S U S T A I W I WG MEMBERS

ABBOTT LABORATORIES E L I L I L L Y AND COMPANY

ANALYTAB PRODUCTS MERCK SHARP AND DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES

AYERST R E S E M C H LABORATORIES M I L E S LABORATORIES I N C .

BBL MICROBIOLOGY SYSTEMS NALGE COMPANY / SY BRON CORPORATION

BELCO GLASS I N C . NEW BRUNSWICK S C I E N T I F I C CO.

BURROUGHS WELCOME COMPANY PELCO

BUTLER COUNTY WJSHROOM F M I P F I Z E R , I N C .

CAROLINA BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY COMPANY P I O N E E R HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, I N C .

DEKALB AGRESEARCH , I N C . THE QUAKER OATS COMPANY

D I F C O LABORATORY PRODUCTS ROHM AND HASS COMPANY

FORRESTRY S U P P L I E R S INCORPORATED SCHERING CORPORATION

FUNK S E E D S INTERNATIONAL SEARLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

HOECHST-ROUSSEL PHARMACEUTICALS I N C . S M I T H K L I N E & FRENCH LABORATORIES

HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE, I N C . S P R I N G E R VERLAG NEW YORK, I N C .

J A N S S E N PHARMACEUTICA INCORPORATED TRIARCH INCORPORATED

LANE S C I E N C E EqUIPMENT CO. THE W J O H N COMPANY

WYETH LABORATORIES

T h e S o c i e t y i s e x t r e m e l y g r a t e f u l f o r the s u p p o r t o f i t s S u s t a i n i n g M e m b e r s . T h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a re l i s t e d above i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r . P a t r o n i z e t h e m a n d l e t t h e i r r e p r e - s e n t a t i v e s k n o w of o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e .

O F F I C E R S O F T H E M Y C O L O G I C A L S O C I E T Y O F A M E R I C A

M a r g a r e t B a r r B i g e l o w , P r e s i d e n t D o n a l d J . S . B a r r , C o u n c i l o r ( 1 9 8 1 - 3 4 )

H a r r y D. T h i e r s , P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t M e r e d i t h B l a c k w e l l , C o u n c i l o r ( 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 )

R i c h a r d T . H a n l i n , V i c e - p r e s i d e n t O ' N e i l R. C o l l i n s , C o u n c i l o r ( 1 9 8 0 - 8 3 )

R o g e r G o o s , S e c . - T r e a s . I an K . R o s s , C o u n c i l o r ( 1 9 8 0 - 8 3 )

J o s e p h F . A m r n i r a t i , C o u n c i l o r ( 1 9 8 1 - 8 3 ) W a l t e r J . S u n d b e r g , C o u n c i l o r ( 1 9 8 0 - 8 3 )

D o n a l d T . W i c k l o w , C o u n c i l o r ( 1 9 3 0 - 8 3 )

MYCOLOGICAL S O C I E T Y OF A M E R I C A NEWSLETTER

Volume 33, No. 1, June 1982

E d i t e d by Donald H. P f i s t e r and G e r a l d i n e C. Kaye

T A B L E OF CONTENTS G e n e r a l Announcements . . . . . . . . . 2

. . . . Calendar of Meet ings and Forays 4 New Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Forthcoming Courses . . . . . . . . . . 7 Fungi f o r D i s t r i b u t i o n . . . . . . . . . 9 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . .10

. . . . . . . P u b l i c a t i o n s A v a i l a b l e . .11 P u b l i c a t i o n s Wanted . . . . . . . . . .12 New books by MSA Members. . . . . . . .13 Misce l l aneous . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Vacancy f o r Myco log i s t . . . . . . . . .14 P o s t d o c t o r a l P o s i t i o n s . . . . . . . . .14

P o s i t i o n s Wanted . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Changes i n A f f i l i a t i o n . . . . . . . . . 1 5 T r a v e l s , V i s i t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 P a p e r s , Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 Reg iona l Meet ings . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Honors, Awards, Promotions . . . . . . . 19 P e r s o n a l News. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Comments 20

. . . . . . . . . . A f f i l i a t e d S o c i e t i e s 2 1 A s s o c i a t i o n s and Clubs . . . . . . . . . 22 Annual Meeting Program and A b s t r a c t s . . 23

E D I T O R S ' NOTE I n t h i s i s s u e , a l o n g w i t h t h e u s u a l news you w i l l f i n d c o n t a i n e d t h e a b s t r a c t s of p a p e r s

which w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l mee t ing . The i l l u s t r a t i o n s i n t h e t e x t a r e from Worth- i n t o n G . Smi th ' s D i s e a s e s of F i e l d and Garden Crops. Some of you might r e c a l l E. C. L a r g e ' s comments a b o u t Smi th ' s work. We quo te : "He had begun l i f e a s an a r c h i t e c t , d a b b l i n g i n bo tany and ga rden ing i n h i s s p a r e t i m e , and s t u d y i n g t h e l a r g e r f u n g i , t o a d s t o o l s , and t h e l i k e , a s a men ta l e x e r c i s e . H i s hobb ies had g o t t e n t h e upper hand, and some t ime p r i o r t o 1865.. .he swi tched o v e r from a r c h i t e c t u a l draughtsmanship t o bo tan ica l - -wi thou t a l t o g e t h e r changing h i s s t y l e . When h e had o c c a s i o n t o draw a tomato i n a h u r r y t o i l l u s t r a t e some .. a d v e r t i s e m e n t i n h i s C h r o n i c l e , i t looked e x a c t l y l i k e a n ornament o f f a wrought- i ron g a t e . .

The i l l u s t r a t i o n on page 1 3 i s by Ann B e l l . The cover was p repared by J. Page L indsey , who a l s o p rov ided t h e key t o s p e c i e s below.

Your a t t e n t i o n is drawn t o t h e logo c o m p e t i t i o n ; t h e f i r s t e n t r i e s a p p e a r on page 4.

a , c y s t i d i a of P l u t e u s c e r v i n u s ; b , b a s i d i o s p o r e of Gymnopilus s p e c t a b i l i s ; c , b a s i d i o s p o r e of P l e u r o t u s s u b a r e o l a t u s ; d , s t e p h a n o c y s t of Hyphoderma praetermissum; e , b a s i d i o s p o r e s of P o r i a pannoc inc ta ; f , acanthohyphidium of A l e u r o d i s c u s l a p p o n i c u s ; g , b a s i d i o s p o r e of Copr inus p a p a g o e n s i s ; h , c a p i t a t e c y s t i d i u m of Res in ic ium b i c o l o r ; i, moni l i fo rm c y s t i d i u m of Hypho- derma pi losum; j , dichohyphidium of V a r a r i a p h y l l o p h i l a ; k , b a s i d i o s p o r e of Dacrymyces d e l i q u e s c e n s ; 1, b a s i d i o s p o r e of Tomente l l a s t rum montanensis ; m , i n c r u s t e d c y s t i d i u m of Penio- p h o r a r u f a ; n , s e t a of Inono tus c i r c i n a t u s ; o , b a s i d i o s p o r e of T r e c h i s p o r a c a n d i d i s s i m a .

GENERAL ANNOUNCEMENTS

A b e q u e s t t o t h e Univ. of Michigan from t h e e s t a t e of t h e l a t e P r o f . and Mrs. L. E. Wehmeyer h a s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e Lewis E. and E l a i n e P r i n c e WEHMEYER PROFESSORSHIP I N FUNGAL TAXONOMY i n t h e Div. of B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s . D r . Rober t L. S h a f f e r , D i r e c t o r of t h e Herbarium and P r o f . of Botany a t Michigan, h a s been s e l e c t e d a s t h e f i r s t occupant of t h e c h a i r .

The o l d SECTION OF BOTANY of t h e SWEDISH MJSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, STOCKHOLM, h a s been d i v i d e d i n t o two: t h e S e c t i o n f o r Cryptogamic Botany and t h e S e c t i o n f o r Phanerogamic Botany. The former Head of t h e s e c t i o n , Rolf S a n t e s s o n , r e t i r e d on J a n . 1, 1982. H i s s u c c e s s o r a s P r o f e s s o r and Head of t h e S e c t i o n f o r Cryptogamic Botany i s D r . N i l s L u n d q v i s t , I n s t . of S y s t e m a t i c Botany, Uppsala . D r . Lundqv i s t h a s worked mainly on t h e taxonomy of c o p r o p h i l o u s f u n g i , e s p e c i a l l y t h e S o r d a r i a c e a e and o t h e r Pyrenomycetes.

The LUELLA KAYLA WERESUB MYCOLOGICAL COLLECTION, compr i s ing books , j o u r n a l s and r e p r i n t s o f t h e l a t e D r . L u e l l a Weresub of Ot tawa, was d e d i c a t e d a t t h e Dept. of P l a n t Pa tho logy & Plicrobiology, F a c u l t y of A g r i c u l t u r e , The Hebrew Univ. of J e r u s a l e m a t Rehovot, Nov. 25, 1981. H e r s ister , M i s s M a t i l d a Weresub of Ottawa, was p r e s e n t .

The approx imate ly 1500 specimens of f u n g i i n t h e GARRETT HERBARIUM, Univ. of Utah (UT), S a l t Lake C i t y , have been t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e cryptogamic he rba r ium of t h e New York B o t a n i c a l Garden (NY) and w i l l be i n t e r c a l a t e d w i t h t h e c o l l e c t i o n s of f u n g i a t N Y . Inc luded a r e t h e c o l l e c t i o n s o f A. 0 . G a r r e t t , w i t h t h e h o l o t y p e s of t h e s p e c i e s d e s c r i b e d by G a r r e t t a s w e l l a s i s o t y p e s of specimens d e s c r i b e d by E l l i s , Peck, Rehm, Sydow, e t c . , based on c o l l e c t i o n s by G a r r e t t . Voucher specimens f o r t h e two major p u b l i c a t i o n s by G a r r e t t (The U r e d i n a l e s o r R u s t s of Utah, 1937; The U s t i l a g i n a l e s o r Smuts of Utah, 1939) make up t h e b u l k of t h e c o l l e c t i o n s . C o l l e c t i o n s of f u n g i by S e v i l l e Flowers a l s o a r e i n c l u d e d .

EDWARD HACSKAYLO h a s p r e s e n t e d approx imate ly 3 ,000 r e p r i n t s on mycor rh izae t o t h e N a t i o n a l Fungus C o l l e c t i o n s L i b r a r y a t B e l t s v i l l e , MD. I n c l u d e d a r e J. R. Schramm's p h o t o s used i n t h e c l a s s i c a l s t u d y on r e v e g e t a t i o n i n a n t h r a c i t e c o a l s p o i l s , and o t h e r h i s t o r i c a l i t e m s on mycor rh izae .

The CEMTRO DE IIJFORMACI~N Y D I W L G A C I ~ N AGROPECUARIO, Havana, Cuba, wishes t o e s t a b l i s h p u b l i c a t i o n and i n f o r m a t i o n exchange a r rangements w i t h i n t e r e s t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s . They o f f e r t i t l e s of myco log ica l i n t e r e s t such a s "Agrotecnia d e Cuba", " R e v i s t a Cubana d e C i e n c i a s V e t e r i n a r i a s " , and " ~ i e n c i a y T6cn ica en l a A g r i c u l t u r a " ( i n s e v e r a l s e r i e s i n c l u d i n g ' P r o t e c c i 6 n d e P l a n t a s ' ) . W r i t e t o : L i c . J o s e f i n a O t e r o Mouriiio, J'Adq. y D i s t . a l a Red, C.I.D.A., Gaveta P o s t a l 4149, La Habana 4 , Cuba.

The PIYCOLOGY GUIDEBOOK (1974) , a fundamental a i d f o r mycology t e a c h i n g l o n g o u t of p r i n t , i s a g a i n a v a i l a b l e , r e p o r t s J o e Ammirati , Chairman, MSA Guidebook Committee. Minor c o r r e c t i o n s have been made and a s u b j e c t i n d e x added. (See Books s e c t i o n . )

The E d i t o r i a l Board o f MYCOLOGIA c o n t i n u e s t o need i n a l l f i e l d s of i n t e r e s t m y c o l o g i s t s and p l a n t p a t h o l o g i s t s w i l l i n g t o r ev iew p a p e r s s u b m i t t e d t o MYCOLOGIA f o r p u b l i c a t i o n . Any- one who i s n o t now a rev iewer f o r t h e j o u r n a l , b u t who i s i n t e r e s t e d i n s e r v i n g i n t h i s c a p a c i t y , p l e a s e c o n t a c t T. W. Johnson, J r . , Dept. of Botany, Duke Univ. , Durham, NC 27706; t e l . (919) 684-3715.

I f you have missed g e t t i n g a copy of t h e c u r r e n t (1981) MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY, you may o b t a i n one from Roger Goos, Dept. o f Botany, Univ. of Rhode I s l a n d , Kings ton 02881.

Don't f o r g e t IMC3! THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS w i l l happen i n Tokyo i n Aug.-Sept. 1983 ( s e e Meet ings s e c t i o n ) . The Second C i r c u l a r w i t h r e g i s t r a t i o n forms i s e x p e c t e d o u t i n October 1982. D r . Tubaki would l i k e t o r e c e i v e t i t l e s of p a p e r s , p o s t e r s , o r symposia.

3 MSA LOGO!?!?!

The Counc i l of MSA i n 1981 r e c e i v e d a s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e S o c i e t y shou ld have a l o g o . D r . 0 . R. C o l l i n s k i n d l y s u b m i t t e d t o c h a i r i n g (and b e i n g ) t h e commit tee , and t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r p o t e n t i a l l o g o s were g e n e r a t e d . Members of PlSA a r e i n v i t e d t o send t h e i r r e a c t i o n s a n d / o r any a d d i t i o n a l d e s i g n s t o 0 . R. C o l l i n s f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

4 C A L E N D A R O F CONFERENCES, S Y M P O S I A , F O R A Y S

J u l v 1982

5-9: FUNGAL METABOLISM, GORDON RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Plymouth S t a t e C o l l e g e , Plymouth, NH. Cha i red by J . S. L o v e t t and C. H. Nash. For d e t a i l e d program s e e S c i e n c e , 5 March 1982, p. 215. Con tac t D r . A. M. Cruikshank, D i r e c t o r , Gordon Research Confe rences , P a s t o r e Chemical Lab., Univ. Rhode I s l a n d , Kings ton , RI 02881; t e l . (401) 743-4011 o r -3372.

18: FORAY, Hanover, NH. See Montsh i re Mycological Club, S o c i e t i e s s e c t i o n .

31-Aug. 1: FORAY, Delaware Co., OH. See Ohio Mushroom S o c i e t y , S o c i e t i e s s e c t i o n .

August

5-8:

1982

TELLURIDE PKJSHROOM CONFERENCE, T e l l u r i d e , CO. Designed f o r p e r s o n s i n t e r e s t e d i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and c u l t i v a t i o n of w i l d mushrooms. Wri te : T e l l u r i d e Mushroom Conference, P.O. Box 5503, Denver, CO 80217-5503.

FORAY, Hanover, NH. See Montsh i re Mycological Club, S o c i e t i e s s e c t i o n .

ANNUAL MEETING OF MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AXERICA i n c o n j u n c t f o n w i t h A. I . B . S . , U n i v e r s i t y P a r k , PA. (See program e l sewhere i n t h i s i s s u e . )

X I I I t h INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MICROBIOLOGY, Boston, MA. A good program c o v e r i n g a b road spec t rum of myco log ica l t o p i c s w i l l b e o f f e r e d th rough t h e week.

ANNUAL MEETING, SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, Univ. of Minnesota , S t . P a u l . Con tac t Pls. Ann Kulback, Soc. f o r I n d u s t r i a l Mic rob io logy , 1401 Wilson Blvd., A r l i n g t o n , VA 22209; t e l . (703) 256-0337.

9 t h ROCKY MOUNTAIN MUSHROOM CONFERENCE, Snowmass V i l l a g e , CO. L e c t u r e s , d i s p l a y s , and f i e l d t r i p s f o r med ica l workers , m y c o l o g i s t s , b o t a n i s t s , t e a c h e r s , a l l i n t e r e s t e d i n mushroom t o x i c o l o g y and microscopy. Course a c c r e d i t a t i o n a p p l i e d f o r . C o n t a c t : Dept . of P r o f e s s i o n a l Educa t ion , Rocky Mountain Po i son C e n t e r , West 8 t h & Cherokee S t s . , Denver, CO 80204.

NORTH AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION FORAY, E a s t S t roudsburg S t a t e C o l l e g e , E . S t r o u d s b u r g , PA. I n f o from J i m Kron ick , 46 Beacon H i l l Dr ive , Wate r fo rd , CT 06385. (Preceded by Wat l ing c o u r s e ; s e e Courses s e c t i o n . )

September 1982

1-3: 5 t h INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MYCOTOXINS AND PHYCOTOXINS, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of P u r e and Appl ied Chemist ry , Vienna, A u s t r i a . Sponsored by World H e a l t h Organiza- t i o n . Writ:: P r o f . P a l l e Krogh, Chairman, IWAC Symposium S c i e n t i f i c Committee, c / o V e r e i n O s t e r r e i c h i s c h e r Chemiker, Eschenbachgasse 9 , A-1010 Vienna, A u s t r i a .

For i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e 1982 STUNTZ FORAY, p l e a s e c o n t a c t David R. Hosford.

5-10: INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM FOR INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY, Univ. of Sussex , England. W i l l i n c l u d e a 2-day workshop on t h e s y s t e m a t i c s , b i o l o g y , and p r a c t i c a l u s e of t h e Ento- mophthora les , t o b e fo l lowed by a 5-day f o r a y t o v a r i o u s s i g n i f i c a n t c o l l e c t i n g s i t e s ( i n c l u d i n g some of Thomas etch's h a u n t s ) . Con tac t R. Humber, USDA-ARC I n s e c t P a t h . Resea rch U n i t , Boyce Thompson I n s t . , Tower Rd., I t h a c a , NY 14853.

10-12: CHARLES HORTON PECK FORAY, Pack Demonstra t ion F o r e s t , Warrensburg, N Y . Con tac t J o s i a h L. Lowe f o r i n f o r m a t i o n .

12: FORAY, Hanover, NH. See Montsh i re Mycological Club, S o c i e t i e s s e c t i o n .

25-26: FORAY, L o r a i n Co., OH. Ohio Mushroom S o c i e t y . See S o c i e t i e s s e c t i o n .

October 1982

14-17: 1982 Convent ion, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BIOLOGY TEACHERS, D e t r o i t , M I . Theme: "The B i o l o g i c a l and S o c i a l S c i e n c e s : Educa t ion f o r C i t i z e n s h i p . " Con tac t : Sue Nolan, NABT, 11250 Roger Bacon Dr ive , Reston, VA 22090; t e l . (703) 471-1134.

1983

February o r March: 4 t h ONTARIO MYCOLOGY WORKSHOP, Univ. of Toron to , Toron to , O n t a r i o . Con tac t Dave Malloch. (See r e p o r t on 3 r d Meet ing, i n Reg iona l Meet ings s e c t i o n . )

26-31 May: 1 4 9 t h NATIONAL MEETING, American A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e Advancement of S c i e n c e , D e t r o i t , M I . Con tac t : AAAS, 1776 Massachuse t t s Ave., N . W . , Washington, DC 20036.

25-29 J u l y : X I 1 CONGRESS0 BRASILEIRO DE MICROBIOLOGIA, Silo P a u l o , B r a s i l . Address Socie- dade B r a s i l e i r a d e M i c r o b i o l o g i a , c / o JoZo S. F u r t a d o , I n s t i t u t o de ~ o t s n i c a , C.P. 4005, 01000 S5o Pau lo SPY B r a s i l .

7-12 August: THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, Michigan S t a t e Univ. , E a s t Lansing. Wri te : The Kel logg C e n t e r f o r Con t inu ing Educa t ion , Michigan S t a t e Univ. , E a s t Lans ing , M I 48824.

28 Aug.-3 Sep t . : THIRD INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS, Tokyo, Japan. Con tac t : P r o f . K. Tubak i , S e c r e t a r y G e n e r a l , c / o I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress S e r v i c e , I n c . , Chikusen Bldg. SF, 2-7-4, Nihombashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan 103, o r David L. Hawksworth, S e c r e t a r y , I n t e r n a t i o n a l Myco log ica l A s s o c i a t i o n .

The m e e t i n g s w i l l b e h e l d a t t h e Keio P l a z a H o t e l i n Tokyo. S e v e r a l pre- and pos t -congress f o r a y s a r e p lanned. The Japan T r a v e l Bureau, I n c . and Japan A i r l i n e s have been a p p o i n t e d o f f i c i a l t r a v e l a g e n t and o f f i c i a l c a r r i e r f o r t h e Congress.

The Colorado Mycolog ica l S o c i e t y w i l l h o s t t h e 1983 NAMA FORAY. Contac t : Tom F lynn , 3445 Longwood Ave., Boulder , CO 80303.

1984

August: Second INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ARCTO-ALPINE MYCOLOGY, ISAM-11, w i l l b e h e l d a t M u n s t e r t a l i n t h e Swiss Alps . Gary Laursen w i l l have i n f o r m a t i o n .

1985 - August: INTERNATIONAL MARINE MYCOLOGY SYMPOSIUM, Por tsmouth, U.K. Roger Goos knows.

Fl". 6. 1'c;l;a yudunrn, D. alld \V.

Natural ri le

6 NEW RESEARCH

J. BAXTER: Life cycle studies of grass rusts; species of Puccinia on Cucurbitaceae; South American species of Ravenelia.

K. ESSER: Fungal mitochondria1 DNA, a new vector for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cloning in biotechnology.

R. BAIRD: Taxonomic study of Sarcodon, Phellodon, Hydnellum and Bankera (stipitate Hydnums) of the Southeastern States.

J. W. PADEN, K. N. EGGER: Biology of pyrophilous Discomycetes.

J. POMMERVILLE: Cell surface organization in Allomyces gametes; developmental control during gametogenesis in Allomyces.

N.S.M. HO: Survey of Mucorales in Taiwan.

W. C. BAKEWELL: Developing plastic food containers to store dried fleshy fungi along with fumigant in the small home or teaching herbarium; use of chlorocresol to temporarily preserve fresh fleshy fungi; labeled, color-coded sporeprint cards by which sporeprints can be deposited along with basidiocarp specimens in mycological institutions.

W. J. SUNDBERG: Fleshy fungi of Illinois--Basidiomycetes: a detailed literature survey; (With Ms. Iwona Kubacka): Isolation and identification of a Basidiomycete basidio- carp-inducing compound.

C. B. WOLFE: Meiotic nuclear behavior in the Boletes; numerical taxonomic analysis in the Boletes.

E. A. CRONIN: Identification of fleshy fungi and their mycorrhizal relationships with forest trees (at Mountain Lake Biological Station).

L. JOHNSON: Phanerochaete chrysosporium decolorization of lignin wastes.

S. COHEN: Study of life cycle of Trichoderma species in soil.

J. TRAPPE: Rotten logs in old-growth forests as microhabitats for fungi, mycorrhizae, and fungus-using animals.

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I'all~cle af unts i l ~ v a d ~ c l I,! l l ic iollgih uf S I ~ I I I ~ > (:.l8lc,g0 C U I . ~ U , TIII.

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FORTHCOEII NG COURSES

Walter Sundberg no t e s t h a t Southern I l l i n o i s Univ. w i l l o f f e r two F a l l Semester courses : FIELD MYCOLOGY (Botany 409), Aug. 15-Dec. 15, 1982; a l s o , IUSHROOMS TOADSTOOLS (a Continuing Education evening c l a s s ) , Sept. 13-Nov. 15, 1982. For e i t h e r one, con t ac t him a t Dept. of Botany, Southern I l l i n o i s Univ., Carbondale, IL 62901; t e l . (618) 536-2331.

Univ. of North Caro l ina , Chapel H i l l , o f f e r s FUNGI/MYCOLOGY, a new course , F a l l 1982. A f l e x i b l e p l an o f f e r s l e c t u r e s , l a b s , r e sea rch p r o j e c t s , o r any combination, f o r 1-6 c r e d i t hours . Course given by W. J. Koch, A. Domnas, and M. McGinnis.

FIELD MYCOLOGY i s an i n t e n s i v e 2-week course t h a t w i l l be o f f e r ed a t t h e S t a t e Univ. College a t Cort land Outdoor Education Center , Raquet te Lake, NY, J u l y 19-Aug. 1, 1982. Undergraduate and gradua te s e c t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e . Contact T. J . Baroni, A s s t . P ro f . , Dept. of B io log i ca l Sc iences , P.O. Box 2000, SUNY College a t Cor t land , Cor t land , NY 13045; t e l . (607) 753-2715. ( O f f i c i a l dead l ine 31 May!)

A 5-c red i t SUI.DER COURSE I N LICHENOLOGY w i l l be he ld J u l y 28-Aug. 21 a t t h e Lake I t a s c a Biology S t a t i o n , Univ. of Minnesota. M. J . Dibben w i l l t each t h i s course (Botany 5821) which w i l l a l t e r n a t e days with FIELD PIYCOLOGY. Write: F i e ld Biology Program, B e l l Museum of Na tu ra l His tory , Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, PIN 55455.

Fred Rhoades no t e s a course on ALPINE MYCOLOGY (Bio 454s) w i l l be given J u l y 31-Aug. 19. It 's worth 3 c r e d i t s through Western \lashington Univ. Wri te him a t Biology Dept. , W.W.U., Bellingham, WA 98225.

A gradua te l e v e l course on IfYCORRHIZAE w i l l be given Ju ly 17-Nov. 15 a t t h e Universidad de Costa Rica. Information: School of Biology, Univ. de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

SPECIAL TOPICS I N BIOLOGY: MYXOMYCETES w i l l be taught by S. L. Stephenson i n t h e f a l l of 1982 a t Fairmont S t a t e College, Fairmont WV 26554.

Botany 467, ECOLOGY OF FOREST FUNGI, w i l l be o f f e r ed f a l l 1982 (2 Sept.-20 Dec.). Contact R. Fogel , Herbarium, North Univ. Bldg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, PI1 48109, f o r course d e s c r i p t i o n , e t c .

Univ. of Arkansas o f f e r s Botany 5423, MYCOLOGY, F a l l 1982.

LABORATORY AND CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HUNAN AND ANIMAL MYCOSES w i l l be taught June 21-July 16, 1982 by D r . Norman L. Goodman, Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536.

FUNGI, ALGAE, BRYOPHYTES is a c r e d i t course o f f e r e d by correspondence by t h e Univ. of IJaterloo. Contact D r . Bryce Kendrick, Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont. N3L 3G1, Canada.

Keene S t a t e College is o f f e r i n g a MUSHROOM IDENTIFICATION course t h i s summer. Contact : Summer School Of f i ce , Keene S t a t e College, Keene, NH 03431.

D r . Roy Watling of Edinburgh w i l l r e v e a l HOW TO IDENTIFY MUSHROOMS TO GENUS USING CULTURAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURES, Aug. 15-19, a t East Stroudsburg S t a t e College, Eas t Stroudsburg, PA. (This i s j u s t before t h e NAtN Foray t h e r e . ) For information contac t Robert Peabody, RD No. 4, Box 281, Easton, PA 18042; t e l . (215) 749-2510 evenings.

David F. Per ry w i l l t each ECOLOGY OF THE FUNGI a t Mountain Lake B io log i ca l S t a t i o n , Rte. 1, Pembroke, VA 24136, J u l y 19-Aug. 21, 1982. M r . Per ry i s a t Fores t Pes t Management I n s t . , Box 490, Sau l t S te . Marie, Ont. P6A 5M7, Canada.

D r . Kenneth Erb w i l l t each ALGAE AND FUNGI AND THEIR RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT, F a l l semester 1982, a t Dept. of Biology, Hofs t ra Univ., Hempstead, NY 11550. You may c a l l him a t (516) 560-3261.

8 FUNGI WANTED

ASCOMYCETES

C. S. Yang: Cultures of Pulvinula convexella (haemastigma), Podophacidium xanthomelum, Byssonectria fusispora, Geopora sp., Trichophaea sp., Sphaerosporella sp., and Humaria sp.

T. I. Capiello: Strossmayeria specimens or cultures.

F. W. Spiegel: Ascobolus magnificus (A. scatigenus) K. Esser: Cultures of Morchella esculenta or 2. hortensis. J. W. Paden: P.licrostorna, Sarcoscypha, Sarcosoma, Plectania, Urnula, Galiella--recent

collections suitable for culturing.

BASIDIOMYCETES

R. A. Blanchette: Wood decayed by Phellinus nigrolimitatus (any host), Inonotus rheades on aspen, Stereum subpileatum (any host). Any size or shape. Postage will be paid.

J. Baxter: Rusts on Crotalaria spp. Acacia farnesiana and Melothria spp. (Cucurbitaceae). Puccinia monardae on Monarda f'istulosa. Puccinia monardae occurs on Monarda didyma, M. media and 2. clinopodia in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, W. Virginia and North - - Carolina. It has pale brown or yellow teleutosori that have been mistaken for uredia of Puccinia menthae.

R. Fogel: Cultures or specimens of Hymenogaster.

W. J. Sundberg: Lepiota sensu lato, specimens, notes or color photos or both.

N. L. Nickerson: Dried specimens and/or cultures of any Exobasidium from the United States.

H. S. Vishniac: Chionosphaera apobasidialis, Brachybasidium pinangae, Microstroma juglandis yeast-like phase in culture.

11. E. Palm: Suillus (specimens/cultures) with notes on fresh macroscopic characters.

J. Ammirati: Cortinarius, only specimens with notes on macroscopic features.

R. E. Baird: Field collections of stipitate Hydnums, including notes, from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee.

M. E. Deutsch: Culture of Stropharia rugoso-annulata.

N. R. OINeill: Corticium fuciforme and species of Laetisaria.

Y. Ono: Uredinales from Southeast Asia, especially Phakopsora, Physopella, Cerotelium.

V. Demoulin: Specimens of Gasteromycetes especially Lycoperdon.

B. Liu: Tremella mesenterica and T. aurantia. D. C. Prusso: Collections of Tulostoma with collection data.

DEUTEROMYCETES

L. L. Burpee: Isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. from gramineous hosts.

T. I. Capiello: Cultures or specimens of Pseudospiropes.

R. D. Goos: Helicosporous fungi.

K. Seifert: Gleoid synnematal Hyphomycetes especially cultures of Stilbella, Graphium, Dendrostilbella.

G. W. Moorman: Rhizoctonia isolated from poinsettia.

S. Cohen: Cultures isolated from nature of Trichoderma viride, 2. hamatum, and T. hanzianum. M. E. Palm: Specimens or cultures of Trichocladium.

LOWER FUNGI

G. W. Moorman: Pythium aphanidermtum isolated from chrysanthemum.

J. Ammirati: Cultures of Endogone pisiformis.

J. A. S5enz Eenauld: Cultures or specimens of mycobionts (ecto-endo (V. A . ) mycorrhizae). Roots. Endogonaceae specimens.

J. PI. Trappe: Endogonaceae.

D. W. Roberts: Cultures of Lagenidium isolated from arthropods.

A. Weintraub: Prepared microscope slides of Syncephalastrum racemosum.

D. J. S. Barr: Cultures of Chytridiomycetes.

T. M. Hammill: Cultures of Mucor spp. in the section Mucedo.

MYXOMYCETES

S. L. Stephenson: Pfyxomycetes, especially collections from western North America.

K. L. Braun Jr.: Myxomycetes from Mexico. Bark from Mexican trees (identified), especially from the southern states of Pfexico.

H. W. Keller: Specimens of Corticolous Myxomycetes, specimens of Licea, Clastoderma, and Perichaena.

PI1 SCELLANEOUS

J. M. Trappe: Hypogeous fungi.

M. Blackwell: Gulf coastal plain fungi with substrate and microhabitat data, insects from any fungi with vouchers or reliable voucher records.

K. A. West: Dried specimens (with fresh specimen notes) of wood-decaying fungi associated with eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana).

R. A. Humber: Entomopathogenic fungi; permits trill be provided for culture shipment.

Fit<. 107. Cluuicqs purpurea, Tul., vnr. IVtlsat~r. V.Sm., glowing from Ergot

Sntllral sir?.

FUNGI FOR DISTRIBUTION

BASIDIOMYCETES

V. Demoulin will provide cultures and specimens of Gasteromycetes and Hebelomina neerlandica (= H. microspora).

J. Baxter offers specimens of Peridermium ephedrae.

DEUTEROMYCETE S

Isolates of Rhizoctonia - - solani, R. cerealis, and R. oryzae are available from L. L. Burpee.

MISCELLANEOUS

Cultures of entomopathogenic fungi (more than 700 isolates); contact R. Humber for listing or further in£ ormation.

10 IDENTIFICATIONS

The following are qualified and willing to identify the taxa specified.

ASCOPNCETES

T. I. Capiello: Sttossmayeria species.

M. Barr Bigelow: Ascomycetes, especially Loculoascomycetes.

J. W. Paden: Sarcosomataceae: Plectania, Galiella, Urnula, Sarcosoma.

BAS IDIOPNCETES

G. Laursen: High latitude or altitude agarics.

B. S. Luther: Lindtneria or Lindtneria-like fungi from anywhere.

J. A. Sgenz Renauld: Phallaceae and Clathraceae up to species.

J. Amrnirati: Cortinarius

K. Seifert: Dacrymycetaceae.

V. Demoulin: Lycoperdales and Sclerodermatales.

Y. Ono: Asiatic Uredinales.

W. J. Sundberg: Lepiota sensu lato, notes or color photos or both helpful.

DEUTEROMYCETES

T. I. Capiello: Pseudospiropes.

M. E. Palm: Trichocladium and similar dematiaceous Hyphomycetes.

LOWER FUNGI AND IflXOMYCETES

F. W. Spiegel: Protostelids, Dictyostelids, Acrasid cellular slime moulds.

J . M. Trappe: Endogonaceae.

D. J. S. Barr: Spizellomycetales (Chytridiomycetes).

H. W. Keller: Corticolous Myxomycetes, specimens of Licea, Clastoderma, Perichaena.

MISCELLANEOUS

J . PI. Trappe: Hypogeous Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina.

R. A. Humber: Entomopathogens, particularly Entomophthorales.

FIQ. R7. Berries of .llahonia A,,tri/olilrn~, Lincll., invarlc.cl by .Tcidiam Derbeklis,

Pen. Elllarged 5 dianwtsrs.

11 PUBLICATIONS F O R G I V E - A W A Y , SALE, O R E X C H A N G E

Andy MacKinnon o f f e r s BIRD'S NEST F U N G I by Harold Brod ie (new c o p i e s ) f o r $7 ( p o s t a g e p a i d ) . H i s new a d d r e s s i s : Ecology, B .C . l l i n i s t r y of F o r e s t s , 470-1011 - 4 t h Ave., P r i n c e George, B . C . , Canada.

D a r r e l l Cox h a s f o r s a l e : H e s l e r ' s NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF HYGROPHORUS--$15; F i n k ' s LICHEN FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES--$15; P e t e r s e n ' s EVOLUTION I N THE HIGHER BASIDIOMYCETES-- $20; CIII's PLANT PATHOLOGIST'S POCKETBOOK, 1968--$5.

Mycologia Memoir No. 5 , THE ENDOGONACEAE I N THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, by J . W. Gerdemann and J . M. T rappe , 1974, long o u t of p r i n t , h a s been r e p r i n t e d . S i n g l e c o p i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f r e e from P u b l i c a t i o n s , P a c i f i c Northwest F o r e s t and Range Experiment S t a t i o n , 809 N.E. 6 t h Ave., P o r t l a n d , OR 97232.

Alex Shigo h a s a l i s t of a v a i l a b l e b o o k l e t s , p o s t e r s , and s l i d e t a p e s on t r e e decay , p a r a s i t e a t t a c k , and t r e a t m e n t of t r e e d i s e a s e s . W r i t e him f o r t i t l es , p r i c e s , and o r d e r i n g a d d r e s s e s .

R. M. Marwin o f f e r s f o r s a l e MYCOLOGIA 43-73 complete , unbound, f o r $162 p l u s s h i p p i n g .

Rober t I lachol h a s some incomple te sets of i c o n e s ( e .g . Konrad & Maublanc, Lange) , and is w i l l i n g t o e n t e r t a i n o f f e r s a t reduced p r i c e s . Also , a t r e a s u r e : B u l l i a r d , HISTOIRE DES CHAMPIGNONS, w i t h a l l 397 p l a t e s i n c l u d i n g r a r e , o r i g i n a l no. 601 and 602. "It h a s , a s a l m o s t a lways , o n l y f i r s t h a l f of t e x t , t h e l a s t h a l f hav ing been d e s t r o y e d i n a f i r e . B e a u t i f u l l y bound i n h a l f - c a l f w i t h gold l e t t e r i n g . I n e x c e l l e n t cond i t ion . ' ' A b a r g a i n a t $3000. H e w i l l soon have a l is t of o t h e r t r e a s u r e s a v a i l a b l e .

A. J . R. Gu t t ay o f f e r s : IMPACT OF DEICING SALTS UPON THE ENDONYCORRHIZAE OF ROADSIDE SUGAR MAPLES; and THE GROWTH OF 3 WOODY PLANT SPECIES AND THE DEVELOPIGZNT OF THEIR MYCORRHI- ZAE I N 3 DIFFERENT PLANT COMPOSTS.

E s t h e r Dick S n e l l h a s f o r s a l e BOLETES OF IIICHIGAN, Smith & T h i e r s , 1971 (2 c o p i e s ) ; THE GENUS TILLETIA, Duran & F i s c h e r , 1961; INTRODUCTION TO MUSHROOM HUNTING, Vera K. C h a r l e s , Dover R e p r i n t .

D. C . Erwin announces t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: PHYTOPHTHORA, ITS BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY; $3 i n USA, Canada, and Mexico, $4 o v e r s e a s . Make o u t checks t o Regen t s , Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a ( f o r ~roceedings/Phytophthora Symposium). Mail t o Dept. of P l a n t P a t h o l o g y , Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a , R i v e r s i d e , CA 92521.

