Thermal SpraySurface Engineeringvia Applied Research

Proceedings of the1st International Thermal Spray Conference

8-11 May 2000Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Edited byChristopher C. Berndt

Sponsored byASM Thermal Spray Society

Deutscher Verband fur SchweisstechnikInternational Institute of Welding

ASM International®Materials Park, OH 44073-0002

http://www.asm - intl.org UN!Vr\ i r. r- •--• a iOTHEK

•»; '.CTHEK

M M T H O T M I Spray SocietyI German Welding SocietyI (Deutscher Verband furi Schweisstechnik - DVS)

InternationalInstitute of Welding

Contents

Diagnostics and Torch Design

Anode Boundary Layer Effects in Plasma Spray Torches 1Z. Duan, J. Heberlein, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

More on the Influence of Injector Geometry and Carrier Gas Flow Rate on Spray Patternand Particle Temperature 9J.R. Fincke, W.D. Swank, D.C. Haggard, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental

Laboratory (INEEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA

Diagnostics and Applications of an Innovative Plasma Torch Generating a BroadPlasma Jet 15ft Hartmann, K.D. Landes, Universitat der Bundeswehr Munchen, UNiBW-Munich, Munich,

Germany

Diagnostic Measurement of Supersonic Ammonia and Nitrogen/Hydrogen-Mixture DCPlasma Jets for Nitriding Under a Low Pressure Environment 21H. Tahara, T. Shibata, K. Mitsuo, T. Yoshikawa, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, JapanY. Ando, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga, Japan

Influence of Plasma Spraying Parameters on Coating Damage 29L. Bianchi, N. Baradel, CEA Leripault, Monts, FranceN. Llorca-lsern, G. Bertran-Vidal, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Influence of External Parameters on Arc Fluctuations in a F4 DC Plasma Torch Usedfor Thermal Spraying 37J.-L Dorier, C. Hollenstein, Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas - EPFL,

Lausanne, SwitzerlandA. Salito, M. Loch, G. Barbezat, Sulzer Metco AG, Wohlen, Switzerland

A New Sensor for On-Line Monitoring the Temperature and Velocity of ThermalSpray Particles 45G. Bourque, M. Lamontagne, C. Moreau, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville,

Quebec, Canada

Particle Temperature Measurements by Spectroscopic and Two-Wavelength Streak Imaging 51J.E. Craig, R.A. Parker, Stratonics, Inc., Laguna Hills, California, USAF.S. Biancaniello, S.D. Ridder, S.P. Mates, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA

The Benefits of the PROTAL® Process on the Adhesion of Thermal Sprayed Coating 57G. Barbezat, Sulzer Metco AG, Wohlen, SwitzerlandF. Folio, EPFL, Lausanne, SwitzerlandC. Coddet, G. Montavon, LERMPS-UTBM, Belfort, France

Particle Flux Imaging (PFI) In-Situ Diagnostics for Thermal Coating Process 63J. Zierhut, K.D. Landes, UniBw-Munich, Munich, GermanyW. Krommer, P. Heinrich, Linde AG, Lohhof, Germany

XI

PSI: New Diagnostics for the Determination of Particle Size and Shape in Thermal SprayProcesses 67T. Streibl, K.D. Landes, G. Forster, UniBw-Munich, Munich, Germany

Study of the Air Entrainment Within D. C. Plasma Jets 71O. Lagnoux, J.F. Coudert, K. Wittmann, P. Fauchais, University of Limoges, Limoges, France

Imaging Diagnostics in Thermal Spraying-SprayWatch System 79E. Hamalainen, Oseir Ltd., Tampere, FinlandJ. Vattulainen, T. Alahautala, ft Hernberg, P. Vuoristo, T. Mantyla, Tampere University of

Technology, Tampere, Finland

Powder Particle Velocity Measurement in Electrothermal Chemical Spraying Device 85L. Rabani, S. Wald, G. Appelbaum, Soreq, NRC, Yavne, IsraelD. Zoler, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

The Capabilities and Limitations of Pulsed Plasma, Electrical, Chemical Thermal Spray 91M. Factor, I. Roman, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, IsraelS. Wald, Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavneh, Israel

Application of Supersonic Expanding Plasma Jets to Nitriding of Steel Materials 99Y. Ando, S. Tobe, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga-shi, Tochigi, JapanH. Tahara, T. Yoshikawa, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan

Modeling and Simulation

Numerical Modeling of Particle Laden Flow in HVOFTorch with Gas Shroud 105A. Dolatabadi, J. Mostaghimi, M. Ivanovic, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

A Computational Examination of the Sources of Statistical Variance in ParticleParameters During Thermal Plasma Spraying 115R.L. Williamson, J.R. Fincke, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

(INEEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho, USAC.H. Chang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico

Numerical Simulation of Thermal Spray Coating Formation 125M. Pasandideh-Fard, J. Mostaghimi, S. Chandra, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Modeling of Oxidation of Plasma-Sprayed Molybdenum Coatings 135Y.R Wan, X. Y. Jiang, H. Zhang, S. Sampath, V. Prasad, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook,

New York, USAJ.R. Fincke, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), Idaho Falls,

Idaho, USA

Plasma Spraying of Functionally Graded Materials: Measured and Simulated Results 141J.R. Fincke, R.L. Williamson, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

(INEEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho, USAC.H. Chang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico

XII

Process Maps for Plasma Spray Part I: Plasma-Particle Interactions '....149D.L. Gilmore, R.A. Neiser, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USAY. Wan, S. Sampath, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA

