surface (running) water and groundwater

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Surface (Running) Surface (Running) Water and Water and

GroundwaterGroundwaterChapter 9 &10 Chapter 9 &10

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““Whiskey’s for Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for drinking, water’s for

fighting over.”fighting over.” Mark Mark

TwainTwain

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The Critical Need: The Critical Need: WaterWater

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Kibera

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If a women only had to carry water for one hour a day then she could earn an additional $100 US each year.

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During the dry season in Viet Nam the village girls can not attend school because they have to walk 30km each day to fetch water

Worldwide the average girl walks a minimum of 6 km (3.5 miles) and carrying 20 liters (5.3gal) of water (40lbs) several times a day.

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Among adolescent girls, school attendance drops dramatically when there are no clean and safe latrines in the school.

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Surface Water, BosniaSurface Water, Bosnia

ep

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Global WaterGlobal Water Ocean (Salty) 97.2 %Ocean (Salty) 97.2 % Fresh Water 2.8 %Fresh Water 2.8 %

Ice 2.15%Ice 2.15% Liquid 0.65%Liquid 0.65%

Groundwater 0.62%Groundwater 0.62% Lakes 0.009%Lakes 0.009% Soil Moisture 0.005%Soil Moisture 0.005% Streams and Rivers 0.001%Streams and Rivers 0.001% Atmosphere 0.0001%Atmosphere 0.0001%

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Why Not Use Sea Water?Why Not Use Sea Water?

Desalination now provides 1% of world Desalination now provides 1% of world drinking waterdrinking water

Distillation (Energy intensive)Distillation (Energy intensive) Passive distillation (Slow, inefficient)Passive distillation (Slow, inefficient) Reverse Osmosis (Filters delicate, Reverse Osmosis (Filters delicate,

prone to clogging and contamination)prone to clogging and contamination) Towing Antarctic Icebergs (Not done Towing Antarctic Icebergs (Not done

yet, but the numbers are promising)yet, but the numbers are promising)

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Objectives Chapter 9Objectives Chapter 9Objective 1:Objective 1: Describe the distribution of Describe the distribution of

H2O within the Hydrosphere and the H2O within the Hydrosphere and the movement of H2O through the movement of H2O through the hydrologic cycle. hydrologic cycle.

Objective 2:Objective 2: Describe the process of Describe the process of stream flow and the factors influencing stream flow and the factors influencing stream erosion, transportation, and stream erosion, transportation, and deposition. deposition.

Objective 3:Objective 3: Give examples illustrating the Give examples illustrating the connection between landscape features connection between landscape features and runoff including channels, stream and runoff including channels, stream valleys, flooding events, and drainage valleys, flooding events, and drainage patterns. patterns.

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The Hydrologic CycleThe Hydrologic Cycle Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle: circulation of Earth’s water : circulation of Earth’s water

supply among the oceans, the atmosphere and the supply among the oceans, the atmosphere and the continentscontinents

Powered by Sun’s energyPowered by Sun’s energy Water is transported by:Water is transported by:

Evaporation Evaporation – liquid water converts to gas and rises – liquid water converts to gas and rises into atmosphere from land or oceansinto atmosphere from land or oceans

Precipitation Precipitation – gaseous water in atmosphere – gaseous water in atmosphere condenses back into liquid and drops onto land or condenses back into liquid and drops onto land or oceansoceans

InfiltrationInfiltration – water from precipitation soaks into the – water from precipitation soaks into the groundground

RunoffRunoff – water from precipitation flows over ground – water from precipitation flows over ground surfacesurface

TranspirationTranspiration – water absorbed by plants is released – water absorbed by plants is released into the atmosphereinto the atmosphere

Source: http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/courses/EV211WWW/hydrological%20cycle.jpg

Runoff, 40

Groundwater Flow

Infiltration

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The Hydrologic Cycle The Hydrologic Cycle

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Use the diagram and select the appropriate letter for each term (a b c d e):

1. Source of heat energy 2. Infiltration3. Precipitation4. Runoff5. Evaporation

A

D

C

E

B

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True or FalseTrue or False6.6. Since the water cycle is balanced, the average Since the water cycle is balanced, the average

annual precipitation worldwide must equal the annual precipitation worldwide must equal the quantity of water evaporated.quantity of water evaporated.