W. R. Burk w i l l g i v e away r e p r i n t s on Gasteromycetes .

I n r e s p o n s e t o many i n q u i r i e s : WORLD LITERATURE ON MYCORRHIZAE, 1973, E. Hacskaylo and C. M. Tompkins, i s s t i l l a v a i l a b l e from Reed L i b r a r y & Herbarium, 10105 Har fo rd Road, B a l t i - more, MD 21234, f o r $4 p l u s .63 p o s t a g e .

Workers i n a q u a t i c mycology a r e encouraged t o c o n t a c t D r . S. P. Meyers t o b e p l a c e d on t h e m a i l i n g l is t t o r e c e i v e t h e AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY NEWSLETTER, now i n i t s 2 1 s t y e a r of p u b l i c a t i o n .

P. Sturman h a s f o r s a l e ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST, C. H. Peck, Univ. of S t a t e of New York, 1897, 2nd ed. Book i n v e r y good c o n d i t i o n . Open t o o f f e r .

MUSHROOMS AND OTHER FUNGI OF LAND BETWEEN THE LAKES, by W. J . Sundberg and J . R. Richardson, TVA, K n o x v i l l e , 1980. Send $3.45 ( i n c l u d e s p o s t a g e ) t o W. J . Sundberg.

K e i t h S e i f e r t o f f e r s THE LAST ROT NOTS, f r e e t o a l l i n t e r e s t e d . H i s new a d d r e s s : 85 L a n c a s t e r D r . , Sudbury, O n t a r i o P3E 3R7, Canada.

V. Demoulin o f f e r s 2 . PILZK. 9 (N.F.) f a s c . 8 t o 1 2 (1930) ; and TRANS. BRIT. MYCOL. SOC. 29 (1946). Exchange p r e f e r r e d (he n e e d s Z . PILZK. 10-33 e x c e p t 23, 29, 3 1 ) ; s a l e c o n s i d e r e d .

Roger Goos w i l l g i v e away APPL. MICROBIOL. 29-34 (unbound); you pay t h e p o s t a g e . He w i l l s e l l J . BACTERIOL. 109-120, 125-150 (unbound), p r i c e n e g o t i a b l e .

A. Weintraub h a s most back i s s u e s of med ica l magazines f o r .50 each; a l s o Ciba Pharma- c e u t i c a l Magazines i n v a r i o u s l anguages ( Japanese , Greek, e t c . ) ; a l s o c a n c e r j o u r n a l s ( o l d i s s u e s ) , R a d i o n i c s , e t c . Wr i t e f o r l i s t and in fo rmat ion .

B. Kendr ick o f f e r s THE WHOLE FUNGUS, 2 v o l . , $25; MYCOLOGY, $18; CHALARA MONOGRAPH, $16; ICONES GENEFXJM COELOPIYCETUM, ( f a s c . I -XII) $29; SYNOPTIC KEY TO 200 GENERA OF COELOMY- CETES, $4; GENERA OF HYPHOMYCETES, $22; ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PIUSHROOMS, $16.

M. E. Bar r Bigelow has a v a i l a b l e PRELIPlINARY STUDIES ON THE DOTHIDEALES I N TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA, 1972.

The Farlow Refe rence L i b r a r y h a s a n updated P u b l i c a t i o n s L i s t a v a i l a b l e . W r i t e Gerry Kaye, 20 D i v i n i t y Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138.

D. P. Rogers BRIEF HISTORY OF MYCOLOGY I N NORTH AMERICA, r e v i s e d e d i t i o n p u b l i s h e d by MSA, i s a v a i l a b l e from t h e MSA N e w s l e t t e r , 20 D i v i n i t y Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138. P r i c e : $5.00. Make checks payab le t o MSA N e w s l e t t e r .

P U B L I C A T I O N S WANTED

R. W . K e r r i g a n needs FRIESIA Bind 4 , H e f t e 1 , 2 ( 1 9 5 0 ) ; any h i s t o r i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on c u l t i v a t i o n of Agar icus s u b r u f e s c e n s .

K. D. Whitney is l o o k i n g f o r MYCOLOGIA 6 1 ( 1 ) , 6 4 ( 4 ) ; o r i g i n a l copy of L i s t e r ' s MONO- G P a H OF THE MYCETOZOANS, 3rd ed. (no r e p r i n t s ) .

Eugene W . Smith needs "A s o u r c e f o r a h o s t - d i s e a s e index."

D. E. Kendra s e e k s p u b l i c a t i o n s on fungus-produced t o x i n s and fungus -p lan t i n t e r a c t i o n s (b iochemica l , enzymat ic , h i s t o c h e m i c a l , e t c . ) .

B. R. Kropp needs POLYPORACEAE OF TEE UNITED STATES, ALASKA, AND CANADA, L. 0 . Over- h o l t s , 1953, Univ. Michigan P r e s s .

N . S. H. Ho i s l o o k i n g f o r MUCORALES by H. Zycha e t a l . , 1969, J. Cramer.

R. A. Humber s e e k s T. P e t c h , 1921, STUDIES I N ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI 11. THE GENERA HYPO- CRELLA AND ASCHERSONIA. Ann. Roy. Bot. Garden Peraden iya 7: 167-278.

B r i a n S. L u t h e r i s v e r y a n x i o u s t o o b t a i n COLOR STANDARDS AND COLOR NOMENCLATURE, R. Ridgway, 1912--he w i l l pay $200 f o r a copy i n good c o n d i t i o n . He a l s o needs VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS, M. C. Cooke, 1892, Soc. f o r Promoting C h r i s t i a n Knowledge.

J. A. Sgenz Renauld needs THE BIOLOGY OF MYCORRHIZA, J . L. Har ley , 1969, Leonard H i l l ; ENDOMYCORRHIZAE, F. E. Sanders , B. Mosse and P. T i n k e r , 1975, Academic P r e s s . [ ~ d . Note: l a t t e r s t i l l a v a i l a b l e f rom Academic.]

T. M. Hammill s e e k s CAN. JOUR. BOT. 59 (1981) .

R e p r i n t s on t h e Myxomycetes would b e a p p r e c i a t e d by S. L. Stephenson.

R. E. Macho1 i s a lways l o o k i n g f o r books on mushrooms, e s p e c i a l l y o l d a n d / o r r a r e , i n c l u d i n g f ragments .

Andy MacKinnon h a s s t i l l n o t a c q u i r e d LOWER FUNGI I N THE LABORATORY, Melvin S. F u l l e r , ed . H i s new a d d r e s s i s Ecology, B.C. M i n i s t r y of F o r e s t s , 470-1011 - 4 t h Ave., P r i n c e George, B.C., Canada.

W. R. Burk would l i k e r e p r i n t s on Gasteromycetes .

IJ. J. Sundberg is l o o k i n g f o r pre-1965 r e p r i n t s , e t c . on s y s t e m a t i c s of f l e s h y f u n g i , e s p e c i a l l y Bas id iomyce tes .

V. Demoulin needs any volume of Z . PILZK, from 1 0 ( ~ . F . ) t o 33, e x c e p t 23, 29 and 31.

N i c o l e 0 ' ~ e i l l would l i k e t o p u r c h a s e a copy of t h e ICONES FARLOWIANAE. P l e a s e c o n t a c t h e r .

1 3 NEW BOOKS BY MSA MEMBERS

John S. K a r l i n g : PREDOMINANTLY HOLOCARPIC AND EUCARPIC BIFLAGELLATE PHYCOMYCETES. 1981. J. Cramer, Vaduz. 252 pp, 75 p l s .

G i l b e r t T u r i a n and Hans R. Hohl: THE FUNGAL SPORE: MORPHOGENETIC CONTROLS. 1981. Academic P r e s s . 670 pp. US $67.

MSA Guidebook Committee: MYCOLOGY GUIDEBOOK, r e p r i n t e d w i t h c o r r e c t i o n s and a s u b j e c t index . Univ. Washington P r e s s , S e a t t l e , WA 98105. $35 l e s s memberst d i s c o u n t of 40%.

R. C h a r u d a t t a n and H. L. Walker, eds . : BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS WITH PLANT PATHOGENS, approx . Aug. 1982. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

R ichard E. Koske: COOKBOOK STATISTICS FOR PLANT PATHOLOGISTS AND MYCOLOGISTS. 1982. $6 i n c l u d i n g s h i p p i n g . A v a i l a b l e from t h e a u t h o r , Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Rhode I s l a n d , Kings ton , RI 02881.

American P h y t o p a t h o l o g i c a l Soc.: K. F. Baker & R. J. Cook, ed . : BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS. (1974) 2nd p r i n t i n g . $27.50 APS members, $32 nonmembers. Also a v a i l a b l e : COMPENDIUI+ OF BARLEY DISEASES. E d i t e d by D. E. Mathre. $11 APS members; $12 nonmembers. Con tac t APS, 3340 P i l o t Knob Rd., S t . P a u l , MN 55121.

G. A. Laursen and J . F. Ammirati , e d s . : ARCTIC AND ALPINE MYCOLOGY: THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ARCTO-ALPINE MYCOLOGY, a v a i l a b l e soon from Univ. of Washington P r e s s . P r i c e $45.

M I S C E L L A N E O U S

DONNA INER o f f e r s a morel p o s t e r , 23" x 28". The t e n c o l o r p a i n t i n g s by a r t i s t G a i l Guth p o r t r a y Plorchel la , Verpa, and Gyromitra spp . $3.95 p l u s $ 1 p o s t a g e ( $ 1 e x t r a t o Cana- d a ) . Order from Mushroom Cave, I n c . , Box 894, B a t t l e Creek, M I 49016.

A. WEINTRAUB h a s f o r s a l e one good E r n s t L e i t z Wetz la r monocular microscope: 3 o b j e c t - i v e s i n c l u d i n g Spencer o i l immersion, 1 o c u l a r , mechanical s t a g e , m i r r o r , e t c . Can b e c o n v e r t e d t o b i n o c u l a r . I d e a l f o r u s e w i t h a camera. No box. A b e a u t i f u l i n s t r u m e n t i n l ike-new c o n d i t i o n . $485 p l u s s h i p p i n g charges .

VACANCY FOR MYCOLOGIST

The UNIV. OF HAWAII h a s a t e n u r e - t r a c k opening f o r a Genera l Mycologis t w i t h i n t e r e s t s i n SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF TROPICAL FUNGI. Con tac t : Chairman, Botany Dep t . , Univ. of Hawai i , 3190 Mai le Way, Honolulu , H I 96822, t e l . (808) 948-8218.

POSTDOCTORAL P O S I T I O N S AND A S S I S T A N T S H I P S

Univ. of Maryland: Gradua te Teaching A s s i s t a n t s h i p i n EXPERIMENTAL MYCOLOGY a v a i l a b l e f o r a q u a l i f i e d s t u d e n t . Con tac t D r . J . J . Motta , Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Maryland, C o l l e g e P a r k , ?.ID 20742.

Washington S t a t e Univ.: A s s i s t a n t s h i p s f o r s t u d y l e a d i n g t o d e g r e e s i n PLANT PATHOLOGY w i t h emphasis on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of mycology. Con tac t J . D . Rogers , Dept. of P l a n t Patho- l o g y , Washington S t a t e Univ. , Pul lman, WA 99164.

Wright S t a t e Univ.: P o s t d o c t o r a l s t u d i e s w i t h LOWER MARINE FUNGI (dependent on f u n d i n g of proposed ~ r o j e c t ) . A l so , A s s i s t a n t s h i p s , Dept. of B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s , t o s t u d y LOWER MARINE FUNGI. Con tac t D r . James P. Amon, Dept. of B io l . S c i . , Wright S t a t e Univ. , Day t o n , OH 45435, t e l (513) 873-2632.

Texas A&M Univ.: A s s i s t a n t s h i p s i n EXPERIMENTAL (DEVELOPMENTAL) MYCOLOGY a t t h e MS and Ph.D. l e v e l s . Con tac t D r . J e f f r e y Pommervi l le , Dept. of Biology, Texas A&M Univ. , C o l l e g e S t a t i o n , TX 77843.

Oklahoma S t a t e Univ.: Gradua te A s s i s t a n t s h i p ( r e s e a r c h ) i n EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION OF ANTARCTIC YEASTS. Con tac t D r . H. S. V i s h n i a c , Dept. of Mic rob io logy , OSU, S t i l l w a t e r , OK 74078.

L o u i s i a n a S t a t e Univ.: Teaching A s s i s t a n t s h i p s and p o s s i b l e Research A s s i s t a n t s h i p f o r s t u d y of MYCOLOGY o r o t h e r b o t a n i c a l a r e a s ($5250, academic y e a r ) . A l so , e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l - q u a l i f i e d s t u d e n t s may a p p l y f o r "Alumni F e d e r a t i o n Gradua te Fe l lowsh ips" f o r Ph.D. s t u d y b e g i n n i n g 1983-84. These F e l l o w s h i p s p r o v i d e freedom from a l l d u t i e s b u t r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s . Tax-free s t i p e n d of $10,000 p e r y e a r f o r f o u r y e a r s c a r r i e s i n f l a t i o n a d j u s t m e n t s and e x c l u s i o n of u n i v e r s i t y f e e s . Con tac t Mered i th B lackwel l , Dept. of Botany, LSU, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.

Sou the rn I l l i n o i s Univ.: Teaching A s s i s t a n t s h i p f o r M.A. o r Ph.D. MYCOLOGY s t u d e n t . Teaching d u t i e s i n F o r e s t Pa tho logy and Genera l Botany o r Genera l Biology ( o r b o t h ) . A v a i l a b l e f o r 1983-84 v i a c o m p e t i t i v e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s . Wal ter J. Sundberg, Dept. of Botany, Sou the rn I l l i n o i s Univ. , Carbondale , IL 62901; t e l . (618) 536-2331.

P O S I T I O N S WANTED

WALSTINE L. STEFFENS i s s e e k i n g a n academic p o s i t i o n f o r J a n u a r y 1983. He o b t a i n e d a Ph.D. (1981) i n P l a n t Pa tho logy , major p r o f e s s o r J . P. J o n e s ; h a s 1 8 p u b l i c a t i o n s . I n t e r e s t s a r e c y t o l o g y - u l t r a s t r u c t u r e of h i g h e r f u n g i .

BRUCE D . RYAN w i s h e s taxonomical r e s e a r c h a n d / o r i l l u s t r a t i o n ass ignments . H e h a s completed h i s M.S. d e g r e e w i t h F. M. Rhoades; h i s t h e s i s is e n t i t l e d onat at ion of l i c h e n s on a rocky s h o r e on F i d a l g o I s l a n d , Washington." I n t e r e s t s : Ascomycetes.

DENNIS J . GRAY h a s r e c e n t l y o b t a i n e d a Ph.D. a t North C a r o l i n a S t a t e Univ. and i s s e e k i n g employment. H i s i n t e r e s t s i n c l u d e s t u d i e s of f u n g a l p a r a s i t i s m , i n v i t r o pa tho logy , p l a n t t i s s u e c u l t u r e , e l e c t r o n microscopy, and f u n g a l taxonomy. He i s c u r r e n t l y s t u d y i n g p l a n t somat ic h y b r i d i z a t i o n among embryogenic c e l l l i n e s f o r t h e purpose of d e v e l o p i n g r e s i s t a n c e .

KARIN H. YOHEM completed a Ph.D. i n May 1982, and i s i n t e r e s t e d i n r e s e a r c h and t e a c h i n g i n Mycology a n d / o r P l a n t Pa tho logy . Major P r o f e s s o r was R. L. G i l b e r t s o n .

CHANGES I N A F F I L I A T I O N

FREDERICK W. SPIEGEL h a s moved from Dept. of Botany, Miami Univ., Oxford, OH t o Dept. of Botany and B a c t e r i o l o g y , Univ. of Arkansas , F a y e t t e v i l l e , AR 72701 a s A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r of Mycology.

DEAN A.GLAWE r e c e n t l y j o i n e d t h e Dept. of P l a n t Pa tho logy , Univ. of I l l i n o i s , Urbana, a s A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r .

STEVEN A. WARNER is a Research A s s o c i a t e i n t h e Dept. of B iochemis t ry , North C a r o l i n a S t a t e Univ. , R a l e i g h , NC 27650.

JILL S. SHIPMAN h a s l e f t t h e Univ. of New Hampshire t o j o i n ECO I n s t r u m e n t s , E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Div. of Sea Data C o r p o r a t i o n , Newton, MA.

ROBERT A. FROPITLING h a s a c c e p t e d t h e p o s i t i o n of S e n i o r Resea rch M i c r o b i o l o g i s t i n t h e Dept. of Bas ic Mic rob io logy , Merck I n s t i t u t e f o r T h e r a p e u t i c Resea rch , Rahway, N J , e f f e c t i v e J u l y 1, 1982.

LAYNE JOHNSON h a s become S e n i o r Research M i c r o b i o l o g i s t a t Po lybac Corp, Al lentown, PA; t h e main impetus is a p p l y i n g microorganisms t o s o l v e env i ronmenta l problems.

L. L. BURPEE h a s moved from t h e Dept. of A g r i c u l t u r e and F i s h e r i e s , Bermuda t o A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , Dept. of Environmental Biology, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. , Canada.

EDWARD HACSKAYLO r e t i r e s from USDA F o r e s t S e r v i c e J u l y 23 a f t e r 30 y e a r s of F e d e r a l s e r v i c e t o become an independen t c o n s u l t a n t and c o o p e r a t o r i n mycor rh iza r e s e a r c h . D r . Hacs- k a y l o n o t e s t h a t t h e s t a f f of t h e USDA F o r e s t S e r v i c e P i o n e e r i n g Uni t of Mycor rh iza l Resea rch i s b e i n g r e l o c a t e d from t h e F o r e s t Phys io logy Labora to ry , B e l t s v i l l e , MD t o t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e L a b o r a t o r y , Berea , KY, where t h e y w i l l c o n t i n u e s t u d i e s on mycor- r h i z a e .

RICHARD A. HUIIBER h a s assumed a p o s i t i o n a s Research S c i e n t i s t i n t h e USDA A g r i c u l t u r a l Resea rch S e r v i c e , s t i l l i n t h e same l o c a t i o n w i t h t h e same r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s .

JEFFREY POIIMERVILLE, fo rmer ly a t t h e Univ. of Georgia , Dept. of Botany, Athens , is now A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r a t Texas A&M Univ., Dept. of Biology, C o l l e g e S t a t i o n , TX 77843.

ANDY MACKINNON is j o i n i n g t h e Ecology Dept. , B.C. P i i n i s t r y of F o r e s t s , P r i n c e George, B.C. a s of May 24. . . .and. . .

KEITH SEIFERT h a s r e t u r n e d t o Sudbury, O n t a r i o . . . t h u s e f f e c t i v e l y d i s m a n t l i n g ROT NOTS by s e n d i n g t h e ROT i n one d i r e c t i o n , t h e NOT i n a n o t h e r .

JUDITH C. RHODES h a s moved from P o s t d o c t o r a l Fel low, C l i n i c a l Mycology S e c t . , LCI, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, t o A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , Dept. o f Pa tho logy and Labora to ry Medicine , Univ. of C i n c i n n a t i School of Medicine , OH.

FIG. 10% Claaicepspurpltrca, Tul. , mr. 117lsnr~,, W.Sm., growing from Ergot.

Enlarged 5 d l ~ l n c t c n .

TRAVELS, V I S I T S

DAVID MINTER v i s i t e d I n d i a i n Nov. 1981 t o work a t t h e Cent re f o r Advanced S t u d i e s i n Botany, Madras Univ., and t o c o l l e c t microfungi on c o n i f e r s from t h e Himalayas.

LEIF RYVARDEN (Univ. of Oslo) v i s i t e d t h e Mycological Lab., School of Sc iences , Univ. of Buenos A i r e s , and p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e I1 Workshop on I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of S u b t r o p i c a l Macromycetes h e l d a t t h e IguazG N a t i o n a l Park.

DR. PABLO B U R I T I C ~ ( I n s t i t u t o Agropequario Colombiano , Bogot.5, Colombia) is working f o r one y e a r a t t h e Ar thur Herbarium, Purdue Univ., on taxonomy of n e o t r o p i c a l r u s t s and t h e Phakopsora p l ~ y s o p e l l a complex.

Recent v i s i t o r s / s p e a k e r s a t t h e MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN FRANCISCO i n c l u d e Robert L. G i l b e r t s o n (Dec. ) , David L. Largent (Jan. ) , Rolf S inger and David R. Hosf o rd (Feh. ) , Edmund E. T y l u t k i (Mar. ) Sue Sweet (Apr.) , Kenneth wells ( ~ a y ) .

I M V I N C . WILLIAMS has been doing r e s e a r c h on b io logy of t h e Trichomycetes i n t h e l a b of Robert W . L ich tward t a t Univ. of Kansas d u r i n g Spr ing 1982 semester . The work is suppor ted by g r a n t s from t h e Research S e r v i c e s Counci l of Kearney S t a t e Col lege and NSF.

WILLIAM BRIDGE COOKE r e c e n t l y s p e n t 2 days viewing c o l l e c t i o n s i n t h e Ohio Mushroom S o c i e t y Herbarium a t Youngstown S t a t e Univ.

GmRY T. COLE v i s i t e d Br ian S u t t o n a t CMI i n May t o work on a j o i n t p r o j e c t on developmental and taxonomic s t u d i e s of t h e Coelomycetes.

MARTYN J . DIBBEN w i l l b e i n t h e Amazon f o r 3 months of 1983 under t h e F l o r a P r o j e c t a Amazon- i c a program.

DR. UNO ELIASSON ( D i r e c t o r , B o t a n i c a l I n s t i t u t e , Univ. of Goteborg) v i s i t e d H. I.J. Keller i n A p r i l f o r s e v e r a l days. They s t u d i e d specimens of c o r t i c o l o u s Myxomycetes and d i s c u s s e d m a t t e r s of mutual i n t e r e s t concerning t h e Myxomycetes. D r . E l i a s s o n gave an i n f o r m a l p r e s e n t a t i o n on h i s work on v a s c u l a r p l a n t s of t h e Galapagos I s l a n d s .

ROBERT FOGEL made c o l l e c t i n g t r i p s t o t h e Bay Area of C a l i f o r n i a f o r hypogeous f u n g i d u r i n g January and A p r i l . While t h e r e h e v i s i t e d D r s . T h i e r s , Trappe, and Tavares .

J I M TRAPPE ( j u s t back from h i s own s a b b a t i c a l ) is h o s t i n g 2 v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s f o r a y e a r ' s s a b b a t i c a l : DR. BARBARA BRANZANTI, Univ. of Bologna, I t a l y , and P r o f . M. A. EL-BUNI, A l f a a t a h Univ., T r i p o l i , Libya.

JOHN PADEN v i s i t e d Univ. of B r i t i s h Columbia 6 A p r i l and gave a wel l - rece ived l e c t u r e on "Thoughts and o b s e r v a t i o n s on c o n i d i a l s t a t e s i n t h e P e z i z a l e s . "

V. DEMOULIN took p a r t i n t h e meeting of t h e E d i t o r i a l Committee of t h e I C B N i n March i n B e r l i n . He w i l l a t t e n d t h e working meet ing f o r French and German v e r s i o n s of t h e Code i n October , a l s o i n B e r l i n .

JACK D. ROGERS was v i s i t e d by A. J. S. Whalley (L iverpool , U.K.) i n August 1981 and by Gary Samuels (Auckland, N.Z.) i n Dec. 1981.

DR. UNO ELIASSON s p e n t 4 weeks w i t h R. L. G i l b e r t s o n a t t h e Univ. of Arizona.

R. L. GILBERTSON v i s i t e d Louis iana S t a t e Univ., c o l l e c t e d many wood-rotting f u n g i , and presen ted a seminar , "The r o l e of brown-rot f u n g i i n c o n i f e r o u s f o r e s t ecosystems."

Other r e c e n t mycological v i s i t o r s t o Meredi th Blackwell and L.S.U. were UNO ELIASSON, JIM and NANCY WEBER, and BILL CIBULA. A s i d e t r i p t o S t . M a r t i n v i l l e , LA by J i m , Nancy, B i l l , and Meredi th provided a d d i t i o n a l in format ion on Fr . A. B. L a n g l o i s , e a r l y c o l l e c t o r of Louis iana p l a n t s and f u n g i . Fr . J . M. Jammes, p a s t o r of S t . Mar t in de Tours Church, provided church r e c o r d s t o show t h a t F a t h e r L a n g l o i s d i e d i n 1900 (no t 1901 as some r e p o r t s s t a t e ) , and t h a t h e is b u r i e d benea th t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e church a 1 t a r .

RICHARD HANLIN v i s i t e d L.S.U. f o r one a f te rnoon r a t h e r than t he two days planned--he was s t randed i n Vicksberg, MS by a snowstorm. [That was t h e s torm t h a t was!--ed.]

WALTER J . SUNDBERG spent March 7-21, 1982 teaching and c o l l e c t i n g a t t h e Univ. of Puer to Rico a t Mayaguez w i th D r . Gary Breckon a s p a r t of t h e Un ive r s i t y ' s graduate development program.

GARY LAURSEN r e c e n t l y v i s i t e d and l e c t u r e d on a r c t i c funga l ecology a t t h e Univ. of Oslo wi th Gro Gulden and Univ. of Turku (Finland) wi th D r . Paavo Kal l io .

GERALDINE KAYE v i s i t e d t h e Nat iona l Fungus Co l l ec t i on , B e l t s v i l l e , and gave a t a l k on t h e Farlow L ib ra ry and Herbarium,en r o u t e t o t h e annual meeting of t h e Council on Botan ica l and H o r t i c u l t u r a l L i b r a r i e s , Washington, DC, June, 1982.

WILLIAM R. BURK a l s o a t t ended t h e CBHL meetings.

PROFESSOR CWLES GARDNER SHAW re tu rned i n e a r l y Apr i l from a f i v e month's assignment w i th t h e Crops Research Div is ion , Dept. of S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Research, L incoln , N . Z . While t h e r e he worked on dryber ry of bramble f r u i t s , a d i s e a s e caused by Peronospora spa r sa . This downy mildew, t h e major d i s e a s e of Boysenberr ies and o t h e r bramble f r u i t s i n New Zealand, is of no economic importance elsewhere i n t h e world. D r . Shaw worked with D i r ec to r Harvey C. Smith and M r . Harvey K. Ha l l t o develop a breeding program aimed a t f i n d i n g and i nco rpo ra t i ng r e s i s t a n c e t o t h i s d i s e a s e i n t o commercial c rops .

Prof . Shaw a l s o has been des igna ted a s Chief of Pa r ty f o r t h e Jordan Valley Agri- c u l t u r a l Se rv i ce s P r o j e c t , a proposed f ive-year program i n appl ied research and ex tens ion on product ion of f r u i t and vege t ab l e crops i n t h e Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan Subject t o f i n a l con t r ac t n e g o t i a t i o n s , D r . Shaw w i l l l e ave f o r Jordan i n mid-May f o r a per iod of two yea r s .

DR. UNO ELIASSON a t tended t h e meeting of t h e Assoc ia t ion of Systematics Co l l ec t i ons i n Hawaii i n May.

Mycological v i s i t o r s t o t h e FARLOW LIBRARY AND HERBARIUM included: Richard S . Cowan, working on Taxonomic Li te ra ture-11; Fernando Agudelo S i l v a , from Universidad Cen t r a l de Venezu- e l a , entomogenous fung i ; Daniel H. Yocum; Walter L i t t e n ; Barbara Th ie r s , New York Bota- n i c a l Garden; I s a b e l l e Tavares , C l i f f o r d Wetmore, Richard H a r r i s , Lo i s Srako, Gary Lincof f , Rolf Singer . Also, a t t end ing t h e 5 t h New England ~ y c o l o g i s t s ' Conference, were such d i s t a n t t r a v e l l e r s a s Robert Shoemaker and J i m Ginns, Ottawa; Amy Rossman, Washington; Harry and Anne Lubrecht, Monticel lo , NY; and whole cont ingents from Corne l l , U R I , and Univ. of Mass./Arnherst.

D. H. PFISTER gave a seminar a t Univ. of Rhode I s l a n d i n Apr i l and a t tended t h e Assoc ia t ion of Systematics Co l l ec t i ons meetings i n May, i n Hawaii.

CARDY RAPER is i n Burl ington, VT f o r t h e summer, working wi th BOB ULLRICH i n h i s l a b a t UVM on t h e i r f a v o r i t e organism.

PAPERS, SEMINARS

IRA SALKM p r e s e n t e d a 2-day wet workshop on b a s i c t echn iques i n medical mycology t o t h e Empire S t a t e A s s o c i a t i o n f o r Medical Mycology i n Schenectady, NY on A p r i l 21-22, 1982. He w i l l a l s o b e p r e s e n t i n g t h e same workshop t o v a r i o u s ASM c h a p t e r s i n t h e U.S. a s p a r t of t h e American S o c i e t y f o r Microbiology program.

I n A p r i l , PAUL J. SZANISZLO presen ted a seminar e n t i t l e d " C e l l u l a r development and d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n Wangiella d e r m a t i t i d i s , a pathogen of humans" t o t h e Dept. of Botany, Univ. of F l o r i d a , G a i n e s v i l l e .

CLETUS P. KURTZMAN, p r e s e n t e d a seminar e n t i t l e d "Molecular approaches t o y e a s t taxonomy," Bradley Univ., Oct. 1981.

DR. SAMUEL P. MEYERS was honored a t a s p e c i a l seminar , "Thi r ty y e a r s of marine mycology--a t r i b u t e t o Samuel P. Meyers," a t t h e annua l meeting of t h e American S o c i e t y f o r Micro- b io logy i n A t l a n t a , GA, March 1982. Mycologis ts speaking a t t h e seminar were John D. Buck, Sidney A. Crow, J a c k W. F e l l , Donald G. Ahearn and J a n J. Kohlmeyer; a l l excep t t h e l a s t were s t u d e n t s of D r . Meyers o v e r t h e y e a r s .

JILL S. SHIPMAN p r e s e n t e d a t a l k e n t i t l e d " E l e c t r i c a l a s p e c t s of p l a n t d i s e a s e " a t t h e E d i t h F r e d e r i c k s Jones Schola rsh ip Award Dinner i n Brookl ine, MA on A p r i l 1 5 , 1982. The s c h o l a r s h i p and t h e d i n n e r were g iven by t h e New England Farm and Garden A s s o c i a t i o n .

WALTER J . SUNDBERG p r e s e n t e d a seminar on "Observat ions on b a s i d i a l ontogeny and m e i o s i s i n Schizophyllum commune" t o s t u d e n t s and f a c u l t y of t h e Dept. of Biology, Univ. of P u e r t o Rico a t Flayaguez on March 18 .

J I M TRAFPE p r e s e n t e d an i n v i t a t i o n a l seminar , "Trees , t r u f f l e s and b e a s t s , " a t Northern Arizona Univ., F l a g s t a f f , 27 A p r i l .

GARRY T. COLE gave a seminar t o t h e Botany Dept. a t t h e Univ. of A l b e r t a , Edmonton, on "Biology of Graphiola phoen ic i s" i n Feb. 1982.

R E G I O N A L M E E T I N G S

We d e t e c t a d e f i n i t e t r e n d f o r mycolog is t s t o clump t o g e t h e r i n r e g i o n a l mycological meet ings d u r i n g t h e c o l l e c t i n g off-season. Is t h i s phenomenon analogous t o plasmodia1 a g g r e g a t i o n ? Whatever--we're a l l f o r it!

The THIRD ONTARIO MYCOLOGY WORKSHOP was h e l d on t h e weekend of Feb. 20-21, 1982, a t C a r l e t o n Univ., Ottawa. There were 19 p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g two f e a t u r e l e c t u r e s . The s u c c e s s of t h e meet ing was a t t e s t e d by over 60 r e g i s t r a n t s , i n c l u d i n g out-of-province myco- l o g i s t s from Quebec, Vermont, New York and Minnesota. T h i s workshop h a s become an annua l even t and n e x t y e a r (Feb. o r March 1983) w i l l be hos ted by Dave Malloch a t t h e Univ. of Toronto.

The THIRD MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES MYCOLOGY CONFERENCE, Univ. of Maryland a t Col lege P a r k , May 1, 1982, was o rgan ized by J. J. Motta. The f e a t u r e d g u e s t speaker was Orson K. E l i l l e r , Jr . who spoke on "Fungi and mycology i n A u s t r a l i a . " F o r t y mycolog is t s a t t e n d e d t h e 1-day confe rence i n which 1 5 p a p e r s were p r e s e n t e d . The cont inued suppor t of r e g i o n a l mycolog is t s has made t h e meeting a r e g u l a r annua l e v e n t .

The FIFTH MEETING OF THE NEW ENGLAND MYCOLOGISTS, Harvard Univ., May 14-16, 1982, was co-sponsored by t h e Farlow Herbarium and Boston Mycological Club. Seventy-f ive mycologis ts from n o r t h e a s t e r n North America a t t e n d e d . Saturday meet ings inc luded a symposium on "Pleo- morphism i n fungi" , c h a i r e d by Amy Rossman, w i t h an i n t e r n a t i o n a l p a n e l of e x p e r t s . Fea tured speaker i n t h e a f t e r n o o n was Howard Bigelow w i t h " A r c t i c and a l p i n e fung i ; " s e v e r a l o t h e r p a p e r s fol lowed. Sunday's f o r a y t o Estabrook Woods, organized by t h e Boston Mycological Club, was a d e l i g h t f u l o c c a s i o n f o r s p r i n g f lower l o v e r s ( i . e . no morels!) . Sen ior mycolo- g i s t C a r r o l l W. Dodge, who has a t t e n d e d a l l f i v e mee t ings , was honored by t h e BMC w i t h t h e i s s u a n c e of a b i o g r a p h i c a l pamphlet. Next s p r i n g ' s meet ings w i l l b e a t Univ. of Connec t icu t a t Groton; John C. Cooke w i l l co-ordinate .

HONORS j AWARDS, P R O M O T I O N S

BARRY L. WULFF h a s been promoted t o F u l l P r o f e s s o r , E a s t e r n Connect icut S t a t e Col lege .

MICHELE C. HEATH has been awarded an E.W.R. S t e a c i e Memorial Fel lowship by t h e N a t u r a l Sc iences and Engineer ing Research Counci l of Canada. These p r e s t i g i o u s awards a r e t h e Canadian e q u i v a l e n t of t h e U.S. Career Development awards, and a r e des igna ted f o r " o u t s t a n d i n g and promising s c i e n t i s t s . " Four awards a r e made each y e a r . D r . Heath i s t h e f i r s t p l a n t p a t h o l o g i s t and t h e f i r s t woman t o r e c e i v e a S t e a c i e Fel lowship.

ALMA DIETZ has rece ived an Upjohn Company annua l W . E. Upjohn Award. M s . D i e t z , who i s M i c r o b i a l Taxonomist and C u l t u r e Curator f o r Upjohn, was recognized f o r h e r s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o Upjohn r e s e a r c h and t h e worldwide r e c o g n i t i o n s h e h a s achieved a s a taxonomist .

CHARLES W. MIMS h a s been e l e c t e d P r e s i d e n t of t h e Texas S o c i e t y f o r E l e c t r o n Microscopy f o r 1983.

MARTYN J. DIBBEN was r e - e l e c t e d P r e s i d e n t of t h e B o t a n i c a l Club of Wisconsin f o r a second term, which w i l l c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e 1 5 t h a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e Club 's founda t ion .

K. J. KWON-CHUNG r e c e i v e d t h e 1982 I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i e t y f o r Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) award and L u c i l ~ e o r g e ' s Medal a t t h e 8 t h ISHAM Congress h e l d a t Palmerston North, New Zealand i n Feb. 1982.

WILLIAM W. SCOTT was r e - e l e c t e d f o r a second term a s P r e s i d e n t of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n of Col lege Honor S o c i e t i e s a t t h e Annual Meeting he ld Feb. 25-28 i n New Or leans , LA.

KARL ESSER r e c e i v e d t h e degree Docteur Honoris Causa i n A p r i l 1982 from 1 1 U n i v e r s i t 6 d 'Or leans (France) .

DON PRUSSO has been e l e c t e d Chairman of t h e Biology Dept. a t Univ. of Nevada, Reno.

S. L. STEPHENSON r e c e i v e d a summer P o s t d o c t o r a l Fel lowship from t h e Univ. of V i r g i n i a t o s tudy vegetat ion-environment r e l a t i o n s h i p s of upland f o r e s t communities and Myxomycete ecology a t t h e Mountain Lake B i o l o g i c a l S t a t i o n i n sou thwes te rn V i r g i n i a .

ROBERT FOGEL was g iven t h e Univ. of Michigan Alumni A s s o c i a t i o n C l a s s of 1923 award f o r o u t s t a n d i n g t e a c h i n g of undergraduates .

GARRY COLE h a s been promoted t o F u l l P r o f e s s o r of Botany a t Univ. of Texas, Aus t in .

SUE SWEET r e c e i v e d t h e E s t h e r Col ton Whited S c h o l a r s h i p f o r $300, Sep t . 1981.

DENNIS DESJARDIN r e c e i v e d t h e E s t h e r Col ton Whited S c h o l a r s h i p , $400, A p r i l 1982.

ROBERT G. KENNETH i s Chairman of t h e P h y t o p a t h o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of I s r a e l , 1982-1984.

CLETUS P. KURTZPIAN was named Research Leader and Head of t h e ARS C u l t u r e C o l l e c t i o n , N o r t h e r n Regional Research Cente r , f o l l o w i n g t h e r e t i r e m e n t of D r . Thomas G. Pridham on May 31, 1981. D r . Kurtzman has a l s o been e l e c t e d a Fellow of t h e American Academy of Micro- b io logy .

ROBERT 0 . BLANCHARD has been promoted t o A s s o c i a t e Dean of Academics i n t h e Col lege of L i f e Sc iences and A g r i c u l t u r e , Univ. of New Hampshire.

VIOLET H. W O J C I K r e c e i v e d t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Award f o r o u t s t a n d i n g s t u d e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e annua l meeting of t h e Southeas te rn Branch, American S o c i e t y f o r Microbiology, Jackson- v i l l e , FL. The paper s h e p r e s e n t e d was: "DNA--the n u c l e i c a c i d of a mycovirus i s o l a t e d from t h e a q u a t i c fungus Rhizidiomyces apophysatus Zopf."