Process Maps for Plasma Spray Part II: Deposition and Properties 157X. Jiang, J. Matejicek, A. Kulkarni, H. Herman, S. Sampath, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook,

New York, USAD.L. Gilmore, R.A. Neiser, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Theory of Particle Composition Analysis During Thermal Spraying 165J. Wilden, H. Frank, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany

Thermal Shock Testing and Finite Element Modeling of Pre-Oxidized Thermal BarrierCoatings 173Y. Liu, C. Persson, Lund University, Lund, SwedenP. Bengtsson, A.C. Leger, J. Wigren, Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollha'ttan, Sweden

An Attempt to Improve the Deposition Efficiency of AI2O3 Coating by HVOF Spraying 181Y. Shimizu, K. Sugiura, K. Sakaki, Shinshu University, Nagano, JapanA. Devasanapathi, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore

Mathematical Model of In-Flight Oxidation of Metallic Particles in Thermal Spraying 187A.M. Ahmed, R.H. Rangel, University of California, Irvine, California, USAV.V. Sobolev, J.M. Guilemany, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Effect of Contact Resistance and Substrate Melting on Thermal Spray Coating 195D. W. Sun, J. Xu, H. Zhang, Y.P. Wan, V. Prasad, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook,

New York, USAG.X. Wang, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA

Modeling of Spray Deposition and Robot Motion Optimization for a Gas TurbineApplication 203A. Hansbo, RE. NylSn, University Trollhattan/Uddevalla, Trollhattan, Sweden

Computer Aided Coating Design 211J. Wilden, H. Frank, T. Muller, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany

Simulation of Thermal Spray Process Based on Particle Tracing Method 219K. Wada, M. Ito, M. Takahashi, K. Takaishi, Toshiba Corporation, Yokohama, Japan

Simulation and Experimental Studies of Particles Interaction with Plasma Jet inVacuum Plasma Spraying Processes 229A. llyuschenko, V. Okovity, Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Minsk, BelarusS. Kundas, V. Gurevich, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk,

Belarus

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Gas and Particle Flow in Flame Spraying 237RE. Nyle'n, ft Bandyopadhyay, University Trollhattan/Uddevalla, Trollha'ttan, Sweden

XUl

Structure and Properties

Fracture Toughness of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co Coatings 245S. De Palo, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USAM. Mohanty, H. Marc-Charles, M. Dorfman, Sulzer Metco Inc. (US), Westbury, New York, USA

Structure and Adhesion of Ni and Ni-WC Plasma Spray Coatings 251T.W. Coyle, A. Bahrami, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Cold Spray Processing of Titanium Powder 255J. Karthikeyan, CM. Kay, J. Lindeman, ASB Industries, Inc., Barberton, Ohio, USAR.S. Lima, C.C. Berndt, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA

Properties of WC-Co Components Produced Using the HVOF Thermal Spray Process 263J. Stokes, L. Looney, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

Structure and Properties of Thermally Sprayed Amorphous Polymer Coatings 273T.E. Twardowski, X.H. Fang, ft Knight, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Effect of Powder Properties such as Particle Size, Density and Melt Flow Rate on theProperties of Flame Sprayed PE Coating 281E. Rajamaki, M. Leino, P. Vuoristo, P. Jarvela, T. Mantyla, Tampere University of Technology,

Tampere, Finland

Reactive Plasma Spray for the Deposition of Ti/TiN Coatings: A Comparative CompositionalStudy by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 289T. Bacci, U. Bardi, F. Borgioli, E. Galvanetto, F. Galliano, A. Lavacchi, A. Scrivani,

Universita di Firenze, Firenze, Italy

Residual Stress Analysis of Solid Lubricant Containing Coatings on Light Metal Alloysfor Aluminum Engine Components 293M. Buchmann, ft Gadow, ImTCC, University of Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany

Characterization of AI2O3 and SiC Particles Reinforced Al Powders and Plasma SprayedWear Resistance Coatings 299Fr.-W. Bach, T. Duda, Z. Babiak, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, GermanyP. Bohling, Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg, GermanyB. Formanek, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland

Solid Lubricant Containing Coatings for Cylinder Liners in Pressure Casted AluminumCrankcases 303M. Buchmann, ft Gadow, A. Killinger, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

The Influence of Powder Characteristics on the Properties of Detonation SprayedCr3C2-25NiCr Coatings 309K.R.C. Somaraju, D. Srinivasarao, G. Sivakumar, D. Sen, G.V.N. Rao, G. Sundararajan,

ARC-lnternational, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Study of Photo-Catalystic Character of Plasma Sprayed TiO2 Coatings 317A. Ohmori, H. Shoyama, S. Matsusaka, K. Ohashi, K. Moriya, Osaka University, Osaka, JapanK. Moriya, Kagawa Prefectural Industrial Center, Kagawa, JapanC.J. Li, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China

xiv

Investigating High Temperature Damping Behavior of Plasma Sprayed Ni-Alloy Coatings 325K.A. Khor, C.T. Chia, Y.W. Gu, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Structure and Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Zircon Coating 333M. Suzuki, S. Sodeoka, T. Inoue, Osaka National Research Institute, Ikeda, Osaka, JapanK. Shimosaka, S. Oki, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan

Residual Stress

Characterization of Thermal Spray Coatings Used for Dimensional Restoration 341ftTft McGrann, J. Kim, J.R. Shadley, E.F. Rybicki, The University ofTulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USAN.-G. Ingesten, Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollha'ttan, Sweden

