survey, conservation and propagation of

SURVEY, CONSERVATIO

Juniperus communis

ON THE LIZAR

b

Dr. Alistair Griffiths and

Eden

20

upported by: S

N AND PROPAGATION OF

subsp. hemisphaerica

D, CORNWALL

y

Rosemary McClenaghan

Project

10

Dr. Alistair Griffiths and Rosemary McClenaghan 01/02/2011 (Eden Project) Juniperus communis subsp. Hemisphaerica

1

PROJECT EXTENSION: LOWLAND ENGLAND JUNIPER PROJECT

PARTNERSHIP WORKING WITH THE EDEN PROJECT (Cornwall)

cope of the Project:

his project extension focuses on the conservation of a very rare Juniper, located in ornwall called Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica (J. Presl & C. Presl) Nyman. his taxon is a separate BAP priority species. In the wild it is thought to comprise of just 0 individual bushes. The latest genetic evidence suggests that these are the only true pecimens of this sub-species in Britain and therefore in need of conservation.

s already undertaken work to conserve this species ex-situ and has volved volunteers and the local community to address the Local Biodiversity Action

Plan. The findings of 1-6 below are addressed in this report. 1. Surveying historical sites of J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica using volunteers. 2. Investigating the cause of decline of this BAP taxon across sites. . Ascertaining the fate of previously introduc d individuals at Mullion Cliffs NNR. Producing a brief report of findings and survey data from items 1-3.

5. Establishing an ex-situ representative of each of the 10 surviving wild plants through propagation of cuttings.

6. Vegetative propagation protocol for J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica Acknowledgements: It is important to thank Roger Wasley, Michael Cutler and Stephen Phillips and our propagation staff at Eden Project, Watering Lane Nursery for their technical expertise and growing skills. I would like to thank The Natural England Senior Reserves Manager, Ray Lawman The Lizard NNR for information provided on the in-situ status of the plants and for taking us to the site on several occasions. I would like to thank Eden Project Volunteers in particularly Rosemary McClenaghan for helping with surveying the sites. I would also like to thank ERCISS for the information obtained on historical and current records of this plant and Lena Ward and Julia Carey for their photos and their helpful information and finally I would like to thank Dr. Mark Spencer at the Natural History Museum in London for allowing access to the herbarium specimens and for accompanying me in the field during some of the survey work.

S TCT1s Eden Project hain

34.

e


2

Outputs 1

urveying historical and current sites of J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica

tair riffiths alongside Eden Project Volunteers, and on one occasion with Dr. Mark Spencer

he findings from the desk studies provided the localities to survey in the field during pril – August 2010 (See Table 1.) For each site a one day survey was undertaken in

umed here that the

.

tak mference (m), diameter (m) and height (cm). The sexes of

ili or female florescences and fruit. The age and health status of the plants were estimated using odified guidelines from the Plantlife Juniper Survey Plantlife 2004-2005. Age was

ategorised using:

= Seedlings: young plants up to 10cm tall, single stem un-branched, soft green foliage; = Young: <10cm height, stems branched, evidence of fresh growth on branches; = Mature: >20cm height spreading and branched, fruits may be visible on female lants, some browning on tips of branches, = Old: >40cm height, large clumps with much branching, broken and bare branches = Unknown age

ealth was categorised using the number of brown patches on the tips of branches:

10 = Very Healthy y

50= Healthy

a BSBI s

es ced

erve

– 4:

S Methodology: The taxonomic literature, The Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly ERCISS records, herbarium specimens from The Natural History Museum, London and personal communication with Ray Lawman, the Senior Reserves Manager of Natural England were undertaken to ascertain all known historical and current recorded sites of J.communis subsp. hemisphaerica. These locations were then visited by Dr. AlisGthe Curator of the British & Sloane Herbariums at the Natural History Museum, London, UK. TAorder to look for the presence or absence of J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica. WhenJ. communis subsp. hemisphaerica. is recorded as absent it is not assplant is not present in those areas, but that it was not found during this survey work Where J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica was present, measurements of each plant was

en. This included the circuthe plants were observed by recording the presence of either male strobinmc ABCpDE H <<30= Moderately Health<>100= Poor Condition. Grid references and altitude readings were obtained using a Garmin e-trex personal GPSnavigation system (GB Ordnance Survey datum map). Each plant (habit and reproductivestructures) was photographed (Table 2; Appendix 2) For the Gew Graze site,Threatened Plant Project recording form was filled in for each of the three enclosure(Appendix 1.) Findings from this work provide information to discuss the potential causof decline of this BAP species across sites. To ascertain the fate of previously introduJ. communis subsp. hemisphaerica individuals at Mullion Cliffs National Nature Resthe Senior Reserves Manger, Natural England, Ray Lawman was interviewed by Dr. Alistair Griffiths.