7. Water is constantly moving among the oceans, 7. Water is constantly moving among the oceans, atmosphere, solid Earth, and the biosphere.atmosphere, solid Earth, and the biosphere.

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice8. The unending circulation of Earth's water 8. The unending circulation of Earth's water

supply is calledsupply is called::a. systema. systemb. hydrosphereb. hydrospherec. renewable resourcec. renewable resourced. hydrologic cycle d. hydrologic cycle e. evaporatione. evaporation

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9. The hydrologic cycle is primarily powered by: 9. The hydrologic cycle is primarily powered by: a. gravity a. gravity b. heatb. heatc. the sunc. the sund. pressured. pressuree. all of the abovee. all of the above

10. When the ground cannot absorb the 10. When the ground cannot absorb the rainfall, and it does not evaporate, the water rainfall, and it does not evaporate, the water flows over the surface into lakes and rivers flows over the surface into lakes and rivers as:as:

a. glaciersa. glaciersb. infiltrationb. infiltrationc. Runoffc. Runoffd. groundwaterd. groundwatere. condensatione. condensation

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Running WaterRunning Water

Importance:Importance: EnergyEnergy TravelTravel IrrigationIrrigation Fertile floodplainsFertile floodplains Shaping of landscape (via erosion)Shaping of landscape (via erosion)

Stream: channel of flowing water of Stream: channel of flowing water of any sizeany size River – larger streamsRiver – larger streams Tributaries or brooks – smaller streamsTributaries or brooks – smaller streams

Streams flow because of gravityStreams flow because of gravity Streams are supplied by Streams are supplied by runoff runoff

and and infiltrating groundwaterinfiltrating groundwater.. Runoff and groundwater come Runoff and groundwater come

from precipitation.from precipitation. Drainage basinDrainage basin: land area that : land area that

contributes water to a stream.contributes water to a stream. DivideDivide: imaginary line separating : imaginary line separating

drainage basins.drainage basins.

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11.11. The drainage basin of one stream is The drainage basin of one stream is separated from the drainage basin of separated from the drainage basin of another stream by an imaginary line another stream by an imaginary line called a:called a:

a.a. OverlandOverlandb.b. SeparationSeparationc.c. Water GapWater Gapd.d. Drainage patternDrainage patterne.e. DivideDivide

12.12. We depend on running water for:We depend on running water for:a. Energy a. Energy b. transportationb. transportationc. irrigationc. irrigationd. Most of our drinking supplies d. Most of our drinking supplies e. a, b and c e. a, b and c f. All of the abovef. All of the above

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Stream VelocityStream Velocity Stream VelocityStream Velocity: distance water travels in : distance water travels in

given timegiven time Measured at gauging stationsMeasured at gauging stations Stream velocity determines erosional capabilityStream velocity determines erosional capability Three factors affect velocity:Three factors affect velocity:

Gradient Gradient (slope) – expressed as the vertical drop of a (slope) – expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a fixed distance. High gradient = high stream over a fixed distance. High gradient = high velocity.velocity.

Channel characteristics Channel characteristics (shape, size and (shape, size and roughness) – more on this in next slide.roughness) – more on this in next slide.

Discharge Discharge (volume of water flowing per unit time) – (volume of water flowing per unit time) – High discharge = high velocity. Discharge also High discharge = high velocity. Discharge also affects channel characteristics.affects channel characteristics.

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13. 13. The dominant process in the The dominant process in the upstream area of a river system is:upstream area of a river system is:

a. gradienta. gradient b. depositionb. deposition c. erosionc. erosion d. upstreamd. upstream e. transportatione. transportation

14. 14. The volume of water flowing past a The volume of water flowing past a certain point (measured in cubic feet certain point (measured in cubic feet per second) is known asper second) is known as::

a. competence a. competence b. laminar b. laminar c. discharge c. discharge d. turbulent d. turbulent e. capacity e. capacity

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Stream Channel Stream Channel CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Channel shape (cross-sectional) affects Channel shape (cross-sectional) affects velocity.velocity. Wide, shallow channel = slower (a lot of Wide, shallow channel = slower (a lot of

friction with streambed).friction with streambed). Semicircular channel = faster (least amount of Semicircular channel = faster (least amount of

friction).friction). Channel size: larger = faster.Channel size: larger = faster. Channel roughness: smoother = faster. Channel roughness: smoother = faster.