Processing Effects on Residual Stress in Ni+5%AI Coatings-Comparison of DifferentSpraying Methods 351J. Matejicek, S. Sampath, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USAT. Gnaeupel-Herold, H.J. Prask, National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA

Temperature Profiles and Thermal Stress Analysis of Plasma Sprayed Glass-Composite Coatings 355T. Zhang, Z. Qiu, Y. Bao, D. T. Gawne, K. Zhang, South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

Residual Stress Determination from a Laser-Based Curvature Measurement 363W.D. Swank, R.A. Gavalya, J.K. Wright, R.N. Wright, Idaho National Environmental and

Engineering Laboratory (INEEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA

Analytical Predictions of Thermal Stress in Plasma Spray Coating and in Substrate atLow Temperature Compared with Strains Measurements 371H. Gassot, Institut de Physique Nucleaire, Orsay, France

An ASM Recommended Practice for Modified Layer Removal Method (MLRM) to EvaluateResidual Stress in Thermal Spray Coatings 377E.F. Rybicki, J.R. Shadley, R.T.R. McGrann, A.C. Savarimuthu, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa,

Oklahoma, USAD. Greving, Allied Signal, Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Influence of Coating Removal Processes on Residual Stresses of Base Ni Sheet 385N. Goubot, T. David, J. Baudoin, J. Dhers, Commissariat a I'Energie Atomique (CEA)

de la Vallee du Rhone, Pierrelatte, FranceM. Ducos, Consultant, Mornas, FranceH. Michaud, ASCOMETAL CREAS, Amneville, France

Micro and Macroscopic Approaches to Residual Stress Generation Mechanism of ThermalSpray Coatings 391S. Tobe, Y. Andou, M. Ando, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga, Tochigi, JapanS. Kuroda, National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanK Akita, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan

Variation in Residual Stress Field During Fatigue Failure of Thermal Spray Coatings 399R.Ahmed, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United KingdomM. Hadfield, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United KingdomS. Tobe, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikaga, Japan

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Microstructure

Microstructure and Property Control of CoNiCrAlY Based Abradable Coatings for OptimalPerformance 407X. Wei, J.R. Mallon, LF. Correa, M.R. Dorfman, Sulzer Metco (US), Inc., Westbury New York,

USAF. Ghasripoor, Sulzer Innotec Ltd., Winterthur, Switzerland

Microstructure Engineering of Molybdenum Disilicide Based Materials Using Plasma Spraying 413ft C/. Vaidya, R.G. Castro, D. Mendoza, A. Ayala, J.J. Petrovic, K.J. Hollis, D.E. Gallegos,

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Cold Spraying-A Study of Process and Coating Characteristics 419H. Kreye, T. Stoltenhoff, Universitat der Bundeswehr, Hamburg, Germany

Microstructure Effects on Stainless Steel Substrates from Deposition of Plasma SprayCoatings 423R.N. Wright, W.D. Swank, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

(INEEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho, USA

Microstructure and Properties of TiC-CrNiMo SHS Spray Powder and ThermallySprayed Coating 429M. Vaisanen, P. Vuoristo, T. Mantyla, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandV. Maunu, P. Lintunen, P. Lintula, UTT Manufacturing Technology, Tampere, Finland

Influence of the Plasma Spray Process on the Microstructure of Atmospheric PlasmaSprayed Yttria Stabilized ZrO2 435M. Friis, C. Persson, Lund University, Lund, SwedenJ. Wigren, Volvo Aero Corporation, Trollha'ttan, Sweden

Influence of Reaction Enthalpy on the Microstructure of Laser-Alloyed Coatings 443J. Wilden, H. Frank, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany

Microstructure-Wear and Corrosion Relationships for Thermally Sprayed MetallicDeposits 449J. llavsky, J. Pisacka, P. Chraska, Institute of Plasma Physics, Prague, CzechoslovakiaN. Margandant, S. Siegmann, EMPA, Thun, SwitzerlandW. Wagner, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, SwitzerlandP. Fiala, Skoda Research, Plzen, CzechoslovakiaG. Barbezat, Sulzer Metco AG, Wohlen, Switzerland

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of HVOF Sprayed 316L Stainless Steel and NiBase Alloy Coatings 455S. Kuroda, T. Fukushima, T. Kodama, National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba,

Ibaraki, JapanM. Sasaki, Plasma Giken Co., Yorii, Saitama, Japan

The Effect of Oxidation on Microstructure and Properties of TIC-Based Cermet Coatings 463F. Gartner, H. Kreye, Universitat der Bundeswehr, Hamburg, GermanyV. Borck, DLR Stuttgart, Stuttgart, GermanyW. Krommer, Linde AG, Hollriegelskreuth, Germany

XVI

High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Coatings

Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Coatings for Industrial Applications 471M. Dorfman, J. DeFalco, Sulzer Metco (US), Westbury, New York, USAJ. Karthikeyan, ASB Industries, Inc., Barberton, Ohio, USA

Evaluation of Four High Velocity Thermal Spray Guns Using WC-10Co-4Cr Cermets 479J.G. Legoux, B. Arsenault, C. Moreau, V. Bouyer, National Research Council Canada,

Boucherville, Quebec, CanadaL. Leblanc, PyroGenesis, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Influence of Flame Parameters on Stainless Steel Coatings Properties 487V. Gourlaouen, E. Verna, Air Liquide, Saint Ouen I'Aumone, FranceP. Beaubien, Air Liquide, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada

Structure-Dielectric Behavior Relationships in HVOF Sprayed BuTiO3 495A.H. Dent, A.S. Patel, J. Gutleber, S. Sampath, H. Herman, SUNY at Stony Brook,