3

een recorded historically in Cornwall on Rill Head, Rill Cliffs, Preddannack owns, Kynance Gate, Kynance Goonhilly Downs and Gew Graze. All of these sites were

s true

s g

r male strobili or female inflorescences or fruits present during the survey. The ajority of plants were semi-mature to mature and no natural regeneration was seen. An

on. e habitat of this juniper consists of NVC: Erica vagans – Ulex europaeus Coastal Heath

Highland cattle. As part of their management plan Natural England rected these three enclosures with electric fencing around the plants. The current

azed

sting and grazing periods. Natural England e

t controlled burning (2 or 3 acres) on a ten year cycle. An additional o juniper plants were discovered in June 2010 by Andy Mcveigh and Julia Carey.

dividuals at Mullion Cliffs National Nature Reserve:

ts were re-introduced by Bristol University in 1982 onto the Mullion Cliffs . Unfortunately, in the 1980’s all of these plants were thought to

ave been destroyed by an accidental fire that was started on the Mullion Regatta day

Results: In-situ Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica: This taxon has bDvisited in the field in 2010. The results show that the only locality that remains is at Gew Graze, Lizard, where thirteen plants were found (This includes the additional two juniperplants discovered in June 2010 by Andy Mcveigh and Julia Carey.) However, it is of notethat deciphering individual plants in the field was quite problematic due to the plantgrowth form and it is felt that genetics would be the only way to ascertain thenumber of individuals that remain at Gew Graze. It is encouraging to note that plantconsist of six males, four females and three plants of unknown sex, due to not havineithemindividual in enclosure two (Plant 9) was difficult to conclude if it was a younger plant or part of an existing older juniper clump. The majority of the plants had brown tips on their shoots, but overall the plants were all healthy individuals. The size of plants varied from2 - 17 meters in circumference, 0.30 – 5.90 m diameter and 0.25 – 0.47 cm in height See Tables 1 and 2, Photographs and Appendix 1 and 2 for more detailed informatiThin enclosure one and in enclosures two and three Erica vagans – Schoenus nigricans Coastal Heath. See Appendix 1 for a species list on the BSBI Threatened Plant Project recording forms enclosures 1 – 3. Table 1 also provides information on historically planted material that was sent to individuals to grow commercially, as a garden plant or ex-situ. The plants at Gew Graze are currently surrounded by electric fencing to protect them from grazing eNatural England management of Kynance Farm where the juniper grows is split into three separate grazing units. From 2010 they are allowing two out of the three to be greach season. The units in which the juniper sits are being rested this year. The enclosures remain functional in both the realso protect sites such as Kynance from unplanned fires by putting firebreaks in placand by carrying outw Re-introduction of in The Juniper planNational Nature Reservehduring a Lifeboat demonstration. The fire started from a flare that was set off during this demonstration. The flare unfortunately landed in the middle of the re-introduced Juniper population. In 2010 this site was surveyed and no plants were found. A second re-introduction was attempted by Bristol University. However, due to no consultation with Natural England these plants were not planted out in the wild but were instead planted in the Poltesco National Trust Volunteer House garden. We were informed that these plants no longer exist in the garden.

Table 1: Historic Hemisphaerica Species Loca 2010 Findings/Survey Notes

al/Curre

Da

nt Records of

ta Source

in-si

G.R. /

tu and ex-situ plants and findings of 2010 survey for Juniperus commu

lity Recorder /Collector Location Date

nis subsp.

Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica

ure 1ure 2ure 3

ts t ere enclosed. An estimated 11 plants in total were found. However the plants growth form makes it difficult to identify re in the surrounding areas.

This Report 2010

: SW67911425 : SW67721439 : SW67814199

ROSEMARY MC CLENAGHAN ALISTAIR GRIFFITHS MARK SPENCER

GEW GRAZE 2010 This survey located three groupings of planindividual plants clearly. No further plants we

EnclosEnclosEnclos

hat wfound


98917051

pl Enclosure 1.

