support rand for more information · 2013-12-16 · viii the timeline is provided in both tabular...

For More InformationVisit RAND at www.rand.org

Explore the RAND Corporation

View document details

Support RANDBrowse Reports & Bookstore

Make a charitable contribution

Limited Electronic Distribution RightsThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions.

Skip all front matter: Jump to 6

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis.

This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation.

CHILDREN AND FAMILIES

EDUCATION AND THE ARTS

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE

INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

LAW AND BUSINESS

NATIONAL SECURITY

POPULATION AND AGING

PUBLIC SAFETY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/about.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/


http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/about.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/pubs/research_reports/RR343.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/pubs/online.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/giving/contribute.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/publications/permissions.html


http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/children-and-families.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/education-and-the-arts.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/energy-and-environment.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/health-and-health-care.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/infrastructure-and-transportation.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/international-affairs.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/law-and-business.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/national-security.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/population-and-aging.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/public-safety.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/science-and-technology.html

http://www.rand.org/pdfrd/topics/terrorism-and-homeland-security.html

This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

Research Report

A Sixty-Year Timeline of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site

Megan Clifford, Dave Baiocchi, William Welser IV

RAND Project AIR FORCE

Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.

Support RAND—make a tax-deductible charitable contribution atwww.rand.org/giving/contribute.html

R® is a registered trademark.

© Copyright 2013 RAND Corporation

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions page (www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html).

RAND OFFICES

SANTA MONICA, CA • WASHINGTON, DC

PITTSBURGH, PA • NEW ORLEANS, LA • JACKSON, MS • BOSTON, MA

DOHA, QA • CAMBRIDGE, UK • BRUSSELS, BE

www.rand.org

The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract FA7014-06-C-0001. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF.

http://www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html

http://www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html

http://www.rand.org

iii

Preface

For over 60 years, the present-day Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS) has provided the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) with space situational awareness capabilities from the island of Maui, Hawaii. AMOS is comprised of two separate facilities: the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC) and the Maui High Performance Computing Center (MHPCC). The MSSC is located on the top of the Haleakala volcano and is operated by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). MSSC has three large (meter-class) optical telescopes that were designed to provide situational awareness for missile tests and orbiting man-made objects. Together, these telescopes provide the Air Force with a unique capability to support space situational awareness missions. MHPCC is located in Kihei and is one of the five DoD Supercomputing Resource Centers. MHPCC provides computational resources, high-speed communications infrastructure, and support services to MSSC. Although they are separate facilities, MHPCC and MSSC are often referred to together as AMOS, due to a strong collaboration that exists between them.1

Since its inception, AMOS has evolved to meet emerging challenges and new missions. It is important for present-day decisionmakers to understand how AMOS has changed over time as they assess its role for future missions. To this end, this document contains an annotated timeline of AMOS from its origin in 1951 to the present day (2012). It is presented here to provide background for future researchers and strategic planners who need to understand the context and background of the site’s history.

This timeline was created as part of a larger fiscal year 2012 study, “Assessing Current/Future Customers for the Maui Space Surveillance Site,” which was designed to assess AMOS’s long-term sustainability. In support of the main research objectives, RAND compiled a thorough listing of key events that helped shape the modern-day manifestation of AMOS, and these events are listed in the timeline contained in this document.

This research was sponsored by Dr. David Hardy, Director, Directed Energy Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RD). The study was performed within the Force Modernization and Employment Program of RAND Project AIR

1 According to discussions with ARFL Det 15 staff, the AMOS acronym has changed several times over the course of its history. The site opened in 1966 as the ARPA Midcourse Observation Station (AMOS) but was also referred to as the ARPA Midcourse Optical Station (AMOS) interchangeably from its inception until 1977 when the Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) took over the site and renamed it the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS). In 1993, when MHPCC opened, the “S” changed from “Station” to “Supercomputing Site,” making AMOS the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site. Notably, with this change, the site no longer referred only to the optical station atop Haleakala but more broadly to both MSSC and MHPCC.

iv

FORCE. It should be of interest to policymakers and researchers working in space control, space situational awareness, and national DoD optical facilities.

RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S.

Air Force’s federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. PAF provides the Air Force with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development, employment, combat readiness, and support of current and future air, space, and cyber forces. Research is conducted in four programs: Force Modernization and Employment; Manpower, Personnel, and Training; Resource Management; and Strategy and Doctrine.