Stony Brook, New York, USAE. Tormey, Sarnoff Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Particle Behavior in a Powder-Laden HVOF Jet 501E. Lugscheider, C. Herbst-Dederichs, L. Zhao, Materials Science Institute, Aachen, Germany

Properties of TiC-Ni Based Coatings Deposited by Different HVOF Spraying 509P. Vuoristo, M. Vaisanen, T. Mantyla, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, FinlandL.-M. Berger, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Sintered Materials,

Dresden, Germany

Production and Characterization of HVOF Sprayed NiCr-TiC Coatings Using SHS PowderFeedstock 515M.T. Blatchford, A.J. Horlock, D.G. McCartney, PH. Shipway, J.V. Wood, The University of

Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Amorphous Phase Formation of Zr-Based Alloy Coating by HVOF Spraying 523H.J. Kim, B.G. Seong, RIST, Pohang, KoreaKM. Lim, C.G. Park, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea

Tribological Solutions for Engineering Industries by HVOF-Topgun Spraying 531A. Chandak, ft Sivakumar, Shreenath Engineering Industries, Nagpur, IndiaG. Balasubramanian, JNARDDC, Nagpur, India

HVOF Sprayed Titanium Carbide Composite Coatings for Wear Protection 537B. Wielage, S. Steinha'user, T. Schnick, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, GermanyA. llyuschenko, A. Azarova, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Minsk, Belarus

Statistical Optimization of HVAF Sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr Coatings for MinimizingDecarburization 543S.J. Matthews, M.M. Hyland, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Effect of Increase in Entrance Convergent Section Length of Gun Nozzle on HVOF ThermalSpray Process and its Application to Nozzle Design for Cold Gas-DynamicSpray Method 551K. Sakaki, Y. Shimizu, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan

XVll

Unique Coatings

New Chromium Carbide- Nickel Chrome Materials for High Temperature Wear Applications 561K. Laul, M. Dorfman, Sulzer Metco (US), Inc., Westbury, New York, USA

Processing Quasicrystalline Powders to Produce Variable and Unique Coating Properties 567F.J. Hermanek, Praxair Thermal Spray Products, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Hard Arc-Sprayed Coating with Enhanced Erosion and Abrasion Wear Resistance 575S. Dallaire, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada

Characterizaton of Plasma Sprayed Aluminum-Beryllium for Aerospace and SpaceApplication 583R.G. Castro, D.J. Thoma, R.U. Vaidya, R.D. Field, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos,

New Mexico, USA

Properties of Nickel Superalloy Coatings As-Sprayed and with Nd-YAG Laser Remelting 589J. Tuominen, P. Vuoristo, T. Mantyla, M. Kylmalahti, J. Vihinen, PH. Andersson, Tampere

University of Technology, Tampere, Finland

Plasma Spraying of Thick Stainless Steel Coating of a Stereolithography Resin 597S. Hedacq, F. Borit, V. Guipont, M. Jeandin, F.N. Guyen, Ecole des Mines de Paris, Evry, Franceft Gibert, B. Guilhot, Ecole de Mines de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Ettienne, Cedex, FranceC. Medard, Laser, Villiers le Ivancy, France

Self-Bonding, Exothermically Reactive MCrAlY Composites for Abradable-ClearanceControl Coatings 603F.J. Hermanek, Praxair Thermal Spray Products, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Wires for Arc-and High Velocity Flame Spraying -Wire Design, Materials and CoatingProperties 609J. Wilden, A. Wank, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, GermanyF. Schreiber, DURUM Verscheibschutz GmbH, Krefeld, Germany

Plasma-Spray-Forming of Alumina Matrix Composite Reinforced with Metal Thin Wire 619S. Sodeoka, T. Inoue, M. Suzuki, Osaka National Research Institute, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan

Novel Bioactive Composites by Thermal Spray Process 625K.A. Khor, Y.W. Gu, Y. Li, C.H. Quek, V.J.P. Lim, P. Cheang, Nanyang Technological University,

Singapore, Singapore

Evaluation of Adhesive Strength of Coating Film on Ni-Base Superalloy for Gas Turbine 635M. Okazaki, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, JapanM. Okamoto, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, JapanY. Harada, Tocalo Co., Kobe, Japan

The Spraying Coatings by Supersonic Metallization 643/. Karp, A. Rudoy, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine

Preliminary Investigation on the Potential of VC-WC-Co HP/HVOF Powders and Coatings 647H.L. de Villiers-Lovelock, S. Luyckx, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,

South Africa

xvm

Electric Arc Processes and Applications

Transferred-Arc Cleaning of Tungsten 657K.J. Hollis, R.G. Castro, B.D. Bartram, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos,

New Mexico, USA

High Velocity Pulsed Wire-Arc Spray 663R.W. Kincaid, F.D. Witherspoon, UTRON, Inc., Manassas, Virginia, USA

High Velocity Pulsed Plasma Thermal Spray 669F.D. Witherspoon, D.W. Massey, R.W. Kincaid, G.C. Whichard, UTRON, Inc., Manassas,

Virginia, USAT.A. Mozhi, National Research Council, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

Properties of Cored Wire Arc Sprayed AI/AI2O3 Composite Coatings 679S. Ma, Y. Zhu, C. Yang, Surface Engineering Research Institute, Beijing, China

Enhanced Copper Coating Properties Obtained by Electric Wire Arc Spraying Process 685V. Gourlaouen, E. Verna, Air Liquid, Saint Ouen I'Aumone, FranceP. Beaubien, Air Liquide Canada, Inc., Boucherville, Quebec, Canada