20 PERSONAL NEWS

MARLIN A. ESPENSHADE has r e t i r e d from W. R. Grace & Co., Research Center , a f t e r about 38 y e a r s of b i o l o g i c a l research work.

CHARLES GARDENER SHAW, having j u s t re turned from New Zealand, is o f f t o Jordan f o r two yea r s ( see T rave l s s e c t i o n ) .

LINDSAY S. OLIVE has r e t i r e d a s of May 31, 1982. He w i l l con t inue h i s r e sea rch a t Univ. of North Caro l ina (Chapel H i l l and UNC Highlands B io log i ca l S t a t i o n ) , a l s o a t Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Hawaii dur ing t he w in t e r .

KARL L. BRAUN, Jr. has r e t i r e d from teaching , bu t may be reached a t h i s home address : 5460 B a l l e n t i n e P ike , S p r i n g f i e l d , OH 45502.

DAVID F. KENDRA i s being married on June 19 , 1982 t o Jeanne Anne Angus of Woolrich, PA.

JORGE E. WRIGHT r e p o r t s t h e b i r t h of h i s e igh th grandchi ld , Sebast i6n S ix to , on Jan. 20, 1982.

We r e g r e t t o r e p o r t t h e dea th of Char les E. (NED) HOLT, of a h e a r t a t t a c k i n Germany i n February. He was a f a c u l t y member of MIT and worked on Physarum gene t i c s .

DONALD and CATHLEEN PFISTER and family w i l l t a k e up r e s idence i n Cambridge t h i s summer a s Master and Co-Master of Kirkland House, one of t h e Harvard undergraduate res idences . Both Don and Cathy w i l l be i n t h e B a l t i c i n l a t e August and e a r l y September on t h e B a l t i c Foray.

NOTES ANL! COMMENTS

PAGING C . G. LLOYD . . . Keith S e i f e r t would l i k e t o hear from people who corresponded wi th , fought w i th , o r were

acqua in ted wi th C. G. Lloyd o r h i s b r o t h e r , t h e n o v e l i s t J. U . Lloyd. ~ e i t h ' s new address is: 85 Lancaster D r . , Sudbury, Ont. P3E 3R7, Canada.

Rick Kerr igan i s looking f o r a source capable of p repar ing an e d i t i o n of c o l o r micro- f i c h e s from 35 mm Kodachromes.

DEPT. OF MYCOLOGICAL LIBRARIANSHIP . . . A t Univ. of North Carol ina/Chapel H i l l :

William R. Burk r e p o r t s t h a t t h e compilat ion of t he c o l l e c t e d j ou rna l pub l i ca t i ons of D r . John N . Couch has been completed through 1981. P r e s e n t l y , compilat ion of t h e co l l ec t ed papers of D r . Jan Kohlmeyer is being f i n i s h e d .

A t Farlow Reference L ib ra ry , Harvard Univ.:

Indexing of t h e l e t t e r s of W. G. Farlow has been completed. Work i s underway on an index of Roland Thax te r ' s l e t t e r s . A p re l iminary index of t h e l e t t e r s of o t h e r c ryptogamis t s he ld , i nc lud ing Arthur B l i s s Seymour, Edward A. Bur t , E l i z a B. Blackford, L i z z i e Al len , and a number of o t h e r s , has a l s o been made.

... Who e l s e i s working on indexes of papers o r r e p r i n t c o l l e c t i o n s of mycologists? G. Kaye would l i k e t o know.

2 1 MORE ON MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

There seems t o b e q u i t e a b i t of i n t e r e s t c u r r e n t l y i n c u l t i v a t i o n of " n o n - t r a d i t i o n a l " e d i b l e f u n g i , on b o t h i n d u s t r i a l and backyard o r basement s c a l e s . I ' v e r e c e i v e d i n f o r m a t i o n and i n q u i r i e s from a number of peop le i n t h e last few months, and have s t a r t e d i n f o r m a l l is ts of g rowers , s u p p l i e r s , and u s e f u l l i t e r a t u r e . Meanwhile, t h e North American Myco log ica l A s s o c i a t i o n h a s s t a r t e d a C u l t i v a t i o n Committee t o exchange i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e c u l t i v a t i o n of e d i b l e f u n g i and t o p u t c u l t i v a t o r s o f s i m i l a r s p e c i e s i n touch w i t h e a c h o t h e r . Chairman i s Rick Gamble, 522 6 t h S t r e e t , Annapo l i s , PlD 21403. ~ e ' d b e happy t o h e a r from t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d , e s p e c i a l l y anyone game t o t r y growing t r u f f l e s i n Texas and C a l i f o r n i a . (See a l s o North American T r u f f l i n g S o c i e t y , A s s o c i a t i o n s s e c t i o n . )

The U.S. West Coast i s a "hotbed of e x o t i c mushroom a c t i v i t y , " a c c o r d i n g t o R ick Ker r i - gan and Ralph Kurtzman; a t l e a s t a dozen commercial growers a r e p roduc ing P l e u r o t u s spp. , L e n t i n u s edodes , and sometimes Flammulina, Ganoderma lucidum, e t c . Othe r growers a r e l o c a t e d i n Wisconsin and i n Hamilton, Ont. Amateurs a r e exper i inent ing w i t h V o l v a r i e l l a , Copr inus , t r u f f l e s , P h o l i o t a nameko, Lyophyllum ... b u t no c h a n t e r e l l e s !

(Gerry Kaye)

A GENTLEMAN UNDER THE ELMS

The l a t e Wal te r H. S n e l l i s one o f e l e v e n Brown Univ. p r o f e s s o r s f e a t u r e d i n a book by J a y Barry--"a t r i b u t e t o e l e v e n of Brown's f a c u l t y of t h e p a s t . " E s t h e r Dick S n e l l c o n t r i - bu ted some o f h e r 5 3 y e a r s ' r e m i n i s c e n c e s o f D r . S n e l l t o t h e w r i t i n g o f h i s c h a p t e r . The book is: GENTLEMEN UNDER THE ELMS, J a y Bar ry , $25 p l u s $1.50 p o s t a g e , Brown Alumni Monthly, Box 1854, Brown Univ. , P rov idence , RI 02912.

DIRECTORY ERROR-- SUNDBERG LISTING

The new MSA D i r e c t o r y i n c o r r e c t l y l is ts WALTER J. sUNDBERG'S home phone number. S i n c e h e canno t b e reached t h e r e d u r i n g t h e day, h e r e q u e s t s t h a t we s u p p l y h i s work number a t Sou the rn I l l i n o i s Univ. It is: (618) 536-2331. P l e a s e c o r r e c t your copy of t h e D i r e c t o r y a c c o r d i n g l y . [We a p o l o g i z e f o r t h e inconven ience caused you and your w i f e , D r . Sundberg.]

FRIENDS OF THE FARLOW

A F r i e n d s a s s o c i a t i o n h a s been o r g a n i z e d f o r t h e Farlow Refe rence L i b r a r y and Herbarium. The o r g a n i z a t i o n is a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l group o f amateurs and p r o f e s s i o n a l s , i n t e r e s t e d i n c ryp togamic bo tany , who wish t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e unique Far low c o l l e c t i o n s s u r v i v e and f l o u r i s h . Through t h e i r s u p p o r t , t h e Farlow w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e e x c e l l e n c e of i t s h o l d i n g s by add ing c u r r e n t i t e m s , f u l f i l l i n g r e s e a r c h and e d u c a t i o n a l t a s k s , and c o n t i n u i n g t o make i t s r e s o u r c e s known and a v a i l a b l e . An i n a u g u r a l mee t ing and p a r t y w i l l o c c u r i n t h e e a r l y f a l l . Membership i n f o r m a t i o n can b e o b t a i n e d by w r i t i n g F r i e n d s of t h e Far low, 20 D i v i n i t y Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138.

AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

The Boston Mycological Club, P a t r i c k P e t e r s o n , T r e a s . , 2 1 112 Inman S t . , Cambridge, MA 02139.

Colorado Mycological S o c i e t y , Joan L. Be tz , S e c r e t a r y , 501 Clermont Pkwy., Denver, CO 80220.

The N y c o l o ~ i c a l S o c i e t y of San F r a n c i s c o , H e r b e r t S a y l o r , P r e s . , 28033 High Country D r . , Hayward, CA 94542.

The New York Mycological S o c i e t y , A t t n . : Emil Lang, 1700 York Ave., New York, NY 10028. The North American Mycological A s s o c i a t i o n , Gary L i n c o f f , P r e s . , New York B o t a n i c a l Garden,

Bronx, NY 10458. Ohio Mushroom S o c i e t y , 288 E. North Avenue, E a s t P a l e s t i n e , OH 44413. Oregon l t y c o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y , Reg. Agent, Donald Goetz, 6548 SE 3 0 t h Ave., P o r t l a n d , OR

97202. Puge t Sound Mycological S o c i e t y , 2559 NE 9 6 t h S t . , S e a t t l e , WA 98115. S o c i e t g Mycologique d e France, 36 Rue Geoffroy-Ste . H i l a i r e , P a r i s Ve, F rance .

2 2 ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS

The INTERNATIONAL MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, which w i l l meet d u r i n g t h e T h i r d I n t e r n a - t i o n a l Mycological Congress ( s e e Meet ings s e c t i o n ) , i s a t r u l y world-wide group. O f f i c e r s a r e : P r e s i d e n t , C. V. Subramanian, I n d i a ; Vice -Pres iden t s , S. J . Hughes, Canada; E. ~ G l l e r , S w i t z e r l a n d ; E. Parmasto , E s t o n i a n SSR; and J. Webster, England; Chairman, 0 . F i d a l g o , B r a z i l ; S e c r e t a r y , D. L. Hawksworth, England; T r e a s u r e r , J. A. von Arx, N e t h e r l a n d s ; Chair - man, Nomenclature S e c r e t a r i a t , K. T. Van Warmelo, South A f r i c a . The E x e c u t i v e Committee c o n s i s t s o f 1 6 members f rom 1 5 c o u n t r i e s . A f f i l i a t e d O r g a n i z a t i o n s number 25, i n c l u d i n g t h e MSA. The l a s t mee t ing was d u r i n g t h e 1 3 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l B o t a n i c a l Congress , Sydney, Austra- l i a , 26 August , 1981. Among t h e many t o p i c s c o n s i d e r e d were t h e s t a t u s o f mycology i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union of B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s ; f u n g a l nomenc la tu re p r o p o s a l s ; proposed s t a t u t e s of t h e IMA; e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a l i a i s o n o f f i c e f o r world mycology; and a p r o p o s a l f o r IMC4. For more i n f o r m a t i o n , c o n t a c t David L. Hawksworth, S e c r e t a r y .

The NORTH AMERICAN TRUFFLING SOCIETY i n v i t e s membership a p p l i c a t i o n s and i n q u i r i e s abou t i t s r e s e a r c h program. W r i t e t o P a t Rawlinson, 805 NE Colorado Lake D r i v e , C o r v a l l i s , OR 97333.

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN FRANCISCO mee t ings a r e h e l d 3 rd Tuesday, 8:00 p.m. a u d i t o r - ium of t h e J o s e p h i n e D. Rhandal Jr . Museum, 100 Museum Way, San F r a n c i s c o , CA, from Sep t . - May e x c e p t Nov. and Dec. mee t ing , which w i l l b e h e l d a t San F r a n c i s c o S t a t e Univ. on t h e second Tuesday of t h e month. O f f i c e r s : P r e s i d e n t , Herb S a y l o r ; V. P r e s . , S t e v e Cochran; Mycena News E d i t o r , John S c h a f f ; Membership, Ann H a r t , 179 S t . James D r . , Piedmont, CA 94611. Major Events : Yosemite Mushroom Seminar - J u n e 4-6, 1982; Coyote P o i n t Fungus F a i r Dec. 5 , 1982; Oakland Fungus F a i r Dec. 1 2 , 1982; San F r a n c i s c o Fungus F a i r J a n . 16 , 1983. Membership: Dues a r e $10 p e r y e a r , and i n c l u d e 1 0 i s s u e s of Mycena News; c u r r e n t membership approx. 1000. Con tac t P e r s o n s : P r e s i d e n t - H e r b e r t M. S a y l o r , 28033 High Country D r . , Hayward, CA 94542; E d i t o r - John S c h a f f , 1105 P o s t , San F r a n c i s c o , CA 94109; Genera l Correspondence - L a r r y S t i c k n e y , 2431 Valdez S t . , Oakland CA 94612; Membership - Ann H a r t ( s e e a d d r e s s above) . S c i e n t i f i c Adviso r s : D r . Harry D. T h i e r s ; M s . E s t h e r C. Whited, 4331 1 7 t h S t . , San F r a n c i s c o , CA 94114. (Note: MSSF is a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e MSA)

The ILLINOIS MYCOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION meets monthly, 2nd Monday, a t t h e F i e l d Museum of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , West E n t r a n c e , Rooseve l t Road a t t h e Lake, Chicago. O f f i c e r s : P r e s i d e n t , D r . John Rippon, 1148 E. 48 th S t . , Chicago, IL 60615. T e l . 285-5162; V. P r e s . , J i m Zerwin, 7727 N . Ashland, Chicago, IL 60627. T e l . 465-8655; T r e a s u r e r , B e t t y Guttman, 1234 E. t ladison P a r k , Chicago, IL 60615. Te l . 538-5444; ~ e c r e t a r y / ~ d i t o r , P a t r i c k S t o u t , 4020 Amelia Ave., Lyons, IL 60534. T e l . 447-5098.

Bes ides t h e monthly mee t ings , t h e c l u b o r g a n i z e s f o r a y s , p u b l i s h e s t h e l i v e l y monthly I.M.A. N e w s l e t t e r which i s a v a i l a b l e f o r exchange, and s p o n s o r s s p e c i a l e v e n t s such a s mush- room d i n n e r s . $10 f a m i l y membership dues shou ld b e s e n t t o t h e T r e a s u r e r .

The BOSTON MYCOLOGICAL CLUB, t h e o l d e s t i n North America, mee t s monthly November-June a t t h e B i o l o g i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , Harvard Univ. , 16 D i v i n i t y Ave., Cambridge, VA, 1st Monday a t 8 p.m. J u l y th rough October t h e y ho ld f o r a y s most Sunday mornings and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n mee t ings a t t h e BioLabs t h e f o l l o w i n g Monday even ings . O f f i c e r s : P r e s i d e n t , Ron T r i a l , 98 Pembroke S t . , Boston, MA 02118; Vice -Pres iden t , Ruth Lever ; S e c r e t a r y , J a r m i l a Hrbek, 100 Memorial Dr ive , Cambridge, MA 02139; Membership, P a t P e t e r s o n , 21-112 Inman S t . , Cambridge, MA 02139; BMC B u l l e t i n E d i t o r , I l o s e l i o S c h a e c h t e r , 855 Commonwealth Ave., Newton, MA, 02159. Annual dues $8 i n d i v i d u a l , $12 fami ly . B u l l e t i n r e c e i v e d "most s c h o l a r l y p u b l i c a t i o n ' t award a t l a s t y e a r ' s N o r t h e a s t e r n Foray. M S A - a f f i l i a t e d s o c i e t y .

MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Annual Meeting

Pennsy lvan ia S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , U n i v e r s i t y Pa rk , 1982

SATURDAY, AUGUST 7 8 :45 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. F i e l d t r i p t o Mushroom Demonstra t ion and Research C e n t e r

and f o r a y t o Alan Seegar S t a t e Pa rk .

SUNDAY, AUGUST 8 9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. Meet ing of t h e MSA Counci l

MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 9 8:30 a.m. - 11 :40 a.m. C o n t r i b u t e d P a p e r s . Cytology, Morphology and U l t r a -

s t r u c t u r e . G1-G10. 3 :30 a.m. - 12:OO noon SYMPOSIUM: Mycorrhizae and Element Cyc l ing (Co-sponsored

w i t h ESA)

MONDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 9 1 : 0 0 p.m. - 4:55 p.m. C o n t r i b u t e d P a p e r s . Taxonomy. Gll-G22. 1 :00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. P o s t e r s . Ecology, Biochemist ry and Phys io logy . G23-G35. l : 0 0 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. SYMPOSIUM: Recent Development i n t h e Biology o f

A c t i n o r h i z a l P l a n t s (Co-sponsored w i t h BSA)

TUESDAY M O R N I N G , AUGUST 10 8:30 a.m. - 11:50 a.m. C o n t r i b u t e d P a p e r s . Ecology. G36-G44. 8:30 a.m. - 12:00 noon SYMPOSIUM: Arthropod Assoc ia ted Fungi (Co-sponsored

w i t h IPS)

TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 10 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. Annual L e c t u r e : Some Aspec t s of t h e Ecology of S o i l

Fungi. Dennis Pa rk inson 2:30 p.m. - 4:40 p.m. C o n t r i b u t e d Papers . B iochemis t ry , Phys io logy and G e n e t i c s

G45-G51. 2:30 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. C o n t r i b u t e d P a p e r s . Taxonomy and Ecology. G52-G59.

TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 10 7:30 p.m. - MSA SOCIAL

WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 11 8 :00 a.m. - 10:OO a.m. MSA B r e a k f a s t and Bus iness Meeting

10:OO a.m. - 1 1 : O O a.m. P r e s i d e n t i a l Address . The Ascomycete Connect ion. Margaret Barr-Bigelow

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 11 1:00 p.m. - 4:05 p.m. C o n t r i b u t e d P a p e r s . B iochemis t ry , Phys io logy and Medical

Mycology. G60-G69. 1 :00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. P o s t e r s . Taxonomy and U l t r a s t r u c t u r e . G70-G77. 1 :00 p.m. - 4:45 p.m. SYMPOSIUM: P r e s e n t Trends i n t h e Taxonomy of Basidiomycetes

G78-G82.

WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 11 7:30 p.m. - 9:45 p.m. SYMPOSIUM AND DISCUSSION: Advances i n Methods f o r S tudy ing

Fungal Communities. G83-G87.

TKURSDAY MORNING, AUGUST 12 9:00 a . m . - 11:50 a.m. C o n t r i b u t e d Papers . Cytology, G e n e t i c s and U l t r a s t r u c t u r e .

G88-G96. SYMPOSIUM: The Role of Fungi i n Decomposit ion. G97-G101.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 12 1:00 p.m. - 3:20 p.m. C o n t r i b u t e d P a p e r s . Ecology. G102-G108.

GI03 SAMIR K. ABDULLAH. Biology Department was low ( 1 % ) . Af t e r h a r v e s t , we app l i ed 5. a r v a l i s and College of Science,University of Basrah / o r a nemat ic ide . By midwinter, 5. s o l a n i i n c o n t r o l Basrah, Iraq. Mycoflora on decaying p l o t s dropped ( t o 52%) w h i l e . a r v a l i s increased( l4%). plant materials in stagnant water Inocu la t ion w i t h L. a r v a l i s reduced A. s o l a n i (34%) habitat. a s L. a r v a l i s i nc reased (53%). The nernaticide reduced

R. s o l a n i (46%) a s 5. a r v a l i s i nc reased (12%). The - - nemat ic ide p lus 5. a r v a l i s r e s u l t e d i n reduced 5.

The aim of this study has been directed to s o l a n i (36%) and inc reased L. a r v a l i s (43%). By s p r i n g recognizing the fungal flora which a t i o n s i n a l l t r ea tmen t s approached f a l l l e v e l s . colonizes decaying leaves and twigs in two In summer, 1981, A. s o l a n i decreased (38%) wi th t h e different static water habitats l o s s of suga r bee t p l a n t s (30%) ( rs=0.45) . P l a n t num- & oligotrophic conditions). The results be r s cont inued t o d e c l i n e (67%) i n f a l l wh i l e R, have shown that out of 32 species recovered, s o l a n i d e n s i t y l e v e l l e d o f f . 96% of Amaranthus were 25 species were aero-aquatic fungi. The p l a n t s had 5. s o l a n i and i n f a l l , 5. s o l a n i and -- results suggest that this group dominates Amaranthus were p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d ( r s=0 .92 ) . the fungal flora colonizing decaying plant materials in static water habitats. species h a r a n t h u s and suga r b e e t s were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d

belonging to the ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t i ~ t ~ hyphomycetes and (rs=-0.63). A. s o l a n i and L. a r v a l i s formed a s t a b l e

dematiaceous hyphomycetes have also been e q u i l l i b r i u m which could s u r v i v e on an a l t e r n a t e h o s t . encountered but to a lesser extent. some Appl i ca t ion of t h e h y p e r p a r a s i t e reduces A . s o l a n i

species were found constantly colonizing or temporar i ly . Thus, temporal a l t e r a t i o n of hyperpara- frequently associated with a particular kind s i t e a p p l i c a t i o n and weed c o n t r o l may prove t o be an

Of decaying plant material in water, others e f f e c t i v e b i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l technology. were not. The number of species and species composition of a particular aquatic habitat M. F. A l l en s e e Warner G30 was found to depend on the physico-chemical and biological nature of the habitat. S. L. Anagnostakis s e e E l l zey G77

,,, R. E. AKRIDGE and R. D . KOEHN.* Southwest Texas b'b S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , San Marcos, TX 78666. Seasonal

F l u c t u a t i o n s of Aquat ic Hyphomycetes i n t h e San R . K. ANTIBUS. Department o f Bo tany , U n i v e r s i t y Marcos River . o f Montana, M i s s o u l a , MT 59812. F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g

s c l e r o t i a f o r m a t i o n i n H y g r o p h o r o p s i s a u r a n t i a c a . Water from t h e upper San Marcos River i n South C e n t r a l Texas was sampled monthly ove r a one yea r pe r iod f o r t h e presence of a q u a t i c hyphomycetes. The headwaters were chosen because t h e phys i ca l pa- rameters such a s t empera tu re , pH, and e l e c t r i c a l con- d u c t i v i t y remain c o n s t a n t . Analys is of f i l t e r e d w a t e r , foam, and decaying l e a v e s r e v e a l s t h e presence of a t l e a s t 1 3 s p e c i e s . It appears t h a t popu la t ions of t h e s e organisms va ry s e a s o n a l l y w i th t h e g r e a t e s t q u a n t i t y of s p o r e s be ing c o l l e c t e d du r ing l a t e f a l l , when l e a f a b s c i s s i o n from t r e e s a long t h e r i v e r r eaches i t s peak. R e s u l t s of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e - v e a l t h a t Lunulospora, Tet rac ladium, T r i sce lophorus , and a C lava tospora - l i ke s p e c i e s a r e most abundant. It i s concluded t h a t i n t h e San Marcos River t h e t axa p re sen t a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o t h o s e s o e c i e s a b l e t o soor-

Two i s o l a t e s o f H y g r o p h o r o p s i s a u r a n t i a c a o b t a i n e d G50

f r o m w e s t e r n Montana were f o u n d t o p r o d u c e s c l e r o t i a on t w o p e r c e n t m a l t e x t r a c t a g a r . S c l e r o t i a were f i x e d , embedded, s e c t i o n e d , and s t a i n e d b y a v a r i e t y o f h i s t o c h e m i c a l p r o c e d u r e s . The i n t e r i o r o f s c l e r - o t i a c o n s i s t e d o f g l o b o s e c e l l s c o n t a i n i n g l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f c a r b o h y d r a t e ( p r o b a b l y g l y c o g e n ) and l a r g e g r a n u l e s w h i c h gave a p o s i t i v e p r o t e i n s t a i n i n g r e a c t i o n . Growth and s c l e r o t i a f o r m a t i o n were exam- i n e d f o r each i s o l a t e o n t e n o r g a n i c and i n o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n s o u r c e s . B o t h i s o l a t e s e x h i b i t e d good g r o w t h on ammonium and n i t r a t e n i t r o g e n . However, a f t e r t e n weeks s c l e r o t i a were p roduced o n l y o n u r e a and c a s e i n . The e f f e c t s o f c a r b o n t o n i t r o g e n r a t i o on s c l e r o t i u m f o r m a t i o n w i l l a l s o be d i s c u s s e d .

u l a t e a t 2Z°C, and t h a t t h e s easona l f l u c t u a t i o n s of t h e s e f u n g i i s more dependent on s u b s t r a t e a v a i l a b i l - i t y than on t h e phys i ca l c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e r i v e r . D i r e c t obse rva t ion i n d i c a t e s t h a t Lunulospora and Tet rac ladium a r e u b i q u i t i o u s on l e a f s u b s t r a t e s .

G35 M.F. ALLEN*, M.G. BOOSALIS, E.D. KERR, A.E. MULDOON & H . J . LARSEN. Biology Dept. , Utah S t a t e Univ., Logan, UT 84322. P l a n t Path . Dept. , Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln,NE 68583. Sugar Beets ,Rhizoctonia s o l a n i , and L a e t i s a r i a a r v a l i s : F i e ld Response t o P e r t u r b a t i o n .

Popu la t ion responses were observed t o a s s e s s c o n t r o l of Rhizoctonia s o l a n i i n sugar b e e t s . Re la t ive popula- --- t i o n s of 5. s o l a n i and L a e t i s a r i a a r v a l i s , a hyper- p a r a s i t e , were e s t ima ted us ing a b e e t seed coloniza- t i o n a s say . R. s o l a n i d e n s i t i e s were h igh ( co lon iz ing 67% of b e e t seeds) and n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d wi th b e e t s u r v i v a l (rs=-0.60) i n 1980. Densi ty of 5. a r v a l i s

A.A. ANTONOPOULOS* and E.G. WENE. Argonne Na t iona l Labora tory , Argonne, IL 60439. Ethanol product ion v i a fermenta t ion of 5- and 6-carbon suga r s by Fu- sarium s t r a i n s .

G66

The p re sen t work was motivated by recorded evidence t h a t Fusarium s t r a i n s ferment monosaccharides t o e thano l . The re fo re , s e v e r a l Fusarium i s o l a t e s have been t e s t e d , and a l l were ab l e t o fement g lucose t o e t h y l a l coho l t o some degree . Of t h e i s o l a t e s t e s t e d , many y i e lded 4 .3 mg/mL e thano l w i t h i n 48 hours i n 1% glucose s o l u t i o n s . Ongoing exper imenta t ion i s a t - tempting t o improve t h i s y i e l d . Concurrent ly , a l l Fusarium i s o l a t e s and mutants found du r ing t h i s in- v e s t i g a t i o n were screened f o r xy lose fermenta t ion . A technique based on r e c y c l i n g Fusarium c e l l mass was developed and u t i l i z e d t o enhance xy lose f e rmen ta t ion and inc rease e thano l y i e l d s . When glucose was added a long with h igher xy lose c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , t he ferment- a t i o n r a t e improved s i g n i f i c a n t l y . With h igher con-

c e n t r a t i o n s of x y l o s e , a e r a t i o n ( a t 0.03 v/v-min) i n - c r eased t h e f e rmen ta t ion r a t e . Fu r the r experimenta- t i o n has involved t h e t e s t i n g of W-induced Fusarium mutants f o r ferment ing a b i l i t y and t h e examination of s e v e r a l Fusarium i s o l a t e s f o r t h e i r e thano l t o l e r - a b i l i t y .

A. A. Antonopoulos s e e Wene G65

G27 3. M. Aronson, Department o f Botany and Micro- b io logy , Ar izona S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Tempe, AZ 85287. A comparison of c e l l w a l l composi t ion among l e p t o m i t a l e a n fung i .

C e l l w a l l s of A q u a l i n d e r e l l a fermentans and Rhipidium sp . a r e composed o f b e t t e r t h a n 80% 6-glucan and 4-5% mannosyl r e s i d u e s b u t on ly minute q u a n t i t i e s of g l u c ~ sarnine ( t r a c e t o 0 .35 ) . P r o t e i n , a sh , and l i p i d s combined account f o r approximate ly 4-75 o f w a l l weight . The B-glucans a r e p r i m a r i l y l+3- and 1'6- l i n k e d , b u t c e l l u l o s e (l+i, l i n k a g e ) has been demon- s t r a t e d by p a r t i a l h y d r o l y s i s and X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n . Ce l lu lose f r a c t i o n s c o n s t i t u t e 105 and 18%, respec- t i v e l y , i n A. fe rmentans and Rhipidium sp . No evidence h a s been ob ta ined f o r t h e presence o f c h i t i n . These d a t a a long w i t h t h o s e from our p rev ious work on Saprornyces e longa tus , hf indenie l la sp inospora , and Araiospora sp . , demonst ra te cons ide rab le un i fo rmi ty i n w a l l composi t ion among i n v e s t i g a t e d r h i p i d i a c e a n s p e c i e s (Nellymyces i s t h e on ly one of 6 r h i p i d i a c e a n genera t h a t has n o t been s t u d i e d ) . With t h e excep- t i o n of A. fermentans w i t h a c e l l u l o s e con ten t of about 105, t h e c e l l u l o s e f r a c t i o n of t h e o t h e r s p e c i e s ranges from 18-27? which i s approximate ly 2-3 t imes g r e a t e r t han t h a t normal ly found i n w a l l s o f Oornycetes. These r h i p i d i a c e a n s p e c i e s a r e a l l i e d i n t h e Order Leptorri i tales w i th t h r e e genera i n t h e Leptomitaceae a l l of which have c h i t i n o u s w a l l s . Thus w a l l chemis t ry appea r s t o be a d e f i n i t i v e char- a c t e r s e p a r a t i n g Rh ip id i aceae and Leptomitaceae. The sys t ema t i c i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e s e f i n d i n g s w i l l be considered .

J. M. Aronson s e e Huizar G46

T. L. A r s u f f i s e e Suberkropp G l O O

E . R . Badham Lehman Col lege CUNY, Bronx,

New York 10468. Tropisms i n t h e mushroom

Ps i locybe cubens i s .

G5 1

The growth of t h e mushroom Psi locybe cubens i s

was s t u d i e d i n a wind tunne l under c o n t r o l l e d

c o n d i t i o n s of wind v e l o c i t y , humidi ty ,

t empera tu re , and l i g h t . The b a s i d i o c a r p s t i p e

grew i n t o t h e wind up t o t he t ime of spo re

format ion. When r o t a t e d wi th t h e long a x i s

of the s t i p e pe rpend icu la r t o t h e wind,

f r u i t b o d i e s grew u p r i g h t . When spo res began

t o be formed a nega t ive geo t roph ic c u r v a t i o n

of t h e s t i p e occurred bu t no r e c u r v a t i o n

occurred i n a s p o r e l e s s mutant .

D. J. S. BARR. Biosystematics Research Ins t i t u t e , Central Experimental F m , GI4 Ottawa, Ontario KIA OC6, Canada. Classif icat ion c r i t e r i a fo r S p i z e l l q c e s (Chytridimycetes) .

Once chytridimycetous fungi are gram in culture, the c l a s s i ca l taxoncnnic c r i t e r i a are no longer applicable fo r their identif icat ion. Entirely new c r i t e r i a and systems are required fo r their c lass i f ica t ion . S p i z e l l q c e s can ncxy be c lass i f ied by a d i n a t i o n of physiological tests and by mrphological charac ter i s t ics seen in the l i g h t microscope, and these w i l l be discussed.

S. C. Barro s e e Dunn G42

BARSTOW, W.E." and W.L. LINGLE. Botany Department, The Un ive r s i t y of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. U l t r a s t r u c t u r e of Sporangium Formation and G94 Zoosporogenesis i n Microcycle C e l l s of Allomyces macrogynus.

A l l o m y c ~ germlings grown f o r 50 min i n PYG b r o t h a t 33O i n a shaking water b a t h were t r a n s f e r r e d t o Machlis ' d i l u t e s a l t s s o l u t i o n , a t t h e same tempera- t u r e , t o induce d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n . The un inuc lea t e and b i n u c l e a t e germlings d i f f e r e n t i a t e d i n t o zoosporangia con ta in ing only one o r two zoospores . Samples were f i xed f o r e l e c t r o n microscopy every t h i r t y min from 2 h r s a f t e r i nduc t ion through zoospore r e l e a s e 2 .5 h r l a t e r . The sequence of i n t r a c e l l u l a r changes du r ing d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n was determined from t h i n s e c t i o n s prepared from each t ime p o i n t . S e p t a t i o n of t h e sporangium was complete 3 h r a f t e r i nduc t ion . P a p i l l a format ion was complete 3 .5 h r a f t e r i n d u c t i o n , and subsequent zoospore d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n r equ i r ed one h r . Between 2 .5 and 3 .5 h r a f t e r i n d u c t i o n , s e c r e t o r y v e s i c l e s 1 2 5 m i n d iameter were involved i n d e p o s i t i n g t h e e lec t ron-opaque p a p i l l a p lug . At t h i s t ime c leavage v e s i c l e s began t o s e p a r a t e t h e b i n u c l e a t e c e l l s i n t o two zoospore i n i t i a l s . Between 3 . 5 and 4 h r t h e e lec t ron-opaque p r o g e n i t o r s of gamma bodies appeared w i t h i n c i s t e r n a e of rough E.R. Also a t t h i s t ime t h e microbodies and l i p i d s began t o aggregate around each nucleus t o form t h e " l i p i d crown" of t he nuc leus . The subsequent even t s of zoospore d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n took p l a c e between 4 and 4 .5 h r a f t e r i nduc t ion . These e v e n t s i nc lude forma- t i o n of t h e f l age l lum, ribosomal agg rega t ion t o form t h e n u c l e a r cap , fu s ion of pre-gamma g ranu le s t o form t h e Barnma bod ie s , and format ion of t h e l i p i d - microbody complex.

26

G37 L . R. BATRA. The N a t i o n a l Fungus C o l l e c t i o n s , X R.L. BLANTON and M.S. FULLER. Botany Depar tment ,

U . S . Depar tment of A g r i c u l t u r e , B e l t s v i l l e , U n i v e r s i t y of G e o r g i a , Athens , GA 30602. The MD, 20705. Bio logy o f M o n i l i n i a v a c c i n i i - U l t r a s t r u c t u r e and Development of t h e Rhizo- corymbosi ( S c l e r o t i n i a c e a e ) . p l a s t of R h i z o p h l y c t i s -. G93

M o n i l i n i a v a c c i n i i - c o r y m b o s i (Reade) Honey i s a n e c o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t cup-fungus t h a t i s r e - s t r i c t e d t o Nor th America n o r t h of Mexico. I t i s one of t h e n i n e s p e c i e s of M o n i l i n i a Honey t h a t a t t a c k e r i c a c e o u s g e n e r a Ledum, R-endron and Vaccinium, and t h e o n l y one t h a t i s e c o n o m i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t f o r c u l t i v a t e d and w i l d Vaccinium spe- c i e s . I t c a u s e s symptoms somewhat s i m i l a r t o o t h e r V a c c i n i u m - i n h a b i t i n g s p e c i e s and i t i s o c c a s i o n a l l y confused w i t h t h e European M. u r n u l a (Weinm.) Whet. I n a d d i t i o n t o o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e b i o l o g y of M. v a c c i n i i - c a r mbosi and i t s economic i m p o r t a n c e , t h i s p a p e r f z r t h e f i r s t t ime ( a ) r e p o r t s t h e oc- c u r r e n c e o f c o n i d i a on mummified f r u i t s of y . corymbosum L . , ( b ) d e s c r i b e s a t e c h n i q u e t o o b t a i n c o n i d i a i n v i t r o , ( c ) e v a l u a t e s i t s h o s t range by p a t h o g e n i c i t y t e s t s i n t h e greenhouse o r by i s o l a - t i o n s from t h e i n f e c t e d m a t e r i a l a n d , ( d ) a u t h e n - t i c a t e s t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e pa thogen and compares i t w i t h a l l o t h e r M o n i l i n i a s p p . on E r i c a c e a e . F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e e x t e n t of h o s t s p e c i f i c i t y i s e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e m o n s t r a t e d f o r s e v e r a l M o n i l i n i a s p p . on Vaccinium. A t G r e e n b e l t , MD ( 1 km from B e l t s v i l l e ) f i r s t mature a p o t h e c i a i n 1980 were o b s e r v e d on A p r i l 1 and t h e i r peak p r o d u c t i o n was on A p r i l 1 0 . On t h e l a t t e r d a t e f l o r a l t r u s s e s were open and l e a f b u d s , s t i l l sub tended by g r e e n s c a l e s , were 6 mm l o n g . F i r s t w i l t i n g o f l e a v e s and s h o o t s o c c u r r e d 25 da a f t e r t h e f i r s t asco- s p o r e s were c o l l e c t e d i n dew on t h e s e p a r t s . The f i r s t c o n i d i a appeared on May 1, when bloom was

The zoospores of t h e C h y t r i d i o m y c e t e R h i z o p h l y c t i s ( U r l i n g i a ) r o s e a c o n t a i n a s t r i a t e d f l a g e l l a r r o o t - l e t , o r r h i z o p l a s t , t h a t c o n n e c t s t h e k ine tosomes t o t h e n u c l e u s . The s t r u c t u r e and development of t h i s d i s t i n c t i v e s t r u c t u r e have been examined w i t h t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c t r o n microscope . I n t h e z o o s p o r e s , t h e r h i z o p l a s t i s a p e r i o d i c , f i b r i l l a r s t r u c t u r e t h a t f l a r e s a t one end t o c o n n e c t t o b o t h k i n e t o - somes and a t t h e o t h e r end t o c o n n e c t t o t h e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e . O c c a s i o n a l l y m i c r o t u b u l e s a p p e a r t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r h i z o p l a s t . The n u c l e u s of t h e zoospore is f l a t t e n e d a t t h e p o i n t o f a t t a c h m e n t of t h e r h i z o p l a s t . Mi tochondr ia and m i c r o b o d i e s a r e c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r h i z o p l a s t . The r h i z o - p l a s t d i s a p p e a r s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f zoospore encys tment . During t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of z o o s p o r e c l e a v a g e , t h e n u c l e i a r e o b l o n g , s p h e r i c a l , o r p e a r - shaped and l a c k t h e f l a t t e n e d a r e a found i n zoospore n u c l e i . A r r a y s o f m i c r o t u b u l e s , some a p p a r e n t l y c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e n u c l e a r e n v e l o p e , s p r e a d from t h e k ine tosomes i n t o t h e c y t o p l a s m . A s f l a g e l l u m form- a t i o n n e a r s c o m p l e t i o n , most of t h e m i c r o t u b u l e s d i s a p p e a r , t h e p o s t e r i o r p o r t i o n of t h e n u c l e u s b e g i n s t o f l a t t e n , and t h e r h i z o p l a s t d e v e l o p s , a p p a r e n t l y by t h e l a t e r a l a s s o c i a t i o n of f i n e f i b r i l s . The r h i z o p l a s t a r i s e s f i r s t n e a r t h e k ine tosomes and t h e n e x t e n d s towards t h e n u c l e u s . Microbodies become a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d e v e l o p i n g r h i z o p l a s t a t i t s j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e n u c l e u s . Suppor ted by an NSF P o s t d o c t o r a l F e l l o w s h i p t o RLE.

l o o % , and f i r s t -mummies on J u n e 5 . Ascospores a t - t a c k e d o n l y l e a v e s and s h o o t s and c o n i d i a a t t a c k e d R. L. Blan ton s e e Warner G29 o n l y t h e o v a r y , n o t v i c e v e r s a .