Pers Comm. JuliOfficer, 2010 BucCouncil

a Carey, Countryside kinghamshire County 4408 (+6m acc)

4411 ( +6m acc) ANDY McVEIGH JULIA CAREY

GEW GRAZE June 2010 Additional two plants located to the left of the

SW 67SW 67 ant in


Lena Wards in ne of the females from the Lizard and this has grown to 2m in diameter in her front garden. Ward Pers Comm 2010 Lena Garden D.E.COOMBE GEW GRAZE 2010 David Coombe gave Lena Ward a rooted cutt g of o


ERC 14 ro parts of Predannack Downs. R.V. TELLAM PREDANNACK

DOWNS 1909 No plants were found during the survey of the ckySW67ISS


HerbThe Bota

ad , L R d surrounding areas.

arium speciNat Hist Musny.

men: (BM00932095) , London Dept of

Rill He izard, Cornwall. RILL HEAD 05/08/1987 No plants were found during the survey of the ill an


D.E t the ce G paper that these were ‘burn’t to extinction’. Rill

ate MR. CASEY CLIFFS AT RILL

KYNANCE GATE

Mr Casey of the Studio, stated in Coombe’s COOMBE. (1973) Cliffs a

Kynan


HerbThe Bota

Dall onhilly Downs area.

arium speciNat Hist Musny

men: (BM000932092) , London Dept of Goonhilly

Cornwowns: Lizard, GOONHILLY

DOWNS 27/05/1886 No plants were found during the survey of Go

Juniperus communis Herb

ce, Call

arium specimen: ( BIRM004564) KynanCornw

ornwall VC1, West MR JAMES CUNNACK KYNANCE May 1871 Quite a wide distribution.


D.E

aze Junipers were grown at Cambridge Botanic Garden and on the terrace of New Court, Christ’s College. A few accessions luding a plant collected from a plant and propagated by Coombe’s that was cited as burn’t to extinction in his paper.) The current riffiths reports that the Christ’s College plants were taken out when the Lasdon building was refurbished (Appendix 4.)

1973) COOMBE. (

CAMBRIDGE

BOTANIC GARDENS

Complete sets of all then eight of the Gew Grremain at Cambridge Botanical Gardens (IncHead Gardener of Christ’s College, Steven G


D.E 97 nal female plant from Soapy rock and 27 cuttings of the now extinct male found on 21 May 1968 by Dr. L.C. Frost of which some stock at Truro and to Mr. H.J. Welch of the Wansdyke Nursery, Devizes

3) COOMBE. (1 UNKNOWN 1968 Rooted cuttings at Cambridge BG of the origiwere given to Mr. N Treseder for his nursery


aManager (Planted Site) Re-Introduction on Mullion

Cliffs National Nature Reserve Bristol University

BRISTOL UNIVERSITY CLIFFS

NATIONAL NATURE

RESERVE

Planted in 1982 It is thought that these plants were destroyed by a fire started by a lifeboat flare during Mullion Regatta day in the 1980’s. On visiting the site 2010 no plants were found.

MULLION Pers. Comm. Natur l England Reserves


D.E COOMBE. (1973) Housel Bay Hotel, Housel Bay The Lizard, Helston, Cornwall TR12 7PG

D.E. COOMBE Planted Needs to be visited to ascertain ex-situ status.


D.E COOMBE. (1973) Tehidy Hospital Planted Tehidy hospital is now a private building in the middle of Tehidy Country Park, the owner was contacted and I have had no response.


Pers. Comm. Natural England Reserves Manager (Planted Site) Poltesco National Trust

Volunteer House Gardens BRISTOL UNIVERSITY

POLTESCO VOLUNTEER

HOUSE GARDENS

Planted in 1998

Second re-introduction was attempted by Bristol University. Due to no consultation with Natural England these plants were not planted out in the wild but were instead planted in the garden of Poltesco National Trust Volunteer House. We were informed that these plants no longer exist and further investigation is required.

Juniperus communis Thurstan, E. & Vigurs, C.A. (1922.) Supplement to F. Hamilton Daveys Flora of Cornwall.

Two Small Plants on Par Sands

C.BUCKNELL F.H. PERRYCOSTE PAR SANDS 1917 Plants looked for and not found.


Pers. Comm Trevor Toms Ex-situ Duchy College TREVOR TOMS DUCHY COLLEGE 2010 Trevor Toms has a remaining plant at his house and the remainder plants were passed onto the conservation officer at Duchy. No contact was made with the conservation

officer.


Ex-situ Eden Project, Watering Lane Nursery PL26 6BE

ROSEMARY MC CLENAGHAN ALISTAIR GRIFFITHS

WATERING LANE

NURSERY: EDEN PROJECT

2010 All known wild plants from Gew Graze, Lizard now exist in an ex-situ collection based at Eden Project’s Watering Lane Nursery, (WLN) Pentewan, Cornwall. Also two old specimens from the Cambridge collections are based at WLN.


