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Survey of in-situ resources of BetaSurvey of in situ resources of Beta vulgaris ssp. Maritima in Ireland.Dermot Grogan
Joint International Collection, Ireland 1987• USDA-ARS• International Board of Plant GeneticInternational Board of Plant Genetic
Resources (Bioversity International)K B t i G d UK• Kew Botanic Garden, UK
• Centre for Genetic Resources, NLCe t e o Ge et c esou ces,• Dept. of Agriculture Irl.
Doney, D.L., Whitney, E.D., Terry, y, , y, , y,J., Frese, L., and Fitzgerald, P.
The Distribution and Dispersal of B t l i L itiBeta vulgaris L. ssp. maritima Germplasm in England, Wales, and Ireland. ,
Journal of Sugar Beet Research, Vol 27 No. 1&2. Jan-June 1990.
Recorded locations of Maritime Beet prior to 1962:Maritime Beet prior to 1962:– Before 1930: 107 sites
1930’s onwards: 87 sites– 1930 s onwards: 87 sites
Recorded locationsRecorded locations of Maritime Beet in 1987:1987:– Total sites found:
~5353– Seed collected
from 43 sitesfrom 43 sites
(Doney et al. 1990)
Doney et al. 1990:
• “The distribution of sea beet was similar toearlier observations (in 1962). However, manysmall populations were in danger of elimination,or had disappeared…Factors threatening orcausing extinction of local populations includedlivestock grazing (particularly sheep), slippage ofmud cliffs, industrialisation, sea ports, andrecreational activities.”
Genetic Resources Projects 2003 7Genetic Resources Projects 2003-7• To investigate and catalogue all available historical
b di t i l f IS/T b t b dibreeding material from IS/Teagasc sugarbeet breedingstation (Thurles 1938-1989.)To establish and record the e tent of changes since 1987• To establish and record the extent of changes since 1987 to native maritime beet populations represented in ex-situgermplasm collectionsgermplasm collections.
• To identify populations of maritime beet found in closeproximity to cultivated sugarbeet.p y g
• To recommend, where necessary, specific sites thatcould be designated as areas of Special ScientificInterest due to presence of maritime beet resources.
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods• International Data base
f B t (IDBB) &for Beta (IDBB) & USDA ARS-Grin genebanksgenebanks– 105 Irish accessions in
total– 43 unique locations for
B.maritima• Discovery 1:50 000 OS• Discovery 1:50,000 OS
maps• GPS receiverGPS receiver• Digital camera
Location Detail
KY01, Ballyheigue, Co. KKerry.
(IDBBNR 3873, 5896)5896)
HabitatHabitat• a relatively narrow strip
of supralittoral sedimentof supralittoral sediment• between the high water
mark and more normalmark and more normal non salt-tolerant vegetationg
• This gravel or shingle area usually accumulates drift material rich in nitrogenous organicnitrogenous organic matter
Growth HabitGrowth Habit• cool and wet climate,
with mild winterswith mild winters, means that maritime beet can survive as abeet can survive as a perennial.
• Individual plantsIndividual plants thrive in favourable locations giving rise g gover time to ‘colonies’ of stems supported by a sturdy taproot.
Growth StagesGrowth Stages
• Emergence• First True• First True
Leaves
Growth Stages
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Growth Stages
Juvenile• Juvenile• FloweringFlowering• Seed ripening
Plants found:Plants found:
O t ll• On stone walls
Plants found:Plants found:
O t• On concrete walls
Plants found:
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Plants found:
O t l d f• On coastal defences• Reclamation works
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Plants found:Plants found:
O liff• On cliffs• On road vergesOn road verges
Plants found:Plants found:
U d k• Under park benches
• Caravan Parks
Plants found:Plants found:
Yacht parks• Yacht parks• Sand DunesSand Dunes
(less often)
Foliar Disease:• Very little disease
id tevident– Leaf spot?Leaf spot?– Virus?