J. Beiswenger s e e C h r i s t e n s e n G107

C. S. B e r r y s e e Haskins G13

J. R. B o i s e . U n i v e r s i t y of M a s s a c h u s e t t s h h e r s t , MA 01003 G18 R e - e v a l u a t i o n of t h e genus Trematosphaer ia

G 2 3 S. C. BEST" and F . Id. SPIEGEI,. Department of I n c o r p o r a t i o n of deve lopmenta l c h a r a c t e r s i n t o a Botany, Miami U n i v e r s l t x , Oxford , OH 45056. L l g h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e Loculoascomycetes s h e d s new e f f e c t s on s p o r u l a t i o n i n seven s p e c i e s o f p r o t o - l i g h t on t h e i r taxonomy. The genus T r e m a t o s p h a e r i a s t e l i d s (Eumycetozoa). a p p e a r s t o b e a h e t e r o g e n e o u s assemblage based on a

t y p e (Trematosphaer ia p e r t u s a (Persoon ex F r i e s ) Seven s p e c i e s o f p r o t o s t e l i d s were t e s t e d f o r l i g h t - Fucke l ) o f dubious d i s t i n c t i o n from Melanomma. s e n s i t i v e f r u i t i n g r e s p o n s e s . Four e x h i b i t d i f f e r - The cen t rum s t r u c t u r e o f T r e m a t o s p h a e r i a c i r c i n a n s e n t i n l r e s p o n s e s t o l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s : Cavos te l ium ( S a c c . ) Winter and i t s p a t t e r n o f development *ophysatum, C. b i sporum, P r o t o s t e l i u m mycophaga, s u g g e s t t h a t i t i s a member of t h e P l e o s p o r a l e s . and one i s o l a F e (FY80-lb) o f a n u n d e s c r i b e d -- A taxonomic r e v i s i o n i s w a r r a n t e d . s t e l i u m s p . Those which s p o r u l a t e r e g a r d l e s s of - --

~ -- l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s a r e P l a n o r o t o s t e l i u m a u r a n t i u m ,

--

P r o t o s t e l i u m i r r e g u l a r i s , :nd a d i f f e r e n t i s o l a t e M a 'a BOOsalis see Allen G35

( ~ ~ 8 1 - l b ) T t h e same u n d e s c r i b e d P r o t o s t e l i u m s p . A s t u d v o f t h e e f f e c t s on f r u i t i n g of v a r i o u s photo- p e r i o d s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e Cavos te l ium s p e c i e s r e - q u i r e d b o t h a d a r k and a l i g h t p e r i o d , e a c h having a n optimum c y c l e i n which t h e maximum number of f r u i t i n g b o d i e s were formed. The P r o t o s t e l i u m s p e c i e s r e q u i r e d o n l y a d a r k p e r i o d , and f r u i t i n g was p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n h i b i t e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g l e n g t h of t h e l i ~ h t p e r i o d . A p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y of t h e v i s i b l e l i g h t wavelengths a c t i v e i n t h i s r e s p o n s e was made. The c e l l u l a r s l i m e mold, A c r a s i s r o s e a was i n c l u d e d i n t h e s e exper iments . The p o s s i b l e s e l e c t i v e a d v a n t a g e of l i g h t - s e n s i t i v e f r u i t i n g is d i s c u s s e d .

T h i s r e s e a r c h was s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t by a g r a n t from t h e F a c u l t y Research Committee of Miami U n i v e r s i t y .

27

GI04 TOM BOOTH, B o t a n y D e p a r t w n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f l a r and a r e l o c a t e d i n a t h i n l a y e r a t t h e pe r iphe ry M a n i t o b a , Winn ipeg , Man i toba , R3T 2112 Canada. of hos t c e l l s . Nuclei of young plasmodia c o n t a i n C a u l o p l a n e and r h i z o p l ane f u n g i o f Sa l i c o r n i a prominent n u c l e o l i . Nuclear d i v i s i o n s du r ing t h i s r u b r a A. N e l s . E n v i r o n w n t a l e f f e c t s . s t a g e a r e cruci form. Nucle i i n plasmodia a t l a t e r

s t a g e s do n o t have prominent n u c l e o l i . S ince n u c l e i Fungal p o p u l a t i o n s on washed and p l a t e d p i e c e s o f i n t h i s s t a g e a r e no t seen e a s i l y , e a r l i e r i n v e s t i - S a l i c o r n i a rubra f r o m f o u r l a k e s i n M a n i t o b a and g a t o r s r e f e r r e d t o t hese plasmodia a s " aka ryo t i c . " Saskathewan a r e d e t e r m i n e d . Env i ronn len ta l f a c t o r s , s ~ n a p t o n e m a l complexes occur i n n u c l e i o f a k a r y o t i c i e . c o n d u c t i v i t y , pH, C1-, S04, HC03, Na+, K', plasmodia. Nuclear d i v i s i o n s i n t h i s s t a g e a r e non- Mg++ and Ca++, a r e w a s u r e d f o r s o i l s o f each o f cruci form. Thick-walled r e s t i n g spo res ( c y s t s ) cul - t h e f o u r ha1 o p h y t e c o l l e c t i ons. The e n v i r o n m n t s minate t h e cystogenous phase. Res t ing spo res gener- and t h e i r c o n c o m i t a n t f a c t o r s a r e d i s c u s s e d w i t h a l l y occur i n a s i n g l e l a y e r a t t h e pe r iphe ry of hos t r e f e r e n c e t o f u n g a l d i v e r s i t y , communi t y s t r u c t u r e c e l l s , and c o n t a i n c e n t r i o l e s and c r y s t a l s . Supper- and p o p u l a t i o n o c c u r r e n c e and f r e q u e n c y . P l a n t ted by NSF g r a n t PCM-81113631.

p a r t e f f e c t s a r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d f o r funga l popu- l a t i ons and c o m u n i t i e s . Responses o f i n d i v i d u a l f u n g a l s p e c i e s , eg . A l t e r n a r i a t e n u i s and R. W.' Brown see Warner G30 D e n d r y p h i e l l a i n f u s c a n s a r e p r e s e n t e d .

T. D. BRUNS. Dept. o f Botany, University o f ~ 7 1 RICHARD N . BOKTNICA and MARTHA J . POWELL. Miami Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108. Insect Mycophagy in

Unive r s i t y , Oxford, Ohio 45056. Zoospore f i n e the Boletales: Host associations and phylogeny. G58 s t r u c t u r e i n t h e mycoparas i te O lp id iops i s (Oomy- c e t e s , L a g e n i d i a l e s ) . A diverse array o f insects are associated with fruitbodies

o f the Boletales. Many o f these insects are specialized An a l k a l i n e r e l i c t bo rea l bog, Cedar Bog Nature Pre- on the boletes, and a few are restricted to one or s e r v e , i n wes t - cen t r a l Ohio, was sampled f o r a q u a t i c several host taxa. Host phylogeny and chemistry appear f u n g i . O l p i d i o p s i s , an endob io t i c mycoparas i te on to be the most significant factors in determining host- i t s host^, S a p r o l e g G , was recovered. I n t he sys- selection by these insects. Leccinum, Suillus, t ema t i c s of a q u a t i c f u n g i , zoospore f i n e s t r u c t u r e i s Xerocomus, and several other host genera have of fundamental importance. Zoospores of O lp id iops i s distinctive groups o f hostselective insect associates. were s tud ied i n a comparat ive l i g h t and e l e c t r o n Many o f the same species o f host fungi and insect microscopic s tudy . The purpose of t h i s r e p o r t i s t o fungivores are found in Ehrope and North America, and compare t h e o r g a n e l l a r arrangement and f l a g e l l a r in most cases the host association patterns are similar appa ra tus of -idiopsis -- with t h e f i n e s t r u c t u r e of or identical in both regions. Tylopilus felleus, Boletus oomycetous zoospores p rev ious ly s t u d i e d . Zoospore piperatus, Gyropotus cyanescens, and G, castaneus are r e l e a s e was induced by c h i l l i n g 3-4 day o l d c u l t u r e s interesting exceptions. In North America all four t o 40C f o r 2-3 h r s . Cu l tu re s were then p laced i n species are attacked by Megaselia species (Phoridae), d i l u t e s a l t s a t room tempera ture . The zoospores which k t in Europe the same insect species avoid these hosts were subsequent ly r e l e a s e d 8 h r s . l a t e r were observed completely. Several taxa including Strobilomyces by l i g h t microscopy and were prepared f o r t r ansmis s ion floccopus, Boletellus species, Leccinum chromapes and e l e c t r o n microscopy. The sma l l s i z e of O l p i d i o p s i s Paragyrodon sphaerospotus have not been investigated zoospores (2-4p), a s compared wi th t h e t y p i c a l l y for insects previously. Insect associates o f the latter l a r g e r zoospores (9-15p) of s ap rophy t i c o r ec topa ra - two appear to provide useful information on the generic s i t i c Oomycetes , pu t s a c o n s t r a i n t on t h e arrangement aff ini ty o f these taxonomically controversial host and complexity of o r g a n e l l a r a s s o c i a t i o n s . For species. example, fewer dictyosomes a r e a s s o c i a t e d wi th t he nuc lea r envelope and the p u l s a t i n g vacuole of Olpidi - JULIO BURGOS E . Depto. ciencias Exactas Natu- o p s i s than of Saprolegnia secondary zoospores . The - r a l e s , I n s t i t u t o P ro fe s iona l de Osorno, C a s i l l a 933 s t r u c t u r e and arrangement of h a s a l bodies a r e s i m i l a r c h i l e . t o o t h e r Oomycetes, but t h e r o o t l e t s t r u c t u r e appea r s ~ ~ ~ h i b i ~ ~ ~ hyphomycetes from Osorno (Chile) t o be reduced. Organe l l e s such a s p e r i p h e r a l c i s - G75 t e r n a e and f i n g e r p r i n t vacuo le s , t y p i c a l ofoomycetous To s tudy t h e r o l e of f r e shwa te r hyphomycetes p layed zoospores a r e p r e s e n t . D i f f e rences i n microbodies in processing leaf litter and the i r signi- and o t h e r s i n g l e membrane bounded o r g a n e l l e s a r e f i cance i n food webs i n s t r eams , r i v e r s , l a k e s and found. ~ h u s , t h e b a s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n of O l p i d i o p s i s o t h e r water bod ie s , t he f i r s t s t e p is t o recognize zoospores , whi le t y p i c a l of an 0 o m ~ c e t e ZoosPore, i s them. Many taxonomic s t u d i e s have been made around d i s t i n c t . t h e world, i nc lud ing South America, b u t no th ing were

known about a q u a t i c fung i i n Ch i l e ; now, 32 s p e c i e s of hyphomycetes growing ( o r t h e i r c o n i d i a ) on deca-

G88 JAMES BRASELTON' Department Ohio y ing l e a v e s o f monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous Un ive r s i t y , Athens, OH 45701. The plasmodiophorid plants have been recorded in Osorno ( C H I L E ) . Some of i n r o o t s of He te ran the ra e. them have been a l s o found i n wet t e r r e s t r i a l h a b i t a t s

b u t t hey were l e s s abundant than i n water . The r e - The member of t h e Plasmodiophoromycetes t h a t causes s u l t s ag ree , i n g e n e r a l , wi th what have been a l r eady hyper t rophy of r o o t s of He te ran the ra dubia (Jacques)

reported by other workers about their cosmopolitan k c M . was c l a s s i f i e d by p rev ious i n v e s t i g a t o r s i n c h a r a c t e r , t h e i r s ea sona l occurrence and t h e i r t e r r e s - e i t h e r Membranosorus Ostenfe ld and Pe te r son o r t r i a l p o t e n t i a l . Sorodiscus Lagerheim and Winge. In t h i s s tudy l i g h t and t r ansmis s ion e l e c t r o n microscopy were used t o c h a r a c t e r i z e developmenta l s t a g e s of t h e cys togenous p o r t i o n of t h e l i f e c y c l e . Plasmodia a r e i n t r a c e l l u -

R. J. Caldwell see Wicklow G33

G41 S.CAMAZINE*, J.RESCH and J. MEINWID. Carnel l Universi ty , I thaca, NY 14853. T k r o l e af toxins i n m u s h r m defense: an t i feedant a c t i v i t y of i s o v e l l e r a l i s o l a t e d £ram Lentinel lus ursinus (Trichololllataceae).

Considerable w r k has k e n undertaken t o e luc ida te the chemistry and p h a m c o l q y of mushroan toxins, y e t t h e i r a c t u a l funct ion i n ~ t u r e has r a i n e d unknown. I n feeding bioassays developed with a n a t u r a l fungivore, the -sum Didelphis virqiniana, e s h w t h a t Lent ine l lus ursinus is re jec ted and that its d i s t a s t e f u l n e s s is due, a t l e a s t i n part, t o its content of the peppery-tasting sesquiterpene dialdehyde, i s o v e l l e r a l . This ccmpourid has previously been i s o l a t e d only from mushroams i n the unrelated genus, Lactar ius .

T k p a l a t a b i l i t y of 18 species of mushroan was determined i n feedinq tests with opossums. Only 5

t o t h o s e o f A q a r i c u s . Montaqnea a r e n a r i u s has smooth s p o r e s w i t h t h r e e wal l l a y e r s s i m i l a r i n s t r u c t u r e t o t h o s e o f Copr inus comatus and an a p i c a l c r s u b a p i c a l germ p o r e . hl. a r e n a r i u s d i f f e r s from!. e l i o t t i f r o m t h e N i l e v a l l e y and M. t e n u i s f r o m t h e Ga lopagos I s lands i n t h e s i z e o f t h e s p o r e s and t i s s u e s o f t h e s t i p e - c o l u m e l l a . P o d a x i s p i s t i l l a r i s s p o r e s have an a p i c a l germ p o r e and t w o d i s t i n c t w a l l i a y e r s , t h e i n n e r o f wh ich i s e x t r e m e l y t h i c k e n e d . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y s u p p o r t t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t Lonqu la and Gyrophraqmi um a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o A q a r i cus , and p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e f o r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f Montagnea and P o d a x i s t o Copr inus .

E. C. Choi see Kim G67

MARTHA CHRISTENSEN and JANE BEISWENGER. Depart- ment of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. Fungi as potential indicators of peri- glacial soils.

G107

m u s h r m species , Lac ta r ius &ryso>heus, A. -

Species composition and cold-adaptation in the com- torminosus, L. deceptivus, Russula errretica, and munity of soil microfungi occurring at depths of 1 m Lentinel lus !&E&XE Ere fourid t o k unpalatable. AU were examined at 2 sites in southeastern Wyoming and of these mushrooms taste peppery and all m n t a i n northeastern Colorado. Vegetation at both sites is sesqui terpenes which m y account f o r their an arid shortgrass community dominated by Bouteloua d i s t a s t e f u l n e s s . racilis. Since one of the sites (Laramie Basin) is

I s o l a t i o n af the peppery q n e n t of Lentinellust %thin the periglacial zone postulated by 8 . Wears, guided by sub jec t ive t a s t i n g by One of us, led to a Jr. and the other (Pawnee National Grasslands), s i n g l e peppery sesqui terpene, i s o v e l l e r a l , which approximately 96 km southeast of Laramie, presumably proved to k ant i feedant when applied to pieces of is beyond major glacial influence, our primary objec- ~ q a r i c u s bisporus i n concentrat ions comparable t o tive was to discover a) whether the 2 communities of t h a t found i n f r e s h Lentinel lus . microfungi appeared to be different compositionally,

To our knwledge this is the first derronstration of physiologically, or both, and, if so, b) whether the a chemical defense i n imshroams. We suggest that lMny differences could be interpreted in relation to the mushrocm tox ins m y serve as feeding d e t e r r e n t s theorized prior existence in the Wyoming basin of a pro tec t ing n'Ush~CxXIS against £wivores and that steppe-tundra on ground containing permafrost. b i o a s s a ~ s with fungivores my provide a mns Comparisons of several hundred isolates from the 2 f o r " h h n g in" on a var ie ty of mushroan toxins of sites have indicated: 1) a tundra-like component in h i t h e r t o unknown s t ruc ture . the Laramie Basin samples and 2) differences in tem-

perature optima for isolates from the 2 sites. Chrysosporium and Cylindrocarpon, common genera in contemporary tundras, accounted for 48% of all iso-

J. W. Carmichael see Sigler G76 lates in the Laramie soils but were not represented in the Colorado samples. In growth rate studies, 40% of the Pawnee isolates, but none of the Laramie forms,

G21 E. Castro-Mendoza. V i r g i n i a P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e grew at 37 C. At 15 C average diameter of the Lar- and S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , B l a c k s b u r g , VA 24061. B i o - amie isolates was 68% of that at 25 C, 9 isolates s y s t e m a t i c o b s e r v a t i o n s o f s e v e r a l t a x a o f seco- grew at 10 C and 3 showed optimum growth at tempera- t i o i d f u n g i common i n t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n d e s e r t s o f tures below 25 C; average diameter of the Pawnee N o r t h Arne r i ca. fungi at 15 C was 31% of that at 25 C, only 2 iso-

lates grew appreciably at 10 C and none showed opti- Gy rophragmi um ca I i f o r n i cum i s known on l y f r o m t h e San mum growth under 25 C. F r a n c i s c o Bay a rea , however, Longu l a, Montagnea, and - P o d a x i s a r e commonl!l found i n t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n d e s e r t s K. s. chung see Kim G67 o f N o r t h Amer ica. The l a s t t h r e e were c o l l e c t e d f row t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n U.S. S t a i n i n g r e a c t i o n s o f f r e s h c a r p o p h o r e s were recorded . G ieba l m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d i n g s p o r e s were f i x e d and p r e p a r e d f o r e x a m i n a t i o n w i t h l i g h t m i c r o s c o p y , and s c a n n i n g and t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c - t r o n m i c r o s c o p y . A t l e a s t t h r e e d i s t i n c t fo rms o f Lonqu la can be i d e n t i f i e d based on t h e s i z e and s t a i n - i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s p o r o c a r p s , and anotomi c a l d i f - f e r e n c e s i n t h e hymenium. The p a r t i a l v e i l found i n L. t e x e n s i s v a r . t e x e n s i s appears t o be homologous t o - t h e p a r t i a l v e i l f ound i n A g a r i c u s a r v e n s i s and A. xan th rodermus . Spores o f a l l a r e s i m i l a r i n s t r u c - t u r e , smooth, and l a c k an a p i c a l germ p o r e . Gyro- phragmium c a l i f o r n i c u m i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h a v i n g a l a r g e b a s a l v o l v a and a p a r t i a l v e i l w h i c h i s doub le , b u t l i ke Longu la i t has s p o r e s s i m i l a r i n s t r u c t u r e

29

G. T. Cole s e e F e l i x G47 J. S. Dickey see Dunn G42

G92 0.R. COLLINS" and T . GONG. University of Califor- STEPHANIE DIGBY. U n i v e r s i t y o f Rhode n ia , Berkeley, CA 94720. Speciat ion and i s o l a t i n g I s l a n d , K i n g s t o n , R I 0 2 8 8 1 .

GI5

mechanisms i n a myxomycete, Didymium i r i d i s . D e v e l o p m e n t a l s t u d i e s o n Loramyces j u n c i c o l a Wes ton .

In the morphospecies D. i r i d i s , ind iv idua l i s o l a t e s a r e read i ly c l a s s i f i a b l e as e i t h e r h e t e r o t h a l l i c or The t a x o n o m i c p o s i t i o n o f L. j g n c i c o l a , a n nonheterothal l ic . He te ro tha l l i c e n t i t i e s a r e char- a q u a t i c Ascomyc e t e , h a s b e e n i n q u e s t i o n a c t e r i s t i c a l l y i n t e r f e r t i l e , but a few a r e reproduc- s i n c e d e s c r i b e d b y Wes ton i n 1 9 2 9 . I t s t i v e l y i s o l a t e d from t h e i n t e r f e r t i l e group as well p l a c e m e n t i n c u r r e n t t a x o n o m i c s c h e m e s as from one another. On t h e bas i s of preliminary d e p e n d s o n a knowledge of a s c o c a r p a n d data , we t e n t a t i v e l y conclude t h a t a l l noAeterothal- c e n t r u m d e v e l o p m e n t . R e s ~ l l t s o f s t r u c t u r a l l i c i s o l a t e s may be apomictic (no t homotha l l i c ) and a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a l s t u d i e s w i l l be p r e s e n t e d t h a t while i n t h e apomictic s t a t e they do not inter- a n d t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s d i s c u s s e d . breed with one another o r with h e t e r o t h a l l i c forms of the same species . A. J. Domnas s e e Eierman G26

We have been able t o demonstrate t h a t one l i n e of an J. E. Donahue s e e Wicklow G38 apomictic i s o l a t e spontaneously converted t o a heter- o t h a l l i c s t a t e . 1n- t h i s convertant, inbreeding i s good, but with few exceptions, outbreeding i s poor. Apparently, s e l e c t i o n f o r apomixis i n na ture creates a reproductive b a r r i e r between a new apomict and i t s h e t e r o t h a l l i c progeni tor . Existence of t h i s b a r r i e r permits considerable genet ic divergence t o occur, in- cluding evolution of i s o l a t i n g mechanisms which prob- ably lead t o speciat ion. This view i s consis tent with gene t ica l and cytological data as well as with isozymal s tud ies of severa l polymorphic enzymes.

G59 WM. B R I D G E COOKE. 1135 N i l s h i r e C t . , C i n c i n n a t i , OH 45230. Fungi of G l a c i e r Bay Nat ional Park , Alaska .

During s e v e r a l t r i p s t o G l a c i e r Bay Na t iona l Pa rk , . ' ilaska, ove r 600 s p e c i e s o f fungi have been c o l l e c t e d and i d e n t i f i e d . The major a r e a v i s i t e d was B a r t l e t t Cove, i c e - f r e e f o r only 200 y e a r s , and which suppor t s an a p p a r e n t l y mature P i cea s i tchensis -Tsuga h e t e r - -- --- -- - ophy l l a f o r e s t . A b r i e f v i s i t t o T l i n g i t P o i n t , i c e - f r e e f o r only 100 y e a r s , y i e l d e d many of t h e same s p e c i e s on a p re l imina ry survey.

D. A. C o t t e r s e e Jackson G24

K. Cromack s e e S o l l i n s G98

G89 M. C. Deasey. Universi ty of North Carolina, Chapel H i l l , NC 27514. Spore formation i n the c e l l u l a r slime mold Fonticula a.

The t rophic phase of the c e l l u l a r slime mold Fonticula alba a l t e r n a t e s with an aggregative, sorogenic phase. The sorogenic, o r f r u i t i n g phase, culminates i n the formation of a broadly conica l s t a l k which bears an a p i c a l sorus of spores. The process of s t a l k foxmation has a l ready been described. The purpose of t h i s s tudy is t o describe spore formation with l i g h t microscopy, scanning e lec t ron microscopy and transmission e lec t ron microscopy. Supported by an NSF grant t o Dr. Lindsay S. Olive.

M. B. Dove s e e Powell G73

P. H. DUNN*; W . G. WELLS 11; J. S. DICKEY: P. PI.

WOHLGEMUTH, and S. C. BARRO. P a c i f i c Southwest Fo res t and Range Experiment S t a t i o n , U . S . Department of Agr i cu l tu re ; F o r e s t S e r v i c e , 110 N. Wahash Ave., Glendora, CA 91740 Ashbed s t a b i l i z a t i o n by one and two-membered hea t shock funga l communities.

G4 2

Asperg i l l u s f i s c h e r i var . 31aber Fennel and Raper and Gelas inospora c e r c a l i s a ow ding a r e t h e most f r e q u e n t l y i s o l a t e d fungi a f t e r f i r e on the San Dimas ~ x p e r i m e n t a l F o r e s t , Los Angeles Co., C a l i f o r n i a . They a r e never i s o l a t e d u n l e s s t h e s o i l i s hea t t r e a t e d . The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e s e fung i might enhance the s o i l s a b i l i t y t o r e s i s t e ros ion i s being t e s t e d . They were added, a lone and i n combination, t o s t e r i l e s o i l covered wi th ash. The s o i l was incubated a t 25OC and f i e l d c a p a c i t y f o r one month. A 5 m r a i n tower was used t o drop t h r e e , 3.1 mm drops o n t o each sample held a t a 35% s lope . The ash and s o i l sp lashed was weighed. Each fungus growing a lone was no re e f f e c t i v e a t r e s i s t i n g r a i n s p l a s h e r o s i o n than t h e two fung i combined. When growing a lone , t h e two fungi were equa l in t h e i r r e s i s t a n c e t o r a i n s p l a s h e r o s i o n .

FIO. 1%.

Oapms resting-spores of the rungun of 1,etttxce >lililew, P < m t q a m pagiton~furnu>, Derk. Enlarged UXI d~arnttern.

M. C. Deasey see Warner G29

D . M . DURALL. U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary , Calgary , A l t a . , T2N 1N4. Fungal Co lon iza t ion on Decomposing Timothy (Phlewn pratense L . ) .

G43

The c o l o n i z a t i o n of fung i on decomposing Timothy (Phlewn pratense L.) a s a f f e c t e d by d i f f e r e n t micro- c l i m a t e s i n t h e f i e l d was i n v e s t i g a t e d . Three r e - claimed s u r f a c e mine s i t e s d i f f e r i n g i n r ec l ama t ion age , p l a n t l i t t e r accumulat ion , s o i l mo i s tu re and s o i l o rgan ic m a t t e r were s e l e c t e d . The s i t e s were aged 1, 3 and 7 y e a r s fo l lowing r ec l ama t ion . S o i l mo i s tu re and v e g e t a t i o n cover s i g n i f i c a n t l y i nc reased wi th r ec l ama t ion age and s o i l o rgan ic m a t t e r con ten t was g r e a t e s t i n t h e seven yea r s i t e and lowest i n t h e t h r e e year s i t e . Nylon mesh l i t t e r bags con ta in ing 1 g samples of Timothy l e a v e s were exposed on t h e s i t e s f o r e i t h e r 1 month, 2 months o r 4 months throughout t h e summer of 1979. During t h i s t ime de- velopment of funga l popu la t ions was s t u d i e d and t h e f requency of occurrence of funga l t a x a growing on t h e l e a f s u r f a c e was recorded. Ana lys i s of impor tant s p e c i e s , s p e c i e s r i c h n e s s and s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y v a l u e s were made. Community d i v e r s i t y of f u n g i de- composing Timothy were s i m i l a r i n a l l s i t e s , however, v a l u e s were c o n s i s t e n t l y g r e a t e r i n s i t e s of h igh s o i l o rgan ic m a t t e r c o n t e n t . Impor tant s p e c i e s and s p e c i e s r i c h n e s s a l s o followed t h i s t r e n d . It appears t h a t exposure and r e l a t e d moi s tu re s t r e s s do no t have an adve r se e f f e c t on t h e d i v e r s i t y of f u n g i decom- posing Timothy.

R. C. Evans s e e Stempen G90

D . F. FARR. Mycology Labora tory , U. S. Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , B e l t s v i l l e A g r i c u l t u r a l Research Center , B e l t s v i l l e , MD 20705. The b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s and i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o taxonomy i n t h e Agar i ca l e s .

G82

Most mycologis ts r e c e i v e t h e i r t r a i n i n g i n a botany department and much of our knowledge of s p e c i a t i o n i s based on angiosperms. However, a f lower i s n o t analogous t o a mushroom nor i s an i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s i m i l a r t o an i n d i v i d u a l mushroom. I t i s impor tant t h a t a g a r i c taxonomists be cogn izan t of t h e s e and o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s i f we a r e t o l o g i c a l l y d i s c u s s t h e i n t e r p l a y of s p e c i a t i o n and taxonomy. To de- ve lop a fundamental unders tanding of s p e c i a t i o n i n a g a r i c s , i t i s neces sa ry t o go beyond t h e s tudy of t h e mushroom and inc lude in fo rma t ion on mating c o m p a t i b i l i t y . Th i s a l lows us t o d i s c u s s mushrooms a s b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s .

A b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s could be de f ined a s a popula- t i o n which no longer exchanges g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l w i t h ano the r popu la t ion . S ince non-compatible popu la t ions can develop through a breakdown i n t h e f u s i o n - d i k a r y o t i z a t i o n p r o c e s s , i t fol lows t h a t a b i o l o g i c a l spec i e s can be formed wi thou t any mor- pho log ica l change ( P s a t h ~ e ) . A t t h e o t h e r extreme i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of morphological d i f -

H - H. Edwards s e e Onyi le G74 f e rences developing i n popu la t ions s epa ra t ed by geography o r h o s t d i s t r i b u t i o n (Omphalotus). These

G 2 6 D . F . E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q and A. J. D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . u n i v e r - and o t h e r examples w i l l be d i scussed t o i l l u s t r a t e

s i t y of Nor th C a r o l i n a , Chapel H i l l , N C t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t h a t a knowledge of mating com- 27514. N i t r o ~ e n a s s i m i l a t i o n i n p a t i b i l i t y can b r i n g t o a g a r i c taxonomy.

P h ~ t o p h t h o r a cinnamomi and P. d r e c h s l e r i E. R. FARR. Department of Botany, Smithsonian p r e f e r e n t i a l l y u t i l i z e g l u tamine and ammonia I n s t i t u t i o n , washington, D. C . 20560. GI2 a s a s o u r c e of n i t r o g e n , w i t h K m ' s f o r u p t a k e The Index Nominum Genericorum and remarks on -- of 5 ply and 100 pM, r e s p e c t i v e l y . N i t r a t e i s nomenclature a t sydney. a l s o u s e d , w i t h a Km f o r u p t a k e of 300 pM. A membrane-bound NADPH2-dependent n i t r a t e re- The Index Nominum Genericorum (m), F a r r , Leuss ink, ductase i s obse rved Only a f t e r growth with and S t a f l e u , Eds., 1979, i s an index t o g e n e r i c names n i t r a t e u T h i s enzyme and n i t r a t e uptake are i n a l l p l a n t groups. x, t h e product of 25 y e a r s s igni f icant ly inhibited in the p r e s e n c e and over 125 c o l l a b o r a t o r s , provides b i b l i o g r a p h i c g l u t a m i n e o r ammonia. The p u r i f i e d enzyme c i t a t i o n s and informat ion on t y p i f i c a t i o n and nomen- has a weight of 21° ,000 and c l a t u r a l s t a t u s of names a s we l l a s f u l f i l l i n g i t s s i s t s of t h r e e i d e n t i c a l s u b u n i t s of molecu- original purpose of revealing homonymy between var- lar weight 7 ° ~ 0 0 0 . Neither i o u s p l a n t groups. Supplements w i th a d d i t i o n s and t a k e u p n i t r i t e n o r i s a n i t r i t e r e d u c t a s e corrections are planned. o b s e r v e d . I n August, 1981, t h e Nomenclature Sec t ion a t t h e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Bo tan ica l Congress approved a number of r e v i s i o n s t o t h e b o t a n i c a l code. The problems

~ 7 7 J. T. ELLZEY* and S. L. ANAGNOSTAKIS. U n i v e r s i t y encountered i n updat ing J& i n accordance w i t h t h e of Texas, E l Paso, TX 79968 and Connecticut new r u l e s w i l l be d i scussed . Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n , New Haven, CT a r e changes i n t h e a r t i c l e s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e s t a r t - 06504. U l t r a s t r u c t u r e of v i r u l e n t and hypovirul - ing po in t d a t e f o r s e v e r a l groups o f f u n g i , t h e e n t s t r a i n s of Endothia p a r a s i t i c a . s t a t u s of "or thographic v a r i a n t s " and names i l l e g i t i -

mate on pub l i ca t ion , l e c t o t y p i f i c a t i o n s based on a Hypovirulent ( H ) s t r a i n s of g. p a r a s i t i c a c o n t a i n mechanical system, and t h e t y p i f i c a t i o n of g e n e r i c cytoplasmic de t e rminan t s t h a t a l t e r funga l morphology names. and reduce v i r u l e n c e on t h e c h e s t n u t t r e e h o s t . The de t e rminan t s move from H s t r a i n s t o v i r u l e n t ( V ) s t r a i n s through hyphal anastomoses, conve r t ing t h e V s t r a i n s t o H . A l l H s t r a i n s examined c o n t a i n dsRNA, and t h e i s o l a t i o n of pleomorphic membrane- bound s t r u c t u r e s from some H s t r a i n s has been r e p o r t - ed . Th i s TEM study compares t h e u l t r a s t r u c t u r e of V s t r a i n s w i th t h a t of t h e i r H conve r t s .

G47 E.A. FELIX* and G.T. COLE. Botany Department, genera inc lude number of ascospores p e r a scus , U n i v e r s i t y o f Texas, A u s t i n , TX 78712. Mechanism strOmatal and arrangement

of salt tolerance in the imperfect yeast Candida p e r i t h e c i a l necks. Most s p e c i e s can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d

a l b i c a n s . on t h e b a s i s of s t zomata l s i z e , shape, and co lo ra t ion . a s we l l a s ascospore s i z e . curva.ture.

candia a l b i c a n s is an imperfect yeast commonly found and co lo ra t ion . However, t h e reduced s t romata i n

as a component o f t he g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l f l o r a of b i r d s 'pp' O f t e n afford few distinguishing

and mammals. ~l~~~~~~ it is not commonly isolated c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , n e c e s s i t a t i n g t h e use of c u l t u r a l

from natural habitats outside the host , this yeast and pa thogen ic i ty s t u d i e s t o d i s t i n g i s h some of t h e

has been f r e q u e n t l y i s o l a t e d f rom temperate marine taxa in this genus' environments. F u r t h e r i t has been r e c e n t l y demon- s t r a t e d t h a t i s o l a t e s o f C. a l b i cans a r e capable o f S . E . GOCHENAUR. D e p a r t m e n t o f B i o l o g y , s u r v i v i n g f o r extended peFiods o f t ime i n b o t h s imula-

Adelphi University, Garden Ci ty , New t e d and n a t u r a l mar ine c o n d i t i o n s . Our o b j e c t i v e Y o r k 1 1 5 3 0 . M e t h o d s f o r s t u d y i n g t w o i s t o f i r s t i d e n t i f y t h e mechanism(s) o f adap ta t i on f a c t o r s t h a t r e g u l a t e t h e d e n s i t y o f t o s a l i n e h a b i t a t s and second t o determine i f such P e n i c i l l i a i n s o i l . G83 a d a ~ t a t i o n has a de tec tab le a f f e c t on the ~ a t h o u e n - i c i t y o f t h i s organism. I n t h i s r e p o r t we 'descr ibe The penicillia are a ma,or and character- t h e r e s u l t s o f our work on mechanisms o f s a l i n e i s t i c c o m p o n e n t o f m i c r o f u n g a l c o m m u n i t i e s adap ta t i on . Growth parameters o f a c l i n i c a l i s o l a t e i n fo res t soils. fac to r s t h a t r e g u l a t e o f C. a l b i c a n s o f demonstrated pa thogen i c i t y , d e t e r - t h e i r d e n s i t y i n t h i s h a b i t a t a n d t h u s mined by LD 50 i n a d u l t CFW mice, a r e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e c o m m u n i t y are t h e us ing d e f i n e d media i n s imu la ted m r i n e and c o n t r o l number o f s p o r e s e a c h p r o d u c e s p e r u n i t o f c o n d i t i o n s . I n t r a c e l l u l a r c a t i o n concen t ra t i on e n e r g y s o u r c e c o n s u m e d a n d t h e r a p i d i t y w i t h remains a t r e l a t i v e l y low l e v e l s i n s p i t e of h i gh w h i c h t h e s e p r o p a g u l e s are d e s t r o y e d . T h e s e e x t r a c e l l u l a r i o n concen t ra t i ons . Gel 1 ~1 t r a s t r u c t - p a r a m e t e r s , r e p r o d u c t i v e c a p a c i t y a n d s p o r e ure undergoes no d e t e c t a b l e a l t e r a t i o n s as a come- t u r n o v e r r a t e , c a n b e s t u d i e d b y a quence o f s a l i n e adap ta t i on . A v a i l a b l e da ta s ~ g g e s t s c o m b i n a t i o n o f i n v i t r o a n d i n s i t u t h a t i o n r e g u l a t i o n occurs a t t h e l e v e l of t h e plasma t e c h n i q u e s t o b e d a b e d . T h e t h o d t o membrane w i t h osmot ic balance be ing main ta ined by a d e t e r m i n e t h e f o r m e r e m p l o y s a s i m u l a t e d compat ib le s o l u t e . s o i l e n v i r o n m e n t a n d a p a r t i c u l a t e c a r b o n -

e n e r g y s o u r c e ; t h e l a t t e r a d e v i c e t o L. F rede r i ck see JOAES G5 i n s e r t s p o r e s i n t o s o i l , re t r ieve t h e m

a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n o f u p t o 2 y e a r s , f o l l o w e d M. S. F u l l e r s e e Blanton G93 b y d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e i r v i a b i l i t y .

~ 8 0 R. L . GILBERTSON. Unive r s i ty of Arizona, Tucson, T. Gong s e e C o l l i n s G92 AZ 85721. Generic concepts i n t h e Polyporaceae.

