1. 1. C , ,,, ,,,LLBIOLOGYREE(E
2. 2. I I'I'f I'1V'II(((I1( g Life processes are the hasic processes in living organisms which are necessary for maintaining their life.The hasic life processes are nutrition,respiration,transportation,and excretion.
3. 3. organism and its utilisation by the body to build the body,for growth,to repair the damaged parts of the body and for energy.Life on earth depends on carbon based molecules and most of the food are also carbon based molecules.The outside raw materials used by living organisms are food,water and air.
4. 4. heteretrephic nutritien. Autetrephic nutritien 2- is nutrition in which organisms prepare their ewn feed from simple inorganic substances like carhen diexide and water in the presence pf sunlightand chlerephvll. Heterptrephic nutritien 2- is nutritipn in which erganisrns get their feed directly er indirectly frenn plants.
5. 5. ICIIITINITIIIWI II" II'r" -resi 2- s --r process -r Wic-r pans prepare food hy using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.The food prepared is carhohydrate which is stored in theform of starch.Oxygen is released in this process. Equation of photosynthesis 2- Sunlight602
6. 6. IJVINPQCC INT I"fl'I'lCIVT'I"3CIC '. . Photosynthesis talces place in three rnein steps.They are 2-il Ahsorption of light energy hy chlorophyll.ii) Conversion of light energy into chemicaland splitting up molecules into Photosynthesis
7. 7. .Chlorophyll 2- are the green pigments presentin the leaves.If we observe a cross section of a leaf under a microscope,we can see cells containing green dot like structures called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll. Cell WallCell Memgnne Chloroplast(contains chlorophyll) vacuoleMembrane NucleusCyloplasm
8. 8. Q Q mata 2- are tiny pores present in theIthrough which exchange of gases takes place.Each stoma has a pair of guard cells which controls the opening and closing of the stomatal pore.When water enters the guard cells,it swells and the pore opens and when the guard cells lose water,it shrinks and the pore closes. ammo r-.lkalu-NLII c. ,.. L.. .u. , L-e Fur-lnbvr L. ... L.u. . vbyolulblu L, Stoma. ;. innerwallof ~ guardcellSurface View Cross Section
9. 9. Nutritionin animals : -Nutrition in amoeba : -Amoeba is a unicellular animal living in water.It takes in food by forming nger like projections called pseudopodia and forms a food vacuole.Inside the food vacuole the food is digested and absorbed.Theundigested food is then sent out through the surface of the cell. NucicxxsF"oodiaFood vacuole(C: Pmrttctc QIutrt'tion tn Arnoexbrz
10. 10. llIIIlIIIlII III IIIIIII III IIIIIIIIIL USalivary Glands ,9 / consists of the alimentary canal and glands which produce enzymes which breaks down food into smaller molecules.The main organs of thedigestive system are mouth,oesophagus,stomach,small intestine,large intestine,and anus.The main glands are salivary glands,gastric glands,liver,pancreas and intestinal
11. 11. .. L 2i: rpa? ii1:ic1eTia't1r Ila! !! I rut Ltldacidic and helps in the action of pepsin.Mucous protects the walls of the stomach from the action of the acid.Then the food passes into the small intestine.
12. 12. down fats into smaller globules.Pancreatic juice contains the enzymes trypsin and lipase.Trypsin breaks down proteins and lipase breaks down fats. In the small intestine 2- the glands the walls of thesmall intestine produces intestinal juice.The enzymes of the intestinal juice coverts carbohydrates into glucose,fats into fatty acids and glycerol and proteins into amino acids.The walls of the small intestine has several finger like projections called
13. 13. IIIII I ll IlIl'IIIV'IIIlIII 7 --- --1'--~ ---o oxygen to reease energy.It . - -A es place in the mitochondria of the cells. The energy released during respiration is used to make ATP molecules (Adenosine tri phosphate) from ADP molecules (Adenosine di phosphate) and inorganic phosphate. Energy ADP + Phosphate mi ATP from respirationEnergy is stored in the cells in the form of ATP molecules.When the cells need energy,ATP is broken down in the presence of water to form ADP and energy is released.
14. 14. IIIIlI('lII IVlII. 'III'IIIlIII .1"1a: Lt. I'J; ( 1 1ix1}1'11l11.1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1produces more energy.The end products are carbon dioxide,water and energy.It takes place in most organisms. In aerobic respiration glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm in the presence of oxygen and then in the presence of oxygen,pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide,water and energy in the mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration 2- takes place in the absence of oxygen.It produces less energy.The end products are lactic acid or ethanol,carbon dioxide,and energy.It takes place in muscle cells and yeast.In anaerobic respiration in muscle cells,glucose is convertedinto pyruvate and in the absence of oxygen pyruvate is
15. 15. Respiration in Humans : -The main organs of the respiratory system are nostrils,nasal cavity,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,lungs and diaphragm. RESPIRATORY APPARATUSnasal cavity oral cavity epiglottistrachea cartilageI, -.-'