15. Which stream below is faster?15. Which stream below is faster?

A B

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Stream ValleysStream Valleys Young streams demonstrate Young streams demonstrate

V-shaped valleys.V-shaped valleys. Shape results from Shape results from

downcutting.downcutting. Rapids and waterfalls are Rapids and waterfalls are

common.common. Older streams begin to erode Older streams begin to erode

to the side more than to the side more than downward, and create a downward, and create a floodplain.floodplain. River is confined to channel River is confined to channel

except during flooding, when it except during flooding, when it deposits sediments.deposits sediments.

Meanders (large curves in river) Meanders (large curves in river) and oxbow lakes are common.and oxbow lakes are common.

http://www.geocities.com/geomwl/davis2.gif

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Geologic Work of Streams – Geologic Work of Streams – Transportation of SedimentTransportation of Sediment

Running water is the single most Running water is the single most important factor in shaping the Earth’s important factor in shaping the Earth’s land surface.land surface.

Water carries sediments in 3 ways:Water carries sediments in 3 ways: In solution (In solution (dissolved loaddissolved load) – mostly ) – mostly

transported by groundwatertransported by groundwater In suspension (In suspension (suspended loadsuspended load) – most ) – most

materials carried by streams are suspended materials carried by streams are suspended loadsloads

Along bottom of channel (Along bottom of channel (bed loadbed load) – moves ) – moves only intermittentlyonly intermittently

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Geologic Work of Streams – Geologic Work of Streams – Deposition of SedimentDeposition of Sediment

Streams deposit suspended sediment when Streams deposit suspended sediment when they slow down.they slow down.

Recall from unit on rocks: fast streams can Recall from unit on rocks: fast streams can carry larger particles, while slow streams can carry larger particles, while slow streams can only carry smaller particles.only carry smaller particles.

SortingSorting: particles of similar size are : particles of similar size are deposited togetherdeposited together

AlluviumAlluvium: material deposited by a stream: material deposited by a stream DeltaDelta: deposits near the mouth of a river into a : deposits near the mouth of a river into a

lake or oceanlake or ocean Alluvial fanAlluvial fan: similar to deltas, but on land – stream : similar to deltas, but on land – stream

deposits sediment where it empties into a plaindeposits sediment where it empties into a plain

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16. 16. Most large rivers carry the Most large rivers carry the largest part of their loadlargest part of their load::

a. as bed load a. as bed load

b. in solution b. in solution

c. near their head c. near their head

d. during the dry season d. during the dry season

e. in suspensione. in suspension

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Objectives Chapter 10Objectives Chapter 10

Concept 4:Concept 4: Discuss the occurrence Discuss the occurrence and movement of groundwater. and movement of groundwater.

Concept 5:Concept 5: Explain unique features Explain unique features and environmental concerns and environmental concerns associated with groundwater and the associated with groundwater and the use of groundwater as a nonrenewable use of groundwater as a nonrenewable resource including: subsidence, resource including: subsidence, contamination, and sinkholes. contamination, and sinkholes.

The story of groundwater video.The story of groundwater video.

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How Much Water does it How Much Water does it take to produce ?take to produce ?

Answer Answer Choices:Choices:

3 gal3 gal6 gal6 gal12 gal12 gal14 gal14 gal35 gal35 gal65 gal 65 gal 100 gal100 gal120 gal120 gal150 gal150 gal1300 gal1300 gal39,000 gal39,000 gal

1.A serving of almonds?2.An orange?3.A serving of French fries?4.A head of lettuce?5.A gallon of milk?6.A serving of rice?7.A tomato?8.A watermelon?9.An egg?10.A loaf of bread?11.A car?12.A hamburger?

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AnswersAnswers12 gallons12 gallons1.A serving of almonds?