The Polyporaceae i s one o f t h e l a r g e s t f a m i l i e s o f M. GUNASEKARAN. F i s k Un ive r s i ty , Nashv i l l e , TN t h e o r d e r Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycotina; Holo- 37203. I n Vi t ro s y n t h e s i s of phenol ic compounds bas idiomycet idae) . I t has been s t u d i e d ex tens ive ly by phymatotrichum species. f o r 200 yea r s because it i s comprised l a r g e l y o f G64 wood-rott ing f u n g i , many of which a r e of economic Three s p e c i e s of Phymatotrichum namely, Phymato t r i - importance. Current e f f o r t s t o develop a phyloge- chum f imico la , P. fungicola and P. omnivorum, were n e t i c system of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n have r e s u l t e d i n grown a s s t a t i o n a r y c u l t u r e s i n 4 types of media a t r e c o g n i t i o n of a l a r g e number o f genera, many of 28012 f o r 10-50 days. Phenol ic compounds were ex t r ac - which a r e monotypic o r con ta in only two o r t h r e e ted from t h e mycelia and c u l t u r e media wi th d i e t h y l s p e c i e s . There i s no general agreement on which e t h e r , and the t o t a l phenol ic con ten t of t h e e x t r a c t s c h a r a c t e r s provide a sound b a s i s f o r es tabl ishment es t imated c a l o r i m e t r i c a l l y . Phenol ic compounds of genera . U t i l i z a t i o n of a l l c h a r a c t e r s of t h e ,ere sepa ra t ed by t h i n l a y e r chromatography (TLC) and t o t a l organism i n a l l s t a g e s may c o n t r i b u t e t o a i d e n t i f i e d by comparing t h e i r co lo r r e a c t i o n s and s o l u t i o n of t h i s problem. These a r e reviewed and t h e ~f va lues a g a i n s t those of t he known s t anda rds . eva lua ted and sugges t ions made f o r t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n TLC a n a l y s i s of e t h e r e x t r a c t s d i sc losed 13 phenol ic i n taxonomy o f t h e polypores . compounds. Of t h e s e , o-coumaric, c a f f e i c and chloro-

gen ic a c i d were found i n both mycelia and c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e s of a l l t h r e e spec ie s . However, s v r i n g i c

V. Gessner s e e Onyile G74 ac id was found only i n P. omnivorum. There was a marked s i m i l a r i t y i n t h e compounds produced bv P.

~ 1 7 D. A . Gla.we. ' J n i v e r s i t ~ of Illinois# U r b a n a p IL f imico la and P. fun i c o l a a s compared t o 5 omnivorum. 61801. 1Bxonomy of Diat r? .~aceae in the pacific Among t h e t h r e e spe:ies, - P. omnivorum produced the Northwest. maximum number of phenol ic compounds i n l a r g e

quan t i ty . ~ ~ ~ ~ o x i m a t e l y 300 c o l l e c t i o n s of Diatrypacea.e (pyrenomycetes, ~ ~ h a e r i a l e s ) were examined i n a s tudy which emphasized s p e c i e s occur r ing i n Washington, ldaho, and Oregon. A S a r e s u l t , 26 s p e c i e s , c o l l e c t e d p r i m a r i l y from hardwoods, a r e recognized from t h i s r eg ion and a r e d i s t r i b u t e d among C r tos h e r i a , Cryptovalsa , Dia t rype, D i a t r y p e l l a , *typella. Fea tu res used t o d i s t i n g u i s h

3 2

G 2 O R. E . HALLING. Farlow Herbarium, Harvard Univer- D . E . Hemmes. Un ive r s i t y of Hawaii a t H i lo , H i lo , s i t y , 20 D i v i n i t y Ave. , Cambridge, MA 02138. HI 96720. U l t r a s t r u c t u r e of spo rang ia l p r o l i f e r a - A r e - e v a l u a t i o n of p e r t i n e n t c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e t i o n i n Phytophthora megasperma. taxonomy of C o l l y b i a .

G70

The u l t r a s t r u c t u r a l a s p e c t s o f a "nes t ing" type o f As wi th s p e c i e s i n many o t h e r a g a r i c gene ra , t hose i n spo rang ia l p r o l i f e r a t i o n occu r r ing i n a h igh tempera- Co l lyb ia were o r i g i n a l l y grouped toge the r on t h e b a s i s t u r e i s o l a t e o f Phytophthora megasperma have been of macroscopic resemblance . However, f e a t u r e s such a s s t u d i e d by t r ansmis s ion e l e c t r o n microscopy. Primary s t a t u r e and cons i s t ency t h a t have t r a d i t i o n a l l y de- sporangia develop a t hyphal a p i c e s when myce l i a l mats l i m i t e d Co l lyb ia c l e a r l y do not provide an adequate a r e t r a n s f e r r e d from d i l u t e V-8 j u i c e b r o t h t o d i s - c i r c u m s c r i p t i o n i f used i n con junc t ion wi th micro- t i l l e d water . These sporangia d i f f e r e n t i a t e an ap i ca l s cop ic and chemical d a t a . Revis ionary s t u d i e s on e x i t pore plugged wi th a t h i n l a y e r o f f i b r i l l a r whi te-spored a g a r i c s have a f f o r d e d t h e oppor tun i ty f o r m a t e r i a l and a t h i c k basa l septum i s o l a t i n g t h e spo- a r e - e v a l u a t i o n of g e n e r i c c h a r a c t e r s d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g r a n g i a l cytoplasm from t h e unde r ly ing hyphal cy to - Co l lyb ia i n n o r t h e a s t e r n North America. The c r i t i c a l plasm. Once f l a g e l l a have formed and t h e spo rang ia l obse rva t ion and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e c y t o l o g i c a l cytoplasm has c leaved i n t o zoospores, cytoplasm from d e t a i l , t h e chemical na tu re and r e a c t i v i t y , and t h e t h e sporangiophore d i s s o l v e s through t h e b a s a l septum anatomical c o n s t r u c t i o n prove t o be of paramount and begins t o swel l t o f i l l t h e pr imary spo rang ia l impor tance , but not t o t h e exc lus ion o f physiognomy, chamber. The cytoplasmic swe l l i ng i s f i l l e d wi th i n t h e c l a r i f i c a t i o n of t h e taxonomy. Indeed, t he v e s i c l e s s i m i l a r t o t hose a t hyphal t i p s . Zoospores assessment o f t he a v a i l a b l e d a t a has he lped t o c r e a t e a r e t hen r e l e a s e d from t h e pr imary sporangiwn and t h e a workable hypothes is desc r ib ing t h e per imeter of secondary sporangium con t inues t o i n f l a t e t o f i l l t h e Co l lyb ia wi th r e s p e c t t o a l l i e d gene ra , and has empty pr imary spo rang ia l chamber. The secondary c o n t r i b u t e d t o a ref inement of t h e i n f r a g e n e r i c sporangium s e c r e t e s i t s own spo rang ia l wal l and d i f - a r rangement . f e r e n t i a t e s an a p i c a l e x i t po re wi th p lug m a t e r i a l

and a basa l septum and t h e p roces s i s r e p e a t e d . In

G95 T. M. HAMMILL* and DIANA LENARD SECOR. S t a t e d i s t i l l e d water a t 2 5 ' ~ approximate ly 30 spo rang ia

U n i v e r s i t y o f New York , Oswego, NY 13126. form i n s i d e one ano the r du r ing one week a s a t t e s t e d

L i g h t m ~ c r o s c o p y o f t h e nuclear c o n d i t i o n in spa- by t h e 30 s e p a r a t e spo rang ia l wa l l s observed i n s i d e

r a n g i o s p o r e s o f Mucor mucedo. one ano the r a t hyphal a p i c e s f i x e d a f t e r one week's i ncuba t ion . I f t h e i n n e r chamber becomes t o o small

F~~~ strains o f M~~~~ mucedo, ,,iz., NRRL 3634 ( = CBS f o r spo rang ia l development a f t e r e x t e n s i v e p r o l i f e r a -

109.16, DSM 810,andA=694), NRRL 3635 ( = CBS t i o n , a t h i n t ube of cytoplasm d i s s o l v e s through t h e

144.24, DSM 809, and ATCC 38693) , CBS 145.24, and p lug , extends the s~Orangia l CBS 640.67, were examined t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n u c l e a r and exit pores and then the s ize

c o n d i t i on o f t h e s p o r a n g i o s p o r e s o f each. The CBS t h e primary s ~ o r a n g i u m and t h e "nes t ing" phenomenon

and ATCC s t r a i n s p a r e n t h e t i c a l l y 1 i s t e d above were is repeated.

examined s i m i l a r l y . Spores w e r e k i l l e d and f i x e d w i t h a m o d i f i e d H e l l y ' s s o l u t i o n , and n u c l e i were J. F. Hennen s e e McCain G2 s t a i n e d u s i n g an HC1-Giemsa t e c h n i q u e . I n a l l cases , s p o r a n g i o s p o r e s o f t h e above c u l t u r e s were mu1 t i n u - H . R . HENNEY, J r . * and H. WHITE. Un ive r s i t y of c l e a t e . An e x a c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e number o f Houston, Houston, TX 77004. n u c l e i p e r s p o r e was i m p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e t e c h n i q u e s Loca l i za t ion and p r o p e r t i e s of a sulfhydryl-depen- used, b u t a r o u g h e s t i m a t e was 15-20 o r more n u c l e i dent a c i d p r o t e i n a s e from Physarum flavicomum p e r s p o r e . The c u l t u r e , ATCC 7941 (=CMI 78379), de- haploid c e l l s . p o s i t e d b y V . C u t t e r , and l i s t e d as M. mucedo, was G60 examined w i t h t h e He1 l y S O ] tio on-HClTGiemsa p r o c e d u r e . Acid p r o t e i n a s e a c t i v i t y was found to increase in Sporang iospores o f t h a t s t r a i n were p r e d o m i n a n t l y amoebae-swarm c e l l s o f Physarum flavicomum dur ing u n i n u c l e a t e ( a few b i - , tri - , and t e t r a n u c l e a t e encystment. E x t r a c t s o f t h e encys t ing c e l l s were spores were o b s e r v e d ) . S ~ o r a n g i o s ~ o r e s o f ATCC 7941 f r a c t i o n a t e d by d e n s i t y g r a d i e n t c e n t r i f u g a t i o n . a l s o measured much s m a l l e r t h a n a l l o f t h e o t h e r Acid p r o t e i n a s e a c t i v i t y o f h i g h e s t s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y s t r a i n s examined d u r i n q t h i s s t u d y . ATCC 7941 i s not was l o c a l i z e d i n a vacuolar f r a c t i o n which conta ined Mucor mucedo; a t t e m p t s a r e b e i n g made i n t h i s l a b o r a - t y p i c a l lysosomal enzymes. The a c i d p ro t e inase was -- t o r y t o c o r r e c t l y i d e n t i f y t h a t c u l t u r e . f u r t h e r p u r i f i e d by a f f i n i t y chromatography.

I n h i b i t o r analyses r evea l ed t h e enzyme t o be a s u l f -

G13 E.F. HASKINS*, M.D. MCGUINNESS AND C . S . B E R R Y hyd ry l dependent a c i d p r o t e i n a s e . The i n h i b i t i o n Department of Botany, Un ive r s i t y o f Washington e x e r t e d by c e r t a i n s u l f h y d r y l b lock ing agen t s was S e a t t l e , WA 98195 r e v e r s i b l e . The enzyme was most s t a b l e i n t h e range Fur ther s t u d i e s on a r ecen t ly d iscovered o rgan i sm 2 t o 3, which a l s o corresponded t o i t s pH optimum. showing a f f i n i t i e s with t he s l ime molds. Maximum a c t i v i t y o f t h e enzyme occu r red a t 5 5 ' ~ . The

membrane a s s o c i a t e d enzyme was more h e a t s t a b l e t han

We have i s o l a t e d a new protoplasmod ia l s l ime mold the more purified which produces s e s s i l e f r u i t i n g bodies . The p o s s i b l e a f f i n i t y of t h i s organism with Echinostelium spp. has been a s se s sed us ing comparative l i g h t and e l e c t r o n microscopical s t u d i e s on the amoebal, plasmodia1 and C. W. Hesse l t i ne s e e Wicklow G33 sporophore phrases o f t hese t axa .

E . F. Haskins s e e YcGuiness G91

G45 W.E. HINTZ" and P.A. HORGEN. U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto , p . A. H~~~~~ see Hintz G45 E r i n d a l e Campus, EIississauga, Ont . , L5L 1C6. A method f o r c o n t r o l l i n g sexual morphogenesis i n female s t r a i n s of t h e a q u a t i c fungus , Achlya B . W. HORNfc and D . T. WICKLOW. Northern Regional ambi sexua l i s . Research Cen te r , ARS, USDA, P e o r i a , IL 61604.

I n h i b i t ion of af l a t o x i n product ion i n corn by The s e x u a l r ep roduc t ive p roces s i n Achlya i s d i r e c t e d Aspergillus niger. by t h e d i f f u s a b l e pheromones a n t h e r i d i o l and oogoniol .

G40

Whereas t h e s t r u c t u r e of a n t h e r i d i o l has been w e l l Aspergillus niger van Tiegham, a mold commonly associ- c h a r a c t e r i z e d and has i n t h e p a s t l e d t o i n v e s t i g a t i o n . ated with Aspergillus flavus Link ex F r .

-- -- i n damaged

o f s t e ro id -med ia t ed changes i n t r a n s c r i p t i o n and t r a n s corn interferes w i t h the biosynthesis of aflatoxin l a t i o n , t h e oogon io l s i s o l a t e d t o d a t e have a s t i m u l a t when'grom wi th A. flavus on autoclaved corn . A o ry e f f i c i e n c y approximate ly 100,000 times less than water ex t r ac t of autoclaved corn k e r n e l s incubated t h a t o f a n t h e r i d i o l . I n o r d e r to i n i t i a t e s t u d i e s on wi th A . niger (NRRL 6411) suppressed aflatoxin forma- the b iochemical e v e n t s a s s o c i a t e d wi th the pheromone- tion w h e n e d t o corn meal disks t ha t were subse- s t imu la t ed ontogeny of the female r ep roduc t ive quen t ly i nocu la t ed wi th A. f l a v u s (NRRL 6432). Th i s s t r u c t u r e s i t was f i r s t neces sa ry t o develop a mating - -

i n t e r f e r e n c e was d i s t i n g u i s h e d from both t h e e f f e c t s system whereby t h e male and female s t r a i n s a r e grown of r e sou rce d e p l e t i o n and changes i n pH due t o A . t oge the r to i n i t i a t e s exua l development, y e t a l l ows t h ~ n i g e r . The b iodegrada t ion of a f l a t o x i n B l o r i t s sampling of female mycelia a l o n e . The two mating type - convers ion t o a f l a t o x i n B2, was a l s o e l imina t ed a s a may be s e l e c t i v e l y s e p a r a t e d on the b a s i s o f colony potential mechanism by which A . niger reduces af la- -- - morphology when 24 hour grown female mycelia i s mated toxin contaminat ion. When conidia of A . and wi th Inale grown f o r 7 2 hours A. niger were wound- ino~u la t ed onto from s i n g l e spo res . The i n i t i a t i o n , development and - -- developing e a r s of corn (grown i n t h e B io t ron , matura t ion of t h e female r ep roduc t ive s t r u c t u r e s has University of Wisconsin), aflatoxin levels in the been monitored u t i l i z i n g phase c o n t r a s t and phase corn equaled A. flavus-inoculated contro ls . Use of i n t e r f e r e n c e microscopy. The f i r s t d i s t i n c t i v e A. n i g e r a s a b i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l agent t o reduce morphological change i n t he female i s a condensat ion afl;toxin of field corn is the re fo re o f the cytoplasm a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s along the u n l i k e l y t o be e f f e c t i v e . myce l i a l s t r a n d s approximate ly f o r t y hours a f t e r t he mating i s i n i t i a t e d . Within t h e nex t fou r hours t h e r e i s a synchronous development of oogonia a t t he se s i t e s o f condensat ion . U t i l i z i n g t h i s mating system the r i s e and f a l l of the abundant mRNAs i s be ing examined. The B. W. Horn see wicklow C-3 mRNA s u b s e t composit ion i s based on which p r o t e i n s a r e v i s i b l e a s s t a i n e d o r r a d i o a c t i v e s p e c i e s on two-dimen- s i o n a l g e l s a t the d i f f e r e n t developmental s t a g e s .

H . E. ~ u i z a r * a n d J. M. Aronson . A r i z o n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Tempe, A Z 8 5 2 8 7 . C h i t i n

G28 H. C. HOCHr and R . C . STAPLES. N Y S t a t e Agricul- syn thase in Apodachl a and related t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n . Cornel l Un ive r s i t y , o o m y c e t e s . G46 Geneva. N Y 14456 and Boyce Thom~son I n s t i t u t e . I t h a c a , N Y 14853. P r e v i o u s work f r o m t h i s l a b o r a t o r y h a s shown

t h a t t h e f a m i l y L e p t o m i t a c e a e i s c h a r a c t e r - Cyclic AMP i n h i b i t s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of bean r u s t i z e d by the presence of chitin in both cell ur edospore germl ings . w a l l s a n d i n c y t o l o g i c a l e n t i t i e s c a l l e d

We have demonstrated t h a t an t imic ro tubu le d rugs and s e v e r a l phys i ca l t r e a t m e n t s known t o d i saggrega te mic ro tubu le s induce nuc lea r d i v i s i o n i n bean r u s t uredospore germl ings (BR), a s t e p which accompanies appearance of t h e i n f e c t i o n s t r u c t u r e s . It should be p o s s i b l e , t h e r e f o r e . LO b lock uredospore d i f f e r e n t i a - t i o n by s t a b i l i z i n g t h e microtubule network. Adenosine 3 ' : 5 ' - cyc l i c monophosphate and i t s de r iva - t i v e s a r e known t o s t a b i l i z e cytoplasmic microtubules i n v a r i o u s t y p e s of c e l l s . Consequently. we germina- t ed BR spores on polycarbonate s h e e t s which induce uredospore d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n ; a d d i t i o n of CAMP and two o f i t s d e r i v a t i v e s -- dibutyryl-CAMP and d i succ iny l - CAMP -- i n h i b i t e d appressorium development. The c y c l i c AMP compounds each induced one round of nuc l ea r d i v i s i o n i n t h e germ t u b e , b u t f u r t h e r development d id no t o c c u r . The d a t a sugges t t h a t convers ion of t h e germ tube t o t h e appressorium was blocked because t h e cytoplasmic microtubular network was s t a b i l i z e d by t h e d rugs . Cytologica l examination o f s i m i l a r l y t r e a t e d BR germ t u b e s was conducted t o he lp s u b s t a n t i a t e our f i n d i n g s .

c e l l u l i n I n t h e s e r e s p e c t s l e p t o - m i t a c e a n f u n g i d i f f e r f r o m o t h e r o o m y c e t e s . We h a v e d e t e c t e d c h i t i n s y n t h a s e , t h e enzyme c a t a l y z i n g c h i t i n s y n t h e s i s , i n c r u d e enzyme p r e p a r a t i o n s o f A p o d a c h l y a s p . , L e p t o m i t u s l a c t e u s a n d A p o d a c h l y e l l a c o m p l e t a . T r e a t - m e n t o f c r u d e e x t r a c t s w i t h t r y p s i n i n - c r e a s e d enzyme a c t i v i t y a n d P o l y o x i n D i n h i b i t e d . By means o f d i f f e r e n t i a l c e n t r i - f u g a t i o n , c h i t i n s y n t h a s e was l o c a l i z e d i n t h e 7 4 , 0 0 0 x g p e l l e t ( n i x e d membrane f r a c - t i o n ) o f A p o d a c h l y a s p . homogena te . T r e a t - m e n t o f t h e 7 4 , 0 0 0 x g p e l l e t w i t h h u f f e r e d d i g i t o n i n i n c r e a s e d t o t a l a c t i v i t y h y more t h a n f i v e - f o l d . A p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d o f t h i s t o t a l a c t i v i t y d i d n o t s e d i m e n t a t 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 x g . R e s u l t s o f work i n p r o g r e s s o n t h i s n o n s e d i m e n t a b l e a c t i v i t y w i l l b e d i s - c u s s e d . Thus f a r , p r o p e r t i e s o f c h i t i n s y n t h a s e i n t h e L e p t o m i t a c e a e a p p e a r s i m i l a r t o t h o s e d e s c r i b e d b y o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s w o r k i n g w i t h E u m y c e t e s .

H. C . Hoch see Newhouse G 4

C 2 4 D . P . JACKSON a n d D . A . COTTER*. U n i v e r s i t y of Windsor , Windsor, O n t a r i o , Canada, N9B 3F4. Endogenous l i p i d r e s e r v e s i n D i c t y o s t e l i u m d i s c o i d e u m .

R e s p i r a t i o n s t u d i e s have been u t i l i z e d t o s t u d y t h e i n v o i v e m e n t of l i p i d , c a r b o h y d r a t e , and p r o t e i n as p o s s i b l e endogenous e n e r g y s o u r c e s f o r D i c t y o s t e l i u m d i s c o i d e u m s p o r e g e r m i n a t i o n . The s p o r e g e r m i n a t i o n p r o c e s s i n D. d i s c o i d e m c o n s i s t s o f f o u r d i s t i n c t s t a g e s : a c t i v a t i o n , p o s t - a c t i v a t i o n l a g , s w e l l i n g , a n d emergence. R e c e n t work in o u r l a b o r a t o r y demon- s t r a t e d t h a t c a r b o h y d r a t e , s p e c i f i c a l l y t r e h a l o s e , is m e t a b o l i z e d from t h e e n d o f t h e p o s t - a c t i v a t i o n l a g s t a g e of g e n i n a t i o n u n t i l t h e l a t e s w e l l i n g s t a g e of g e r m i n a t i o n . To f u r t h e r e l u c i d a t e t h e r o l e of l i p i d s d u r i n g g e r m i n a t i o n t h e l e v e l s o f t o t a l l i p - i d , n e u t r a l l i p i d , a n d f r e e f a t t y a c i d s were meas- u r e d . N e u t r a l l i p i d compr ised 24% of t h e t o t a l l i p i d f o u n d i n dormant s p o r e s . T o t a l l i p i d and n e u t r a l l i p i d d e c r e a s e d 7- and 1 0 - f o l d r e s p e c t i v e l y d u r i n g g e n i n a t i o n . ' h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e d e c r e a s e i n t o t a l a n d n e u t r a l l i p i d had o c c u r r e d by l a t e s w e l l i n g . Concomi tan t w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e i n l i p i d , f r e e f a t t y a c i d s i n c r e a s e d 5 - f o l d d u r i n g t h e a c t i v a t i o n s t a g e and remained a t t h i s l e v e l t h r o u g h o u t g e r m i n a t i o n . S i n c e p r o t e i n l e v e l s remained c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t s p o r e g e r m i n a t i o n it is l i k e l y t h a t c a t a b o l i s m o f l i p i d i s t h e p r i m a r y endogenous e n e r g y s o u r c e i n dormant and g e r m i n a t i n g s p o r e s .

G49 S. W. JAMES. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, M N 55108. Physiology and genetics of fruitbody development of the- clavarioid fungus, ~lavicorona pyxidata.

Clavicorona pyxidata fruits vigorously on artificial media and forms an orderly branched fruitbody via an open system of development. Crosses among and between rnonokaryons from two localities in Minnesota revealed a tetrapolar mating system with multiple alleles a t the incompatibility loci. Nuclear migration in compatible pairings of monokaryons appears to be limited. Dikaryons were grown in controlled environments on defined nutrient agars. Fruitbodies were harvested a t maturity and dry weights determined. A morphological index was devised to describe the mature form of the basidiocarp. The optimum temperature for fruiting was 21°C and light was required for fruiting. The morphology of mature fruitbodies was altered significantly by varying the levels of maltose in the medium with a constant nitrogen level. In a survey of different carbon sources, high levels of D-glucose exerted strong catabolite repression of fruiting in the presence of physiological levels of nitrogen. Maltose and sucrose produced maximum fruitbody yields in the shortest time period, but fruiting was inhibited on these media by increased nitrogen concentrations. Findings will be discussed in relation to current knowledge of other extensively studied basidiomycetes which possess different systems of fruit body development.

J.D. Jensen* and J.D. Rogers. Wash ing ton S t a t e GS U n i v e r s i t y , Pu l lman, WA 99164. The deve lopment o f G e l a s i nospora r e t i c u l o s p o r a .

The deve lopmenta l morpho logy o f G e l a s i n o s p o r a r e t i c u l - ospora has been s t u d i e d u t i l i z i n g p l a s t i c embedding and f r e e z e - s u b s t i t u t i o n f i x a t i o n . P e r i t h e c i a d e v e l o p f r o m i n i t i a l s composed o f an a s c o g o n i a l c o i l s u r r o u n d - ed by an enve lope . The o u t e r l a y e r s o f t h e e n v e l o p e d e v e l o p i n t o a p e r i d i u m 6-8 c e l l s t h i c k . I n n e r e n v e l - ope hyphae and b ranches f r o m c e l l s o f t h e a s c o g o n i a l c o i l c o n t r i b u t e t o paraphyses and pseudoparenchyma o f t h e young cen t rum. The c e n t r u m pseudoparenchyma and p e r i d i u m d i f f e r e n t i a l l y grow i n t h e a p i c a l r e g i o n o f t h e p e r i t h e c i u m t o u l t i m a t e l y p roduce a p e r i p h y s i s - l i n e d neck . A s c o g o n i a l c o i l c e l l s p roduce s h o r t asco- genous hyphae w h i c h p r o l i f e r a t e by c r o z i e r s i n t o a compact mass. The a s c i grow upward f r o m t h e s t r i c t l y b a s a l hymenium and compress t h e c e n t r u m pseudoparen- chyma l a y e r . Meanwh i le , t h e paraphyses s w e l l and have a pseudoparenchyma-1 i ke appearance a t m a t u r i t y . No c a v i t y fo rms d u r i n g deve lopment . G. r e t i c u l o s o r a i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e S o r d a r i a cenf iu&wi l l be b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e D i a p o r t h e and X y l a r i a t y p e s .

JOHNNYE M. JONES?: and 1,AFAYETTE FREDERICK. Hampton I n s t i t u t e , Hampton, V i r g i n i a 23668. Ascosporo- g e n e s i s i n EMERICELLA QUADRILINEATA: An a n a l y s i s v i a l i g h t , s c a n n i n g , and t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c t r o n microscopy. G 8

C l e i s t o t h e c i u m f o r m a t i o n , a s c u s i n i t i a t i o n , and asco- s p o r o g e n e s i s i n E m e r i c e l l a q u a d r i l i n e a t a have been s t u d i e d u s i n g l i g h t , s c a n n i n g , and t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c - t r o n microscopy. L i g h t microscopy s t u d i e s s u p p o r t p r e s e n t d a t a on t h e p a t t e r n of c l e i s t o t h e c i a l forma- t i o n . That i s , i n i t i a t i o n of c l e i s t o t h e c i a l f o r m a t i o n i s e f f e c t e d by t h e c o i l i n g of hvphae. The l o o s e c o i l s p roduce a g l o b o s e body w i t h a two- t o t h r e e - c e l l t h i c k w a l l i n s i d e of which a s c i u l t i m a t e l y a r i s e . A s c i a p p e a r t o o r i g i n a t e from an i n t e r n a l hvphal s y s - tem t h a t is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i n n e r l a y e r of w a l l c e l l s . T i p s of t h i s b r a n r h l n g ascogenous hyphal s y s - tem e n l a r g e and d i f f e r e n t i a t e i n t o a s c i . Smal l c h a i n s o r c l u s t e r s of a s c i a r e i r r e g u l a r l y d i s p e r s e d i n t h e c l e i s t o t h e c i a l m a t r i x .

The hyphae compr is ing t h e two o u t e r m o s t w a l l l a y e r s of t h e c l e i s t o t h e c i u m do n o t a p p e a r t o b e f u n c t i o n - a l l y involved i n a s c u s f o r m a t i o n . During c l e i s t o - thec ium development t h i s ne twork of hyphae segments and t h e c e l l s become t h i c k - w a l l e d and p igmented . C e l l s t h a t make up t h e o u t e r l a y e r s of t h e c l e i s t o - thec ium g r a d u a l l y d i s i n t e g r a t e when t h e a s c i mature and a s c o s p o r e s r e l e a s e d by a s c u s d e l i q u e n s c e n c e a r e d i s p e r s e d . Ascospore d e l i m i t a t i o n i s e f f e c t e d by e l a b o r a t i o n of t h e membrane sys tem and i n c r e a s e d v a c u o l a t i o n . I n v a g i n a t i o n of t h e membrane s y s t e m from t h e o u t e r p e r i p h e r y inward d e l i m i t t h e a s c o s p o r e s .

35

G7 J. P. JONES. Dept . o f P l a n t P a t h o l o g y and Crop P h y s i o l o g y , L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l B. K . KIM*, K . S . CHUNG, C .Y. KANG, M . J. Exper iment S t a t i o n , Ba ton Rouge, LA 70803. SHIM, and E . C . C H O I . Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , Deve lopmenta l Sequence o f t h e Ascus i n Cordyceps W. L a f a y e t t e , I N 47907 and Seoul Nat iona l c a p i t a t a . U n i v e r s i t y , Seoul 151 , Korea.

S t u d i e s on C o n s t i t u e n t s of t h e Higher The d i k a r y o t i c a s c o g e n o u s s y s t e m i s m a i n t a i n e d by Fungi of Korea(XX1X) : Antitumor Compo- r e p e a t e d c r o z i e r f o r m a t i o n w i t h o u t s u b s e q u e n t a s c u s n e n t s of Cryptoporus v o l v a t u s . deve lopment o r karyogamy. E v e n t u a l l y karyogamy o c c u r s G67 and a s c u s deve lopment p r o c e e d s . The a s c u s e l o n g a t e s t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25X i t s i n i t i a l l e n g t h b e f o r e t h e The carpophores of Cryptoporus v o l v a t u s d i p l o i d n u c l e u s d i v i d e s . When d i v i s i o n o c c u r s , t h e c o l l e c t e d i n Gyeong-Gi Prov ince of Korea a s c u s t i p b e g i n s t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c were e x t r a c t e d w i t h wate r and t h e p r o t e i n - s t r u c t u r e . The t i p deve lopment c a n b e r a t h e r c l o s e l y po lysacchar ide f r a c t i o n was obtained a f t e r c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e f i r s t s t a g e s o f m e i o s i s . An d i a l y s i s and l y o p h i l i z a t i o n . The an t i tumor e x t e n s i v e membrane s y s t e m o r i g i n a t i n g a t t h e a s c u s t i p a c t i v i t y of t h i s f r a c t i o n was t e s t e d a g a i n s t d u r i n g D i v i s i o n I11 p r o l i f e r a t e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e a s c u s . sarcoma 180 implanted i n A - s t r a i n mice. The T h i s membrane may f u n c t i o n i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e tumor i n h i b i t i o n r a t i o was 80 .4 '$ i n c a s e of a s c o s p o r e s . t h e h igh dose group (50 mg/kg, i p , t e n days)

and 70 .3 '$ i n c a s e of t h e low dose group (20 mg/kg, i p , t e n days) . The p r o t e i n - p o l y s a c c h a r i d e f r a c t i o n was chemical ly analyzed and was found t o be a complex of a p r o t e i n which was 18.2 '$ of t h e e x t r a c t when determined by Lowry-Folin

C . Y. Kang s e e K i m ~ 6 7 method, and a po lysacchar ide which was 55 .3 '$ of t h e e x t r a c t when determined by Anthrone

G108 R.KENIdETH*,Faculty of A g r i c u l t u r e , nebrew Univer- The subunits Of the po1ysaccharide s i t y , Rehovot , I s r a e l , and and t h e p r o t e i n were i d e n t i f i e d a s f o u r J.PeLT1, A g r i c u l t u r 6 1 R e s e a r c h O r g a n i s a t i o n , monosaccharide and 18 amino a c i d s by g a s Betdegan, I s r a e l . E i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s of downy liquid and amino acids and powdery mildews and r u s t s on Leguminosae. a u t o a n a l y s i s .

Downy mildews, powdery mildews and r u s t s a f f e c t , respectively, b.5, 19 , and 27 )6 o f t h e c a , 650 g e n e r a ?. ' I ' . KI?L~<, Jx. Old D0~ni -3 ion U n i v e r s i t y , of Leguminosae. None of t h e h o s t g e n e r a of t h e sub- p - O r f O 1 k ~ VA 23508. l?irect f n u . ? e r ? t i o n of f a m i l y mimosoideae a r e h o s t s of downy mildews; t h e hi.n,her f u n g i i n seaf033l . G102 C a e s a l p i n i o i d e a e have 2 s u c h g e n e r a ( 1 a f f e c t e d by P lasmopara , 1 by P s e u d o p e r o n o s p o r a ) , w h i l e t h e A f l o t 2 t l 0 n n e t h o d V - a s ? e v i s e d f o r 6 i r e c t P a p i l i o m i d e a e have 31 g e n e r a a f f e c t e d , a l l by e n u a e r a t i o n o f f u n g i i n s f a f o a r , b e a c h s l n d P e r o n o s p o r a , mostly in epu lv ina t e t r i b e s f r o m tempe- a n ? V!TZC?., t h e 1 . a t e r c n > l u . m ~ n + s l l r f s c e l s y e r r a t e r e g i o n s . ~ e r o n o s o r a mildews a f f e c t o n l y legume (v . i re s c r e e n s s ~ p l e s ) o f i n s h o r e v r a t ~ r s . g e n e r a t h a t a r a e c t t o a t t a c k by Uromyces Sa? l? les viere t a k e n i n 7 1 - s i n i a % a c h ~t h i @ r u s t 2nd by powdery mi ldews , e s p e c i a l l y E r y s i g h e . an? low t i d e s , d u r k g c a l a s s c ? o n - s h o r e

w i n d s , t h r o u g h o u t t h e f a l l s e a z o n . Among legume r u s t s , t o t a l l i n g a b o u t 33 genera,UromYces S s ~ p l e s w e r e , d e c n n t e P t o remove s a c ? , redom mi nates ( c a . 100 g e n e r a ) , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e Pap i - f o r m a l i n i z e d , ar?d s e t t l e d f o r 1 week b e f o r e l n n o i d e a e , f o l l o w e o by t h e l a r g e l y t r o p i c a l R a v e n e l i a . t h e s u n ~ r n a t a n t ?&.as s i?hozer i o f ? . S e + i a e n t s 1 0 o u t of 12 h o s t g e n e r a o f U r o p y x i s a r e found i n t h e !,%;ere is:?s?e? c e n t r i f u ~ n l l y t o r e ~ o v e s s l t , t r i b e s ~ m o r p h e a e and iieschynomeneae. Phakopsora i s tkLe ir c o n c e n t r r , t i o n s ? !ua ted t o 3 b q u t 1 ? 3 ~ g c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e P h a s e o l e a e ( 1 6 o f 20 h o s t g e n e r a ) . cry IweiLisht ? e r o f 5 U r r m a l i 5 . c q q ? l e s

N ine g e n e r a o f E r y s i p h a c e a e a f f e c t Leguminosae , T h e ( 9 . 5 ~ 1 1 ) v e r e c e c C , r i f u n p d i n s ~ v e r r - 1 2 . 5 a l p e r c e n t a g e of g e n e r a a t t a c k e d is t w i c e a s h igh i n t h e ~ . l a? ' ?es o f 7~0! ( W / V ) (??a?O ) t o f r e e SI )OFCS

P a p i l i o n o i d e a e ( 2 3 5;) ss i n t h e o t h e r 2 s u b f a m i l i e s . f r o m c l a y o a r t i c l e s . ? u ? & A ? i o n s :.rpre $11- E r y s i p h e is mos t p r e v a l e n t o n a l l leSumes ( 6 9 h o s t ~ t e d i n 25ml ~ l e x i q l a s s s ~ t t l i n g c h s n b e r s , g e n e r a ) , f o l l o w e d by L e v e i l l u l a (Y7) and m i c r o s h a e r a a n d a f t e r hrs. the and ( 3 ~ ) . 0 1 t h e 30 g e n e r a o f P a p i l i o n o i d e a e a f f e c t E d by hyohae were u i th a n l l i c r o s h a e r a , a l l b u t 2 a r e a l s o a t t a c k e d by Er s i he. using f i F 1 d s a s I IPeded

O f a f f e c t e d b y Loueil lula , 38 a r e also hLst! The method vras f a r . r r o r e s e n s i t i v e a n 8 T r e c i s e o f E r y s i p h e . T h u s choice o f hos t s f o r a n ecto- a n d an t h a n o t h e r s i n u s e , and b r o a d l y " n l i c c b l e t o e n d o p a r a s i t i c powdery mildew can l a r g e l y o v e r l a p . q a r i n e a y c o l o g g . ' r i r ~ i n i s 7a1as e s t ? b l i s % e d t o

b e t h e n o r t h e r n l i a i t o f V s r i c q s q o r i n a The d a t a p r e s e n t e d a r e d i s c u s s e d a s t o t h e i r v a l u e r a m u l o s a snd t h e s o u t h e r n l i n i t o f f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f l egumes i n some t a x a A s t e r o m y c e s c r u c i a t u s . Over 32 f u n q a l t s v a

b e i n g a f f e c t e d by mildews o r r u s t s , and f o r legume w e r e ~ r e ~ e n t i n a?lOunts a s % i q h a s 2 ? i l l i o n taxonomy. p r o p a g u l e s 7 e r gram o f s a n d - and s s l t - f r e e

foam s e d i m e n t . Kany s p o r e s o f C o r o l l o s n o r a s p p . i n t h e v l r a c k l i n e w e r e shown n o t t o o r i g i n a t e t h e r e , b u t i n s u b l i t t o r a l s a n d s

E . D. K e r r s e e A l l e n G35 f r o m w h i c h t h e y w e r e t r a n s o o r t e d i n s e a f o n m . The z e t h o d shov-s ~ u c h n r o m i s e i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e g e o g r a o h i c a l l i m i t s and d e f i n i n n t h e n i c h e s o f a r e n i c o l o u s m a r i n e f u n , % i .

G32 M . A . KLICH. Southern Regional Research Center , United S t a t e s Department of Agr i cu l tu re , P . O . Box 19687, New Orleans , LA 70179. E f f e c t s of t he t ime of a n t h e s i s on t h e i n t e r n a l mycoflora of cot tonseed.