4

able 2: Detailed Survey 2010 Information of Juniperus communis

eedlings, B=Young, C=Mature, ld, E= Unknown Ag

**Plant Health No. of brown shoots <10 =Very Healthy, <30 Moderately Healthy, <50 Healthy, >100 Poor Condition.

Plant No.

(Tag No.)

GPS

ce eter

Height

(cms)

*Pl

ag

T

*Plant age: A=S

D=O e

Enclosure

of plant Circumferen

Diam

( m) of plant

) ( mof plant

ant e

**No. of brown shoots

Sex Male/Female Field Notes Photos Attached/ Appendix 2

1 9 17.00 5.90 0.47 D <50 Female, with fruits.

Thought to be a single large plant. Unable to ascertain if one single plant or several

plants in one clump, or if male and females exist in this clump.

0015, 008, 0011

1 (40) SW6772143

2

2

(No tag) SW67911425 4.30 2 0.30 C <30 Male strobili present

Seems to be a distinct individual.

0017, 0019, 0020, 0021, 0022.

3 (41) SW67911425 1.96 0.80 C <10 Male cones present Seems to be a distinct individual 0027,0029 0.27

4 (19) SW6791142

5 2.90 1.12 0.25 C <30 Female with fruits present Seems to be a distinct individual 0033, 0036

5 (20) SW67911425 7.60 2.70 0.40 C <50 Male strobili present Seems to be a distinct individual 0049, 0051

6 (22) SW67911425 9.40 3.25 present

Plant consists of one large clump, two smaller clumps and an old knarled stump. Unsure if separate plants or all one plant.

0065, 0061 0.35 C <30 Male strobili

7 (21) SW67911425 - - - C <10 No berries, no male strobili present Very small old stalk with little to measure

but still alive 0069

8 (No tag) 0 C From main track right of num 7 (21) 0071, 0074 SW67911425 4.60 1.70 0.4 <30 Male strobili

present

9 (No tag) SW67911425 0.30 sent

Quite small plant. In-between 7 and 8. Unsure if young plant

or not?

0077, 0079 0.90 0.25 E <10 Female with fruits pre

10 (18) <30 Female with fruits present

(Observed many fruits)

Plant consists possible of one large entity broken up into five smaller clumps all

female with fruits present measured around all clumps

0086, 0083

SW67911425 14.60 3.10 0.40 C

3 11 SW67814199 3.00 0.95 0.32 C <10 Male strobili present 0090, 0093,0097,0100


5


6


7

Output 2. Investigating the cause of decline of this BAP taxon across sites. J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica was described by C.A. Johns in his ‘Week at the Lizard’ in 1874 as being a plant found in abundance at the head of Gew Graze valley and bearing a great profusion of berries. This survey shows that thirteen plants remain. The decline of this plant is primarily thought to be due to fire, to limited damage from grazing by highland cattle. Other factors could potentially be a reduction in reproductive biology due to ageing plants and the fragmentation of male and female plants in the population affecting pollination rates. Over the last 30 years the number of plants at Gew Graze have remained relatively static, between 6 -11 individual plants have been recorded. This and the findings of no natural regeneration in 2010 is suggestive that the existing mature plants have limited reproductive abilities or that the habitat is not suited to natural regeneration and the existing plants will eventually get too old and die without being replaced by new young individuals. Juniper plants are dioecious and wind pollinated, so unless there are sufficient numbers of male plants within a reasonable distance of the female plants fertilisation is unlikely. Provan et al. (2008) has discussed the issues of fragmented populations and restricted geneflow in Juniperus communis. Ward, 1982, also discussed how the fertility of juniper plants (Juniperus communis communis) declines with age and the production of berries also decline with age. The Gew Graze plants did have fruits but these were few and sparsely spread across each plant. It is unknown if the Gew Graze population has low seed viability and/or if the reproductive and pollination biology is effective and therefore this requires further investigation. Evidence of decline due to Fires: In 1959 Erica vagans and Ulex europaeus bushes were accidentally burned and the fire stopped short of only a few decimetres from juniper plants on the Lizard. Originally there were several plants on the Rill between Kynance and Gew Graze and a single upright bush at Kynance gate. All of these are also thought to have gone extinct due to fire. In addition, plants that were re-introduced to the Mullion Cliffs National Nature Reserve were also burned due to an accidental fire. This strongly highlights that fire has played a significant factor in the decline of Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica from several locations in the Lizard to now one location in Gew Graze. Evidence of decline due to Grazing: Highland cattle were introduced as part of the Lizard National Nature Reserve management plans. Unfortunately, the Highland cattle found the Juniper to be a good food source and damaged some of the specimens. Fortunately, Natural England acted quickly on this by using electrical fencing erected in 2003 around all the known specimens of Juniper in the Gew Graze Valley. Kynance has been grazed since 1939 and the Highland cattle grazing started in 2002/2003. Lack of Natural Regeneration: All plants at Gew Graze seem to currently be mature and no natural regeneration was observed during the survey in 2010. Mature Specimens with no natural regeneration is indicative of a population that in the medium to long-term could go extinct. Coombe, 1973, noted that on 3rd September 1970, 78 seeds were collected at Gew Graze from one female plant and the seeds were sown in a pot. Of these, nine seeds germinated (11% germination rate between 2nd and 15th April 1972.) This low germination rate is indicative of either an unrefined seed propagation protocol or low fertility. Further studies would be required to ascertain the viability status of seeds produced in the wild. The impact of the increased vegetation growth and lack of bare ground in relation to natural re-generation should also be further investigated


