surveying part a

Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Civil Engineering

Sri Ramakrishna Institute of TechnologyPachapalayam, Coimbatore – 641010

Department of Civil Engineering

Surveying I

Two Marks Question and AnswersUnit – I

1. Define the term Surveying.

Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, direction and elevation.

2. Classify the primary division of Surveying.

Primarily, surveying is divided into two classes :

Plane Surveying : It is that type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane and the spheroidal shape is neglected.Geodetic Surveying: It is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth is taken into account.

3. How surveying is being classified?

Surveying may be classified based upon :a. The nature of the Field Survey

Topographical Survey, Marine Survey, Astronomical Survey

b. The Object of SurveyGeological Survey, Mine Survey, Archaeological Survey, Military Survey.

c. Instruments UsedChain Survey, Compass Survey, Plane Table Survey, Theodolite Survey, Tacheometric Survey, Aerial and Photographic Survey.

d. Methods

Triangulation Survey, Traverse Survey.

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4. Mention the Object of Surveying.

The aim of surveying is to prepare a map to show the relative position of the objects on the surface of the earth. The map is drawn to some suitable scale. It shows the natural features of a country, such as towns, villages, roads, railways, rivers, etc. Map may also include details of different engineering works, such as roads, railways, irrigation canals, etc.

5. Give the uses of Surveying.

a. To prepare a topographical map which shows the hills, valleys, rivers, villages, towns, forests, etc., of a country.

b. To prepare an engineering map which shows the details of engineering works.

c. To prepare the military maps showing the road and railway communications with different parts of a country.

d. To prepare the contour maps to determine the capacity of a reservoir and to find the best possible route for Roads, Railways, etc.

e. To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.

6. What is the main principle of Surveying?

The general principles of surveying are:a. To work from whole to part andb. To locate a new station by at least two measurements from fixed

reference points.

7. What is a Scale and representative fraction?

Scale is the fixed ratio that every distance on the plan bears with corresponding distance on the ground. The ratio of map distance to the corresponding ground distance is independent of units of measurement is called representative fraction.

8. Distinguish between Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale.

A plain scale is one on which it is possible to measure two dimensions only, such as units and lengths, meters and decimeters, etc., On a diagonal scale, it is possible to measure three dimensions such as meters, decimeters and centimeters, Yards, feet and inches, etc.,

9. How the work of a surveyor is divided?The work of a surveyor may be divided into : Field Work, Office Work and Care and adjustment of the instrument.

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10. Distinguish between accuracy and precision.

Precision is the degree of perfection used in the instruments, the methods and the Observations. Accuracy is the degree of perfection obtained. Accuracy depends upon Precise instruments, Precise methods and Good planning.

11. Classify various sources of errors.

Errors may arise from three sources: Instrumental Error, Personal Error and Natural Error.

12. Mention various kinds of errors.

Mistakes, Systematic errors (Cumulative errors) & Accidental errors (Compensating errors)

13. Distinguish between cumulative and compensating errors.

A cumulative error is an error that, under the same conditions, will always be of the same size and sign. Compensating errors are those, which remain after mistakes, and systematic errors have been eliminated and are caused by a combination of reasons beyond the ability of the observer to control.

14.List out various methods of making linear measurements.

Linear measurements can be measured by the following methods,a. Direct Measurements

1. Pacing2. Measurements with passometer3. Measurements with pedometer4. Measurements by odometer and speedometer5. Chaining

b. Measurements by Optical Meansc. Electro – Magnetic Methods

15. What does chaining mean?

Chaining is a term, which is used to denote measuring distance, either with the help of a chain or a tape and is the most accurate method of making direct measurements.

Surveying I


16.List out various instruments used for chaining.

The various instruments used for the determination of the length of line by chaining are as follows:

a. Chain or Tape e. Offset Rodsb. Arrows f. Plasterer’s Laths and Whitesc. Pegs g. Plumb Bob. d. Ranging Rods

17.What does ranging mean?

The process of establishing or fixing intermediate points while measuring the length between the two terminal stations is known as ranging. There are two methods of ranging (a) Direct Ranging (b) Indirect Ranging

18.What is the use of line ranger?

The line ranger can be conveniently used for fixing intermediate points on a long line without going to either end.