Cotton f lowers i n a n experimental f i e l d p l o t were da te - l abe l l ed a s they opened. Resul tant b o l l s were harves ted seven weeks pos t - an thes i s . The b o l l s were ginned and the seeds were a c i d d e l i n t e d , s u r f a c e s t e r i l i z e d and placed on aga r p l a t e s . The seeds were incubated f o r one week a t room temperature a t which time the emergent fungal co lon ies were i d e n t i - f i e d . Seeds from e a r l y season (June) f lowers conta ined h ighe r percentages of Fusarium - - . . semitectum - - -- _ - - _ _ - )

Nigrospora oryzae , and Curvular ia l u n a t a than those . - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - . ~ - - - - - - formed l a t e r . S t r e s s cond i t ions a t f lower ing and dur ing the week pos t - an thes i s g r e a t l y increased t h e incidence of Fusarium semitectum A l t e r n a r i a a l t e r - - - - - - - _ - - . - _ _ - - - _ - -.) . - _ - - - - -- - - - - _ - _ ?a%, CoJJ1eet_oOtric_h_u_m .SO_S_S~Y~P>~~. and B_otry?diipLo_ddiia theobromae i n the seed. These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e - - - - - - - - - - - t h a t cond i t ions a t a n t h e s i s and dur ing e a r l y b o l l development in f luence the i n t e r n a l mycoflora of cot tonseed.

R. D. Koehn s e e Akridge G56

G87 J . KOHLMEYER. I n s t i t u t e of Marine Sc iences , Uni- v e r s i t y of North Carol ina a t Chapel H i l l , Morehead C i t y , NC 28557. I s o l a t i o n Methods and i n s i t u Experiments with Marine Higher Fungi.

RICHARD P. KORF. P l a n t Pa tho logy Herba r i - um, Cornel l University, l t h a c a , N Y 14853. Mycological nomenc la tu re : c h a n g e s i n t h e Code enac ted a t Sydney i n 1981. GI1

At the X l l l l n t e r n a t i o n a l Bo tan ica l Congress held in Sydney , A u s t r a l i a , i n Augus t , 1981, s e v e r a l malor c h a n g e s i n the l n t e r n a t i o n a l Code of Bota- n i c a l Nomenclature were made t h a t d i r e c t l y a f f ec t mycologis ts a n d l i cheno log i s t s . Few of these a r e l l k e l y to c a u s e much concern to those who c i t e names of f u n g i , a n d some of the c h a n g e s wi l l s impl i fy p rocedures for c i t i n g names. A c h a n g e i n the s t a r t i n g - p o i n t d a t e to a uniform 1753 d a t e for a l l f u n g i , b u t wi th a protected s t a t u s for names sanc t ioned b y t h e i r use in P e r s o o n ' s Sy- n o p s i s file:hodlca Fungorurn o r in F r ~ e s ' s Systerna Mycologicurn, r e s u l t s i n t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of most of t he double-author c i t a t i o n s wi th t h e "ox" con- nec t ive , a n d the s u b s t i t u t i o n of a ": Pers . " a n d T I . . Fr . " c i t a t i o n i n d i c a t i n g spec la1 p r i o r i t y a n d

t y p i f i c a t i o n s t a t u s of such names. Other c h a n g e s involve compet ing names of anamorph ic (" imper- fect") a n d teleomorphic ( "pe r fec t " ) names , t h e new decis ion t h a t t he type of a g e n e r i c name i s u l t ima te ly a specimen, not a "species" a s he ld in p rev ious Codes, p rov i s ions for c o n s e r v a t i o n of spec ie s names, e tc . The funct ion of the p a p e r i s t o a l l a y f e a r s of c h a n g e , a n d to r epor t on the outcome of some n ine y e a r s of d e l i b e r a t i o n s by committees of t he l n t e r n a t i o n a l Mycological Associ- a t ion a n d of the l n t e r n a t i o n a l Association for P l a n t Taxonomy ( r e s p o n s i b l e for o r g a n i z i n g the Botanical C o n g r e s s e s ) .

Indinenous marine Ascomvcotina. Basidiomvcotina and ~ e u t e r o m ~ c o t i n a a r e i s o i a t e d b; t h r e e major methods : 1) d i r e c t l y from ascospores o r con id ia developed R. E. KOSKE. U n i v e r s i t y o f Rhode I s l a n d , Kingston,

i n s i t u , 2 ) a f t e r i ncuba t ion of a marine s u b s t r a t e , R I 02881. The VA funga l community i n sand dunes. - o r m r o m seawater o r sediment added t o a n u t r i e n t

G85

medium. The l a s t two methods may y i e l d s p e c i e s o r ig - Methods f o r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e members o f t h e VA fungal

i n a t i n g from dormant t e r r e s t r i a l propagules. I n community i n sand dunes and i n assess ing t h e i r r e l a -

f a c t , most of t h e s p e c i e s i s o l a t e d by method No. t i v e a c t i v i t i e s a r e presented. Roots o f dune p l a n t s

3 a r e geofung i , t h e r o l e of which i n t h e marine en- were s ta ined t o e s t i m a t e t h e percentage o f r o o t vironment is unknown. Borut & Johnson (1962) and l e ~ t h co lon i zed by VA fung i . Every p l a n t sampled was

Kirk (1980) demonstrated i n l a b o r a t o r y experiments mycor rh i za l , w i t h i n f e c t i o n l e v e l s rang ing f rom 10 t o a mycostatic factor in fresh raw seawater, i n h i b i t i n g 90%. Spores were e x t r a c t e d f rom sand i n t h e r o o t zone s p o r e germinat ion of most t e r r e s t r i a l and some marine One o f two methods - ( 1 ) f i l t r a t i o n of a sand/water fung i . TO observe t h e behavior of fungal propagules s o l u t i o n , o r ( 2 ) sepa ra t i on of spores from s o i l m a t t e r i n t h e n a t u r a l h a b i t a t , 1 submerged con id ia and asco- by s i e v i n g and f l o t a t i o n i n a SUCrOSe s o l u t i o n . spores i n marine and e s t u a r i n e a r e a s of North Carol in ; Spores recovered from sand were counted and used t o Spores of t e r r e s t r i a l and o b l i g a t e marine fung i a r e i d e n t i f y t h e species of VA fung i p resent . I d e n t i f i - prevented from germinat ion when enclosed i n a perme- c a t i o n Was f a c i l i t a t e d by c rush ing Spores i n m e l z e r ' s a b l e c e l l u l o s e membrane ( d i a l i z e r t u b i n g , M . W . Cutoff reagen t - I n t h e b a r r i e r dunes of Rhode I s l a n d , t h e 3500 and 12000) . They germinate wi th in 24 h i n t h e dominant VA species (as i n d i c a t e d by spore d e n s i t y same h a b i t a t when enclosed i n impermeable p l a s t i c and frequency o f occur rence) were Gigas era igantea, bags. The chemical i n h i b i t o r is p resen t nea r shore Acaulospora s c r o b i c u l a t a , and G l O ~ U S fa!CiCU?atUS. (Bogue Sound) , 3 mi l e s o f f s h o r e , and i n i n t e r t i d a l Root systems o f i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s appeared t o be water of beaches 50 cm below t h e s u r f a c e . The e f f e c t co lon i zed by 2 - 6 sp. o f f u n g i . Spore d e n s i t y o f of mycostas is appea r s no t t o be e l imina ted by n u t r i - 5. gigantea was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h beachgrass e n t s . It is p o s s i b l e t h a t c e r t a i n marine fung i a r e v i g o r across t h e dune p r o f i l e . The compos i t i on o f no t a f f e c t e d by t h e mycosta t ic p r i n c i p l e , i n p a r t i c - t h e VA community i n sand dunes d i f f e r e d between s i t e s u l a r permanently submerged deep s e a and s u b t i d a l i n A u s t r a l i a , No r th America and Europe. s p e c i e s , whereas i n t e r t i d a l s p e c i e s ( e .g . a r e n i c o l o u s Samples f rom ad jacen t areas demonstrated t h e spp. ) germinate only when they a r e exposed a t low ex i s tence o f d i s j u n c t p o p u l a t i o n o f c e r t a i n VA fung i t i d e . i n t h e dune systems, whereas o t h e r spec ies were more

w i d e l y d ispersed. Because o f t h e i r l a r g e s i ze , spores o f VA f u n g i

may be e a s i l y manipu la ted i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . Ex- per iments us ing spores o f Gigaspora a r e descr ibed.

37

G55 R. K. S. KUSHWANA. Depar tment o f B o t a n y , C h r i s t M . S. MANOCHA. Depar tment o f B i o l o g i c a l G62 Church C o l l e g e , Kanpur 208 0 0 1 , I n d i a . A t y p i c a l S c i e n c e s , Brock U n i v e r s i t y , S t . C a t h a r i n e s , s t r a i n s o f Chrvsospor ium t r o p i c u m . O n t a r i o , L2S 3 h l . M y c o p a r a s i t e : A model s y s t e m

D u r i n g a s u r v e y o f k e r a t i n o p h i l i c f u n g i and r e l a t e d d e r m a t o p h y t e s f rom a v a r i e t y o f s o i l s 20 i s o l a t e s o f Chrysospor ium t r o p i c u m w e r e o b t a i n e d . Out o f t h e s e , f o u r i s o l a t e s r e s e m b l e C. t r o p i c u m e x c e p t t h a t t h e s p o r e s a r e w i d e r t h a n u s u a l f o r t h i s s p e c i e s . They

a l s o d i f f e r i n t h e i r c o l o n y c h a r a c t e r s h e n c e d e s c r i b e d a s a t y p i c a l s t r a i n s o f C. t r o p i c u m .

G39 G. A. KUTER* AND E . B. NELSON. OHIO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER,WOOSTER,OH 44691 M y c o f l o r a o f hardwood b a r k compost s u p p r e s s i v e t o R h i z o c t o n i a damping-of f .

Cornposted hardwood b a r k h a s b e e n u s e d a s a sub- s t i t u t e f o r p e a t i n c o n t a i n e r media t o s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n t r o l s o i l - b o r n e d i s e a s e s . A r a d i s h s e e d l i n g a s s a y h a s b e e n used i n t h i s l a b o r a t o r y t o m e a s u r e t h e d i s e a s e s u p p r e s s i v e p r o p e r t i e s of hardwood b a r k composts t o damping-off c a u s e d by R h i z o c t o n i a s o l a n i . T h e e l i m i n a t i o n o r t h e r e d u c t i o n of t h e -- b a r k compost m i c r o f l o r a by h e a t o r r a d i a t i o n h a s b e e n shown t o e l i m i n a t e t h e d i s e a s e s u p p r e s s i o n . I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e m y c o f l o r a was i s o l a t e d f rom hardwood b a r k compos t s t o a s c e r t a i n t h e r o l e o f f u n g i i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s u p p r e s s i o n . D i s t i n c t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e found be tween f u n g a l communi t i es i s o l a t e d f rom s u p p r e s s i v e and c o n d u c i v e compos t s . I n a d d i t i o n . ~ o ~ u l a t i o n s were i s o l a t e d f rom t h e

f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f h o s t - p a r a s i t e i n t e r a c t i o n s .

M y c o p a r a s i t i c s y s t e m c o n s i s t i n g o f a f u n g u s p a r a s i t i c o n a n o t h e r f u n g u s h a s p r o v i d e d u s w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n which i s , o t h e r w i s e , d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n w i t h h o s t p l a n t - f u n g a l p a t h o g e n s y s t e m s . F u r t h e r - more , t h e m y c o p a r a s i t i c s y s t e m i s h i g h l y amenable t o c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s and i s e a s v t o h a n d l e . - -

P i p t o c e p h a l i s v i r g i n i a n a i s a b i o t r o p h i c h a u s t o r i a l p a r a s i t e w i t h h o s t r a n g e r e s t r i c t e d t o mucoraceous f u n g i . The l a t t e r a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e p r e s e n c e of c h i t i n , c h i t o s a n a n d f u c o s e i n t h e i r c e l l w a l l s . S u s c e p t i b l e and r e s i s t a n t h o s t s d i f f e r i n s t r u c t u r e and macrorno lecu la r a r c h i t e c t u r e o f t h e i r c e l l w a l l s . The r e s i s t a n t h o s t , when c h a l l e n g e d by t h e p a r a s i t e , showed a s t i m u l a t e d p r o d u c t i o n of p a p i l l a a t t h e p o i n t of p e n e t r a t i o n and t h e s h e a t h a r o u n d t h e h a u s t o r i u m . These e v e n t s c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e l o c a l i z e d s y n t h e s i s of c h i t i n a s r e v e a l e d by a u t o - r a d i o g r a p h y . I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f i n v i t r o a c t i v i t y -- of c h i t i n s y n t h a s e i s o l a t e d f rom s u s c e p t i b l e and r e s i s t a n t h o s t s , showed t h a t t h e enzyme was i n i n a c t i v e fo rm i n t h e f o r m e r and a c t i v e fo rm i n t h e l a t t e r . The r o l e of h o s t c e l l w a l l i n r e s i s t a n c e mechanism i s d i s c u s s e d .

. . . r h i z o s p h e r e and f r o m media i n c u b a t e d w i t h R h i z o c t o n i a t o f u r t h e r e l u c i d a t e which s p e c i e s a r e a c t i v e i n

R . W . MARTIN* and C . E . M I L L E R . Dept . o f Botany , Ohio U n i v e r s i t y , A t h e n s , Ohio 45701.

s u p p r e s s i v e c o m p o s t s . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t s e l e c t e d s p e c i e s i s o l a t e d f rom t h e s u p p r e s s i v e S p o r a n g i a l deve lopment o f O l p i d i o p s i s v a r i a n s

compos t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i s o l a t e s o f Tr ichoderma i n f e c t i n g A p l a n o p s i s t e r r e s t r i s .

G 9 hamatum, a r e a c t i v e i n h i b i t o r s o f R h i z o c t o n i a s o l a n i damping - o f f . The f u n g a l p o p u l a t i o n s of

The h o l o c a r p i c e n d o p a r a s i t e O l p i d i o p s i s v a r i a n s ,

c o n d u c i v e b a r k media c o n t a i n e d few i s o l a t e s of i n f e c t i n g t h e w a t e r mold A p l a n o p s i s t e r r e s t r i s , was i s o l a t e d from s o i l c o l l e c t e d i n Mahoning C o . , Ohio .

t h e s e i n h i b i t o r s . L i q h t and t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y w e r e used

H. J. L a r s e n s e e A l l e n G35 t o d e t a i l s p o r a n g i a l deve lopment o f t h i s p a r a s i t e . I n f e c t e d w a t e r mold h o s t was qrown a s a monolayer on s t e r i l e d i a l y s i s t u b i n g which c o v e r e d t h e s u r f a c e o f

G97 GARY F . LEATHAEI. U.S.D.A., F o r e s t S e r v i c e , F o r e s t S t e r i l e 2 X a g a r i n c u l t u r e d i s h e s . squares of t u b i n q p r o d u c t s ~ a b o r a t o r y , P . O . Box 5130 , Madison , W I w i t h i n f e c t e d t h a l l i a t t a c h e d were e x c i s e d , g l u t a r - 57705. The D e g r a d a t i o n o f Oak by L e n t i n u s - - - - - - e d o d e s . - -- a l d e h y d e f i x e d , o s m i u m p o s t - f i x e d , dehydra ted i n a

g r a d e d s e r i e s o f e t h a n o l - p r o p y l e n e o x i d e , and Fungi a r e key m i c r o o r g a n i s m s i n t h e d e g r a d a t i o n of embedded i n t h i n shee t s of s ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ low v i s c o s i t y wood and o t h e r L i g n o c e l l u l o s i c s . L i g n i n l i m i t s t h e r e s i n ( S p u r r , 1 9 6 9 ) . selected d e v e l o p m e n t a l s t age s r a t e a t which most m i c r o o r g a n i s m s a r e a b l e t o d e g r a d e of t he p a r a s i t e were pho tographed i n t he r e s i n sheet wood. W h i t e - r o t f u n g i a r e u n i q u e l y c a p a b l e of t h e u s i n g t h e l i g h t m i c r o s c o p e , e x c i s e d , t h e n s e c t i o n e d r a p i d c o m p l e t e d e g r a d a t i o n of l i g n i n . By f a r t h e f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y . R e s u l t s i n - l a r g e s t commerc ia l b i o c o n v e r s i o n p r o c e s s f o r wood i s d i c a t e t h a t s h o r t l y a f t e r p e n e t r a t i o n of the host t h e c u l t i v a t i o n of t h e e d i b l e mushroom -- L e n t i n u s edodes t h e p a r a s i t e t h a l l u s l a y s down a c e l l w a l l . I n - 1n t h e p r e s e n t work , t h e t i t e r s o f t h e e x t r a c t a b l e c reased g r o w t h o f t h e p a r a s i t e c a u s e s t e r m i n a l and d e g r a d a t i v e enzymes o f - - L. e d o d e s and t h e c e l l u l o l y t i c i n t e r c a l a r y h y p e r t r o p h y of t h e hos t w i t h o u t s e p t a and l i g n i n o l y t i c s y s t e m s were d e t e r m i n e d i n r e l a t i o n f o r m a t i o n , Numerous vacuo les a r e f o u n d i n t h e t o c u l t u r e a g e d u r i n g a x e n i c c u l t i v a t i o n on o a k wood. c y t o p l a s m of s p o r a n g i a a s zoospore c l e a v a g e b e g i n s . he d e g r a d a t i o n of c a r b o h y d r a t e s and l i g n i n i n t h e c l e a v a g e p r o g r e s s e s t h e v a c u o l e s c o a l e s c e t o form c u l t u r e s was c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e p r o d u c t i o n of 1 - 3 l a r g e v a c u o l e s . The p a r a s i t e sporang ium forms s p e c i f i c c l a s s e s of enzymes. Changes i n enzyme e x i t t u b e s j u s t p r i o r t o z o o s p o r e m a t u r i t y and l e v e l s i n r e s p o n s e t o f r u i t i n g s t i m u l i were n o t e d . r e l e a s e . Host c y t o p l a s m i c r e s p o n s e s t o i n f e c t i o n

were a l s o d e t a i l e d .

R' W' L i c h t w a r d t s e e P e t e r s e n G57

W. L. L i n g l e s e e Bars tow G94

K. L o b u g l i o s e e Wi lcox G53

3 8

G 2 J . W . McCAIN:V and J . F . HENNEN. Department of D. J. McLAUGHLIN. University of Minnesota, St. Botany and P l a n t P a t h o l o g y , Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , Paul, MN 55108. Ultrastructure in basidiomycete West L a f a y e t t e , I N 47907. systematics. G 7 9 Changing Concepts of t h e S o r u s of Hemi le ia v a s t a t r i x ( U r e d i n a l e s ) . --

Hemile ia v a s t a t r i x , t h e c a u s e o f common c o f f e e r u s t , p roduces u r e d i n i a and t e l i a . The r e s t of t h e l i f e c y c l e i s unknown, and t h e anatomy of t h e organism o f t e n has been m i s u n d e r s t o o d . The u r e d i n i o s p o r e s have been c a l l e d s p o r a n g i a , and t h e p r o b a s i d i a have been m i s l a b e l e d a s s t e r i l e c y s t s . As m y c o l o g i c a l microscopy m a t u r e d , s o d i d t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of t h e s o r i . I n f e c t i o n by a u r e d i n i o s p o r e may produce a r a d i a l l y expanding l e s i o n w i t h numerous s o r i . The u r e d i n i o s p o r e s and p r o b a s i d i a a r e b o r n e a t t h e ends of c e l l s e x t e n d i n g t h r o u g h t h e s t o m a t a of t h e h o s t l e a f . I n 1915 Sydow d e p i c t e d t h e p e d i c e l s of s p o r e s a s t h e emerging c e l l s . I n h i s 1959 book, Cummins showed sporogenous b a s a l c e l l s a s t h e emergent s t r u c t u r e s w i t h t h e p e d i c e l s and s p o r e s b e i n g c o m p l e t e l y e x t e r n a l t o t h e l e a f . T h i s s t u d y s u p p o r t s t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n by Cummins and s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s p o r e s a r e sympodioconid ia , m a t u r i n g b a s i p e t a l l y . A new s o r u s model i s b e i n g deve loped f o r t h i s most s e r i o u s of c o f f e e d i s e a s e s .

Many diagnostic features important in basidiomycete svstematics lie below the resolution of the l i ~ h t - microscope. While scanning ,electron microscopy of spores and transmission electron micrascopy (TEM) of the septal pore apparatus and spore walls have provided some systematic information, the impact of TEM on basidiomycete systematics is s t i l l limited because of the paucity of data. Ultrastructure of basidia and nuclear division can provide a better definition of the orders of teliaspore-forming fungi and may clarify the relationship of the Ustilaginales to other basidiomycetes. Septa1 structure and nuclear division may be important in determining the naturalness of the Auriculariales and their relationship to the Uredinales and holobasidiomycetes. The potential of basidiasporogenesis, the septa l pore apparatus, cystidia and hyphal structure a s sources of characters useful in systematics of Homobasidiomycetes will be considered.

D. J. McLaughlin s e e O'Donnell GI

J . Meinwald s e e Camazine G41

R. J. MEYER. U n i v e r s i t y of G e o r g i a , Athens , GA G 9 1 M . D . MCGUINNESS'; A N D E.F. HASKINS. 30602. O b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e c o n c e n t r i c g r a n u l e s

Department o f Botany, U n i v e r s i t y of Washington of Allomyces macrogynus. S e a t t l e , WA 98195 G72 S t u d i e s on a s p e c i e s of Comatricha C o n c e n t r i c g r a n u l e s (CG) have p r e v i o u s l y been

observed i n e l e c t r o n micrographs of Allomyces

An i s o l a t e of Comatricha s p . o b t a i n e d from Cercidium macrogynus ( ~ m e r s o n ) Emerson and Wilson , b u t no microphyl lum, y e l l o w P a l o Verde, c o l l e c t e d in Ar izona f u n c t i o n h a s been a t t r i b u t e d t o them. C u r r e n t was used in t h i s s t u d y . Data w i l l be p r e s e n t e d on t h e s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y can lug t h e s e p t a l p o r e s , mating t y p e s y s t e m , t h e p l o i d a l c y c l e and l i g h t micro- e s p e c i a l l y when t h e a d j a c e n t c e l l is damaged. s c o p i c a l d e t a i l s o f t h e amoebal , plasmodia1 and S t r u c t u r a l l y t h e CG's c o n s i s t of many a l t e r n a t i n g sporophore s t a g e s . e l e c t r o n opaque and e l e c t r o n t r a n s p a r e n t c o n c e n t r i c

s p h e r e s . The e l e c t r o n opaque r e g i o n s a r e h i g h l y f i b r i l l a r i n n a t u r e . CG's have been found and

M. D. McGuinness s e e Haskins G13 e n r i c h e d f o r i n c e l l f r e e p r e p a r a t i o n s . P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y a r e a t l e a s t i n p a r t p r o t e i n a c e o u s . The r e s u l t s of f u r t h e r chemical a n a l y s e s of CG's w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d .

G105 K.B. ' I c K n i g h t . U n i v e r s i t y o f " i c h i g a n , A n n A r b o r , !I b6109. F a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g C. E. M i l l e r s e e M a r t i n G9 s i z e a n d h y p h a l p i g m e n t a t i o n o f s o i l n i c r o f u n g a l p o p u l a t i o n s f r o m g y p s i f e r o u s s o i l s o f a U t a h d e s e r t .

T h e a p p a r e n t s i z e o f s o i l : : l i c r o f u n g a l p o p - u l a t i o n s i n a r i d s o u t h w e s t e r n Utah i s s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d b y a s s o c i a t e d v a s c u l a r a n d n o n - v a s c u l a r p l a n t s p e c i e s . D i l u t i o n p l a t e c o u n t s f o r l n i c r o f u n g i s h o w e d l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n s i n s o i l s f r o m b e n e a t h P s o r o t h a m n u s f r e m o n t i i t h a n f r o m o t h e r s o i l s c o n s i d e r e d . I ! i c r o f u n g a l p o p u l a t i o n s w e r e s m a l l e r f r o n i n t e r s p a c e s o i l s ( b o t h s u r f a c e a n d s u b s u r f a c e ) t h a n f r o m s o i l s f r o n b e n e a t h s h r u b c a n o p i e s . S u r f a c e s o i l s s u p p o r t e d l a r g e r f u n g a L p o p u l a t i o n s t h a n s u b s u r f a c e s o i l s . S u r f a c e s o i l s u p p o r t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t - l y g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f f u n g a l c o l o n i e s w i t h p i g m e n t e d h y p h a e t h a n s u b s u r f a c e s o i l s .

G840RSON K . MILLER, JR.*, STEVEN L. MILLER. DEFT. BIOL, VPI&SU, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 and JOHN G . PALMER, CTR FOR FOREST MYCOLOGY RESEARCH, FOREST PRODUCTS LAB., USDA, MADISON, W I 53705. Techniques of e x t r a c t i o n , enumerat ion , c u l t u r e and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of mycor- r h i z a e from s o i l .

S o i l con ta in ing ec tomycorrhiza l s h o r t r o o t s is washed and s o i l p a r t i c l e s c leaned wi th a son ic c l e a n e r . Roots a r e soaked f o r a s h o r t t ime i n a s u r f a c e d i s i n f e c t a n t , s ec t ioned and placed on a p p r o p r i a t e growth media. Tr- a n s f e r s a r e made fo l lowing i n i t i a l growth and checked f o r contaminates . Add i t i ona l r o o t s washed a s desc r ibed above a r e p laced on a g r i d . Over a predetermined d i s - t a n c e , t h e number of mycorrhiza l and non-mycorrhizal s h o r t r o o t s a r e counted t o o b t a i n a pe rcen t i n f e c t i o n . Random samples a r e s e l e c t e d f o r s e c t i o n i n g t o v e r i f y h a r t i g n e t format ion. A Neubauer Bioassay Haemacyto- meter 0 . 1 nun deep i s used t o measure s o i l biomass. Soil-water-agar e l i q u o t s from samples of known volume a r e p i p e t t e d on to t h e haemacytometer and covered by a 25 mm square cover s l i p . The aga r f i l m of known volume i s sampled and t h e fungal hyphae observed i n each f i e l d measured i n microns. The samples a r e converted t o meters of hyphae pe r gram d ry weight of s o i l (gdws) and hence t o grams of hyphae per meter squa re . A computer program has been developed t o process t h i s d a t a . Cul- t u r e s of known mycorrhiza l s p e c i e s a r e grown on Hagem's a g a r under s t anda rd cond i t i ons of t ime and tempera ture . Diameter growth r a t e , h a b i t , c o l o r and smel l a r e r e - corded a long wi th a s e r i e s of t e s t s f o r e x t r a c e l l u l a r enzyme p roduc t ion , microscopic c h a r a c t e r s and reagent r e a c t i o n s . These c h a r a c t e r s a r e a l l combined i n a s t anda rd i zed d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e c u l t u r e expressed a s a key code f o r each s p e c i e s . A method developed f o r com- pu te r a n a l y s i s a l lows quick comparison of t h e unknown c u l t u r e w i t h known s p e c i e s .

S. L. M i l l e r . V i r g i n i a Po ly t echn ic and S t a t e Uni- v e r s i t y , Blacksburg, VA 24061. Mycorrhizal hypogeous f u n g i i n t h e sou theas t e rn United S t a t e s .

G 3 1

I n f r e q u e n t l y encountered hypogeous fung i , from t h e sou theas t e rn United S t a t e s were c o l l e c t e d , and attem- t s made t o determine t h e i r mycorrhiza l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Zelleromyces r a v e n e l l i i was c o l l e c t e d i n t h e Piedmont of s o u t h e a s t e r n V i r g i n i a , under s h o r t l e a f p i n e . Pure t i s s u e i s o l a t e s were made us ing a pea t -ve rmicu l i t e medium, and used t o ach ieve r e s y n t h e s i s w i t h sho r t - l e a f p i n e . Abundant " tuning-fork" mycorrhiza l roo t - l e t s were produced, conf i rming t h a t s. r a v e n e l l i i i s an ec tomycorrhiza l spec i e s . Hydnotria cubaespora and Balsamea sp . were found a t t ached t o t he r o o t s of e a s t - e r n hemlock by tough, wh i t e rhizomorphs. Close a s so - c i a t i o n w i t h t h e r o o t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t they a r e puta- t i v e ec tomycorrhiza l s p e c i e s . Abundant f r u i t i n g bod- i e s of Tuber s h e a r i i were found under pure e a s t e r n wh i t e p ine . Mycorrhizae c o l l e c t e d i n t h e proximi ty of t h e sporocarps e x h i b i t e d a t h i c k , t i g h t l y woven mantle of t e x t u r a g lobosa , s i m i l a r t o t i s s u e i n t h e exoperidium of T. s h e a r i i . Elaphomyces murica tus was c o l l e c t e d under a v a r i e t y o f broadleaved t r e e s . Myc- o r r h i z a l r o o t t i p s t y p i c a l l y found imbedded i n t h e exoperidium i n d i c a t e probable mycorrhiza l r e l a t i o n - s h i p s . Rhizopogon v u l g a r i s , found on mining s p o i l s i n West V i r g i n i a was c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r o o t s of r ed p ine . Close a s s o c i a t i o n of hypogeous f u n g i w i t h f o r e s t t r e e s and format ion of mycorrhizae i n l a b o r a t o r y s y n t h e s i s i n d i c a t e t h a t many hypogeous f u n g i i n t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n United S t a t e s a r e mycorrhi- z a l .

S. L. M i l l e r s e e M i l l e r G84

S . L. M i l l e r . V i r g i n i a Po ly t echn ic and S t a t e Univer- C . W . MIMS. s tephen F . ti^ s t a t e c n i v e r s i t y , s i t y , Blacksburg, VA 24061. Fungi a s s o c i a t e d wi th Nacogdoches, Texas 75962. U l t r a s t r u c t u r e oE t h e engelmann spruce and suba lp ine f i r i n Wyoming. h a u s t o r i a l appa ra tus of Exobasidium camel l iae .

G44 l; 3 Fungi a s s o c i a t e d wi th engelmann spruce and suba lp ine ~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ i d i ~ ~ camelliae produces an extensive system f i r were s t u d i e d i n a h igh a l t i t u d e a r e a of western ;fsie- branched, septate hyphae w i t h i n i n f e c t e d Wyoming. T h i r t y permanent p l o t s were e s t ab l i shed and l eaves of Camellia sasan ua. The hyphae grow i n t e r - t h e i r mean s t and age determined. Three age c l a s s e s c e l l u l a r l y and may almos: f i l l some i n t e r c e l l u l a r were d e l i n e a t e d : ~ o u n ~ ( 7 8 ) , mature (121) , and old-age spaces . The h a u s t o r i a l appa ra tus of E. camel l iae i s (216). s t a n d and S o i l parameters such a s t r e e a branched o r lobed s t r u c t u r e t h a t a r i s e s from an t y , b a s a l a r e a , and Ph, P, K , Ca, and Mg concen t r a t ion i n t e r c e l l u l a r hyphal compartment i n c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n and o rgan ic ma t t e r were used t o d e f i n e s i m i l a r i t i e s i n w i t h a host cell. ~~~h h a u s t o r i a l lobe is initially s tand c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Sporocarps of h ighe r bas id to - ensheathed by h o s t c e l l w a l l m a t e r i a l bu t even tua l ly mycetes were c o l l e c t e d and i d e n t i f i e d and ectomycor- t he wall is penetrated by t h e lobe . Each lobe con- r h i z a l r o o t t i p s sampled from each p l o t . Pure cu l - t a i n s an ex t ens ive i n c l u s i o n body c o n s i s t i n g o f many t u r e s of t h e Basidiomycetes were r o u t i n e l y a t tempted. i n t e r connec ted branches of e lec t ron-dense m a t e r i a l . Mycorrhiza l syn theses were subsequent ly a t tempted wi th The i n c l u s i o n appears t o l i e between the h a u s t o r i a l both t r e e s p e c i e s us ing Succes s fu l pure c u l t u r e s - w a l l and t h e in fo lded h a u s t o r i a l plasma membrane. At Forty-two s p e c i e s of h ighe r fung i were c o l l e c t e d dur- t h e t i p of t h e l obe i s an e lec t ron-dense mass of i n g t h e s tudy . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f sporOCaOs throughout m a t e r i a l he re termed t h e " h a u s t o r i a l cap". The r e - t h e age c l a s s e s r evea l ed a d i s t i n c t funga l f l o r a i n s u l t s of t h i s s tudy sugges t t h a t t h e h a u s t o r i a l cap each age c l a s s . G r e a t e s t d e n s i t y and d i v e r s i t y of a r i s e s from t h e i n c l u s i o n body and is involved i n the s p e c i e s appeared i n t h e mature s t a n d s . N o m ~ c o r r h i - breakdown of t h e hos t c e l l w a l l . The h a u s t o r i a l cap z a l f u n g i were more abundant i n mature s t a n d s wh i l e i s i n t i m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d wi th t h e hos t c e l l plasma mycorrhiza l s p e c i e s were d i s t r i b u t e d evenly i n t h e membrane; whether o r not i t a c t u a l l y p e n e t r a t e s t h e mature and old-age s t a n d s . Mycorrhiza l r o o t coun t s hos t plasma membrane is no t c l e a r . i n c r e a s e d from young t o old-age s t a n d s . Low numbers of sporocarps and mycorrhiza l r o o t l e t s were c o l l e c t e d from t h e young s t a n d s . I t seems ev iden t from t h i s A. E. Muldoon s e e Al len G35 s tudy t h a t a more d i v e r s e assemblage of h igher f u n g i is p r e s e n t i n mature and old-age f o r e s t s and a pro- g r e s s i v e i n c r e a s e of funga l s p e c i e s from young t o o ld- G ' Mueller see 'e tersen G78 age s t a n d s suppor t s t h e hypo thes i s t h a t funga l succes- s i o n is o c c u r r i n g i n t h e s tudy a r e a .

E. B. Nelson see Kuter G39 c e l l s of hv i s o l a t e Ep-4, but no t v i s o l a t e 16-15-1. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e vLP's a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r hypovirulence i n t h e Ep-4 i s o l a t e . Also, endoplasmic

G l O l S . Y . NEWELL. Unive r s i t y o f Georgia Marine I n s t i - reticulum c i s t e r n a e con tac t was seen i n hyphae of t u t e , Sapelo I s l and , GA 31327. L i t t e r degradat ion Ep-4 which may have been r e l a t e d t o t h e presence of by marine fungi ; sometimes (and ~ l a c e s ) they do v ~ p r , . and sometimes (and p l aces ) they d o n ' t ?

I t has long been t h e ca se t h a t marine microbial e c o l o g i s t s in genera l have had t h e impression t h a t K . L. O'DONNELL* and D . J. McLAUGHLIN. Un ive r s i t y b a c t e r i a do most of t h e decomposing t h a t goes on in of Minnesota, S t . Pau l , MN 48824. Meiot ic and the marine environment. Concessions t h a t t h e r e may m i t o t i c nuc l ea r behavior i n t h e smut U s t i l a g o be p o t e n t i a l f o r fungal involvement in decay of a maydis. G 1 given marine s u b s t r a t e have o f t e n seemed grudging. Three in t e r lock ing bas i c po ten t i a l reasons f o r t h i s Germinating t e l i o s p o r e s of g. maydis were f i x e d i n

s i t u a t i o n a r e : a ) much o f t h e work wi th decomposit ion g lu t a ra ldehyde and osmium, f l a t embedded, s e r i a l of s u b s t r a t e s has involved use of f i n e p a r t i c u l a t e s o r s ec t ioned and examined wi th t h e e l e c t r o n microscope. d i s so lved b) though d i r e c t comparisons have The f i r s t me io t i c d i v i s i o n occu r s a t t h e midregion of n o t been made, i t i s probable t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e sub- t h e metabasidium. The g lobu la r elements from a s t r a t e a f f i n i t i e s and growth r a t e s o f marine b a c t e r i a dup l i ca t ed e x t r a n u c l e a r , dumbbell-shaped s p i n d l e ole and fungi prevent fungi from competing s u c c e s s f u l l y body (SPB) e n t e r a t r a n s i e n t l y d i s r u p t e d n u c l e a r f o r d i s so lved s u b s t r a t e s in suspension and on exposed envelope where they s e t up an intranuc1ea-i s p i n d l e . s o l i d s u r f a c e s ; c ) because of f a c t o r ( b ) , fungi a r e A metaphase p l a t e i s a b s e n t . B iva l en t s a r e connected gene ra l ly succes s fu l only when they can escape bac- to p o l a r , d i s c o i d a l SPBs by a s i n g l e cont inuous t e r i a l compe t i t i on by growing i n t o m u l t i - c e l l - l a y e r e d k inetochore microtubule . Chromosome-to-pole movement subs t r a t e s - -once i n s i d e , they =exceedingly d i f f i - and pole- to-pole e longa t ion occur a t anaphase. Telo- cu 1 t t o recogn i z e . phase nuc lea r envelope c o n s t r i c t i o n i s i n t e r z o n a l and

the SPBs a r e e x t e r n a l i z e d a t t h e end of me ios i s I . However, s eve ra l i n v e s t i g a t o r s with mycological in- The second me io t i c d i v i s i o n i s s i m i l a r i n major c l i n a t i o n s have demonstrated conc lus ive ly t h a t fungi respects t o meiosis I. Sep ta l ini t iat ion is closely a r e capab le o f e x t e n s i v e degradat ion of l i t t e r o f coordinated in space and time w i t h meiosis. The marine vascu la r p l a n t s . My co l l eagues and I a r e f u l l y formed me tabas id i a l s e p t a conta ined a narrow a t t empt ing t o t a k e the next S t ep and d e t e r m i n e t h e pore which can become walled o f f . S t e r igma ta a r i s e e x t e n t t o which fungi e x e r c i s e t h i s capabi 1 it^ in endogenously and t h e i r s e p t a a r e s i m i l a r t o t hose i n marine environments. We a r e f i nd inq t h a t t h e bacte- the metabasidium. Postmeiotic nuclear migration and r i a l l y o r i e n t e d people were r i g h t in some i n s t a n c e s , mitosis in the basidiospore and secondary spo r id i a but t h a t a1 l i s not l o s t f o r fungus-or iented m a r i n e resembles r e p o r t s f o r basidiomycetous y e a s t s . The s c i e n t i s t s . me io t i c and m i t o t i c nuc l ea r and SPB c y c l e s i n g.

maydis a r e d i scussed and compared wi th o t h e r bas id iomycetes .