8

le to

s

ted

tace,

r

ion eir European/African range. It is suggested that additional sampling of ssp.

mmunis from across the UK and its

Risks of Pests and Diseases: No current records are found with regards to this plant being susceptibPhythophthora ramorum but in that this is becoming a high risk disease in the South West and the UK then this is a potential risk for this plant. The rust funguGymnosporangium clavariiforme has also previously been reported on the stems of one of the Gew Graze Junipers. Gymnosporangium clavariiforme was not seen duringfieldwork in 2010. No Pests were identified as a risk during the survey but this was not acomprehensive study. It is worth noting that a paper written by Ward (1977) highlighthat Juniperus communis is affected by a number of insect species (>20 spp.) some of which directly impact on seed viability. Therefore, it may be worth undertaking a more in-depth study on the associated fauna of the Lizard juniper plants. Nomenclature and Taxonomy of J. communis hemisphaerica: The nomenclature and taxonomic status of Juniperus communis hemispherica (C.Presl) Nyman is still unresolved. This juniper is recognized by some as a distinct taxon (S2010) and by others Adams & Pandey 2003 and Farjon, 2005 as Juniperus communis var. communis. Due to this uncertainty, especially with regards to comparing togethethe morphological and molecular characters of the UK Juniperus communis ssp. hemisphaerica plants with ssp. hemisphaerica, ssp. nana and ssp. communis in relatthhemisphaerica, ssp. nana and ssp. coEuropean/African range is undertaken and that morphological and molecular data collated and compared in order to clarify the taxonomic status of ssp. hemisphaerica plants, in the United Kingdom.


9

collection, and vegetative propagation

was also sought. 2. Plants of hemisphaerica were propagated and grown on at Watering Lane

x-situ

Botanic

ll:

• In that fire has played a significant factor in the reduction of J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica it is suggested that fire management practices are set-up around the existing eleven plants at Gew Graze Valley.

• It is suggested that the two new plants discovered in June 2010 by Andy Mcveigh

and Julia Carey be placed in an enclosure and are brought into ex-situ conservation.

• It is suggested that annual management of the vegetation surrounding the

junipers within the enclosures is undertaken. It is hoped by clearing some of the gorse and heather from around the parent plants that it may encourage growth of the existing plants and provide the opportunity for new seedlings to develop.

• In that the large female plant in the first enclosure has two newly recorded plants

closeby. It is suggested that the reproductive status of these plants be obtained.

• On a five year basis take cuttings from each individual plant in the wild and maintain ex-situ three plants of each individual wild plant (Maintain survivorship in the nursery environment and maintain wild genetic stock.) The five year collection time period is suggested to reduce the risks of genetic shifts in both the wild and the ex-situ plants.

• Plant some propagated individuals from Gew Graze into old historical sites, under

the guidance of Natural England and Plantlife and with the agreement of landowners. Receptor sites should be appropriately managed for the survival and natural regeneration of juniper.