19.Mention various types of errors in chaining.

Errors and mistakes may arise from:

Erroneous length of chain or tape Bad RangingCareless holding and marking Bad StraighteningNon- horizontality Sag in ChainVariation in temperature Variation in PullPersonal mistakes

20.What are the different tape corrections?

Correction for absolute length Correction for TemperatureCorrection for pull or tension Correction for SagCorrection for Slope Correction for AlignmentReduction to Sea levelCorrection to measurement in Vertical Plane

21.Define: Main lines, Check lines, Base lines, Tie lines

Main lines: The lines joining the main survey stations are called main lines.Check lines: Check lines are the lines, which are run in the field to check the accuracy of the work.

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Base lines: The biggest of the main survey line is called the base line.Tie lines: A tie line is a line, which joins tie stations on the main line.

22. What is meant by well-conditioned triangle?

A triangle is said to be well conditioned when no angle in it is less than 30 degree or greater than 120 degree. An equilateral triangle is said to be the best –conditioned triangle or ideal triangle.

23. What is meant by offsets? How it is classified?

The lateral measurements taken from an object to the chain line is known as offsets. They may be of two kinds – Perpendicular offsets and Oblique offsets.

24.Distinguish between perpendicular offset and oblique offset.

When lateral measurements are taken perpendicular to the chain line, they are known as perpendicular offsets. Any offset not perpendicular to the chain line is said to be oblique offsets.

25.List out various instruments used for setting out right angles.

There are several types of instruments used for setting out right angles to a chain line, the most common being

a. Cross staffb. Optical Squarec. Prism Square andd. Site Square.

26.List out various types of obstacles in chaining

Obstacles to Ranging, Obstacles to Chaining and Obstacles to both ranging and chaining.

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27.Sketch the conventional signs to represent the following.

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Unit – II

1. What is meant by Traverse survey?

Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the framework and the directions and lengths of the survey line are measured with the help of an angle (or direction) measuring instrument and a tape (or chain) respectively.

2. Define: True Meridian, Magnetic Meridian and Arbitrary Meridian

True Meridian: The line or plane passing through the geographical north pole, geographical south pole and any point on the surface of the earth, is known as the true meridian of geographical meridian.

Magnetic Meridian: When a magnetic needle is suspended freely and balanced properly, unaffected by magnetic substances, it indicates a direction. This direction is known as the magnetic meridian.

Arbitrary Meridian: In case of small areas, a convenient direction is assumed as a meridian, known as the arbitrary meridian.

3. Define True Bearing, Magnetic Bearing and Arbitrary Bearing

True Bearing: The angle between the true meridian and the line is termed as True Bearing

Magnetic Bearing: The angle between the magnetic meridian and the line is termed as Magnetic Bearing

Arbitrary Bearing: The angle between the arbitrary bearing and the line is termed as Arbitrary Bearing.

4. What is the principle of compass surveying?

The principle of compass surveying is traversing, traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the framework and the directions and lengths of the survey line are measured with the help of an angle (or direction) measuring instrument and a tape (or chain) respectively.

5. How bearings are designated?

The common systems of notation of bearings are: The Whole Circle Bearing Systems (WCB) and the Quadrantal Bearing Systems (QB).

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6. Distinguish between WCB and QB.

In case of whole bearing system (WCB), the bearing of a line is measured with magnetic north (or South) in clockwise direction. The value of bearing varies from 0 to 360. But in quadrantal bearing system, the bearing of a line is measured eastward or westward from north or south, whichever is nearer. The QB of a line varies from 0 to 90.

7. List out the rules for conversion of WCB to QB

Sl.No. WCB Rule for QB or RB Quadrant1 0 to 90 RB = WCB NE2 0 to 180 RB = 180 – WCB SE3 0 to 270 RB = WCB – 180 SW4 0 to 360 RB = 360 - WCB NW

8. List out the rules for conversion of QB to WCB

Sl.No. RB Rule for WCB WCB Between1 N α E WCB = WCB 0 to 902 S β E WCB = 180 – RB 0 to 1803 S γ W WCB = 180 + RB 0 to 2704 N θ W WCB = 360 - RB 0 to 360

9. What is meant by fore bearing and back bearing?

If the bearing of a line AB is measured from A towards B, it is known as fore bearing or forward bearing (FB). If the bearing of the line AB is measured from B towards A, it is known as back bearing or backward bearing of the line.