G4 J. R. LJEIJHOUSE* and 1%. C. HOCH. Dept. of P l an t Pathology and A g r i c u l t u r a l Microbiology, West V i r g i n i a Un ive r s i t y , Morgantown, WV 26506, and J. I. OKAFOR, D. TeSTRAKE WAGNER-MERNER* and B . G. Dept. of P l a n t Pathology, New York S t a t e Agri- YANGCO. Un ive r s i t y of South F l o r i d a , Tampa, EL c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n , Geneva, NY 14456. 33620. Phys io log ica l s t u d i e s on Basid iobolus The u l t r a s t r u c t u r e of Endothia p a r a s i t i c a : i s o l a t e d from South F lo r ida and Niger ia . G68 General f e a t u r e s and v i r u s - l i k e p a r t i c l e s i n a hypov i ru l en t i s o l a t e . A number of i s o l a t e s of Bas id iobolus 2. ob ta ined

from t h e g u t s and f e c e s of a n o l e s , t o a d s and l i z a r d s Hyphae of v i r u l e n t (v ) Endothia p a r a s i t i c a i s o l a t e from d i f f e r e n t a r e a s of F l o r i d a and Niger ia were 16-15-1 (West V i r g i n i a ) and hypov i ru l en t (hv) i s o l a t e sub jec t ed t o s t u d i e s of amylase, p r o t e a s e , l i p a s e Ep-4 (France) were preserved by f r e e z e - s u b s t i t u t i o n , a c t i v i t y and s e n s i t i v i t y t o a n t i b i o t i c s , i nc lud ing embedded i n an Epon-Araldite medium and l o n g i t u d i n a l - amphoter ic in B, miconazole , and ketoconazole . l y s ec t ioned i n o rde r t o d e s c r i b e and compare t h e i r S a l i n i t y and tempera ture regimes a f f e c t e d t h e growth s u b c e l l u l a r s t r u c t u r e . Genera l u l t r a s t r u c t u r a l fea- of t h e s e i s o l a t e s . The s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e r e s u l t s t u r e s of both were s i m i l a r . The Spi tzenkorper was of t h e s e s t u d i e s a long wi th r e c e n t scanning e l e c t r o n made up of a roughly c i r c u l a r agg rega t ion of micro- microscope obse rva t ions a r e d i scussed i n r e l a t i o n v e s i c l e s surrounded by l a r g e r a p i c a l v e s i c l e s . Abun- t o t h e c o n t r o v e r s i e s of t h e s y s t e m a t i c s of t h e dant membranous m a t e r i a l was a l s o seen i n t h i s r eg ion s p e c i e s of Bas id iobolus . i n some t i p s e c t i o n s of hv i s o l a t e Ep-4. Filasomes were loca t ed a long t h e l a t e r a l hyphal w a l l j u s t be- hind t h e apex, and one was observed fused wi th t h e L. S. Ol ive s e e Warner G29 c e l l membrane. The plasmalemma, a s w e l l a s most membrane-bound s t r u c t u r e s , was very smooth i n con- t ou r . Areas of Golgi a c t i v i t y were numerous i n t h e t i p a r e a and appeared very f l a t and f e n e s t r a t e d . They were o f t e n c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d wi th mitochondria. Components of t h e vacuole sys tem were v a r i o u s l y shaped, t o t a l l y e l e c t r o n dense i n young hyphae and l i g h t e r w i th d i s c e r n i b l e i n c l u s i o n s i n o l d e r hyphae. S p h e r i c a l , membrane-bound v i r u s - l i k e p a r t i c l e s (VLP's), 51-78 nm i n d i ame te r , were observed i n t i p

G74 A. B . ONYILE, H . H . EDWARDS, and R. V. GESSNER.* Western I l l i n o i s Un ive r s i t y , Macomb, IL 61455. F. Palmer s e e S i g l e r ~ 7 6 Adhesive M a t e r i a l of t h e Hyphopodia o f Buergenerula s p a r t i n a e . J. G . Palmer s e e M i l l e r G84

An e l ec t ron -dense e x t r a c e l l u l a r m a t e r i a l w i th f i b r i l l a r s t r a n d s f u n c t i o n s a s t h e adhes ive m a t e r i a l f o r t h e a t t achmen t of t h e hyphopodia of Buergenerula s p a r t i n a e t o s u r f a c e s . This adhes ive p e n e t r a t e s t h e po res o f po lyca rbona te membranes and a l s o a t t a c h e s t h e hyphopodia t o g l a s s s u r f a c e s . Hyphopodia a r e bound t i g h t l y t o s u r f a c e s and most cannot be removed when washed under running water even a f t e r soaking ove rn igh t i n w a t e r a t 26 C , 37 C , o r 90 C. Incu- b a t i o n i n 0.5% p e c t i n a s e and 0.2 M c i t r a t e b u f f e r a t 37 C removed few hyphopodia. S u b s t a n t i a l numbers o f hyphopodia, however, could be removed from g l a s s c o v e r s l i p s by presoaking i n 4% NaOH, 0.5% p r o t e a s e , 0.2 M phosphate b u f f e r , 0.5% hemice l lu l a se , o r 0.5% ammonium o x a l a t e fo l lowed by r i n s i n g i n wa te r . The adhes ive m a t e r i a l o f t h e hyphopodia d i d no t s t a i n a t t h e u l t r a s t r u c t u r a l l e v e l f o r po lysaccha r ides w i t h t h e a l k a l i n e b ismuth , phosphotungst ic a c i d o r ruthenium red t echn iques . P o s i t i v e r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d wi th ammoniacal s i l v e r n i t r a t e which s t a i n s p o s i t i v e l y charged b a s i c p r o t e i n s . Enzymatic d i g e s t i o n fo l lowed by e l e c t r o n microscopic obse r - v a t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h e adhes ive m a t e r i a l was d i g e s t e d by p r o t e a s e . P e c t i n a s e and hemice l lu l a se had no appa ren t e f f e c t . These r e s u l t s sugges t t h a t t h e adhes ive m a t e r i a l of t h e hyphopodia o f g. s p a r t i n a e c o n t a i n s p o s i t i v e l y charged b a s i c p r o t e i n s .

J. P a l t i s e e Kenneth GI08

D. Parkinson s e e Zak G106

D. Pekkala s e e S i l v e r G25

RONALD H. PETERSEN* and GREGORY M. MUELLER. Botany Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996- 1 100. Biosystematics of Basidiomycetes Comes of Age. G78

Taxonomy, like all other disciplines, has undergone an evolutionary process of denominational ism. While many workers hold to a basic creed of alpha-level intuitive processing of data, others have modified their pursuits to incorporate more recent techniques, often emphasizing two rationales: I ) reproducibility of conclusions, and 2) efficacy of taxonomic characters "closer" to the genetic code of the taxa involved. Application of taximetric algorithms, electrophoresis for global or enzymic proteins, cytogenetic phenomena and ultrastructural architecture all have assumed increased importance in the systematics of Basidiomycetes, and this paper reviews this general topic.

G54 M.E. PALM* and E . L . STEWART. Department of P l a n t k

Pathology, Un ive r s i t y of Minnesota, S t . Pau l , MN Stephen W. Pe te r son and Robert W . L i ch tward t , 55108. Department of Botany, Un ive r s i t y of Kansas, The taxonomy of S u i l l u s and mycorrhiza l a s soc i a - Lawrence, Kansas 66045. The d i s t r i b u t i o n , i s o - t i o n s wi th Pinus i n Minnesota. l a t i o n , and c u l t u r i n g of some Trichomycetes

from winter-emerging S t o n e f l i e s . The d e s i r a b i l i t y of s e l e c t i n g e c o l o g i c a l l y adapted

G57

mycorrhiza l fung i f o r u se i n r e f o r e s t a t i o n i s ga in ing G e n i s t e l l o i d e s h ibe rnus was d i scove red i n t he hind- r e c o g n i t i o n . The use of n a t i v e Pinus spp. f o r revege- g u t of i t s s t o n e f l y h o s t , Al locapnia v i v i p a r a , and t a t i o n of ha r sh s i t e s i n Minnesota is widespread. Due axen ic i s o l a t e s of t h i s s p e c i e s have been made t o t h e p r a i r i e - f o r e s t ecotone , Minnesota i s t h e natu- (Mycologia 73: 477). The 38 s p e c i e s of t he Allocap- r a l western l i m i t f o r a number of Pirius spp . Many nia complex a r e p o s t u l a t e d t o have a r i s e n v i a geo- Suiz lus spp. a r e presumed ec tomycor rh i za l wi th Pinus l o g i c a l i s o l a t i n g e v e n t s occu r r ing i n e a s t e r n North and a r e seemingly broadly d i s t r i b u t e d where appropr i - America over t h e l a s t m i l l i o n y e a r s . Today, popula- a t e h o s t s p e c i e s a r e found. No comprehensive t r e a t - t i o n s o f Al locapnia ~ P P . a r e o f t e n d i s j u n c t due t o ment of SuiZlus i n t h e s t a t e e x i s t s . Accordingly , a t h e narrow h a b i t a t requi rements of t h e a q u a t i c dual-purpose s tudy was i n i t i a t e d t o monograph t h e nymphs and t h e l i m i t e d f l i g h t a b i l i t y of t h e a d u l t s . genus i n Minnesota and t o a s s e s s s e l e c t e d s p e c i e s f o r Seve ra l popu la t ions of Al locapnia spp. i n sou the rn t h e i r a b i l i t y t o form i n v i t r o mycorrhizae wi th chosen Missour i and no r the rn Arkansas (Ozark U p l i f t Region)

Pinus spp . F i f t e e n S u i l l u s s p e c i e s have been c o l l e c t - have been sampled and t h e h indgu t s examined f o r t h e

ed by us from t h e s t a t e . This s tudy has f u r t h e r presence of Trichomycetes. This work i s providing c l a r i f i e d species concepts of t h e SuiZlus acidus cam- d i s t r i b u t i o n d a t a f o r 5. h ibe rnus and has r evea l ed

p l ex and t h e S u i l l u s albidi~es-brevi~es-granulatus t h e Presence of s e v e r a l new s p e c i e s of ~ a r ~ e l l a l e s

complex. which occur i n -- Allocapnia nymphs. Two of t h e fou r s p e c i e s of Trichomycetes now known t o occur i n

To suppor t presumptive evidence f o r S u i l l u s x Pinus S t o n e f l i e s (G. h ibe rnus and a s p e c i e s which i s a s mycor rh i za l a s s o c i a t i o n s , s e l e c t e d combinations were Yet unnamed) have been i s o l a t e d and c u l t u r e d

a s se s sed f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y t o form i n v i t r o mycor- a x e n i c a l l y . r h i z a e . In v i t r o mycorrhizae were formed by t h e f o l - lowing combinat ions : Pinus resinosa and S u i l l u s a lb id ipes , S. americanus, S . brevipes , and S . lu teus , and wi th Pinus s trobus and S u i l l u s americanus, S . brevipes , S . granulatus, S . p ic tus , and S . punctipes.

G96 D. PORTER* and C . SALAZAR. Botany Dept . , Un ive r s i t y Or iba t id mi t e s (Acar i : Cryptos t igmata) e x t r a c t e d of ~ e o r g i a , Athens, GA 30605. S t r u c t u r e of endo- from the s o i l of a western Pennsylvania o l d f i e l d l i t h i c marine fungi i n h a b i t i n g i n v e r t e b r a t e s h e l l s . were observed t o c o n t a i n azygospores of t h e

ves i cu l a r - a rbuscu la r mycorrhiza l fungus Acaulospora Scanning e l e c t r o n microscopic obse rva t ions of r e s i n b i r e t i c u l a t a Rothwell and Trappe sp . nov. The c a s t s of e n d o l i t h i c fung i i n s h e l l s of marine i n v e r t e - o r i b a t i d t axa involved a r e g e n e r a l i s t f e e d e r s , b r a t e s r e v e a l t h e growth p a t t e r n s of f u n g i (and a l g a e ) known t o consume both h ighe r p l a n t p a r t s and w i t h i n t h e ma t r ix of t h e s h e l l s . This technique mic ro f lo ra . The s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e s e obse rva t ions p re se rves t h e t h r e e d imensional s t r u c t u r a l organiza t ion w i l l be d i scussed i n r e l a t i o n t o s p o r u l a t i o n by

of t h e f i lamentous microorganisms wi th in t h e s u b s t r a t e Acaulospora, and d i s p e r s a l of azygosporous even a f t e r s o l u b l i z i n g the h o s t s h e l l m a t e r i a l w i th Endogonaceae. d i l u t e a c i d . By reembedding and t h i n s e c t i o n i n g t h e r e s i n c a s t s , conven t iona l TEM obse rva t ions a r e made of s p e c i f i c s t r u c t u r e s observed i n t h e SEM, i n o rde r A. Ralph-Edwards s e e S i l v e r G61 t o document d e t a i l s of t h e i r cyto logy. G63

A . R . R E E V E S and A . P . TORZILLI*. George Mason ~ 7 3 MARTHA J . POWELL* and MARY BETH DOVE. Miami Uni- Un ive r s i t y , Fa i r f ax , VA 22030. C e l l u l a s e s e c r e t i o n

v e r s i t y , Oxford, Ohio 45056. C o r r e l a t i o n s between i n t h e s a l t marsh fungus Buergenerula s p a r t i n a e . t h e s t r u c t u r e of t he microbody- l ip id g lobu le complex and t h e m i t o t i c appa ra tus i n Chytr id io- The s a l t marsh fungus Buergenerula s p a r t i n a e s e c r e t e s mycetes. c e l l u l a s e when c u l t u r e d in a medium c o n t a i n i n g 0 .5%

carboxymethyl c e l l u lo se . The mechanism f o r enzyme The microbody-lipid g lobu le complex (MLC) i s a unique s e c r e t i o n was inves t iga t ed us ing biochemical and s t r u c t u r a l a s s o c i a t i o n of microbodies , l i p i d g lobules , ul t r a s t r u c t u r a l t echn iques . Ul t r a c e n t r i f uga t ion o f mi tochondr ia , and endomembranes t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e s hyphal homogenates y i e lded membrane p e l l e t s which ex- Chytr id iomycetes from a l l o t h e r f l a g e l l a t e d orwnisms. h i b i t e d c e l l u l a s e a c t i v i t y . Detergent t r ea tmen t o f Because d i f f e r e n c e s i n the u l t r a s t r u c t u r e of t h e MLC these p e l l e t s i nd i ca t ed t h a t some of t h e a c t i v i t y was a r e s t a b l e u n d e r va rv ing environmenta l c o n d i t i o n s and t r u l y membrane-bound. The n a t u r e o f t h e p a r t i c u l a t e because t h e MLC d i s t i n g u i s h e s o r d e r s and c e r t a i n c e l l u l a s e a c t i v i t y was f u r t h e r examined us ing a cy to - genera of Chytr id iompcetes , t h e MLC has been proposed chemical l o c a l i z a t i o n procedure s p e c i f i c f o r c e l l u - a s a new taxonomic c h a r a c t e r f o r Chytr id iomycetes- l a s e . This procedure demonstrated t h a t c e l l u l a s e was

e i t h e r conta ined wi th in d i s c r e t e v e s i c l e s o r a s s o c i - TO e v a l u a t e t he v a l i d i t y of t h e MLC a s a taxonomic a t ed wi th membrane complexes c o n s i s t i n g o f i r r e g u l a r c h a r a c t e r , c o r r e l a t i o n of d i f f e r e n c e s i n i t s s t r u c t u r e a r r a y s o f v e s i c l e s and t u b u l e s . The membrane com- wi th d i f f e r e n c e s i n o t h e r conse rva t ive c h a r a c t e r s is plexes appeared t o be s i t e s f o r t h e accumulation and being i n v e s t i g a t e d . The purpose o f t h i s Paper i s t o packaging of c e l l u l a s e des t ined f o r s e c r e t i o n . E v i - d e s c r i b e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between type of MLC and type dence sugges t s t h a t c e l l u l a s e - c o n t a i n i n g v e s i c l e s of m i t o t i c appa ra tus i n Chytr id iomycetcs . T h r e e b a s i c a r e de r ived from t h e membrane complexes and migra te p a t t e r n s o f i n t r a n u c l e a r m i t o s i s a r e r ecogn ize~ l : t o t he c e l l s u r f a c e where t h e y r e l e a s e t h e i r con ten t s Tvpe A wi th f e n e s t r a t e d , c e n t r i c po le s and wi th the t o t h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r environment by f u s i n g wi th t h e daughter n u c l e a r envelope forming from i n t r a n u c l e a r plasma membrane. The re fo re , i t appears t h a t c e l l u - c i s t e r n a e ; Type B wi th f e n e s t r a t e d , c e n t r i c po le s and l a s e s e c r e t i o n i n 8. s a r t i n a e involves a s p e c i a l - w i th t h e daughter nuc l ea r envelope formini. from the ized membrane system c:mparable t o t h a t observed i n o r i g i n a l nuc l ea r envelope: and Type C w i t h c l o s e d , o t h e r euka ryo te s . c e n t r i c po le s and wi th t h e daughter nuc l ea r envelope forming from t h e o r i g i n a l nuc l ea r envelope.

J. Resch see Camazine G41

Evidence so f a r i n d i c a t e s t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p a t t e r n of t h e m i t o t i c appa ra tus p a r a l l e l d iE fe rences L. H. ~ h ~ d ~ ~ see Rabatin G52 i n type of MLC. These obse rva t ions s t r e n g t h e n con- f i d e n c e i n t h e MLC a s a v a l i d taxonomic c h a r a c t e r f o r J . D. Rogers s ee Jensen G5 Chvtr id iomycetes .

M. J. Powell s e e Bor tn ick G71

G52 5 . C . PLkBATIN* and L. H . RHODES. Department of P l a n t Pathology, The Ohio S t a t e Un ive r s i t y , Columbus, OH 43210. Acaulospora b i r e t i c u l a t a i n s i d e o r i b a t i d m i t e s .

Numerous r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e t h e importance of mycophagy i n t h e spo re d i s semina t ion of hypogeous mycorrhiza l f u n g i . Sporocarp-forming chlamydosporic s p e c i e s of Endogonaceae have been found i n t h e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t s of a number of sma l l mammal t a x a , and a few i n s e c t s . However, t h e r e a r e no r e p o r t s of any i n t e r a c t i o n s i nvo lv ing azygospor ic Endo- gonaceae (Acaulospora, Gigaspora) and s o i l fauna .

V. Sabo s e e Stempen G90

4 3

/' C. A. SHEARER, Dept . o f Botany, Un iv . o f I l l i n o i s , Urbana, I L 61801. Techniques f o r s t u d y i n g t h e community e c o l o g y o f f r e s h w a t e r hyphomycetes and ascomycetes. C86

C. S a l a z a r s e e P o r t e r G96

G36 E . L . SCHMIDT. Department of P l a n t Pathology. Un ive r s i t y of Minnesota, S t . P a u l , MN 55108 Spore Germination and Ecology of Morchella.

L i t t l e d e t a i l e d d a t a on t h e l i f e c y c l e and ecology o f morels has been r e p o r t e d from f i e l d s t u d i e s . Work du r ing t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s a t Minnesota has i n - v e s t i g a t e d s p o r e germinat ion and compe t i t i ve sapro- phy t i c a b i l i t y of Morchella e s c u l e n t a i n n a t u r a l s o i l a s r e l a t e d t o p r o g r e s s i o n of s o i l tempera tures du r ing t h e f r u i t i n g season. Ascospores w i l l germinate a t tempera tures d c ~ w n t o 20C i n v i t r o , b u t spo res bu r i ed i n ce l lophane a t morel s i t e s only swe l l and do n o t germinate u n c i l s o i l tempera ture exceeds approx. loOc. Germination i s i n h i b i t e d a s t h e s o i l con t inues t o warm a f t e r f r u i t i n g body emergence ( i . e . above 150C), and spo res do no t remain v i a b l e a f t e r 1 y r . nea r t h e s o i l s u r f a c e . S t e r i l e r y e bu r i ed 2 wks. i n t h e f i e l d was r e a d i l y colonized by Morchella when cased wi th s i t e s o i l con ta in ing e i t h e r spo res o r s c l e r o t i a when s o i l tempera tures remained below loOc, b u t , a s tem- p e r a t u r e i nc reased , o n l y o t h e r saprophytes were i s o l a - t e d . Frequent obse rva t ions of germling hyphal growth d i r e c t l y t o ungerminated spo res sugges t s t h a t he t e ro - caryon format ion could occur a t t h i s s t a g e of t h e Morchella l i f e cyc l e .

D. L. Secor s e e Hammill G95

' ~ 3 4 C.A. SHEARER, Dept . o f Botany, Un iv . o f I l l i n o i s ,

Urbana, 1 L 61 801. P a t t e r n s o f o c c u r r e n c e o f ascomycetes o n t w i g s submerged i n a st ream.

U n s t e r i l i z e d t w i g s f r o m c h e r r y , oak, s i l v e r maple and sycamore t r e e s were p l a c e d i n an I l l i n o i s s t ream and r e c o v e r e d p e r i o d i c a l l y f o r t h r e e y e a r s . Twigs were examined f o r t h e p resence o f ascomycetes d i r e c t l y upon removal and a f t e r i n c u b a t i o n i n m o i s t chambers and l i q u i d shake c u l t u r e . T w e n t y - f i v e ascomycetes were c o l l ec ted ; one s p e c i e s , Hdonmr.?i~oia hehhquen5, has r e c e n t l y been d e s c r i b e d as new and two s p e c i e s , Pneudohd.urlec&& LLgnicoLa a nd d a u o n y ~ LLgnLcola, a r e r e p o r t e d f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e . Three s p e c i e s , Necthiic Cricidum ( e a r l y c o l o n i - z e r ) , Pneudohdonec .5 LLgrucoCa and Leptonphaehia sp., o c c u r r e d most f r e q u e n t l y . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f two s p e c i e s o f NecOtia, concur - r e n t w i t h t h e d e c o r t i f i c a t i o n o f t w i g s , d i s t i n c t changes i n community s t r u c t u r e d i d n o t o c c u r d u r i n g t h e submersion p e r i o d . Predominant s p e c i e s remained p r e d o m i n a n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d y . Temperature a t t h e t i m e o f t w i g submersion may have a f f e c t e d t h e compo- s i t i o n o f t h e ascomycete community. F o u r t e e n s p e c i e s p roduced t h e i r t e l e o m o r p h i c s t a t e s i n c u l t u r e , b u t o n l y one o f t h e s e s p e c i e s , Net&& haem~ococcn, a l s o p roduced an a n a ~ n o r p h i c s t a t e . Three o f a l l t h e s p e c i e s encounte red have been r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s l y f r o m b r a c k i s h water ; w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of N d inahnata, no m a r i n e ascomycetes were found. On ly t h r e e s p e c i e s appear t o be m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y m o d i f i e d f o r t h e a q u a t i c h a b i t a t ; two s p e c i e s have v e r y l o n g u n w i n d i n g appendages, and one s p e c i e s has l o n g s i g - m o i d a l ascospores . A number o f s p e c i e s r e q u i r e d l i g h t t o p roduce ascomata and t h e necks o f s e v e r a l s p e c i e s were p o s i t i v e l y p h o t o t r o p h i c .

Community ana lyses r e q u i r e n o t o n l y t h a t t h e s p e c i e s c o m p r i s i n g a community be i d e n t i f i e d b u t a l s o t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s be q u a n t i f i e d i n some way. For a number o f reasons, q u a n t i f i c a t i o n a t t h e s p e c i e s l e v e l i s one o f t h e m a j o r p rob lems encounte red i n any s t u d y o f f u n g a l community s t r u c t u r e . I n v e s t i g a t o r s , t h e r e f o r e , f r e q u e n t l y r e l y on n o n - q u a n t i t a t i v e methods based on t h e p resence o r absence o f s p e c i e s i n samples. Techniques commonly used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s p e c i e s p r e s e n t i n a sample a r e : d i r e c t e x a m i n a t i o n o f w a t e r , foam o r s u b s t r a t a , f i l t r a t i o n o f w a t e r , p l a t i n g o f w a t e r , s o i l s o r s u b s t r a t a , b a i t i n g w i t h known s u b s t r a t a and t r a p p i n g w i t h g l a s s s l i d e s . Procedures used i n t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s w i l l be d e s c r i b e d and t h e t e c h n i q u e s w i l l be e v a l u a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r advantages and d i s a d v a n t a g e s and t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e d a t a t h e y g e n e r a t e . S p e c i f i c a t t r i b u t e s wh ich make t h e a q u a t i c hyphomycetes p a r t i c u l a r l y good o rgan isms f o r community e c o l o g y s t u d i e s w i l l be p resen ted .

M. J. Shim see K i m G67

0. L. Shotwel l s e e Wicklow G33

LYNNE SIGLER*, J.W. CAKMICHAEL, J . T . STALEY and F. PALXER. Un ive r s i t y of A lbe r t a Nold Herbarium and Cu l tu re C o l l e c t i o n , Edmonton, A lbe r t a , Canada T6G 2H7 and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Un ive r s i t y of Washington, S e a t t l e , Wash. 98195. New Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes from Deser t Rocks.

Examination of a v a r i e t y of t ypes of d e s e r t rocks from d i v e r s e geographic a r e a s has r evea l ed t h a t t h e exposed s u r f a c e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y colonized by h i t h e r t o undescr ibed dematiaceous f u n g i . On t h e rock s u r f a c e , t he funga l c o l o n i e s a r e s p a r s e o r dense , u s u a l l y l e s s than 100 ym i n d i ame te r and inapparent t o t h e unaided eye . On both t h e rocks and i n c u l t u r e on our u sua l aga r media, t h e fung i grow very s lowly , forming tough, heaped-up c o l o n i e s . Genera l ly t hese fung i do not form h igh ly d i f f e r e n t i a t e d c o n i d i a , bu t they do have some d i s t i n c t i v e microscopic f e a t u r e s . One i s o l a t e 1 s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e format ion o f long cha ins of moniliform c e l l s which e v e n t u a l l y break i n t o s i n g l e o r m u l t i c e l l u l a r f ragments . Others form s h o r t branched cha ins of p o l y b l a s t i c c e l l s which a r e u s u a l l y i ndeh i scen t . Seve ra l i s o l a t e s produce on ly masses of s c l e r o t i c c e l l s somewhat l i k e t hose r epo r t ed p rev ious ly i n Phaeosclera . These rock f u n g i , a r e s i m i l a r i n some r e s p e c t s t o soo ty molds and mic roco lon ia l fung i which grow on t r e e s and o t h e r s u b s t r a t e s i n t he form of brown muriform c e l l s . Occas ional ly t hese fungi a r e a l s o encountered a s a i r b o r n e contaminants .

44

G25 J. C. SILVER* and D . PEKKALA. Department o f Micro- P . SOLLINs, G . SPYCHER, and K . CROPMCK, J R . G9S

b i o l o g y , u n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o , West H i l l , Canada, Department of F o r e s t S c i e n c e , School of F o r e s t r y , M 1 C 1A4. E f f e c t of h e a t shock and t h e s y n t h e s i s Oregon S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , C o r v a l l i s , OK 97331. and p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n of n u c l e a r and c y t o p l a s m i c Role of f u n g i i n s o i l f o r m a t i o n . p r o t e i n s i n Achlya a m b i s e x u a l i s E87.

A d s o r p t i o n of o r g a n i c s on m i n e r a l s u r f a c e s i s l a r g e l y

Heat shock induced by a n increase in temperature f r o m r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e b u i l d u p of o r g a n i c m a t t e r i n many 28 t o 3 7 0 ~ leads to changes in synthes i s and phos- s o i l s and f o r f o r m a t i o n of a g g r e g a t e s and good s o i l

phory la t ion of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in s t r u c t u r e . Fungal a c t i v i t y c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h i s pro-

t h e oomycete ~ ~ h l 'a a m b i s e x u a l i s . I,, the cytoplasmic c e s s by decomposing m i n e r a l - f r e e s o i l d e t r i t u s , r e -

f ract ion a in S35-methionine labeling l e a s i n g c a r b o n and n u t r i e n t s i n t o s o l u t i o n ; much of

o f p ro te ins in the molecular weight range of 96K, 85K, t h i s m a t e r i a l t h e n becomes adsorbed on s u r f a c e s of

74K and 7 0 ~ was observed. T~~ d imens iona l electro- m i n e r a l g r a i n s and organo-minera l a g g r e g a t e s . Fungi p h o r e s i s r e s o l v e d each of these classes of proteins may promote a g g r e g a t i o n d i r e c t l y a s hyphae weave to- i n t o s e v e r a l components. !lajor chances in the nuclear g e t h e r m i n e r a l g r a i n s and m i c r o a g g r e g a t e s . ~ u n ~ i can f r ac t ion included the increased S35-methionine label- r e v e r s e t h e a g g r e g a t i o n p r o c e s s , and make m i n e r a l l y ing o f 43K and 36K molecular weight proteins. The adsorbed o r g a n i c s u b s t r a t e s more a c c e s s i b l e t o r o o t s

heat shock induced changes in S35-methionine labeling and m i c r o f l o r a , by r e l e a s i n g o r g a n i c a c i d s t h a t the-

pat terns become evident as as 20 minutes a f t e r l a t e Fe and A l , d i s s o l v i n g t h e Fe and s i l i c a t e s

treatment. Changes in p h o s p h o r y ~ a t i o n of h i s t o n e and that the of aggregates ' This

non-histone nuclear pro te ins were also no ted . Ach l a p r o c e s s i s b e s t documented f o r f u n g a l mats i n which histone H3 and the p u t a t i v e oomycete specific h& t o t a l s o i l o r g a n i c m a t t e r i s d e c r e a s e d by 602 r e l a t i v e

t a ' appea r highly phosphory la ted a f t e r hea t shock. t o u n c o l o n i z e d s o i l . A t some s i t e s , Fe and A 1 d i s -

Although c h r o m a t i n o r g a n i z a t i o n i n Achlya d i f f e r s s o l v e d by f u n g a l - r e l e a s e d o r g a n i c a c i d s may move

f r o m tha t o f eukaryotes the p a t t e r n of gene downward i n s o l u t i o n a s o r g a n i c complexes , t l len pre-

expression elicited by elevated temperature appears c i p i t a t e a s amorphous s e s q u i o x i d e s , c o n t r i b u t i n g t o

s i m i l a r . The o b s e r v e d r e s p o n s e t o h e a t shock i n f o r m a t i o n of s p o d i c h o r i z o n s .

Achlya may b e p a r t of a g e n e r a l mechanism of a d a p t a - t l o n t o c e l l s t r e s s . S i m i l a r mechanisms may b e F. W. SPIEGEL. Department of Botany, Miami Univer- u b i q u i t o u s t o a l l o r g a n i s m s . (Suppor ted by NSERC s i t y , Oxford , OH 45056. U l t r a s t r u c t u r e of ascogo- Canada) . nium development i n Ascobolus s t e r c o r a r i u s . G6

The s t a g e s of a s c o g o n i a l deve lopment , from t h e s i n g l e -

G 6 1 J . C . SILVER*and A. RALPH-EDWARDS. Depar tment of c e l l e d a s c o g o n i a l i n i t i a l t o t h e mature ascogonium and

El ic robio logy , U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o , West H i l l , t r i c h o g y n e , have been s t u d i e d u l t r a s t r u c t u r a l l y f o r

Canada, M1C 1A4. Chromatin c o n d e n s a t i o n and Ascobolus stercorar- (Bull.) S c h r o t . Ascogonia were

Nucleosomal DNA repeat length i n the f u n g i Achlya, i n i t i a t e d on mycel ia growing o n c e l l o p h a n e s q u a r e s bv

S a p r o l e g n i a and Entomophthora. i n t r o d u c i n g o i d i a ( s p e r m a t i a ) o f t h e o p p o s i t e mat ing t y p e . Ascogonia on t h e c e l l o p h a n e s q u a r e s were f i x e d

S t u d i e s on f u n g a l c h r o m a t i n s t r u c t u r e have i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s e o r g a n i s m s e x h i b i t u n u s u a l l y s h o r t nuc leo- soma1 DNA r e p e a t l e n g t h s which a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 t o 50 b a s e p a i r s l e s s t h a n t h a t s e e n i n h i g h e r eukary- o t e s . The b a s i s f o r t h i s u n u s u a l c h r o m a t i n s t r u c t u r e i s n o t a s y e t u n d e r s t o o d b u t i t h a s been s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t may b e r e l a t e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e of a n H1 h i s - t o n e which is l e s s b a s i c t h a n t h a t of h i g h e r organ- i s m s . I n t h e oomycetes Achlya and S a p r o l e g n i a a s h o r t r e p e a t l e n g t h is p r e s e n t b u t no u n e q u i v o c a l i d e n t i -

f o r e l e c t r o n microscopy and f lat-embedded such t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s t a g e s i n t h e deve lopmenta l s e q u e n c e could be s e c t i o n e d s e l e c t i v e l y . Growth of t h e ascogonium i n c l u d e s n u c l e a r d i v i s i o n s and a n a c r o p e t a l p a t t e r n of s e p t a t i o n . Nuclear d i v i s i o n s o c c u r p r i m a r i l y i n a n e n l a r g e d t e r m i n a l c e l l which i s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y under- go ing a p r o c e s s of s e p t a t i o n . Fus ion of t h e t r i c h o g y n e w i t h t h e spermatium and e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e ascogenous c e l l w i l l a l s o b e d e s c r i b e d i f t h e p r o p e r s t a g e s a r e found .

- f i c a t i o n of a n H1 h i s t o n e c o u l d b e made. N u c l e i i n t h e s e organisms l a c k h e t e r o c h r o m a t i c r e g i o n s and no F. W. S p i e g e l s e e Bes t G23 c o n d e n s a t i o n of chromosomes i s e v i d e n t d u r i n g m i t o s i s . I n c o n t r a s t , n u c l e i i n t h e zygomycete Entomophthora c o n t a t n e x t e n s i v e h e t e r o c h r o m a t i c r e g i o n s and chromo- somes undergo marked c o n d e n s a t i o n d u r i n g m i t o s i s . The nuc leosomal DNA r e p e a t l e n g t h of Entomophthora c h r o m a t i n was found t o be 197 b a s e p a i r s . T h i s r e p e a t l e n g t h is l o n g e r t h a n t h a t r e p o r t e d t o d a t e f o r any fungus . Entomophthora nuc leosomes were found t o c o n t a i n an H1 - l i k e p r o t e i n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e l i n k e r r e g i o n which i s l e s s b a s i c t h a n t h e h i s t o n e s of h i g h e r o r g a n i s m s . These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t a s h o r t nuc leosomal DNA r e p e a t l e n g t h i s n o t a phylo- g e n e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of f u n g i and is n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e b a s i c i t y of t h e l i n k e r p r o t e i n . I n s t e a d , t h e nucleosome r e p e a t l e n g t h a p p e a r s t o be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e d e g r e e of c h r o m a t i n c o n d e n s a t i o n .

( Suppor ted by NSERC Canada )

GI6 LINDA J . SPIELMAN. C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , l t h a c a , N Y 14853. T a x o n o m y a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of s p e c i e s of V a l s a ( D i a p o r t h a l e s ) o n h a r d w o o d s i n Nor th A m e r i c a .

V a l s a s p e c i e s o n d e c i d u o u s t r e e s w e r e c h a r a c t e r - - i z e d b y e x a m i n a t i o n of t y p e s p e c i m e n s a n d e v a l u - a t i o n of m o r p h o l o g i c a ! , c u l t u r a l , c y t o l o g i c a l , a n d b i o c h e m i c a l d a t a o n f r e s h c o l l e c t i o n s from a num- b e r of h o s t s . Most c o m b i n a t i o n s i n V a l s a s e n s u

--

s t r i c t ~ from Nor th Amer ica a r e b a s e d o n s p e c i m e n s w h i c h a r e m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h o n e of two common s p e c i e s : V. a m b l e n s o r V. c e r a t o s p e r - -- m a . T h e s e t w o s p e c l e s a r e m o r p h o ~ g i c a l l y d i s - - t i n c t not o n l y i n t h e t e l e o m o r p h i c s t a t e b u t a l s o i n t h e a n a m o r p h i c s t a t e . V. a m b i e n s h a s a Cyto- -- - s p o r a - t y p e a n a m o r p h w i t h a s i m p l e p y c n ~ d i u m d i - ~p

v i d e d i n t o m u l t i p l e c a v ~ t i e s w h i c h s h a r e common w a l l s , w h i l e V. c e r a t o s e r m a h a s a T o r s e l l i a - t y p e a n a m o r p h w i t F a coornp&nd p y c n i d i u m composed of m a n y l o b e s , e a c h w i t h i t s own s e p a r a t e w a l l , j o i n e d t o g e t h e r n e a r t h e c e n t e r t o form a common c a n a l . V. a m b i e n s a l s o p r o d u c e s a d i f f u s a b l e p u r p l e ~ i g m e n t on c e r t a i n a g a r m e d i a , w h i l e V. c e r a t o s p e r m a d o e s n o t . C e r t a i n g r o u n d b a r k me- d l a , s u c h a s t h a t of P r u n u s a v i u m , e l i c i t a d i f - -- f e r e n t i a l g r o w t h r e s p o n s e i n t h e two s p e c i e s , a n d e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n s of s o l u b l e p r o t e i n s i n d i - c a t e t h a t i s o l a t e s s h o w more s i m i l a r i t y w i t h i n s p e c i e s t h a n a m o n g d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s . A t h i r d s p e - c i e s , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c a n k e r s on Acer s p p . , s h o w s m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l affinities w i t h - - V. am- b i e n s , b u t d i f f e r s i n p r o t e i n p a t t e r n s . I n i n o c u - - l a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s a l l t h r e e s p e c i e s e x h i b i t e d w e a k p a t h o g e n i c i t y t o w a r d m a p l e s .