Benefits and Technology Developed to Arc Spray 3/16 Inch (4.8mm) Diameter Wires Usedfor Corrosion Protection of Steel 691F.S. Rogers, Thermion Inc., Silverdale, Washington, USA

Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Arc Sprayed Stainless Steel Coatings 697T. Tajiri, Z. Zeng, Kurashiki Boring Kiko Co., Ltd., Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan

Arc Sprayed Coatings of Ferroalloy-Base Flux-Cored Wires 705A.L. Borisova, I.V. Mitz, E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, Kiev, UkraineA. Kleyman, Praxair Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

High Definition Single-Wire-Arc-Spray 709ft ft Carlson, J.V.R. Heberlein, N. Hussary, K. Shi, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,

Minnesota, USA

New Arc Wire Approvals for Aircraft Power Plant Overhaul 717E.ft Sampson, TAFA, Inc., Concord, New Hampshire, USAP. Sahoo, Cincinnati Thermal Spray, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Formation, Impact and Solidification of Droplets

Splashing of Nickel Droplets During Plasma Spraying 721V. Pershin, I. Thomson, S. Chandra, J. Mostaghimi, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies,

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Investigation of Splat/Substrate Contact During Molybdenum Thermal Spraying 729X.Y.Jiang, Y.P. Wan, X.Y. Wang, H. Zhang, ft Goswami, H. Herman, S. Sampath,

SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA

XIX

Investigations of Arc Behavior and Particle Formation in the Wire Arc Spray ProcessUsing High Speed Photography 737N.A. Hussary, J. Heberlein, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Visualization of Particle Impact in Thermal Spray 743C. Escure, M. Vardelle, P. Fauchais, A. Grimaud, SPCTS - University of Limoges, Limoges, France

The Splat Morphology of Plasma Sprayed Particle and the Relation to Coating Property 753N. Sakakibara, H. Tsukuda, A. Notomi, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki, Japan

Influence of Substrate Preheating Monitoring on Alumina Splat Formation in DCPlasma Process 759J. Pech, B. Hannoyer, LASTSM, Mount Saint Aignan, FranceA. Denoirjean, P. Fauchais, SPCTS, Limoges, France

Splat Formation in Off-Normal Angle Spray 767H. Fukanuma, Y. Huang, Plasma Giken Co., Ltd., Toda City, Saitam, Japan

Transient Droplet/Substrate Contact Pressure During Droplet Flattening on Flat Substrate inPlasma Spraying 777C.-J. Li, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, ChinaJ.-L. Li, Northwest Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

Splats and Coatings of Stainless Steel Particles Coated with an Alumina Shell 783H. Ageorges, University of Angers, Angers, FranceP. Fauchais, University of Limoges, Limoges, France

Effect of Melting State of Spray Particles on the Adhesive Strength of HVOF Nickel-BasedAlloy Coatings 791C.-J. Li, Y-Y. Wang, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, ChinaA. Ohmori, Osaka University, Idariki, Osaka, Japan

Effect of Interface Wetting on Flattening of Freely Fallen Metal Droplet Onto FlatSubstrate Surface 797M. Fukumoto, E. Nishioka, T. Matsubara, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan

Non-Metallic Materials

Effects of Spraying Parameters on Phase Formation and Distribution in Plasma-SprayedHydroxyapatite Coatings 803L Sun, C.C. Berndt, R.S. Lima, A. Kucuk, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USAK.A. Khor, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore

Micro-and Nano-Scaled Composites via Decomposition of Plasma Sprayed Ceramics 813J. Colaizzi, B.H. Kear, W.E. Mayo, NanoPac Technologies, Inc., Allentown, New Jersey, USAft Shropshire, R.W. Rigney, S. Brunhouse, A&A Company, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey, USA

Fabrication of SiC Fibre Reinforced MoSi2 Based Composites by Low Pressure Plasma Spraying 821K.H. Baik, PS. Grant, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomA.R. Bhatti, R.A. Shatwell, Defense Evaluation and Research Agency, Farnborough,

United Kingdom

XX

Development of Cordierite Coatings for Low Thermal Expansion Refractory Concretes 829D.T. Weaver, F.S. Miller, DC. VanAken, J.D. Smith, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla,

Missouri, USA

Plasma Sprayed Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection Systems 837T. Valente, C. Bartuli, G. Visconti, Rome University "La Sapienza," Rome, ItalyM. Tului, Centro Sviluppo Material'! SpA, Rome, Italy

Thermally Sprayed Quasicrystal Composite Coatings for Bearings and Other FrictionThreaded Applications 843E. Lugscheider, C. Herbst-Dederichs, A. Reimann, Materials Science Institute,

Aachen, Germany

Plasma Arc Spraying of Cu-Ti-Zr-Ni Amorphous Alloys 851D.J. Sordelet, P. Huang, M.F. Besser, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USAE. Lepecheva, Siberian Space Academy, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Comparison of Wear and Friction Characteristics of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co Coating andCarbon Steel 859V. Kollia-Rafailidi, A. Neville, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland

Vacuum Plasma Spraying of Prereacted MoSi2 and SiC-Reinforced MoSi2 Produced by aNew Kind of Powder Processing 865B. Wielage, S. Steinhauser, G. Reisel, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, GermanyI. Morgenthal, ft Scholl, Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Materials Research, Dresden, Germany

Plasma Spheroidized Alumina/Zircon Mixtures 871Y. Li, K.A. Khor, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Plasma Technology TRIPLEX for the Deposition of Ceramic Coatings in the Industry 881G. Barbezat, Sulzer Metco AG, Wohlen, SwitzerlandK. Landes, University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Process Techniques