10.Convert the following WCB to RB.

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(a) 22 30’ (b) 170 12’ (c) 211 54’ (d) 327 30’

Solution: (a) RB = WCB = N 22 30’ E(b) RB = 180- 170 12’ = S 9 48’ E(c) RB = 211 54’- 180 = S 31 54’ W(d) RB = 360 - 327 30’ = N 32 36’ W

11.Convert the following RB to WCB(a) N 12 24’ E (b) S 31 36’ E (c) S 68 6’ W (d) N 5 42’ W Solution:

(a) WCB = RB = 12 24’(b) WCB = 180- 31 36’ = 148 24’ (c) WCB = 180 + 68 6’ = 248 6’ (d) WCB = 360 - 542’ = 354 18’

12. The following are observed fore bearings of the lines (a) AB 12 24’(b) BC 119 48’ (c) CD 266 30’ (d) PQ N 22 30’ E (e) QR S 31 54’ W

Solution:(a) BB of AB = 12 24’ + 180 = 192 24’(b) BB of BC = 119 48’ + 180 = 299 48’(c) BB of CD = 266 30’ - 180 = 86 30’(d) BB of PQ = N 22 30’ E = S 22 30’ W(e) BB of QR = S 31 54’ W = N 31 54’ E

13. Mention various temporary adjustments of Prismatic compass.

Centering – It is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over the station.Levelling and Focusing the Prism.

14. Give the basic difference between a prismatic compass and surveyor’s compass.

In case of prismatic compass the graduations are in WCB system but in the surveyor’s compass the graduations are in Reduced bearing system.

15.What is meant by magnetic declination?

Magnetic declination at a place is the horizontal angle between the true meridian and the magnetic meridian shown by the needle at the time of observation.

16.When the magnetic declination is said to be positive and negative.

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If the magnetic meridian is to the right side (or eastern side) of the true meridian, declination is said to be eastern or positive ; if it to be the left side (or western side), the declination is said to be western or negative declination.

17.Define: Isogonic lines & Agonic lines.

Isogonic line is the line drawn through the points of same declination. Agonic line is the line made up of points having a zero declination.

18.List out the various types of variation in declination.

The value of declination at a place never remains constant but changes from time to time. There are four types of variation in declination

a) Diurnal Variationb) Annual Variationc) Secular Variationd) Irregular Variation

19. The magnetic bearing of a line is 48 24’. Calculate the true bearing if the magnetic declination is 5 38’ East.

Solution:Given Data: Magnetic Bearing = 48 24’ Magnetic Declination = 5 38’ EastRequired Data: True Bearing

True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing + Magnetic Declination

= 54 02’Note: Use plus sign if the declination is to the East and minus sign if it is to the west.

20.What is meant by local attraction?

Local attraction is a term used to denote any influence, such as magnetic substances, which prevents the needle from pointing to the magnetic north in a given locality.

21.List the source of local attraction

Some of the sources of local attraction are: magnetite in the ground, Wire carrying electric current, rail roads, Underground pipes, axes, chains, tapes etc., which may be lying on the ground nearby.

22.What does Plane table surveying mean?

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Plane tabling is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting proceed simultaneously.

23.What are instruments used in plane table surveying?

The plane table with tripod, Alidade for sighting, Plumbing fork and plumbing bob, Sprit level and Compass.

24.What are the working operations in a plane table surveying?

(a) Fixing: Fixing the table to the tripod.(b) Setting: (i) Levelling the table (ii) Centering (iii) Orientation(c) Sighting the points

25.List out various methods of plane tabling.

(a) Radiation (b) Intersection(c) Traversing(d) Resection

26. List out the methods of plotting Three-point problem.

a. Mechanical Method ( Tracing Paper Method )b. Graphical Method – Bessel’s Graphical Solutionc. Lehmann’s Method.

27. List out various errors in plane tabling.

a. Instrumental Errorb. Error in Plottingc. Error due to manipulation and sighting

- Non- horizontality of board- Defective Sighting- Defective Orientation- Movement of Board between sights

28.What are the advantages of Plane table survey?