Additional information about PAF is available on our website: http://www.rand.org/paf/

http://www.rand.org/paf/

v

Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iii Summary ....................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. xi A Sixty-Year Timeline of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS) .......... 1 References ..................................................................................................................................... 25 Wall Chart Timeline ..................................................................................................................... 32

vii

Summary

This document contains a timeline of key events in the history of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS). AMOS is located on the island of Maui, Hawaii, and is comprised of two physically separate facilities: the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC) located on the top of the Haleakala volcano and the Maui High Performance Computing Center (MHPCC) located in Kihei. The events contained in this document focus primarily on the MSSC, but MHPCC has always maintained a strong collaboration with the MSSC, so we have included several events associated with MHPCC.

The MSSC1 is operated by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) on land leased from the University of Hawaii. MSSC provides electro-optical imagery for space situational awareness on man-made objects in low Earth and geosynchronous orbits. The complex has three large optical telescopes—a dual 1.2-meter diameter refractive telescope, a single 1.6-meter diameter reflective telescope, and a 3.67-meter telescope that is the largest optical aperture in the Department of Defense (DoD). Together, these three telescopes provide the Air Force with a unique capability for high-resolution, visible and infrared wavelength imagery of space objects over the Pacific Ocean.

MSSC was first imagined as an optical research observatory in the early 1950s. Since then, the site’s mission, management structure, and operational partners have changed several times to accommodate the contemporary challenges and research tools. This timeline is an attempt to document these historical changes. This history was originally researched for a RAND project on MSSC that was sponsored by AFRL/RD. In the process of performing this project, we found that there was no definitive source that provided a complete history of the site.

The purpose of this document is not to be a definitive history, but to provide a source more thorough than what is currently available to the public. We are publishing this timeline with the hope that it will be helpful to researchers and policymakers who can use this information to inform future decisions about the U.S. space surveillance architecture.

The research for this timeline was based on open source articles, historical documents, references within the scientific literature, and discussions with current and former site personnel. All of the timeline’s entries have a supporting bibliographic entry that details the source for each entry.

1 In this document, we make a distinction between the Maui Space Surveillance Site (MSSS) and the MSSC. MSSS refers to a specific building within the observatory that houses the 1.2-meter, the 1.6-meter, and the Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS) telescopes. MSSC refers to AFRL’s entire facility on the mountaintop. The MSSC also includes the 3.6-meter Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS), which is housed in a separate building from the MSSS. Because of this distinction, the term MSSC did not exist prior to the construction of AEOS in the 1990s.

viii

The timeline is provided in both tabular and wall chart formats. The tabular form will likely be the most convenient for viewing the data using conventional display formats, such as letter-sized paper or computer screens. However, we chose to also include the full-size wall chart for readers who have access to large-format printing capabilities. Readers can also view the wall chart on a large computer screen, using the scroll bar to move from one section of the timeline to the next. The wall chart can be found at the end of this document.

ix

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful for our U.S. Air Force sponsors, Dr. David Hardy and Col Scott Maethner (AFRL/RD), who were supportive of this work from the beginning.

This research would not have been as successful without the enthusiastic help and guidance that we received from a number of people who have a connection to the site: Maj Gen (ret) Curt Bedke, Lt Col Michael Harvey, Mr. Paul Kervin, Dr. Keith Knox, Dr. Chuck Matson, Dr. Earl Spillar, Dr. Robert L. Johnson, Ms. Mo Monsalve, Dr. Tony Pensa, Dr. Bob Peterkin, Maj James Phillips, Col Joe Romero, Ms. Sandy Ryan, Maj James Slear, Mr. Dan Theil, Ms. Lisa Thompson, Ms. Virginia Wright, Dr. Darryl Greenwood, Dr. Kelly Hammett, Mr. Stan Czyzak, Mr. Mark Bolden, and Mr. Scott Hunt.

Ms. Laura Ulibarri graciously offered to make a number of her staff available to us in this endeavor, and we are thankful that she was so supportive of our research. Ms. Lori Bragg helped coordinate and distribute several early versions of the timeline to solicit comments and suggestions from existing MSSC personnel, in addition to providing her own expertise on the site’s history. Dr. Bob Duffner provided us with several useful references and contacts, and his book The Adaptive Optics Revolution: A History was an important starting point for this research.

Don Forrester and Gary Mcleod provided careful reviews of an early draft, and their comments helped make this timeline more complete and easier to read. Finally, Dr. Joseph Janni provided detailed feedback on several iterations of the timeline, and we are very grateful for all of the time and effort that he was willing to contribute to this project.