• Ensure that all re-introductions are closely monitored and data collected to

ascertain the outcomes of the re-introductions. Ensure that prior to any re-introduction a budget for aftercare and monitoring will need to be secured

Outputs 5. & 6. Eden Project ex-situprotocol for J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica. Methodology:

1. Literature studies were undertaken on the vegetative propagation of Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica and its closest known taxa Juniperus communis subsp. communis and Juniperus communis subsp. nana as limited horticulture information was found on the Gew Graze plants. Communication with the professional nursery propagators at Eden Project

Nursery. Results:

1. The detailed vegetative propagation protocol can be seen in Appendix 3. 2. All known wild plants from Gew Graze, Lizard are now growing in an e

collection based at Eden Project’s Watering Lane Nursery, (WLN) Pentewan, Cornwall. In addition two specimens from the Cambridge UniversityGarden are within the collections at WLN.

Suggested Management Plan for J. communis subsp. hemisphaerica in Cornwa


10

and roved.

re Research Works:

• Juncomstattax an

presentatives. • Undertake sampling of all plants ex-situ, all juniper clumps in-situ and undertake

genetic analyses to ascertain how many distinct individuals there are. It is hoped t this will provide the number of taxonomic units that can be used in any future

re-introduction programmes. Vegetative propagation with natural re-rooting trate

arieties of juniper. There are known populations in Scotland where it is very

• Asc of

Jun ollen dispersal & viability, stigma receptivity, pollen stigma interactions.)

• Ascertain seed viability and seed storage protocols for the remaining Gew Graze

• Devise seed germination protocols for the remaining Gew Graze plants.

•

• Maintain ex situ collection of hemisphaerica at Eden until survivorship regeneration at Gew Graze has significantly imp

Suggested Futu

Do morphological and genetic comparisons of UK and European representatives of iperus communis subsp. nana, J. communis subsp. communis, and J. munis subsp. hemisphaerica to ascertain the nomenclatural and taxonomic us of Juniper in Cornwall. The highest priority being the clarification of the onomic status of hemisphaerica in Britain in relation to its Europe

re

tha

among the lizard junipers may be occurring. This is known in other UK prosvdifficult to distinguish individuals pers comm. Lena Ward

ertain the male and female phenology and reproductive biology status iperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica (p

plants. Investigate the factors affecting seed viability, including a survey of phytophagous insects that live on juniper.

Devise development and establishment protocols of young plants during re-introduction.

• Evaluation of the impact of management practices on hemisphaerica plants if they

are re-introduced on to the Lizard.


11

Appendix 1: BSBI Threatened Plants Project Recording Forms


12


13


14


15


16


17

Appendix 2: Gew Graze Valley (Habitat/Habit and Reproductive Photographs: Table 2.) 001- Gew Graze Valley, Lizard, Cornwall.

0015 Enclosure 1, Plant No. 1 (Tag 40)

008- Female Fruits Enclosure 1, Plant No. 1 (Tag 40)

011- Brown Shoots, Enclosure 1, Plant No. 1 (Tag 40)

0

017 Habitat Shot Enclosure 2 0 Dr. Alistair Griffiths and Rosemary McClenaghan 01/02/2011 (Eden Project) Juniperus communis subsp. Hemisphaerica

18

019 Habitat Shot showing Enclosure 2

0

020 Enclosure 2, Solar Powered Electric Fence System

0


19

0021 Enclosure 2, Plant 2 (No Tag) Habit Shot

022 Enclosure 2, Plant 2 (No Tag) Male Strobili 0


20

027 Enclosure 2, Plant 3 (Tag 41) Habit 0

0029 - Enclosure 2, Plant 3 (Tag 41) Male Strobili


21

033 Enclosure 2, Plant 4 (Tag 19) Habit 0

0036 Enclosure 2, Plant 4 (Tag 19) Female Fruit


22

0049 Enclosure 2, Plant 5 (Tag 20) Habit

0051 Enclosure 2, Plant 5 (Tag 20) Male strobili


23

065 - Enclosure 2, Plant 6 (Tag 22) Habit

0

061 - Enclosure 2, Plant 6 (22) Male Strobili

0


24

069 - Enclosure 2, Plant 7 (Tag 21) Habit 0

0071 Enclosure 2, Plant 8 (No Tag) Habit


25

0074 Enclosure 2, Plant 8 (No Tag) Male Strobili

077 Enclosure 2, Plant 9 (No Tag) Habit 0


26

0079 Enclosure 2, Plant 9 (No Tag) Female Fruit

0086 Enclosure 2, Plant 10 (Tag 18) Habit Dr. Alistair Griffiths and Rosemary McClenaghan 01/02/2011 (Eden Project) Juniperus communis subsp. Hemisphaerica