1. The plan is drawn by the out-door surveyor himself while the country is before his eyes, and there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements

2. The surveyor can compare the plotted work with the actual features.3. It is most suitable for small scale maps.

29.Distinguish between Intersection and Resection.

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Intersection is resorted to when the distance between the point and the instrument station is either too large or cannot be measured accurately due to some field conditions. Resection is the process of determining the plotted position of the station occupied by the plane table, by means of sights taken towards known points, location of which have been plotted.

30. The fore bearing of a line AB is 60 30’ and BA is 300. Calculate the interior angle

Solution:Given Data: FB of Line AB = 60 30’ : FB of BA = 300Required Data: Interior angle

Interior angle = Bearing of BA – Bearing of AB = (300 – 180) - 60 30’ = 5930’.

Unit – III

Surveying I


1. What is levelling?

Levelling is a branch of surveying in which, the elevations of given points are found with respect to a given or assumed datum and to establish points at a given elevation or at different elevation with respect to a give or assumed datum.

2. Define: Level Surface, Level Line

A level surface is defined as a curved surface, which at each point is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at that point.

A level line is a line lying in a level surface.

3. Mention the different methods of levelling

a. Differential Levellingb. Profile Levellingc. Cross Sectioningd. Reciprocal Levellinge. Precise Levelling

4. Distinguish between Back Sight and Fore Sight

Back sight is the sight taken on a rod held at a point of known elevation, to ascertain the amount by which the line of sight is above that point and thus to obtain the height of the instrument. Fore sight is a sight taken on a rod held at a point of unknown elevation, to ascertain the amount by which the point is below the line of sight and thus to obtain the elevation of the station.

5. What is a turning point?

Turning point or Change point is a point on which both back sight and fore sight are taken on a line of direct levels.

6. What is a Benchmark?

Benchmark is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with respect to some assumed datum is known.

7. List out various types of levels used in levelling operations.

Dumpy level, Y level, Reversible level and Tilting level.8. Distinguish between Height of Instrument and Rise & Fall method.

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Height of Instrument Method Rise and Fall Method

Height of Instrument is calculated at each setting of the instrument. HI = BS + Elevation of BM

Height of Instrument is not taken into account. But the difference of levels between consecutive points is found by comparing the staff readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument.

Reduced levels are calculate by subtracting the fore sight from HIRL = HI – FS or HI – IS

The difference between staff reading indicates Rise or Fall between the points.RL is calculated based on Rise & Fall.

9. What is meant by balancing back sight and fore sight?

When the difference in elevation between any two points is determined from a single set-up by back sighting on one point and fore sighting on the other, the errors may occur due to non-parallelism, curvature & refraction. The elimination of errors is termed as Balancing of BS & FS.

10.How curvature correction, refraction correction and combined correction are calculated?

Curvature Correction;

Refraction Correction;

Combined Correction;

11.List out the difficulties commonly encountered in levelling operations.

1. Levelling on steep slope2. Levelling on Summits and Hollows3. Taking level on overhead point4. Levelling ponds and lakes5. Levelling across a river6. Levelling past high wall

12.What are the sources of errors in levelling?

Instrumental, Natural and Personal

13.What are the natural errors in levelling?

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a. Earth’s Curvatureb. Atmospheric refractionc. Variation in Temperatured. Settlement of Tripode. Wind vibrations

14.What are the instrumental errors in levelling?

a. Error due to imperfect adjustmentb. Error due to sluggish bubblec. Error due to movement of objective slided. Rod of not standard lengthe. Error due to defective joint

15.Define Sensitivity of a bubble tube.

The sensitiveness of the bubble tube is defined as the angular value of one division of the bubble tube. The sensitivity of a bubble tube depends mainly on the radius of curvature of the tube.

16.What are the different types of benchmarks?

GTS benchmark (Great Trigonometrically Survey)Permanent benchmarkTemporary benchmark &Arbitrary benchmark.

17.What is contour and contour interval?

A contour is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of equal elevation. A contour line is a line on the map representing a contour. The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is called contour interval.

18.How you will select the contour interval?