2.An orange?3.A serving of French fries?4.A head of lettuce?5.A gallon of milk?6.A serving of rice?7.A tomato?8.A watermelon?9.An egg?10.A loaf of bread?11.A car?12.A hamburger?

6 gallons6 gallons14 14

gallonsgallons

35 35 gallonsgallons

6 gallons6 gallons





39,000 39,000 gallonsgallons

3 gallons 3 gallons


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Almond Trees in Southern California

Almond Blossom

Almonds are drupes not nuts. Drupes are stone fruits with a fleshy outer covering and a hard seed center. Like olives, nectarines, peaches, pistachios, mangos, dates, coconuts, plums and cherries.

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How can an egg use that How can an egg use that much water?!much water?!

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How much do we depend on How much do we depend on Groundwater?Groundwater?

22% of all freshwater withdrawals 22% of all freshwater withdrawals 37% of agricultural use (mostly for 37% of agricultural use (mostly for

irrigation) irrigation) 37% of the public water supply withdrawals 37% of the public water supply withdrawals 51% of all drinking water for the total 51% of all drinking water for the total

population population 99% of drinking water for the rural 99% of drinking water for the rural

population population

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GroundwaterGroundwater GroundwaterGroundwater: water that occupies pore : water that occupies pore

spaces in sediment and rock in a zone beneath spaces in sediment and rock in a zone beneath the Earth’s surfacethe Earth’s surface Largest reservoir of fresh water availableLargest reservoir of fresh water available Produces caves and sinkholesProduces caves and sinkholes

Zone of SaturationZone of Saturation: region where all the : region where all the open spaces in sediment and rock are open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with watercompletely filled with water

Water TableWater Table: upper limit of the zone of : upper limit of the zone of saturationsaturation

Zone of AerationZone of Aeration: region above the water : region above the water table where spaces are not completely filledtable where spaces are not completely filled

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Groundwater AnimationGroundwater Animation

Watch animationWatch animation

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Groundwater StorageGroundwater Storage

Amount of water that can be stored Amount of water that can be stored depends on the depends on the porosityporosity (the (the volume of open spaces) of a volume of open spaces) of a material.material. Well sorted alluvial deposits have high Well sorted alluvial deposits have high

porosity.porosity. Poorly sorted alluvial deposits have low Poorly sorted alluvial deposits have low

porosity – the small particles take up porosity – the small particles take up the spaces between the large.the spaces between the large.

Well-sorted = high

porosity

Poorly-sorted =

low porosity

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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movement Movement of groundwater depends Movement of groundwater depends

on the on the permeability permeability (ability to (ability to transmit fluid through transmit fluid through interconnected pores).interconnected pores). Fine texture Fine texture = low permeability, slow = low permeability, slow

movementmovement Coarse texture Coarse texture = high permeability, = high permeability,

fast movementfast movement

http://www.dmtcalaska.org/exploration/ISU/unit5/u5lesson1.html

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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movement

AquitardsAquitards: regions of materials with : regions of materials with very small pore spaces (like clay) very small pore spaces (like clay) that hinder groundwater movementthat hinder groundwater movement

AquifersAquifers: regions of materials with : regions of materials with large pore spaces (like sand) that large pore spaces (like sand) that are highly permeableare highly permeable

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SpringsSprings

Springs Springs occur when the ground occur when the ground surface is below the water table – surface is below the water table – groundwater then flows on the groundwater then flows on the surface.surface.

Springs often occur where an Springs often occur where an aquiclude blocks the downward aquiclude blocks the downward movement of groundwater.movement of groundwater.

Example: Thousand Springs in IdahoExample: Thousand Springs in Idaho

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WellsWells Wells Wells are drilled openings into the zone of are drilled openings into the zone of

saturation.saturation. Important freshwater source – 65% of Important freshwater source – 65% of

wellwater is used for irrigation.wellwater is used for irrigation. DrawdownDrawdown: lowering of the water table as : lowering of the water table as

water is taken from a well.water is taken from a well. Drawdown creates a Drawdown creates a cone of depression cone of depression

around the well (a local depression of the around the well (a local depression of the water table).water table). Not noticeable around domestic wells.Not noticeable around domestic wells. Problematic around industrial or irrigation wells – Problematic around industrial or irrigation wells –

nearby shallow wells can dry up.nearby shallow wells can dry up.

http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/groundwater/wellhead-protection.html

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Artesian WellsArtesian Wells

Artesian Well: water rises above the Artesian Well: water rises above the level where it was tapped.level where it was tapped.