G. Spycher s e e S o l l i n s G98

/ K . SUBEFXROPP* and T. t. ARSUFFI. New Mexico G l O O

~ ~~~

S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Las C r u c e s , NM 88003 Role of f u n g i i n s t r e a m d e t r i t u s communit ies .

Leaf l i t t e r e n t e r i n g s t r e a m s i s c o l o n i z e d by a d i - v e r s e m i c r o b i a l assemblage i n d i g e n o u s t o t h e s e hab- i t a t s . C e r t a i n f u n g i , t h e a q u a t i c hyphomycetes, a r e c o n s i s t e n t members of t h e s e assemblages i n s t r e a m s throughout t h e w o r l d . These f u n g i e x h i b i t a d a p t a t i o n s f o r l i f e i n s t r e a m s which i n c l u d e c h a r - a c t e r i s t i c t e t r a d i a t e and s igmoid s p o r e m o r p h o l o g i e s , t h e a b i l i t y t o grow a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s and t h e ca- p a b i l i t y t o d e g r a d e s t r u c t u r a l components of l e a f r e s o u r c e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r r o l e a s decomposers , a q u a t i c hyphomycetes m e d i a t e t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n of l e a f d e t r i t u s by o t h e r t r o p h i c l e v e l s . Recent s t u d i e s w i t h i n v e r t e b r a t e d e t r i t i v o r e s show t h a t l e a f p a l a - t a b i l i t y i s enhanced by t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e s e f u n g i .

R a t e s of l e a f l i t t e r p r o c e s s i n g i n s t r e a m s have been de te rmined t o be r e g u l a t e d by i n t e r a c t i o n s between l e a f t y p e , a q u a t i c f u n g i and d e t r i t i v o r e s . The f o - c u s of our s t u d i e s h a s been on i d e n t i f y i n g and e s a - mining p o p u l a t i o n and community p r o c e s s e s t h a t r e - g u l a t e l i t t e r p r o c e s s i n g . S p e c i f i c a l l y we have c h a r a c t e r i z e d and compared i n t e r s p e c i f i c d i f f e r e n c e s among a q u a t i c hyphomycetes w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r : 1 ) p h y s i o l o g i c a l d e g r a d a t i v e c a p a b i l i t i e s ; 2 ) r e - s u l t a n t m o d i f i c a t i o n i n t h e p h y s i c a l / c h e m i c a l com- p o s i t i o n of l e a f d e t r i t u s ; and 3) i n f l u e n c e on t h e p a l a t a b i l i t y of l e a f d e t r i t u s f o r i n v e r t e b r a t e de- t r i v o r e s . R e s u l t s of t h e s e s t u d i e s s u g g e s t t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r c o m p e t i t i o n among t h e s e f u n g i and t h e mechanisms whereby s e l e c t i v e p r e d a t i o n may a f f e c t t h e abundance and s p e c i e s c o m p o s i t i o n of a q u a t i c hyphomycetes. Such i n t e r a c t i o n s i n t h e s t r e a m en- v i ronment could a f f e c t t h e r a t e a t which l e a f l i t t e r i s p r o c e s s e d .

J. T. S t a l e y s e e S i g l e r G76 G90 H. Stempen*, R. C. Evans and V. Sabo.

Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102. R. C. S t a p l e s s e e Hock G28 Fuli o septica spore wall components

entifiable with sodium hypochlorite T?+ E. L. S t e w a r t s e e Palm G54 treatment.

Conventional procedures used for trans- mission electron microscopy show the spore wall of Fuligo se tica to consist of an outer electron- he_, ense ayer with spines and an inner more electron-transparent layer. Treatment with 0.5 - 1.0 per cent sodium hypochlorite solution results in the removal of wall components progressing from the outer surface inward. The outer electron-dense layer behaves as though it is composed of three structural components: a thin surface layer, spines, and a broad inner layer. A narrow opaque region is apparent on the inner part of the electron- transparent layer and is the last component to be removed. This region had previously been shown to exhibit peroxidase-like activity. Certain similarities with spore wall changes occurring during germination are noted and a possible role for hypochlorite in germination is suggested.

D. T e S t r a k e Wagner-Merner s e e Okafor G68

?I. THIBAUT. L a b o r a t o i r e d e P a r a s i t o l o g i e , I 5 Rue d e 1 ' E c o l e d e Medic ine , 75270 P a r i s Cedex 06 France . F u t u r e t r e n d s i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f m i c r o a n a l y s i s f o r t h e s t u d y of p a t h o g e n i c f u n g i .

G69 Taxonomists a r e f a c e d w i t h many d i f f i c u l t i e s a s a r e s u l t of t h e numerous s u b s p e c i e s , s t r a i n s o r v a r i a n t s which have been d e s c r i b e d . U n t i l r e c e n t l y , t axonomica l s t u d i e s have been based a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y on m o r p h o l o g i c a l c r i t e r i a o f f u n g i . However, owing t o t h e d e g r e e o f m o r p h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b i l i t y , w o r k e r s a r e becoming aware of t h e need t o e v a l u a t e o t h e r c r i t e r i a i n taxonomica l r e s e a r c h . With t h e deve lop- ment of s o p h i s t i c a t e d a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n q u e s , e . g . X- r a y s p e c t r o m e t r y and l a s e r microscopy, p r o g r e s s i n t h e f i e l d of f u n g a l b i o c h e m i s t r y h a s been a c c e l e r a t e d .

For X-ray m i c r o a n a l y s i s , t h e a r e a o f t h e sample bombarded a c t s a s a n t i c a t h o d e and e m i t s X-rays, s t u d y o f which is e f f e c t e d by s p e c t r o m e t e r s . The c h a r a c - t e r i s t i c X-rays g e n e r a t e d i n t h e specimen c a n b e used t o o b t a i n e l e m e n t a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e g i o n b e i n g h i t

by t h e e l e c t r o n s . I c l a s e r microscopy a minute amount o f t h e specimen i s i n c i n e r a t e d . The genera ted vapor g ives r i s e t o luminous d i scha rge t r a n s m i t t e d through a spec t rog raph .

Both methods permi t v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e presence o r absence of v a r i o u s e l emen ta l componellts i l l t h e p e r i o d i c t a b l e and t o conduct a sys t ema t i c a n a l y s i s . These s t u d i e s he lp t o b e t t e r c h a r a c t e r i z e p,ro;lps of spec-ies a s w e l l a s i n d i v i d u a l t axa .

A. P. T o r z i l l i s e e Reeves G63

mycorrhizae can inc rease p l a n t growth through enhanced phosphorus uptake . Mycorrhizal i n f e c t i o n may improve s e e d l i n g e s t ab l i shmen t i n phosphate mine s p o i l s e s p e c i a l l y i n those a r e a s where low p r e c i p i t a t i o n could l i m i t phosphate a v a i l a b i l i t y .

S. A. Warner, R. L. Blanton, X. C. Deasey and L. S. Olive. U n i v e r s i t y of North Ca ro l ina , Chapel H i l l , NC 27514. Model f o r a gaseous mechanism o f b a l l i s t o s p o r e d ischarge .

G29

A model f o r b a l l i s t o s p o r e d i scha rge i s p r e s e n t e d whereby t h e d i scha rge mechanism is g a s p r e s s u r e . genera ted by t h e r a p i d e v o l u t i o n of-co2-from t h e

G19 Rytas V i l g a l y s . V i r g i n i a Po ly t echn ic I n s t i t u t e c y c l i c p e r o x i d a t i o n of fatty ac ids . Control of the and S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Blacksburg, VA 24061. Bree- system is based upon t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of hydrogen d ing b io logy i n t h e Co l lyb ia d ryoph i l a complex. pe rox ide f o r pe rox ida t ion . During v e g e t a t i v e

growth t h e pe rox ide i s r a p i d l y decomposed b y c a t Seve ra l North American t axa i n t h e genus Co l lyb ia a l a s e , however i n a c t i v a t i o n of t h i s enzyme p e r m i t s appear t o be very c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , i nc lud ing C. dryo- t h e initiation of gas production. phila v a r . d r y o p h i l a , C. dryoph i l a v a r . f u n i c u l a r i s Evidence f o r t h i s model is based upon s t u d i e s and C. e a r l e a e . Monosporous i s o l a t e s of t h e s e t axa w i t h s . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ salmonicolor. when (u -14~) - were ob ta ined from spore p r i n t s of 40 c o l l e c t i o n s . p a l m i t a t e and peroxide a r e t aken up by t h e y e a s t P a i r i n g s among i s o l a t e s from i n d i v i d u a l c o l l e c t i o n s large volumes of ( 1 4 ~ ) - ~ ~ ~ are evolved. G~~ i n d i c a t e t e t r a p o l a r i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y . Subsequent d u c t i o n i s o ~ t i m a l at DH 8.0 i n t h e ~ r e s e n c e of C a i n t e r c r o s s e s among d i f f e r e n t mating types from each ion. ~t is ;educed by95c$ in t h e presence of ~ i - c o l l e c t i o n r e v e a l 4 r e p r o d u c t i v e l y i s o l a t e d groups , thiocarb, a peroxidase i n h i b i t o r , but elevated 7q0 o r ' b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s ' . M u l t i p l e a l l e l e s e x i s t a t by ascorbate, a catalase i n h i b i t o r , h i c h suggests t h e mating l o c i of each b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s . North a possible role for the latter enzyme. American c o l l e c t i o n s of C. dryoph i l a v a r . d ryoph i l a ~ h ~ cells have strong fatty acid esterase activity, r e p r e s e n t t h e most widely d i s t r i b u t e d i n t e r b r e e d i n g which suggests t h a t an ample supply of fatty acids popu la t ion (29 c o l l e c t i o n s ) . Co l lyb ia d ryoph i l a v a r . are available for peroxidation. f u n i c u l a r i s forms a second b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s , but L igh t microscope cytochemis t ry v e r i f i e s t h e pre- s e v e r a l c o l l e c t i o n s lacked t h e d i a g n o s t i c yellow sence of e s t e r a s e and pe rox idase a c t i v i t y , u s u a l l y l a m e l l a e . Co l lyb ia e a r l e a e i s r ep re sen ted by c o l l e c - located in t h e sterigmata. studies amoebae t i o n s from V i r g i n i a and C a l i f o r n i a . An appa ren t ly and sporocarps of protos te l ium ex ulsunl show strong undescr ibed s p e c i e s of Col lybia occur ing on wood mulch pemxidase activity in only t h e l:tter, suggesting comprises a f o u r t h b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s i n North Ameri- t h e presence of t h e above mechansim in t h i s c a . From Europe, 6 c o l l e c t i o n s i d e n t i f i e d a s C. dryo- strong peroxidase is present in basid ia phila a l s o posses s t e t r a p o l a r i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i th of co rinus suggesting that t h e mechanism is m u l t i p l e a l l e l e s , and r e p r e s e n t t h r e e d i s t i n c t b io lo - prese:t here also. g i c a l s p e c i e s . One b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s c o l l e c t e d i n A u s t r i a and Sweden posses ses brown pigment g ranu le s i n t h e p i l e u s trama and shows o t h e r a f f i n i t i e s w i t h 5. K. WELLS* and G . WONG. Un ive r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a ,

a l k a l i v i r e n s (=C. obscu ra ) . The o t h e r two b i o l o g i c a l Davis, CA 95616. Incompa t ib i l i t y mechanisms and the u t i l i z a t i o n o f i n t e r s t e r i l i t y i n t he de l imi t -

s p e c i e s from Europe a r e a l s o mic roscop ica l ly d i s t i n c t from a l l o t h e r t a x a s t u d i e d . I n t e r c r o s s e s between t h e

a t ion of spec i e s o f saprobic He terobas id iomycetes .

4 North American and 3 European b i o l o g i c a l s p e c i e s G8 1 R e l a t i v e l y few s t u d i e s have been made o f t he compat-

show t h a t each is d i s t i n c t . The r e s u l t i n g s t a t u s of i b i l i t y systems of the s ap rob ic Heterobas id iomycetes .

C. d ryoph i l a i n North America i s d i s cussed . - Those a v a i l a b l e sugges t t h a t the mating systems i n

C30 N.J. WARNER,* M.F. ALLEN and R.W. B R O W N . Biology Dept . , Utah S t a t e Univ. , Logan, UT 84322, Znrer- mountain Fo res t and Range Exp. S t a . , Logan, UT 84322. Reinvasion of Vesicular -Arbuscular Mycorrhizae i n Phosphate Mine Spo i l s .

P re l imina ry mycorrhiza l spo re counts from a phosphate s t r i pmine near Soda Spr ings , Idaho showed r e c e n t l y d i s tu rbed s i t e s had fewer s p o r e s ('x= 5.82 s p o r e s f g , range 0-26.2 spo res /g ) than ad j acen t undis turbed s i t e s (S= 24.96 spo res /g , range 4.6-41.0 s p o r e s f g ) . Counts from a f i v e year o l d abandoned mine s p o i l were i n t e r - mediate i n comparison (%= 16.13 s p o r e s f g , range 0.6- 58.8 s p o r e s f g ) . Root fragments from t h e undis turbed s i t e s border ing the mine were i n f e c t e d wi th v e s i c u l a r - a rbuscu la r mycorrhizae. T o t a l phosphorus i n t h e s e s o i l s i s h igh a l though a v a i l a b l e phosphorus i s mod- e r a t e t o low. The primary phosphate source is rock phosphate which becomes a v a i l a b l e t o p l a n t s a t a slow r a t e . S tud ie s have shown t h a t ves i cu l a r - a rbuscu la r

-- - . t h i s group a r e e s s e n t i a l l y the same a s i n t he Homo- basidiornycetes. S tud ie s o f the c o m p a t i b i l i t y systems o f Ex id iops i s plumbescens and Tremella mesen te r i ca were undertaken. S ing le spore i s o l a t e s were obta ined from 18 c o l l e c t i o n s of E. plumbescens from B r i t i s h Columbia. Washinaton. and no r the rn C a l i f o r n i a . The - . bas id ioca rps were c o l l e c t e d from a v a r i e t y o f sub- s t r a t a . E . plumbescens i s a b i f a c t o r i a l s p e c i e s , but no e v i d e n c e was o b t a i n e d o f n u c l e a r m i g r a t i o n i n compatible c r o s s e s . Two s t r a i n s o f each c o l l e c t i o n were c r o s s e d i n a l l p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s . A l l c r o s s e s r e s u l t e d i n d i k a r y o t i c mycelia excep t those involving th ree c o l l e c t i o n s from B r i t i s h Columbia, which seem t o be p a r t i a l l y i n t e r s t e r i l e with o t h e r c o l l e c t i o n s from B r i t i s h Columbia, Washington, and no r the rn C a l i f o r n i a . This p a r t i a l i n t e r s t e r i l i ty i s n o t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h any d e t e c t a b l e m o r p h o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e , dimension, o r with s u b s t r a t e . When mating types of Ex id iops i s e f f u s a , E. g r i s e a , and E. ca l cea from West Germany and of one undescr ibed s p e c i e s from Hawaii and one from B r i t i s h Columbia were crossed

w i t h s e l e c t e d m a t i n g t y p e s o f E . p l u m b e s c e n s , a r e a c t i o n zone o c c u r r e d i n t h e c o n t a c t zone and clamps were n o t formed.

S i n g l e s p o r e c u l t u r e s o f c o l l e c t i o n s o f Tremel la m e s e n t e r i c a from B r i t i s h Columbia, Washington, n o r t h - e r n C a l i f o r n i a , Sweden, and West Germany were s e l f e d . S e l e c t e d m a t i n g t y p e s f r o m e a c h c o l l e c t i o n w e r e m a t i n g i n a l l p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s . A l l c r o s s e s w i t h u n l i k e A and B f a c t o r s from a l l l o c a l i t i e s were i n t e r f e r t i l e .

K. Wel l s s e e Wong G48

W. G . W e l l s s e e Dunn G42

G 6 5 E . G . WENE* and A.A. ANTONOPOULOS. Argonne N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y , Argonne, IL 60439. C e l l u l o l y t i c a c t i v - i t y of s e l e c t e d Pusar ium i s o l a t e s and m u t a n t s .

Pusar ium spp . i s o l a t e d from s o u r c e s t h a t i n c l u d e d s o i l , s o i l d e b r i s , and woody and h e r b a c e o u s p l a n t s were t e s t e d f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y t o decompose c e l l u l o s e . Dur ing i n i t i a l s c r e e n i n g s , c l e a r i n g zones were mea- s u r e d around Fusarium c o l o n i e s on a g a r p l a t e s amended w i t h a c i d - s w o l l e n c e l l u l o s e . N e a r l y a l l of more t h a n two thousand t e s t e d i s o l a t e s showed some e v i d e n c e o f c e l l u l o l y t i c a c t i v i t y . I s o l a t e s w i t h l a r g e c l e a r i n g zones were f u r t h e r t e s t e d f o r e x t r a c e l l u l a r c e l l u l a s e p r o d u c t i o n i n submerged c u l t u r e in s h a k e f l a s k s and a 500-mL f e r m e n t o r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t s o f c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s such a s pH, n i t r o g e n s o u r c e , s u b s t r a t e con- c e n t r a t i o n , t e m p e r a t u r e , and i n o c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e . S e v e r a l mutant s t r a i n s of Fusarium were deve loped by u l t r a v i o l e t i r r a d i a t i o n o f c o n i d i a o f s e l e c t e d i s o - l a t e s and t h e n s c r e e n e d on ce l lu lose-amended a g a r p l a t e s . The mutant s t r a i n s were m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y s i m i - l a r t o t h e p a r e n t s t r a i n s b u t e x h i b i t e d i n c r e a s e d c e l l u l a s e p r o d u c t i o n .

I s o l a t i o n and mu- t a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s a r e c o n t i n u i n g i n o r d e r t o f i n d i s o l a t e s t h a t p roduce h i g h e r l e v e l s of e x t r a c e l l u l a r c e l l u l a s e enzymes.

E. G. Wene s e e Antonopoulos G66

H. White s e e Henney G60

G I 0 K. D. WHITNEY. U n i v e r s i t y of Nor th C a r o l i n a , Chapel H i l l , NC 27514. U l t r a s t r u c t u r e of s p o r o c a r p development i n Schizoplasmodium c a v o s t e l i o i d e s .

Schizoplasmodium c a v o s t e l i o i d e s i s a n o n - f l a g e l l a t e p r o t o s t e l i d whose t r o p h i c phase c o n s i s t s main ly of m u l t i n u c l e a t e , r e t i c u l a t e p l a s m o d i a . P r i o r t o f r u i t i n g , t h e plasmodium d i v i d e s i n t o s e v e r a l d i s - c r e t e mounds, each o f which produces a s t i p i t a t e f r u i t i n g body w i t h a s i n g l e m u l t i n u c l e a t e s p o r e . Spores of t h i s s p e c i e s a r e f o r c i b l y d i s c h a r g e d , p re - sumably th rough a c c u m u l a t i o n of gas w i t h i n t h e s p o r o c a r p s h e a t h . The u l t r a s t r u c t u r a l a s p e c t s of s p o r o c a r p format ion- -shea th s y n t h e s i s and assembly , s t a l k s y n t h e s i s and d e p o s i t i o n , s p o r e w a l l forma- t i o n - - w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d , a l o n g w i t h t h e b i o s y s t e m a t i c s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e s e f i n d i n g s . T h i s s t u d y was s u p p o r t e d by a N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Foundat ion g r a n t t o Dr. L. S. O l i v e , and a g r a n t from Sigma Xi and a Mycologica l S o c i e t y of America Graduate F e l l o w s h i p t o K. D . Whitney.

D . T . WICKLOW,* R . J . CALDWELL, B . W . HORN, 0 . L. SHOTWELL, and C . W . HESSELTINE. N o r t h e r n R e g i o n a l Research C e n t e r , ARS, USDA, P e o r i a , I L 61604, and U n i v e r s i t y of Wiscons in , Madison, W I 53706. Af l a t o x i n c o n t a m i n a t i o n of undamaged p r e h a r v e s t c o r n k e r n e l s . G 3 3

A s p e r g i l l u s f l a v u s Link ex F r . is c a p a b l e of i n f e c t i n g undamaged c o r n k e r n e l s and producing a f l a t o x i n . S i l k - i n o c u l a t e d e a r s of f o u r commercial d e n t c u l t i v a r s (upper midwest c o r n b e l t = F u n k s G-4141A, Dekalb XL-12; s o u t h e a s t e r n c o a s t a l p l a i n = P i o n e e r 3369A, Dekalb 72B) showed s u b s t a n t i a l v a r i a t i o n i n k e r n e l i n f e c t i o n (%) and a f l a t o x i n c o n t a m i n a t i o n . These r e s u l t s s u g g e s t some form of s i l k r e s i s t a n c e a s a mechanism l i m i t i n g k e r n e l i n f e c t i o n by A. f l a v u s and p e r h a p s o t h e r pre - h a r v e s t f u n g a l c o l o n i s t s a s w e l l . A f l a t o x i n l e v e l s among i n d i v i d u a l wound-inoculated k e r n e l s v a r i e d depending on t h e s t a g e of k e r n e l m a t u r a t i o n a t t h e t ime of wounding. Undamaged k e r n e l s l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e wound-inoculated k e r n e l s had u n i f o r m l y h i g h l e v e l s of a f l a t o x i n i r r e s p e c t i v e of wounding d a t e ( e . g . , 7 , 1 4 , o r 2 1 d a y s a f t e r s i l k ) . Wounded k e r n e l t i s s u e s p r o v i d e A. f l a v u s w i t h a r e s o u r c e b a s e from which i t can i n c r e a s e i t s inoculum p o t e n t i a l and t h u s i t s a b i l i t y t o i n f e c t a d j a c e n t k e r n e l s . T h i s may e x p l a i n why t h e s e i n t a c t k e r n e l s , a s a g r o u p , con- t a i n e d more a f l a t o x i n t h a n d i d k e r n e l s from s i l k - i n o c u l a t e d e a r s . F u r t h e r m o r e , i n d i r e c t e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t k e r n e l s c o n t a i n i n g a f l a t o x i n c a n g e r - m i n a t e . Mature e a r s were produced i n a c o n t r o l l e d environment room ( p h o t o p e r i o d 1 4 h . ; temp. 30 + - 1" C . day120 + lo C. n i g h t ; h u m i d i t y 82 + - 3 % ) .

D . T. WICKLOW* and JANINE E . DONAHUE. Nor thern Regiona l Research C e n t e r , A R S , USDA, P e o r i a , I L 61604. Sporogenic g e r m i n a t i o n of s c l e r o t i a i n A s p e r g i l l u s f l a v u s and A s p e r g i l l u s p a r a s i t i c u s . ---

Recent s t u d i e s i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y have shown t h a t G 3 8

A s p e r g i l l u s f l a v u s Link ex F r . fo rms s c l e r o t i a i n p r e h a r v e s t c o r n , and t h i s h a s focused a t t e n t i o n on t h e r o l e of s c l e r o t i a a s p r i m a r y inoculum i n t h e d i s e a s e c y c l e of t h e s e a f l a t o x i n - p r o d u c i n g ye l low-green a s p e r - g i l l i (A. f l a v u s g r o u p ) . We r e p o r t t h a t s c l e r o t i u m g e r m i n a t i o n i n A. f l a v u s and A. p a r a s i t i c u s is sporo- -- g e n i c w i t h c o n i d i a l a p p a r a t i Tye l low-green c o n i d i a l heads) produced d i r e c t l y from exposed s c l e r o t i u m s u r - f a c e s . F i v e of seven s c l e r o t i u m - p r o d u c i n g s t r a i n s chosen f o r t h i s s t u d y formed ye l low-green c o n i d i a l heads on i n d i v i d u a l s u r f a c e - s t e r i l i z e d s c l e r o t i a w i t h i n 48-72 h. i n c u b a t i o n (25-37' C . ) on s a t u r a t e d sand . The two remain ing s t r a i n s f a i l e d t o e e r m i n a t e - under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t e c o t y p i c v a r i a t i o n e x i s t s among i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s p o p ~ ~ l a t i o n s . Germina t ion is a l s o r e p o r t e d f o r s c l e r o t i a t h a t were i n c u b a t e d (32' C.) on n o n s t e r i l e f i e l d s o i l . I n one exper iment b u r i e d s c l e r o t i a ( 1 cm.) m i g r a t e d t o t h e s o i l s u r f a c e a s a r e s u l t of i n t e r m i t t e n t w a t e r i n g d u r i n g which s o i l s became i n u n d a t e d . These newly exposed s c l e r o t i a a l s o g e r m i n a t e d . A . f l a v u s i s sen- s i t i v e t o s o i l m y c o s t a s i s , and A . f l a v u s h y p h a e d o n o t -- extend i n t o n o n s t e r i l e s o i l . ~ h e r e f o r e , s p o r o g e n i c g e r m i n a t i o n i s an i m p o r t a n t mechanism e n a b l i n g t h e s e f u n g i t o d i s s e m i n a t e inoculum. E v e n t u a l c o n t r o l of p r e h a r v e s t A. f l a v u s i n f e c t i o n i n c r o p s where af l a - t o x i n i s a problem ( e . g . , c o r n , p e a n u t s , c o t t o n ) may r e q u i r e agronomic p r a c t i c e s d e s i g n e d t o r e d u c e t h e impor tance of s c l e r o t i a a s a s o u r c e of p r imary inoculum .

D. T. Wicklow s e e Horn G40

H . E . IilLCOX, C . S . YANG*, AND K. LOBUGSIC. SUNY Col lege oC Environmental Sc i ecce and F o r e s t r y , Syra- cdse , NY 13213. Taxonimic Cha rac t e r j . s t i c s of Chlanly- dospor i c Ectendorr~ycorrhizal Funui of Finaceae .

G53 An u n i d e n t i f i e d , imperfec t fungus ( r e f e r r e d t o a s 3DG) was i s o l a t e d from nur se ry s e e d l i n g s of r ed p ine . It i s l i g h t brown i n c u l t u r e r i i t h s e p t a t e , sr~looth t o ve r rucose hyphae. It produces l a r e e s p h e r i c a l ch l a - mydospores i n s o i l and i n s u b s t r a t e used i n niycor- r h i z a l s y n t h e s i s experiment w i th r e d p i n e . Chlamydo- spo res a r e t e r m i n a l on cha ins of s u p p o r t i n s c e l l s , o r occas i o n a l l y i n t e r c a l a r y . The fungus forms ecten' jo- mycorrhizae i n f l a s k c u l t u r e o r i n f i e l d i n o c u l a t i o n .

A s i n i l a r t ype o f chlar?ydospore was found i n an Iowa p l a n t a t i o n by C . Walker who cons ide red t h e two i s o - l a t e s a r e i d e n t i c a l and narned t h e funpus a s Complex- & n o n i l i f o r m i s Walker (1979) limier Endogonaceae. nowever, BnG i s always s e n t a t e e i t h e r i n c v l t u r e o r i n s o i l , and ~ f i t r a s t r u c t u r a l s tudy i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e septum i s w i th s imple s e p t a l po re . These evidences s u ~ ~ . - e s t t h a t t h e f'unrrus i s more ascomycetous than en~iosonaceou: . Seve ra l raore s i m i l a r i s o l a t e s were ob ta ined by e i t h e r ,yerrninatinc spo res o r i s o l a t i n g from r o o t s from sev- e r a l n u r s e r i e s i n i iorth American Cont inent . Mycor- r h i z a l s y n t h e s i s , spo re wa l l ornamenta t ion , s e p t a l pore c h a r a c t e r s , spo re s i z e , and ~ r o w t h r a t e s on d i f - f e r e n t media, t empera tu re , and pH a r e compared t o determine whether t h e s e fungi a r e i d e n t i c a l .

P. M. Wohlgemuth s e e Dunn G42

WOLFE, C . B . , J r . The Pennsylvania S t a t e Un ive r s i t y , Mont A l t o , PA 17237. Problems and Promises of Numer- i c a l Taxonomy i n Fungal Sys temat ics . GZ2 Numerical taxonomic methods have been employed i n f r e - quen t ly i n funga l sys t ema t i c s s i n c e i t s development i n t h e l a t e 1950s. Recent s t u d i e s i n t h e b o l e t e s u s ing numerica l methods sugges ted by Sneath & Sokal (1973) and executed by t h e i iumerical Taxonomic System of t l u l t i v a r i a t e S t a t i s t i c a l Programs (NT-SYS) package have been conducted u t i l i z i n g a v a r i e t y of c h a r a c t e r s and s t a t e s . The v a r i o u s phene t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s and t h e i r taxonomic i m p l i c a t i o n s have brought t o l i g h t problems of c h a r a c t e r and s t a t e s e l e c t i o n and exclu- s i o n which need d i s c u s s i o n and eva lua t ion . A l l char- a c t e r s inc luded i n t h e s e s t u d i e s were e q u a l l y weight- ed a g a i n s t each o t h e r s i n c e many primary c h a r a c t e r swarms w i l l by t h e i r n a t u r e n a t u r a l l y outweigh o t h e r primary c h a r a c t e r swarms Sue t o t h e r e l a t i v e number of secondary c h a r a c t e r s recognized t h e r e i n . From t h e s e s t u d i e s i t has a l s o become ev iden t t h a t a h igh number of s t a t e s of a g iven c h a r a c t e r w i l l tend t o b l u r r phene t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s . These l e s s o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e taxonomist employing t h e s e methods needs t o be very c a r e f u l i n s e l e c t i n g c h a r a c t e r s and s t a t e s f o r a s tudy . Furthermore, i t appea r s t h a t c h a r a c t e r s v a l u a b l e f o r i n c l u s i o n i n s t u d i e s a t t h e s p e c i f i c rank may have a b l u r r i n g e f f e c t when employed a t t h e gene r i c rank. For example, f r u i t b o d y c o l o r p a t t e r n s wh i l e u s e f u l i n s e g r e g a t i n g s p e c i e s from one another may no t be u s e f u l i n u n i t i n g t h e s e same s p e c i e s i n t o genera . Q u a n t i t a t i v e microscopic d a t a may a l s o be u s e f u l i n s e g r e g a t i n g s p e c i e s and o t h e r i n f r a s p e c i f i c t axa from one a n o t h e r , but not s o u s e f u l i n un i fy ing t axa i n t o genera due t o t h e g r e a t v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h i s

kind of d a t a . Once t h e proper c h a r a c t e r s and s t a t e s a r e s e l e c t e d these methods g ive a ve ry good represen- t a t i o n of taxonomic s t r u c t u r e , o f t e n b e t t e r than sus- pected on an i n t u i t i v e b a s i s .

G . WONG* and K . WELLS. Unive r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , D a v i s , CA 95616. I n t e r f e r t i l i t y s t u d i e s i n Tremella mesen te r i ca .

G48

I n t e r f e r t i l i t y s t u d i e s were made with t he hetero- basidiomycete Tremella mesenter ica Fr . Mating i n t h i s s p e c i e s i s under b i f a c t o r i a l c o n t r o l . The two l o c i which c o n t r o l mating a r e des ignated a s A and B. Monospore i s o l a t e s were made from c o l l e c t i o n s on v a r i o u s hardwoods f rom Nor th America and Europe . Se l f c r o s s e s were f i r s t made to determine the four mating types from each c o l l e c t i o n . I n t e r c o l l e c t i o n c r o s s e s were then made t o i d e n t i f y the mating types . A l l i n t e r c o l l e c t i o n c r o s s e s were i n t e r f e r t i l e . There were two A a l l e l e s found, but a s many a s 97 B a l l e l e s may o c c u r i n t h e n a t u r a l p o p u l a t i o n . I n s e v e r a l c o l l e c t i o n s involving s e l f c r o s s e s , an i n t r a f a c t o r recombination i n the B f a c t o r seems t o occu r , bu t work i n progress i n d i c a t e s t h a t a phenomenon mimick- ing recombination may be taking p l ace .

G. Wong s e e Wells G81

C. S. Yang s e e Wilcox G53

B. G. Yangeo s e e Okafor G68

J.C. ZAK* and D . PARKINSON. Dept. of Biology, Un ive r s i t y of Calgary , Calgary , A l b e r t a T2N 1N4. Fungal Assemblage Development on Grass Roots i n a Severe ly Dis turbed S o i l .

Glob

The dynamics of s a p r o p h y t i c funga l c o l o n i z a t i o n and assemblage development on r o o t s u r f a c e s of s l e n d e r wheatgrass grown on an e x t r a c t e d o i l sands s p o i l amended wi th e i t h e r f e r t i l i z e r , f i b r o u s p e a t , o r sew- age s ludge , was examined over 5y r s . Fungi a c t i v e l y growing on t h e r o o t s u r f a c e s were i s o l a t e d by a r o o t washing method from a r eg ion of main seminal and noda l r o o t s 4cm from the root -hypocotyl a x i s . Roots were sampled a t 2 , 6 , and 10 wks a f t e r p l a n t emer- gence, and toward t h e end of t he 2nd and 5 th growing seasons .

Fungal c o l o n i z a t i o n of t h e root s u r f a c e s was r a p i d , wi th a p l a t e a u be ing reached by 2wk. The numbers of s p e c i e s d i d no t change s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f t e r Zwks, implying t h a t s p e c i e s numbers r ep re sen ted e q u i l i b r i u m va lues . While amendation d i d n o t a f f e c t t h e o v e r a l l p a t t e r n of c o l o n i z a t i o n , equ i l i b r ium va lues d i f f e r e d among the t r ea tmen t s , w i th p l a n t s on t h e peat-amended s p o i l having t h e g r e a t e s t number of s p e c i e s on t h e i r r o o t s u r f a c e s . Amounts of s p e c i e s turnover were high over a l l t ime i n t e r v a l s and t r ea tmen t s .

The s t r u c t u r e of t h e funga l assemblages was t y p i f i e d by t h e occurrence of a l a r g e number of r a r e s p e c i e s . The h igh inc idence of r a r e s p e c i e s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e ma jo r i t y of fung i i n t h e mine s p o i l may n o t have been adapted t o l i v i n g on r o o t s u r f a c e s . This would a l low f o r t h e t r a n s i e n t , nonequi l ibr ium coex i s t ence of more s p e c i e s on t h e r o o t s t han might occur i n undis turbed h a b i t a t s .

ZAhG M U . hunrning institute o f d o t a n y , i;c.adernia S i r l l c a , .Xunminf ,Yunnan .China . The v e r t i c a l d i s - t r i b i l t i o n o f U o l e t a c e a e i n Hengduan l i l o u n t a i n s .

Trip r i p n g d i ~ a r ~ M t s . c f Y.ir ' .china a v e r a p i n g a b o u t 5500 v . a l t .and c o m p r i s i n g tipep l o n g i t i i d i n a l p o r g e s p p a - r p t e ~ : 11y r i d ~ e s 1, is i r i f : t o o v e r 5iiOOm.in t n e n o r t , n . l 'hf L ~ I I i l i l m : g ( S a l u e e n ,i?rt:.::~. i h i a r ~ g ,Mekong) , i n i n s h a I t i v e r e n t e r i n t h i s r e g i o n . Tile a l t i t u d i n a l ~ o n a t i o i ? f rorn s u b t , r o p i c a l l o w l a n d v a l l e y s i n t n e s o i l t r ~ t o a l p i n e h e i g h t s i n t h e n o r t h . T i l e d i s t r i b r l - t i c n p a t t e r n s o f d o l e t a c e a e f r e q u e n t l y c o r r e s p o n d t o t h o s e of t n f f o r e s t s 01 t h e r e g i o n a s t h e y a r e foumd I n d i f f e r e n t i a l as so cia ti or^ w i t h f o r e s t , s a n d s h r u - b b e r i e s . M e a n w h i l e , t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s p e c t r a o f ao le . ; .~Lceae a r e 11s11al l y v e r y e v i d e n t . e . g . t n e r e a r e 3 d i s t i n c t a l t i t u d i n a l z o n e s r e c o g n i z e d on t h i s r e g i c n . ( 1 ) Below ( 1 5 0 0 ) - 2 7 0 0 rn. T h i s i s a s u b t r o - p i c a l z o n e o f e v e r g r e e n b r c a d - l e a v e s a n d Pinus y w - n n e n s i s f o r e s t s . So f u r 6 0 s p e c i e s o f U o l e t a c e a e a r e krlown, s u c h a s H o l e t i l s s y l v e s t r i s , ii. w, . i----, 2 . r u b e l l u s , B . -2, b. -. a. s p ~ c i c s u s . g. f i ~ n e r a r i u s , d . f c r m o s i l s , 2. m a n a s u o r u s - Z a n ~ , &. c i t r i f r a g r a n s Z a n g , 1 y l o p i l i l s j a v a n i c u s . B o l e t e l l i ~ s a n a n a s , Xerocomus c h r y s e n t e r o n , i ' u l v e r o - b o l ~ t ~ r s r a v e n e l i i e t c . ( 2 ) From 2700-5500 m . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s t h e zone o f p i c e a l i k i a n 6 : e n s i s , i'inr;s d e n s a t a and d e c i ( i i ~ o ~ i s b road 1 e n v e s i o r e s t s . Where- .- r lnoer f l o ~ i r i s h a b c u t 35 s p p c i e s i n t h i s z o n e . e . g . Bolp t.118 b n l n n e i s s i m l ~ s , 1(. t h i b e t a n ~ l s , Y o l e t i n u s &- n i c o l i ~ s Z a n g , Lecc inum -podium, L. a u r i a n t i a o u m , -- ' I ' y l o p i l ~ ~ s f c l l e u s , 1_. e x i r n i u s , Xerccornus c i ~ e o i , X. -. b a d i n s , C ;yroporus c a s t a n u s , P u l v r r o b o l e t u s a u r i p o r u : i e t c , (3) Prcm 35n0-4Wno m. T h i s i s a a l p i n e s p e c t e b i l - S o r e s t and Htlonodendron s h r u b b y . k b o u t more t h a n 1 0 spec ie : : . e .g. L a s t r o b o l e t u s b o e d i j i n i , S u i l l n s p l a c i d u s , 2. y r a n u l a t u s , 2. l i ~ t e u s , 5. w-

p a , g l a n d u l o u u s , t. p a l u s t e r , Lecc inum cobr rum e t c .

D . H. P f i s t e r and G . C . Kaye, E d i t o r s Mycological S o c i e t y N e w s l e t t e r Far low Herbarium Harvard U n i v e r s i t y 20 D i v i n i t y Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138

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