The choice of proper contour interval depends upon the following considerations:

a. The nature of the groundb. The Scale of the mapc. The purpose and extent of the surveyd. Time and expense of field and office work.

19.List out some of the characteristics of contours.

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a. Two contour lines of different elevations cannot cross each other.b. Contour lines of different elevations can unite to form one line only in

the case of a vertical cliff.c. Contour lines close together indicates steep slope.d. Two contour lines having the same elevation cannot unite and

continue as one line.

20.What are the uses of contour maps?

1. Drawing of Sections2. Determination of Intervisibility between two points3. Tracing of contour gradients and location of route4. Measurement of drainage area5. Calculation of reservoir capacity.

21.State Simpson’s one-third rule.

The area is equal to the sum of the two end ordinates plus four times the sum of the even ordinates plus twice the sum of the odd intermediate ordinates, the whole multiplied by one-third the common interval between them.

22.State meridian distance.

The meridian distance of any line is equal to the meridian distance of the preceding line plus half the departure of the preceding line plus half the departure of the line itself.

23.What is a planimeter?

A planimeter is an instrument, which measures the area of plan of any shape very accurately.

24.What is a multiplier constant?

The multiplier constant or the planimeter constant is equal to the number of units of area per revolution of the roller.

25.List out various methods of calculating volumes

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There are three methods generally adopted for measuring the volume. They are:

a. From Cross sectionsb. From spot levelsc. From contours

26.How sensitivity of bubble tube can be increased?

The sensitiveness of a bubble tube can be increased by:1. Increasing the internal radius of the tube2. Increasing the diameter of the tube3. Increasing the length of the bubble4. Decreasing the roughness of the wall5. Decreasing the viscosity of the liquid.

27.Define parallaxParallax is the condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of the cross-hair.

28.Define Line of collimationThe line of collimation or line of sight is a line which passes through the optical centre of the objective and the intersection of cross hairs.

Important Formulas - Computing areas and volumes.

Unit – IV

Surveying I


1. Differentiate between a Transit Theodolite and Non- Transit Theodolite.

A transit Theodolite is one which the line of sight can be reversed by revolving the telescope through 180º in the vertical plane. The non- transit theodolites are either plain Theodolite or Y Theodolite in which the telescope cannot be transited.

2. What are the essential parts of a transit theodolite?

The essential parts of a transit theodolite are: a. The Telescopeb. The Vertical Circle c. The index framed. The Standardse. The levelling headf. The two spindlesg. The lower plateh. The upper platei. The plate levelsj. Tripodk. The Plumb Bobl. The compassm. Striding level.

3. What do Vertical axis and Horizontal Axis mean?

The vertical axis is the axis about which the instrument can be rotated in a horizontal plane. This the axis about which the lower and upper plates rotate.The horizontal or trunnion axis is the axis about which the telescope and the vertical circle rotate in vertical plane.

4. What is meant by line of collimation or line of sight?

It is the line passing through the intersection of the horizontal and vertical cross hairs and the optical center of the object glass and its continuation.

5. Differentiate between Centering and Transiting.

Centering is the process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark. Transiting is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180º about the horizontal axis.

6. What does swinging the telescope mean?

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It is the process of turning the telescope in horizontal plane. If the telescope is rotated in clock-wise direction, it is known as right swing. If telescope is rotated in the anti-clockwise direction, it is known as the left swing.

7. What is face left and face right observations?

If the face of the vertical circle is to the left of the observer, the observation of the angle is known as face left observation.If the face of the vertical circle is to the right of the observer, the observation of the angle is known as face right observation.

8. Differentiate between Repetition Method and Reiteration Method.

The method of repetition is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer degree of accuracy than that obtainable with the least count of the vernier. The method of reiteration or method of series is suitable for the measurements of the angles of a group having a common vertex point.

9. What are the sources of error in theodolite work?

1. Instrumental Error a. Error due to imperfect adjustment of plate levels.b. Error due to line of collimation not being perpendicular to the

horizontal axisc. Error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical

axisd. Error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line

of collimatione. Error due to imperfect graduation.