Can only occur when there is/areCan only occur when there is/are An inclined aquifer where the higher An inclined aquifer where the higher

side is exposed at the surface to receive side is exposed at the surface to receive waterwater

Confining layers both above and below Confining layers both above and below the aquifer keep it from moving the aquifer keep it from moving anywhere except into the well.anywhere except into the well.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artesian_Well.png

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Environmental Problems Environmental Problems with Groundwaterwith Groundwater

Overuse can threaten supply.Overuse can threaten supply. Land subsidence: Land subsidence:

Groundwater removal can Groundwater removal can cause ground to sink cause ground to sink (example: San Joaquin Valley (example: San Joaquin Valley dropped almost 9 meters dropped almost 9 meters between 1925 and 1975).between 1925 and 1975).

Groundwater contamination Groundwater contamination from:from: SewageSewage Other sourcesOther sources

http://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/subsidence_Poland.jpg

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Hot Springs and GeysersHot Springs and Geysers Hot springs Hot springs result from water that circulates result from water that circulates

deep below the surface and gets warmer (6-9 °C deep below the surface and gets warmer (6-9 °C or 10-15 °F) than the average local air or 10-15 °F) than the average local air temperature.temperature.

Source of heat: cooling igneous rockSource of heat: cooling igneous rock Geysers are intermittent hot springs or Geysers are intermittent hot springs or

fountains that eject columns of water fountains that eject columns of water periodically.periodically. Occur where extensive underground chambers exist Occur where extensive underground chambers exist

within hot igneous rock – allows pressure to build up.within hot igneous rock – allows pressure to build up. Example: Old Faithful in Yellowstone (erupts about Example: Old Faithful in Yellowstone (erupts about

every hour)every hour)

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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

Produced by tapping naturally occurring Produced by tapping naturally occurring steam and hot water below the surface.steam and hot water below the surface.

First commercial geothermal power plant in First commercial geothermal power plant in the U.S.: The Geysers, north of San Franciscothe U.S.: The Geysers, north of San Francisco At peak, produced about 1800 MW (enough energy At peak, produced about 1800 MW (enough energy

for San Francisco and Oakland)for San Francisco and Oakland) Electricity production then started to decline as the Electricity production then started to decline as the

source of hot water and steam were diminished.source of hot water and steam were diminished. This is not necessarily a renewable resource, This is not necessarily a renewable resource,

and can’t provide a large percentage of the and can’t provide a large percentage of the world’s power needs.world’s power needs.

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Geologic Work of Geologic Work of GroundwaterGroundwater

Groundwater primarily erodes by dissolving Groundwater primarily erodes by dissolving rock (especially limestone and other more rock (especially limestone and other more soluble rocks).soluble rocks).

Produce Produce caverns caverns under the water table, and under the water table, and carry the dissolved load away to streams.carry the dissolved load away to streams.

Where water drips through the caverns, it Where water drips through the caverns, it leaves deposits of the dissolved loads called leaves deposits of the dissolved loads called dripstonesdripstones.. Stalactites (hang from ceiling)Stalactites (hang from ceiling) Stalagmites (grow upward from floor)Stalagmites (grow upward from floor)

Groundwater can also cause areas that exhibit Groundwater can also cause areas that exhibit karst topography karst topography – areas of irregular terrain – areas of irregular terrain punctuated by many sinkholes where the punctuated by many sinkholes where the limestone has dissolved away.limestone has dissolved away.