27

0083 Enclosure 2, Plant 10 (Tag 18) Female Fruits

090 – Enclosure 3 with Enclosure 1 in background: Habitat 0


28

0093 - Enclosure 3, Plant 11 Habit


29

0097 - Enclosure 3, Plant 11, Male Strobili

0100 – View of Plant (left dark green circle) in Enclosure 1 seen from Enclosure 3

0105 – Plants 2010 growing ex-situ at Eden Project, Watering Lane Nursery


30


31


32

Appendix 3: Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica Propagation Protocol Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica is a dwarf evergreen dioecious shrub (Figure 1). For finished 5 L pot plant (Figure 4). Propagules Stage 1 (unrooted cuttings) Cutting material taken from Gew Graze in early February and/or October from one year old semi-ripewood tip cuttings (Figure 2) or semi ripewood cuttings with ripe heel, 6-9cm in length resulted in over 80% rooting success. Cuttings taken at the end of February had a higher rooting success. The bottom leaves of cuttings should be carefully removed with a sharp propagation knife (Figure 3) before the base of cutting is dipped for five seconds in Synergol 10000ppm IBA. Diluted 1:5.6 giving a 1500ppm IBA and placed into modules compost mixture 25% to 75% grit (higher percentage of grit is a necessity for high percentage rooting as Juniper dislikes being waterlogged.) Cuttings were watered in and placed on a gravel based mist bed in a Venlo glasshouse with bottom heat of 20°C, on electronic leaf activated keeping the leaves just moist. It is crucial at all times not to let the cuttings dry out as this will significantly reduce percentage rooting success. Do not propagate in direct sunlight as can cause scorching. Growing temperatures: Nights: 8-10 ° C Days: Max 16°C. Cuttings taken in Feb take up to three months to root. Cuttings taken in October take up to six months to root. Stage 2 Once rooted, wean off cuttings for two weeks by reducing mist bursts followed by removal from mist bed and pot on into 9 cm square pots (during potting on ensure that root disturbance is kept to a minimum.) Place on mypexed floor in glasshouse with growing temperatures of minimum 8-10 °C and maximum 20°C. Stage 3 Pot on 9 cm to 2L pot (during potting on ensure that root disturbance is kept to a minimum.). Remain in glasshouse on floor in Venlo glasshouse with growing temperatures of minimum 8-10 °C and maximum 20°C. When outside temperatures reach above 5°C place outside on hard standing. Ensure the plants remain outside and fleece if temperatures go below -2°C. Stage 4 Pot on 2L into 5L pots (during potting on ensure that root disturbance is kept to a minimum.). Place outside on hard standing with shade. Keep the plants outside above -2°C and fleece if temperatures go below this. Preparation for Transplantation Slightly reduce irrigation of plants over a five month period to prepare for planting out. Ensure that the plants are checked with regards to pests, diseases and viruses and that these are treated before the transplantation process occurs.

Potting Media 80% Vapogrow seed and modular compost, 10% Perlite standard and 10% sterilised Loam. Fertilization No fertilisation required in stage 1. In stages 1-4 use 1 gram per litre of Osmocote, 12-14 months 15-9-11 +2Mgo + TE in growing media. Supplement with a liquid feed with half strength Peters Excel, 15:5:15 Mgo + TE 0.3g/l on a fortnightly basis. Temperature Juniper will survive temperatures of -5°C. At temperatures below -2°C ensure that plants are protected by fleece. Light Ensure cuttings and plants are shaded and away from direct sunlight. Junipers grow well under glass and when large enough can be moved outside with up to 20 percent shading in the UK. Irrigation It is crucial at all times not to let the plants dry out as this will significantly reduce percentage survival success. The media requires to be free draining as the roots do not like to be waterlogged. Spacing Throughout all stages space so that the plants do not overlap. Crop Schedule (Last week in February) Rooting stage: Up to 90 days (3 months) Weaning: Up to 14 days (2 weeks) Stage 2- Stage 3: Up to 364 days (12 months) Stage 3 – Stage 4: Up to 364 days (12 months) Stage 4 – Transplantation: Up to 90 days (5 months) Total Time: Up to 980 days (33 months) Crop Schedule (October) Rooting stage: Up to 180 days (6 months) Weaning: Up to 14 days (2 weeks) Stage 2- Stage 3: Up to 240 days (8 months) Stage 3 – Stage 4: Up to 364 days (12 months) Stage 4 – Transplantation: Up to 90 days (5 months) Total Time: Up to 980 days (33 months) Pests and diseases Keep vigilant at all times with regards to monitoring for Pests, Diseases and Viruses. Plants have been attacked by Totrix moth.