2. Personal Errora. Error in manipulationb. Error in sighting and reading

3. Natural Errora. Unequal atmospheric refraction due to high temperatureb. Unequal settlement of tripodc. Wind producing vibration

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10.Define: Latitude and Departure

The latitude of a survey line may be defined as its coordinate length measured parallel to an assumed meridian direction (i.e., True north or True south).The Departure of a survey line may be defined as its coordinate length measured right angles to the meridian direction.

11.Define: Independent Coordinates

The total latitude and departure of any point with respect to a common origin are known as independent coordinates.

12.What is a closing error?

In a closed traverse, the end point of the traverse will not coincide exactly with starting point, owing to the error in the field measurements of angles and distances. Such error is known as closing error. In case of a closed traverse sum of latitude and departure is equal to zero.

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13.What does balancing the traverse mean? What are the methods available for balancing?

The term balancing is generally applied to the operation of applying corrections to latitudes and departures so that the sum of latitude and departure will be equal to zero.The common methods of balancing a traverse:

a. Bowditch’s Methodb. Transit Methodc. Graphical Methodd. Axis Method.

14.State the Bowditch rule for closing error?

The basis of this method is on the assumption that the errors in linear measurements are proportional to √l and that the error in angular measurements are inversely proportional to √l, where l is the length of a line.

Correction to latitude (or departure) of any side =

Total error in latitude (or departure) x Length of that side Perimeter of traverse

15.State transit rule.

The transit rule may be employed where angular measurements are more precise than the linear measurements. According to this rule, the total error in latitude and departures is distributed in proportional to the latitudes and departures of the sides.

16.What types of errors are eliminated in method of repetition?

a. Error due to eccentricity of verniers and centers are eliminated by taking both vernier readings.

b. Error due to inadjustments of line of collimation and the trunnion axis are eliminated by taking both face reading

c. The error due to inaccurate graduations is eliminated by taking the readings at different parts of the circle.

d. Errors due to inaccurate bisection of the object, eccentric centering etc., may be to some extent counter balanced in different observations.

17. Signs of latitudes and departures:

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W.C.B. R.B. & Quadrant

Sign ofLatitude Departure

0 to 90 N θ E : I + +0 to 180 S θ E : II - +0 to 270 S θ W : III - -0 to 360 N θ W : IV + -

18.Omitted measurements - Important formulas

Given Required Formula

Unit – V

Surveying I


1. How curves are classified?

Curves

Horizontal Curves Vertical Curvesa. Simple Curveb. Compound Curvec. Reverse Curved. Transition Curvee. Lemniscate Curve

2. How curves are designated?

The sharpness of the curves are designated by its radius or by its degree of curvature.

3. Define degree of curvature.

The angle of the curve that is subtended by an arc of 100 feet length or 30 meter length. It is designated as D.

4. Give the relationship between Degree of curve and Radius.

5. What are the elements of a simple curve?

a. Length of the curveb. Tangent Lengthc. Length of the long chordd. Apex distance or external distancee. Mid Ordinate

6. What are the elements of a compound curve?

Point of compound curvature, Point of Tangency, Radius ( Smaller & Long), Common Tangent, Deflection angle between the rear and common tangent, Deflection angle between the forward and common tangent, Total deflection angle, length of the tangent, Curve length, etc.,

7. What is a reverse curve?

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A reverse curve consists of two simple curves of opposite direction that join at a common tangent point called the point of reverse curvature.

8. What is a simple curve?

A simple curve is the one, which consists of a single arc of a circle. It is tangential to both the straight lines.

9. What is a compound curve?

A compound curve consists of two or more simple arcs that turn in the same direction and join at common tangent point.

10.What is a transition curve?

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A transition curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight and a circular curve, or between two branches of a compound curve or reverse curve.

Important Terms – Simple Curve

Part – B Questions

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Unit – I

1. What are the different types of instruments used in chain surveying?

Explain the use of each with neat sketches.

2. State the type of obstruction you can come across while measuring a

chain line with neat sketches.

3. What are the important precautions for neat and systematic recording of

the notes of a chain survey? Reproduce a hypothetical page showing the

booking and offsetting of a chain line.

4. What is meant by well conditions triangle and what is its advantages?

5. What is meant by ranging a survey line? Under what situation reciprocal

ranging is resorted to and how it is achieved?