Powder Spheroidization Using Induction Plasma Technology 887N.M. Dignard, M.I. Boulos, University de Sherbrooke, Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

Thermal Spray Processing of WC-Co Nanomaterials 895J. Voyer, B.R. Marple, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada

Post-Processing of Cold-Spray Deposits of Copper and Iron 905R.C. McCune, R.P. Cooper, O.O. Popoola, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, USA

Improved Wear Performance by the Incorporation of Solid Lubricants During ThermalSpraying 909B.R. Marple, J. Voyer, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada

SiC Coating Synthesis by RF Induction Plasma Spraying from Liquid Silane Precursor 919E. Bouyer, M. Muller, R.H. Henne, G. Schiller, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Stuttgart,

Germany

XXI

SOFC/CeO2 Doped Electrolyte Deposition Using Suspension Plasma Spraying 929M. Bonneau, F. Gitzhofer, M. Boulos, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

Vacuum Plasma Spray Deposition of Spherical Plasma Atomized Ti-6AI-4V 935T.A. Brzezinski, S. Grenier, M.E. Smagorinski, G.E. Kim, PyroGenesis, Inc., Montreal, Quebec,

Canada

High Velocity Wire Flame Spraying (HVWFS) of Molybdenum 941Fr.-W. Bach, T. Copitzky, Z. Babiak, T. Duda, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Plasma Spraying of Titanates I 945P. Ctibor, P. Rohan, K. Neufuss, B. Kolman, J. Dubsky, P. Chraska, Institute of Plasma Physics

(IPP) ASCR, Prague, Czechoslovakia

An Electromagnetic Acceleration Plasma Generator for Titanium Nitride Reactive SprayCoatings 951T. Shibata, H. Tahara, T. Yasui, Y. Kagaya, T. Yoshikawa, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

The Optimizing of the Superficial Cold-Burst Hardening Process of the Inner CylindricalMetallic Surfaces by Knocking with Centrifuged Balls 957D. Bulancea, V. Bulancea, I. Alexandru, D. Condurache, Technical University "Gh. Asachi," lasi,

Romania

Novel Concept for Totally Integrated Automation (TIA) Using Siemens Bus System andWinCC Online Control 963T. Frederking, ft Gadow, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Development of Tailored Metallographic Preparation Techniques for Thermally SprayedCoatings 967E. Kharlanova, S. Lafreniere, G.E. Kim, T.A. Brzezinski, PyroGenesis, Inc., Montreal,

Quebec, Canada

Wear and Corrosion

On the Influence of Powder Feed Structure on Wear Properties of HVOF Sprayed WC/CoHardcoatings 971G. Skandan, M. Jain, T.E. Fischer, B.H. Kear, Nanopowder Enterprises, Inc., Piscataway,

New Jersey, USAW.R. Rigney, ft Shropshire, S. Brunhouse, A&A Company, Inc., South Plainfield,

New Jersey, USA

Abrasive Wear Resistance of Plasma-Sprayed Glass-Composite Coatings 977D.T. Gawne, Z. Qiu, T. Zhang, Y. Bao, K. Zhang, South Bank University, London, United Kingdom

Performance of HVOF-Sprayed Carbide Coatings in Aqueous Corrosive Environments 983S. Simard, B. Arsenault, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, CanadaK. Laul, M.R. Dorfman, Sulzer-Metco (US), Inc., Westbury New York, USA

The Development of Corrosion Resistant Coatings by HVOF Spraying 991D. Harvey, TWI, Cambridge, United KingdomO. Lunder, Sintef Materials Technology, Trondheim, Norwayft Henriksen, BandakAS, Lunde, Norway

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Wear Resistance of Laser Alloyed ZrB2 Coatings on Mild Steel 999A. Gadkari, A.S. Khanna, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, IndiaN.B. Dahotre, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Knoxville, Tennessee

Cyclic and Isothermal Oxidation at 1200°C of HVOF NiCrAlY Sprayed Coatings 1005S. Serghini, S. Dallaire, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada

The Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of HVOF Sprayed Coatings 1011A.J. Sturgeon, D.C. Buxton, TWI, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ten Year Interim Report of Thermal Sprayed Zn, Al, and Zn-AI Coatings Exposed to MarineCorrosion by Japan Association of Corrosion Control 1017S. Kuroda, National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanM. Takemoto, Aoyama Gakuin University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

Aqueous Corrosion Behavior of Thermally Sprayed Coatings for Steel Substrate 1025K. Tani, M. Adachi, A. Nakahira, TOCALO Co., Ltd., Kobe, JapanY. Takatani, Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Industrial Research, Kobe, Japan

Some Aspects of the Erosion and Corrosion Behavior of a WC-Co-Cr HVOF SprayedCoating 1033J.M. Perry, T. Hodgkiess, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, ScotlandA. Neville, Herot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland

High Velocity Arc Spray-Superior Surface Anti-Corrosion Technology 1039X. Binshi, L. Shican, M.A. Shining, Z. Zhenxue, Surface Engineering Research Institute of

CMES, Beijing, China

Arc Spraying for the Production of Multi-Component Zinc Anodes for Corrosion Protection ofConcrete Structures 1045M. Knepper, OSU Maschinenbau, Duisburg, GermanyA. Melzer, J. Spriestersbach, J. Wisniewski, A. Winkels, Grillo-Werke AG, Duisburg, Germany

Development of Highly Wear Resistant Coatings for Deflector Blades in Paper Industry 1051A. Fritsch, ft Gadow, A. Killinger, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Porosity