Th t t H bit tThreats to Habitat
• Coastal erosionerosion
Th t t H bit tThreats to Habitat
• Coastal erosionerosion
Threats to Habitat• Human leisure
andand commercial activities
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Threats to Habitat• Human leisure
dand commercial activities
• Colonising disturbeddisturbed conditions
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Proximity to sugar beetProximity to sugar beet
< 1 Km14%
1-5 Km28%> 5 Km
58%
No of Sites with B maritimaNo. of Sites with B. maritima
Population EstimatesPopulation Estimates
None5% Scarce 1-105% Scarce 1 10
9%
Abundant 100
Sufficient 10-50
21%
>10039%
21%
Plentiful 50-10026%
Evaluation of Irish ex-situ genebank accessions (IDBB /USDA)
• 98% of locations min botanical• 98% of locations, min. botanical evaluation
• 53% at least 1 pest or disease53%, at least 1 pest or disease resistance evaluation:– Cercospora: 13 locationsp– Rhizoctonia: 11 locations– B Cyst nematode: 9 locations
Erysiphe: 6 locations– Erysiphe: 6 locations– Rhizomania: 5 locations– Curly Top: 5 locations– Aphanomyces: 4 locations– BWYV: 2 locations– Pythium: 2 locations– Pythium: 2 locations– Root aphid: 1 location
Summary of resistance screening
la i de
1 = Highly Resistant
# County
Code
# LOCATIO
N
Cercosp
ora be
ticola
Rhizocto
nia so
lani
Beet C
yst N
ematode
Eryisp
he beta
e
Rhizoman
iaCurly
TopAph
anom
yces
BWYVPyth
ium ul
timum
Root Aph
id
2 = Very Resistant
3 = Resistant
1 CE 1 KILLMER TO KILRUSH 5 6 32 CE 2 CARRIGAHOLT BAY 63 CK 10 YOUGHAL 94 CK 15 FLEXFORD, HARBOUR 9 8
4 =
5 = Intermediate
5 DN 2 KILKEEL 5 5 96 DN 4 ROSSGLASS 37 D 1 SKERRIES 4 5 98 D 2 MALAHIDE HARBOUR 7
6 =
7 = Susceptible
8 D 2 MALAHIDE, HARBOUR 79 GY 1 SALTHILL BAY 7 7 8 5 9 8 710 GY 2 CAHER 7 9 5 8 411 KY 2 DINGLE HARBOUR 712 KY 3 FENIT AT RAILWAY 6 97 Susceptible
8 = Very Susceptible
9 Hi hl S tibl
12 KY 3 FENIT AT RAILWAY 6 913 KY 4 ROUGH POINT 514 KY 5 TARBERT 5 5 815 KY 6 VENTRY 916 LH 1 BLACKROCK 19 = Highly Susceptible 16 LH 1 BLACKROCK 117 MH 1 LAYTOWN, HARBOUR 3 718 WD1 ARDMORE, ARDMORE BAY 2 8 9 2 5 8 6 3 519 WD4 DUNMORE EAST 520 WD6 TRAMORE 521 WX 10 BANNOW ISLAND 2 7 4 6 9 7 322 WX 13 DUNCANNON 323 WW1 SIX MILE POINT 7
Conclusions
Th l ti d i l
Conclusions
• The populations surveyed were in general better than the 1987 survey.
• On the east, south and southwest coasts, the majority of in-situ populations are not j y p punder any immediate threat of destruction.
• However on the west coast north of• However, on the west coast, north of Galway Bay, no plants were found at two locations Achill Island and Ross’s Pointlocations, Achill Island, and Ross s Point.
Conclusions• Evidence of the negative impact of coastal
Conclusionsg p
erosion and human activity on habitat wasevident at all sites.
• A number of sites should be designated asareas of scientific interest, and maritime beeti l d d l t f i t t i f tiincluded as a plant of interest on informationguides at such sites.R l t l l th iti t t d d• Relevant local authorities were contacted andmade aware of these CWR resources in theirareasareas.
Conclusions• Molecular investigation of selected accessions
Conclusionsg
has confirmed the wide genetic diversity ofecotypes, with Irish material genetically closer toyp , g yNW European ecotypes than those fromMediterranean area (Andersen et al. 2005).( )
• International evaluation of Irish genebankaccessions has indicated that useful resistanceaccessions has indicated that useful resistancegenes are present in populations here.