6. How does chain surveying uniquely differ from other methods of

surveying? List out the various instruments/accessories used in chain

surveying and the purpose/use of each.

7. Describe how would you range a survey line between two points which are

not mutually intervisible because of an intervening mound.

8. Write short notes on check for errors in chain survey.

9. Explain the different steps in chain surveying.

10.What are the different sources of error in chain surveying? Distinguish

between cumulative and compensating error.

11.Explain the terms: Base line, Check Line, Tie line, Swing offset, Oblique

offset, Random line.

12.Problems in Tape Correction, Chain Traverse and Obstacles in Chaining.

Unit – II

Surveying I


1. Compare a surveyor’s compass with a prismatic compass

2. What are the different methods of plotting a traverse survey?

3. Write a note on the whole circle bearing system and the qudarantal

bearing system and adjustments of a prismatic compass.

4. What is a two point problem? How it is solved?

5. State the three point problem and explain ‘Bessel’s method’ of solving the

same.

6. With a neat sketch explain the Lehmann’s rule and strength of fix in plane

table surveying.

7. What are the significant merits and demerits of plane table surveying

compared to other surveying methods?

8. Name various characteristical methods of plane tabling. Explain with

sketches any two of them.

9. What are the points that should be kept in view while surveying with a

plain table?

10.Problems in compass surveying – Calculation of interior angles, Traversing, Local attraction.

Unit – III

Surveying I


1. Draw a neat sketch of a modern tilting level and mark the parts.

2. What are the two methods of contouring? Explain Briefly.

3. Explain the characteristic features of contours. What are the uses of

contour mapping?

4. Under what situation reciprocal leveling is resorted to? What errors are

eliminated in this leveling method?

5. What is meant by contour interval? Explain how proper contour interval is

to be chosen.

6. What are the different methods of locating contours?

7. What is planimeter? Explain how the volume of a reservoir could be

determined through plane table and contour surveying.

8. Explain – Simple leveling, Differential leveling and the system of reduced

levels.

9. What are the different types of leveling instruments used in leveling? Bring

out the essential differences between them and state which is the most

preferred one and why?

10.Describe the radial method of contouring.

11.Draw the contour lines for the following characteristic features. Pond,

Ridge line, Valley and Depression.

12.List various methods of determining areas from offsets to a base line.

13.What is grade contour? Describe how to locate it in the field.

14.What is profile leveling? Explain Longitudinal and Cross Sectioning.

15.Problems – Calculation of RL, Reciprocal Levelling, Calculation of areas, volumes and calculation of reservoir capacity.

Surveying I


Unit – IV

1. List the permanent adjustments of a theodolite. Explain any two.

2. What are face left and face right observations?

3. Explain how you would measure a horizontal angle by method of

repetition.

4. Explain the temporary adjustments of a transit theodolite.

5. What is meant by closing error in a theodolite traverse? Explain any one

method of distributing this error.

6. What are the two methods of measuring the horizontal angle using a

theodolite and under what situation each one is preferred? Outline the

principle in each method.

7. Write a detail note on Gale’s traverse table.

8. Explain how you would measure a vertical angle?

9. What are the possible sources of error while using a theodolite? How can

they be eliminated?

10.How is the closing error in a traverse balanced?

11.State what errors are eliminated by repetition method. Explain.

12.Problems – Omitted measurements

Surveying I


Unit – V

1. Explain the procedure for setting out a circular curve.

2. Write briefly the procedure of conducting surface survey in tunneling

operations.

3. Define lift and lead.

4. Discuss the various surveys under taken at different stages of new highway

project and the objective of each of them.

5. Explain the procedure for setting out of a tunnel.

6. Explain the Rankine’s method of tangential angles and the two theodolite

method of setting out a circular curve.

7. Name the types of reference grids and the types of rods used for vertical

control in setting out works.

8. Enumerate the classification of curves in the Engineering surveys.

9. How is a simple curve set out by using one theodolite and a chain?

10. Briefly explain reverse curves and shift of a transition curve.

11. List out the requirements to be satisfied in setting out a transition curve.

12. Problems – Curve setting.

Surveying I


Surveying I

surveying part a

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