33

isphaerica in-situ (Gew Graze Valley, Cornwall) Figure 1: Juniperus communis subsp. hem

Figure 2: Example of a Juniperus communis sub

sp. hemisphaerica cutting


34

aves

Figure 3: Propagation Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica removal of basalle

Figure 4: Finished 5L Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica plant ready for

ansplanting tr


35

Griffiths in 2010 Alistair Griffiths

1987

Figure 5: In-situ of large Female plant at Gew Graze taken by Lena Ward in 1987 and by Alistair

2010


36

yside Officer, Buckinghamshire County ouncil.

Figure 6 and 7: Photos of the newly discovered plants in 2010 by Andy Mcveigh and Julia Carey (photos taken by Julia Carey, CountrC


37

e University Botanical Gardens Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica live ccessions 2011.

19600329 Clone A Female

Appendix 4:

ambridgCa

19680154 Clone B Male Destroyed by fire 1968-9 19690263 Clone D Male 196902632 Clone H Female 196902634 Clone F Female 196902635 Clone E Female Currently with berries 197002563 Clone M Female Seed from clone H grown in nat. hab. 3.9.72 197002564 Clone O Male Seed from clone H grown in nat. hab. 3.9.72


38

y Lena Ward Figure 8: Ex-situ plants at Cambridge Botanical Gardens taken b 1980

1986


39

s RP & Pandey RN., 2003. Analysis of Juniperus communis and its varieties on DNA fingerprinting. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31: p. 1271-1278.

Adams, R.P., 2000, Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs)., Biochem. Syst. & Ecol., 28(6) p.515-528. Adams, R.P., Demeke, T., 1993, Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs)., Taxon, 42 p.553-571. Ash, D.N., 1997, Managing juniper on the Salisbury Plain Training Area., Sanctuary (MOD Conservation Mag.), 26 p.17 Broome. A. 2003, Growing Juniper: Propagation and Establishment Practices. Note FCIN50. Forestry Commission. Christensen, K.I., 1985, Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Smith) Celakovsky (Cupressaceae) - a nomenclatural comment., Taxon, 34 p.686-688. Clifton, S.J., Ward, L.K., Ranner, D.S., 1996, The status of Juniper, Juniperus communis L. in north-east England., Biol. Conservation, 79 p.67-77 Coombe D.E. & Frost L., 1956, Heaths of the Cornish Serpentine. J. Ecol 44, 226-256 Coombe, D.E., 1973, The prostrate Junipers at Gew Graze., Lizard, 5(1) p.7-12.

ornwall Biodiversity Action Plan. Cornwall’s Biodiversity, 1998, vol 1, 2 and 3. Cornwall ouncil.

unnack, J., 1872. [Juniperus communis in Cornwall.] Rep. bot. exch. Club for 1872: 19.

avey, F.H., 1902. A Tentative List of the Flowering Plants, Ferns known to occur in the County of ornwall, including the Scilly Isles. Penryn.

avey F.H., 1909, Flora of Cornwall, Penryn p.419.

Dearnley, T.C. &Duckett, J.G. 1999, Juniper in the Lake District National park. A review of condition and regeneration. Watsonia. 22: p261-267. Dunn, T.C., 1989, The distribution of Junipers., Vasculum, 74 p.14 Farjon, A. 2005. A monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Franco, J.D.A., 1962, Taxonomy of the common juniper., Bol. Soc. Brot., Sér. 2, 36 p.101-120. French,C.N., Murphy,R.J. & Atkinson,M.G.C., 1999, Flora of Cornwall: atlas of the flowering plants and ferns of Cornwall with notes on some species recorded on the Isles of Scilly. Wheal Seton Press, Camborne. Long, D. & Williams, J. 2007, Juniper in the British Uplands: the Plantlife juniper survey results. Includes the strategy for juniper conservation in Scotland. Plantlife International. Margetts L.J. & David R.W., 1981, A review of the Cornish Flora 1980. Institute of Cornish Studies. Redruth. p36. Margetts, L.J. & Spurgin, K.L, 1991. The Cornish Flora Supplement 1981-1990 p.11. Marrs, R. H. and Proctor, J., 1979, Vegetation and soil studies of the enclo ands of the Lizard peninsula, Cornwall. Vegetatio 41, p121-128. Michalczyk IM, Sebastiani F, Buoamici A, Cremer E, Mengel C, Zeigenhagen B and Vendramin GG., 2006. Characterization of highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellite

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