sustainability and equity: a better future for all
TRANSCRIPT
Sustainability and Equity:A better future for all
UNDP Human Development Report 2011Development and Transition (18)
Moscow9 November 2011
Key messagesGlobal:
World has made major progress during past two decades . . . . . . But this progress is increasingly threatened by
unsustainable environment policies and practices Environmental sustainability and equity are closely linked
Sustainability is about inter-generational equity . . . . . . But what about intra-generational equity? More equal societies have better development indicators
“Double burden”: Many of the world’s poor bear environmental risks as well as income poverty,
These issues will be taken up at UNCSD in Rio (June 2012)Regional:
Transition economies of the former Soviet Union, Balkans, new EU member states compare well with other regions . . . . . . But there are causes for concern as well
Concrete examples of how UNDP can help
Possible development consequences of environmental unsustainability
Human development index: Per-capita GNI, life expectancy, years
of education
The world is warming—Implications?
Sea levels: Rising
Natural disasters: Average annual number has doubled in last 25 years
Greatest impact born by low HDI countries
• Greatest forest cover losses (11% since 1990)
• Poorest households, countries can not afford to reforest
Precipitation patterns also changing
Avg. value, 1951 - 1980
Avg. value, 2000s
“Double burden” of income poverty, poor access to key resources
90%80%
35%
Poor households are likely to:
• cook with wood, dung• not have access to improved water, sanitation services
Multiple deprivations:
• 80% of poor households experience two or more deprivations • 29% face all three
Particular burden on women
Form of deprivatio
n
How much finance is needed?
For climate change mitigation, adaptation: Estimates are uncertain . . . . . . Ranging from $500 billion to $2 trillion,
annuallyFor water and sanitation: $60 billion
annuallyMost of this must come from private
sector . . . . . . But how effective are carbon markets?
Public finance and climate change
ODA needed to leverage carbon markets Promote market deepening by reducing:
Risks Transactions costs
Larger role for Russia, BRICS, non-OECD/DAC donors?
Financial transactions tax? EU has pledged to introduce this in 2012 . . . . . . But not for development, carbon finance
How much finance is coming?
Source: The Economist (5 November 2011)
• Copenhagen summit (2009): “Green climate fund”
• Developed countries are to provide $100 billion annually in climate finance for developing countries by 2020
• “New, additional monies”• 2010: $97 billion in carbon finance flows
• $93 billion—mitigation• Private sector: $55 billion• ODA:
• $39 billion—mostly via development banks . . .
• . . . Most not “new and additional”
• Carbon markets: “only” provided $2.3 billion
Rio + 20—Issues
• Financing the transition to low-carbon growth?• MDGs after 2015?
• Sustainable development goals?
• Reform of global environmental governance?
• Binding emissions targets?
Regional dimension
Transition economies of the former Soviet Union, Balkans, new EU member states: Compare well with other regions . . . . . . But there are causes for concern as
wellThere are good examples to be
replicated, scaled up Public sector energy efficiency in Croatia
UNDP can help with this
Russia, transition economies: High/very high HDI levels
OECD countries (2004 new EU member states),
Croatia
Russia, other FSU, plus Turkey, Southeast Europe
Moldova, Central Asia (except Kazakhstan)
Human development index: Per-capita GNI, life expectancy, years of
education
Forest cover is returning
2%
1%
-8%
-10%
-12%
Change in square kilometres of forest
coverage, 1990-2010
Greenhouse gas emissions: Global convergence? . . .
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kaza-khstanRussiaUkraineGlobal
Tons of CO2 equivalent emitted per $1 of GDP
UNFCCC, IMF data; UNDP calculations.
. . . Or are transition economies still outliers?
Ukr
aine
Kazak
hsta
n
China
Indi
a
Russia
Globa
l
Finla
nd
Germ
any
Nor
way
Swed
en
1.71.6 1.6
1.4
1.0
0.5
0.2 0.20.1 0.1
Tons of CO2 equivalent emitted per $1 of GDP
(2008)
UNFCCC, IMF data; UNDP calculations.
Many transition economies beat the global average
Global Slovakia Croatia Armenia Lithuania Albania Latvia
0.5
0.4
0.3 0.30.3 0.3
0.2
Tons of CO2 equivalent emitted per $1 of GDP
(2008)
UNFCCC, IMF data; UNDP calculations.
Carbon finance: not coming
Joint implemen-tation projects
approved*
Europe and Central AsiaRest of the world
400
Clean development mechanism projects
approved*
Europe and Central AsiaRest of the world
212
John O’Brien, “Carbon finance: Opportunities and reality”, Development and Transition
*As of 31 August 2011
Carbon finance: What is to be done?
Reduce high transactions costs for projects, by: Accelerating project approval Increasing project size “Bundling” projects together
Capacity development for: Designated national
authorities Private companies working in:
Energy efficiency Renewables
Project beneficiaries
UNDP can help—Croatia
UNDP, Global Environmental Facility programme on public-sector energy efficiency
Results (2006-2010): Energy systems in 5900 public buildings refitted Energy audits conducted in 1346 public buildings $18 million in initial annual public-sector energy
savings Annual CO2 emissions reduced by 63,000 tons “Energy charter” signed by all 127 municipalities 17 new companies, 150 energy efficiency expert jobs
created $4 million in UNDP-GEF funding leveraged $30
million in additional investment Louisa Vinton, “Going green with Gašpar”, Development and Transition
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Disseminates lessons of successful UN projects
Published in Russian and English
Distributed to: All UNDP staff in Europe,
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www.developmentandtransition.net
We can make a difference
Rio—Big picture: Need to make a push for sustainable development
UNDP can make a difference on the ground, with local partners and governments