Thermal Conductivity Behavior of Sol-Gel Post-Treated Thermal Barrier Coatings 1057C.R.C. Lima, UNIMEP - Methodist University of Piracicaba, Santa Barbara d'Oeste, SP, BrazilU. Senturk, R.S. Lima, C.C. Berndt, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA

Porosity-Thermal Conductivity Relationships in Plasma Sprayed Zirconia Coatings 1061A.A. Kulkarni, S. Sampath, A. Goland, H. Herman, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook,

New York, USA

Relation Between Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Porosity in Thick Zircon andAlumina Coatings 1067P. Rohan, P. Chraska, P. Ctibor, K Neufuss, Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP)-CAS, Praha,

Czechoslovakia

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Application of Plane Fractal Geometry to Adhesion Strength of Thermal Sprayed Coatings 1071S. Amada, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, JapanT. Hirose, Fujitsu Company Ltd., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan

Painting of Arc Sprayed Zinc Coatings with Water-Based Paints 1077R.T. Lahtinen, P.J.T. Jokinen, VTTManufacturing Technology, Espoo, Finland

Effect of Aluminum Phosphate Sealing Treatment on Properties of Thick Thermal BarrierCoatings 1081S. Ahmaniemi, E. Rajamaki, P. Vuoristo, T. Ma'ntyla, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere,

Finland

Applications

An Overview of Compressor Abradables 1087R.K. Schmid, F. Ghasripoor, Sulzer Innotec Ltd., Winterthur, SwitzerlandM. Dorfman, X. Wei, Sulzer Metco, Inc., Westbury, New York, USA

Sliding Wear Behavior as a Criterion for Replacement of Chromium Electroplate by TungstenCarbide (WC) Thermal Spray Coatings in Aircraft Applications 1095A.C. Savarimuthu, I. Megat, H.F. Taber, J.R. Shadley, E.F. Rybicki, The University of Tulsa,

Tulsa, Oklahoma, USAW.A. Emery, J.D. Nuse, D.A. Somerville, Southwest Aeroservice, Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA

Near Net Shape Spray Forming-Metals 1105T. McKechnie, Plasma Processes, Inc., Huntsville, Alabama, USA

Case Studies in Wear Resistance Using HVOF, PTAW and Spray Fusion Surfacing 1117K.W.D. Hart, D.H. Harper, M.J. Gill, Eutectic Canada, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Cavitation Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings on Diesel Engine Parts 1127Y. Borisov, V. Bogush, E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, Kiev, Ukraine

Practical Applications of Spray Plume Sensors in the Aeronautic and AutomotiveIndustries 1131F. Nadeau, L. Pouliot, J. Blain, TECNAR Automation Ltee, St. Bruno, Quebec, Canada

Tribological Requirements of Thermally Sprayed Coatings for Wear Resistant Applications 1135S.D. Siegmann, O.C. Brandt, N.M. Margadant, EM PA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials

Testing & Research, Thun, Switzerland

Characteristics and Potential Application of Thermally Sprayed Thin Film Coatings 1141M. Loch, G. Barbezat, Sulzer Metco, AG, Wohlen, Switzerland

Hard Chrome Replacement and Other Thermal Spray Applications in the Chilean Navy 1145J. Streeter, Chilena De Recubrimientos, Santiago, ChileE.R. Sampson, TAFA, Inc., Concord, New Hampshire, USA

Thermal Spray Coatings for Ball Valves Used in Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Acid Leaching 1149G.E. Kim, T.A. Brzezinski, L. Leblanc, E. Kharlanova, PyroGenesis, Inc., Montreal,

Quebec, Canada

XXIV

Atmospheric Plasma Spraying of Run-in-Coatings for Twin-Screw-Compressors 1155Fr.-W. Bach, T. Duda, W. Unterberg, L.A. Josefiak, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Observation on the WC-Co Coating Used in a Zinc Pot of a Continuous Galvanizing Line 1159B.G. Seong, S.Y.Hwang, M.C. Kim, RIST, Pohang, KoreaK. Y. Kim, Postech, Pohang, Korea

PTA Reclamation of Cast Iron Substrates Using Tape Casting Process-The Role of theOrganic Binder Concentration 1169M. Leylavergne, T. Chartier, A. Grimaud, P. Fauchais, University of Limoges, Limoges, France

Thermal Barrier and High Temperature Coatings

Evaluation of CeSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings for Diesels 1179P.J. Huang, J.J. Swab, P.J. Patel, U. S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground,

Maryland, USAW.S. Chu, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Thermal-Spray Yttria-Stabiiized Zirconia Phase Changes During Annealing 1185J. llavsky J. Wallace, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,

Maryland, USAJ.K. Stalick, NIST Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA

High Temperature Erosion Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced by AcetyleneSprayed High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Process 1191M.A. Cole, BOC Gases, London, United Kingdomft Walker, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

Correlation Between Deposition Efficiency, Hardness and Elastic Modulus for ThermallySprayed Zirconia 1201R.S. Lima, A. Kucuk, C.C. Berndt, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA

On the Experimental Correlation Between Plasma Spray Process Conditions and YttriaPartially Stabilized Zirconia Coatings Properties 1207A. Scrivani, U. Bardi, Universita di Firenze, Firenze, ItalyN. Antolotti, S. Bertini, Turbocoating SpA, Parma, Italyft Groppetti, Universita di Parma, Parma, Italy

Characterization of Mechanical Properties of TBCs via aTaguchi Experimental Design 1211A. Kucuk, C.C. Berndt, U. Senturk, R.S. Lima, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook,