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1.1. During periods when rain does not During periods when rain does not fall, rivers are sustained byfall, rivers are sustained by

a.a. runoffrunoffb.b. atmospheric moistureatmospheric moisturec.c. groundwatergroundwaterd.d. transpirated watertranspirated watere.e. evaporationevaporation

2.2. The great majority of hot springs The great majority of hot springs and geysers in the United States are and geysers in the United States are found in thefound in the

a.a. North North b.b. EastEastc.c. SouthSouthd.d. MidwestMidweste.e. WestWest

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3.3. Whenever the water table Whenever the water table intersects the ground surface, a intersects the ground surface, a natural flow of water, called a(n) natural flow of water, called a(n) ____________, results.____________, results.

a.a. sinkhole sinkhole

b.b. aquitard aquitard

c.c. geyser geyser

d.d. spring spring

e.e. stalagmitestalagmite

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True/FalseTrue/False4. The term 4. The term artesianartesian is applied to any situation is applied to any situation in which groundwater rises in a well above the in which groundwater rises in a well above the level where it was initially encountered.level where it was initially encountered.

5. The zone in the ground where all of the open 5. The zone in the ground where all of the open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water is called the zone of aeration.with water is called the zone of aeration.

6.6. Groundwater represents the largest Groundwater represents the largest reservoir of freshwater that is readily available to reservoir of freshwater that is readily available to humans.humans.

7.7. Fertilizers improve groundwater quality Fertilizers improve groundwater quality providing nutrients necessary for irrigation and providing nutrients necessary for irrigation and drinking supplies.drinking supplies.

8.8. Caverns are best described as erosional Caverns are best described as erosional features.features.

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9.9. Permeable rock strata or Permeable rock strata or sediment that can store and transmit sediment that can store and transmit groundwater freely are calledgroundwater freely are called

A.A. none of the belownone of the belowB.B. wellswellsC.C. porositiesporositiesD.D. aquitardsaquitardsE.E. aquifersaquifers

10.10. The upper limit of the zone of The upper limit of the zone of saturation is known as:saturation is known as:

A.A. the water tablethe water tableB.B. the zone of aerationthe zone of aerationC.C. water pressurewater pressureD.D. soil moisturesoil moistureE.E. none of the abovenone of the above

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11.11. The percentage of the total The percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that volume of rock or sediment that consists of voids or spaces is theconsists of voids or spaces is the

A.A. springssprings

B.B. permeabilitypermeability

C.C. cone of depressioncone of depression

D.D. groundwatergroundwater

E.E. porosityporosity

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12.12. When the amount of water When the amount of water available to recharge the available to recharge the aquifer is significantly less than aquifer is significantly less than the amount being withdrawn, the amount being withdrawn, groundwatergroundwater

A.A. water table will rise water table will rise B.B. is a nonrenewable resource is a nonrenewable resource C.C. is a renewable resource is a renewable resource D.D. recharge rate will be high recharge rate will be high E.E. all of the aboveall of the above

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13. A common source of 13. A common source of pollution for many aquifers pollution for many aquifers isis

A.A. highway salthighway salt

B.B. LandfillsLandfills

C.C. septic tanksseptic tanks

D.D. sewage sewage

E.E. all of the aboveall of the above

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14.14. Severe examples of land Severe examples of land subsidence, such as what subsidence, such as what happened in the San Joaquin happened in the San Joaquin Valley, occur asValley, occur as A.A. limestone is dissolved limestone is dissolved B.B. recharge rates increaserecharge rates increaseC.C. groundwater is pumped groundwater is pumped heavily heavily D.D. groundwater is polluted groundwater is polluted E.E. storage capacity increasesstorage capacity increases

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15.15. Karst topography can Karst topography can include a serious geologic include a serious geologic hazard called ahazard called a::

A.A. sinkhole sinkhole B.B. lake lake C.C. spring spring D.D. dripstone dripstone E.E. subsidencesubsidence

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16.16. _______ are intermittent _______ are intermittent hot springs and fountains in hot springs and fountains in which columns of water are which columns of water are ejected with great force at ejected with great force at various intervals.various intervals.

A.A. AquitardsAquitards

B.B. ChambersChambers

C.C. Artesian wells Artesian wells

D.D. Geysers Geysers

E.E. none of the abovenone of the above

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17.17. The greatest single use The greatest single use of pumped groundwater of pumped groundwater from wells in the United from wells in the United States is for:States is for:

A.A. remediation remediation

B.B. industrial coolingindustrial cooling

C.C. hydroelectric energyhydroelectric energy

D.D. irrigation irrigation (agriculture)(agriculture)

surface (running) water and groundwater

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