deep into the space and to light the space

evenly using direct/indirect lighting.

* Enhanced HVAC system efficiencies that reduce operating costs by almost 50%

and resultant CO2 emissions by 30%.

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7.2Tata Housing presents Bangalores first green building

Plate no 7

Tata Housings Xylem, an environment friendly green IT park, is an engineering marvel,

which not only saves energy and cooling costs but also gives more lung space and

natural light for employees working there, saysAkhtar Pasha

Green buildings are popping up and for good reasongreen design elements not only

help save environmental resources, they also boost the bottom line and are good forhealth and morale. Sophisticated buyers and companies leasing office space are willing to

pay a premium for the benefits that green buildings offer.

Sticking to worldwide standards in constructing buildings, the Tata Housing

Development Company Ltd., has built Bangalores first Green IT park, Xylem nearWhitefield. This IT Park has been designed to tackle the Sick building syndrome, with

its major focus on occupants health with an ergonomic design and architecture. The

design boosts employee productivity as well as helps reduce the operational cost of the building. Xylem has received the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

(LEED-Gold) rating. Brotin Banerjee, Managing Director, Tata Housing Development

Company Limited, said, This is one of the most environmentally friendly buildings of its

size in the entire country. We at Tata Housing aim to provide our customers a whole-

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building approach in all key areas of human and environmental health with natural

ventilation and illumination, designed to work with the exterior environment. These

advanced standards will optimize comfort and utility thereby contributing to an excellentworking lifestyle.

The Green IT park covers an area of 3,40,490 sq ft with a 1,29,000 sq ft car parkingfacility that houses power points for charging electric cars and scooters. It has eight floors

and houses 13 offices.

o More fresh air to breathe:

The workspaces are supplied with 22 CFM [cubic feet per minute] of fresh

air compared to 15 CFM in a conventional building for better workspace

ventilation. Optimum in-house climate and lighting are maintained toboost productivity. There are open spaces at different floors.

o

More natural sunlight:

Banerjee explained, Xylem uses a double glazing 6-mm glassfrom

inside and outside. On the outer side, the UV light entering into thebuilding is cut out with a 6-mm tinted glass. The interior 6-mm glass is

clear and, in between the two glasses, a gap of 12-mm is maintained that

acts as an insulator, blocking harmful UV light entering into the buildingand at the same time allowing natural light to transfer easily.

For the terrace, the engineers have used while China mosaic [broken

pieces of china bone] with reflective index that reflects the heat from

sunrays. About 65% of the terrace floor space is covered with China

mosaic. The double-glazing glasses along with China mosaics minimizeheat island effect in and around the building.

o Efficient air-conditioning:

In a conventional building, four chillers are required [each with 250 tonscapacity] to get 1,000 tons of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

(HAVAC) load for cooling the area. However, Xylems load is designed

such a way it uses only three chillers resulting in a saving of 250 tons. Toget this performance a head recovery wheel [a disc] regulates the Air

Handling Units (AHUs) which control the air supply by sensing the

temperature. Additionally it uses Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) thatcontrol the motor speed, which controls the AC load so that there isconsumption only when the load is there. The energy-efficient air

conditioning saves up to 26% of energy consumption as compared to a

conventional building.

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o Fire safety and crisis management:

The smart Building Management System (BMS) at Xylem combines

infrastructure and solution to integrate, monitor and control differentsystems during daily functioning of the building.

For example in case of a fire, the fire panels which are connected to AHUsshut down by cutting the supply of oxygen, which will help curb the

spreading the fire. Additionally fire panels connect to the PA system oneach floor and can aid in speedy evacuation of the building. The fire doors

are made of special materials with a fire rating of two hours.

Similarly, the BMS manages indoor air quality. The system integrates theindoor environment management and other external sensors to monitor air

quality and energy consumption in various sections of the building. The

crisis management team monitors and activates alarms, shuts down airconditioners, and transmits information to a central console for quicker

evacuation in case of a fire. CCTV cameras are positioned at every entry

and exit point to the building. The traffic management monitors the statusof the six passenger and two service elevators from a central control,

allowing the management team to direct users accordingly.

o Power savings and power backup:

BESCOM has provided 2,800 KVA of power to the premises. The DG

configuration is planned in such as way that it saves power3 DG sets x1,165 KVA powers the main building. It has an additionally DG set x 405

KVA load which is used for powering the common area on Saturdays and

Sundays.

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Solar panels cover the 35% of the terrace floor space, which acts as a standby power for

the common passage areas providing 23kW of power translating to 27,530 KwHr of

annual power leading to a saving of Rs 150,463 per annum.

Xylem uses rainwater harvesting and 100% of the wastewater is recycled for landscaping

use. Sensory taps are installed at all basins and toilets that further reduce the water

consumption.

Overall, the building is designed to be approximately 19% more efficient in operational

cost as compared to a conventional building. Other benefits include savings of 26.6% on

air-conditioning power & cooling costs, 34.1% saving on water supply and 1.6% oncommon area power .

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Chapter 8

8.0 Other Green Building materials

Renewable plant materials like bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw,

lumber from forests ecology blocks, dimension stone.recycled stone, recycled metal aresome of the other materials used in a Green Building.

Savings due to Green Buildings

8.1Investment in Green Building For comining year

An average investment of Rs.500 million has to be made per building to make it 'green',and the total investment in green buildings would be a whopping Rs.500 billion by 2010.

It is growing in popularity in a big way. By 2010, we expect about 1,000 green buildings,

with over one billion sq ft to come up all over India.

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Chapter 9

Futuristic Design of Green Building

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CHAPTER 10

Conclusion

It is concluded that by adopting his technology we can control the environmental impact

and echo friendly. These buildings will reduces the cost of the construction and there is

no neccesity of skilled labours.

It is a very good move by our government increase energy efficiency. Global warming

has always been our main concern, so we are trying to put in our best efforts to bring in

green buildings" .

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REFFERENCES

http://greenbuilding.ca/soprema/soprane.htm

http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/roofing.html

http://www.ebuild.com/

http://www.ebuild.com/Archives/Features/Green_Products/Green_Products.

htm

http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/buildings/gbintro.html

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