New York, USA

Lanthane Aluminate-A New Material for Atmospheric Plasma Spraying of AdvancedThermal Barrier Coatings 1219C.J. Friedrich, ft Gadow, T. Schirmer, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Synthesis,Thermo-Mechanical Properties, and Frictional Response of NiCrAIY-ZirconiaComposite and Graded Coatings 1227S. Sampath, L Prchlik, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USAK. Kishi, Sumimoto Metal Industries, Kashima, Japan

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Study on the Long-Term Stability of Plasma Spraying .• f233L. Leblanc, PyroGenesis, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, CanadaC. Moreau, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada

Properties of Plasma Sprayed Functionally Graded YSZ/NiCoCrAlY Composite Coatings 1241K.A. Khor, Y.W. Gu, Z.L. Dong, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

Extension of Life of Thermal Barrier Sprayed Coatings by Incorporating MoSi2 1249K. Sonoya, Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI), Tokyo, JapanS. Tobe, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Ashikagashi, Japan

Acoustic Emission Techniques for the Nondestructive Evaluation of TBCs Under ThermalCycling Conditions 1255P. Robin, F. Gitzhofer, M.I. Boulos, University de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

Influence of Starting Powder Properties on Thermal Barrier Coatings 1265W. Maltener, K.-H. Rauwald, ft VaBen, IWV-1 Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Julich, Germany

The Isothermal Oxidation Behaviors of APS NiCrAlY Bond Coatings 1273H.S. Choi, J.Y.Moon, C.H. Lee, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

Quality, Standards and Testing

Photothermal Radiometry of Thermal Spray Coatings: Thermophysical Properties andDisbonding Effects Characterization 1281A. Mandelis, J.A. Garcia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaB. Farahbarhsh, Edison Welding Institute (EWI), Columbus, Ohio, USA

An ASM Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio ofThermal Spray Coatings Bonded to a Substrate 1291J.R. Shadley, E.F. Rybicki, Y.Xiong, R.T.R. McGrann, A. C. Savarimuthu, The University of Tulsa,

Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA

The Effect of HFPD Thermally Sprayed WC-Co Coatings on the Fatigue Behavior andDeformation of Al 2024-T4 1297A. Ibrahim, SUNY Farmingdale, Farmingdale, New York, USAC.C. Berndt, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA

Advanced Thermal Spray Coatings for Fatigue Sensitive Applications 1303J. Quets, Praxair Surface Technologies, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

Development of Machine Element OEM and Repair Specifications 1309E.ft Sampson, TAFA, Inc., Concord, New Hampshire, USAft Sulit, Sulit Engineering, Del Mar, California, USA

Standards for the Thermal Spray Industry 1313M.M. Bhusari, TAFA, Inc., Concord, New Hampshire, USAR.A. Sulit, Scaffold Connection Corp., Summerland, British Columbia, Canada

Deposition and Testing of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Gas Turbine Vanes 1319M. Tului, Centro Sviluppo Material'!, Rome, ItalyG.C. Gualco, ft Scarpellini, Ansaldo Ricerche, Genoa, Italy

XXVI

Development and Performance Evaluation of Thick Air Plasma Sprayed Thermal BarrierCoatings 1325Z.Z. Mutasim, Y.L. Nava, Solar Turbines, Inc., San Diego, California, USA

Characterization of Thermal Sprayed Coatings with Lock-In Thermography 1331B. Wielage, U. Hofmann, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany

Characterization of Cracking Within WC-Co Coated Materials by an Acoustic EmissionMethod During Four Points Bending Tests 1335D. Dalmas, S. Benmedakhene, C. Richard, A. Laksimi, Universite de Technologie de

Compiegne (UTC), Compiegne, FranceT. Gregoire, Aerospaciale, Suresnes, France

X-Rays and TEM Characterization of Nanocrystalline Iron Aluminide Coatings Prepared byHVOF Thermal Spraying 1341T. Grosdidier, H.L. Liao, LERMPS - UTBM, Belfort, FranceA. Tidu, LETAM, Metz, France

A Critical Evaluation of the Employment of Microhardness Techniques for Characterizingand Optimizing Thermal Spray Coatings 1345M. Factor, I. Roman, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

What Role Do Industrial Gases Play in the Quality of Thermal Spraying 1355W. Kroemmer, Linde AG, Unterschleissheim, GermanyP. Heinrich, Linde AG Werksgruppe Technische Gase, Hoellriegelskreuth, Germany

Optimization of the Characterization of Thermal Spray Coatings 1361V. Begon, J. Baudoin, O. Dugne, CEA VALRHO, Pierrelatte, France

Extra Papers

Plasma Spraying of Spray-Dried AI2O3 Powders 1371G. Bertrand, B. Hansz, F. Tourenne, C. Coddet, LERMPS-UTBM, Belfort, France

Thermal Effects on the Structure and Characteristics of Plasma Sprayed Self-FluxingAlloys 1377G. Bertrand, C. Malavolta, F. Tourenne, B. Hansz, C. Coddet, LERMPS-UTBM, Belfort, FranceV. Gourlaouen, Air Liquide CTAS, Saint Ouen L'Aumone, France

On-Line Control of Particle Spray Jet and Residual Stresses in Plasma Sprays 1383T. Renault, M. Vardelle, A. Grimaud, P. Fauchais, SPCTS - University of Limoges, Limoges,

FranceH. Hoffman, SNECMA Services, Chatellerault, France

Title Index 1393

Author Index 1397

Company Index 1401

Keyword Index 1405

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