xi

Abbreviations

AEOS Advanced Electro-Optical System ACE Atmospheric Compensation Experiment ADCOM Air Defense Command ADONIS AMOS Daytime Optical Near-Infrared Imaging System AERL Avco Everett Research Lab AFB Air Force Base AFMC Air Force Materiel Command AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory AFRL/DE Air Force Research Laboratory/Directed Energy (historical) AFRL/RD Air Force Research Laboratory/Directed Energy (current) AFSC Air Force Systems Command AFSPC Air Force Space Command AFWL Air Force Weapons Laboratory AMOS Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (1993–

present) AMTA Advanced Multicolor Tracker for AMOS ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ASRC Atmospheric Sciences Research Center CCD charge-coupled device CIC Combined Intelligence Center CIS compensated imaging system CMCM critical measurements and countermeasures DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DEBI Directed Energy Beam Improvement DIAL differential absorption light detection and ranging DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DoD Department of Defense DSRC DoD Supercomputing Resource Center GBFELTIE Ground-Based Free Electron Laser Technology Integration

Experiment GEOS-C Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-C GEODSS Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance GRB gamma ray burst HANDS high accuracy network determination system HI-CLASS High Performance CO2 Laser Radar Surveillance Sensor HiVIS High-Resolution Visible and Infrared Spectrograph HYSWAC hybrid small waterplane area craft

xii

HTTA Hawaii Technology Trade Association ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile IfA Institute for Astronomy IMAGE Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration IOC initial operational capability JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory JSpOC Joint Space Operations Center LBD laser beam detector LIDAR light detection and ranging LLTV low-light level television LURE Lunar Ranging Experiment LWIR long-wave infrared MauiMALT Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere MCAT Meter-Class Acquisition Telescope MDA Missile Defense Agency MFBD multi-frame blind deconvolution MHPCC Maui High Performance Computing Center MIT/LL Massachusetts Institute of Technology / Lincoln Laboratory MOTIF Maui Optical Tracking and Identification Facility MSSC Maui Space Surveillance Complex MSSS Maui Space Surveillance Site NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASIC National Air and Space Intelligence Center NEAT Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking NSF National Science Foundation NRC National Research Council O&M operations and maintenance OCS Observatory Control System Pan-STARRS Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System PCID Physically Constrained Iterative Deconvolution PHIAT Propulsion High Impact Avionics Technology PL Phillips Laboratory R&D research and development RADC Rome Air Development Center RAILE Retro-Assisted Imaging Laser Experiment RV reentry vehicle SAC Strategic Air Command SATKA Surveillance, Acquisition, Targeting and Kill Assessment SBIR Small Business Innovation Research SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Organization SECAF Secretary of the Air Force SOI space object identification

xiii

SOR Starfire Optical Range SSA space situational awareness SSN Space Surveillance Network SWAT Short-Wavelength Adaptive Techniques TAOS Technology for Autonomous Operational Survivability UH University of Hawaii UM University of Michigan UNM University of New Mexico USAF U.S. Air Force USSPACECOM U.S. Space Command USSTRATCOM U.S. Strategic Command

1

A Sixty-Year Timeline of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS)

Start End Event Category Source 1951 Grote Reber recognizes the scientific merit and practicality

of Haleakala as an optical site. Programs and Technology Institute for Astronomy, 2013a

Apr 1955

Dr. Walter R. Steiger from the University of Hawaii (UH) Department of Physics conducts a site survey study near the summit of Haleakala to determine the suitability of the location for a solar observatory.

Construction/Hardware Updates

Institute for Astronomy, 2013a

1956 Dr. Whipple from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory selects Haleakala as one of the twelve sites for its global network of twelve Baker-Nunn telescope/camera systems dedicated to tracking the Vanguard satellite. At his request, Dr. Mees, former vice president for research at the Eastman Kodak Company, provides financial support to UH to build a satellite tracking station atop Haleakala.


Potter, 1998

Jul 11 1956

Prior to the establishment of the optical station, the U.S. Army begins six-month star tracking project at Haleakala.

Programs and Technology Ainsworth, 2012

Jun 22 1957

Haleakala takes on important International Geophysical Year role with satellite tracking.


Jul 01 1957

UH’s satellite tracking facility is ready. It uses a meteor-tracking Schmidt camera until the Baker-Nunn telescope arrives.


Institute for Astronomy, 2013b

Oct 04 1957

Sputnik launch provides motivation for the establishment of a satellite tracking system in Hawaii.

Political Institute for Astronomy, 2013a

1958 The Baker-Nunn telescope arrives and is installed. These large telescopic cameras, based on the Schmidt telescope, are designed specifically to provide space object tracking information on satellites.


Africano et al., 2001

May 07 1958

Tracking camera photographs Sputnik II. Programs and Technology Ainsworth, 2012

Apr 20 1960

Tracking camera photographs Tiros I weather satellite. Programs and Technology Ainsworth, 2012

Jun 25 1960

Prior to the establishment of the optical station, the Army launches Project Betty satellite tracking project at Puunene.


Aug 17 1960

Tracking camera photographs Echo I. Programs and Technology Ainsworth, 2012

2

Start End Event Category Source Aug 20 1960

Haleakala observers are first to obtain photo of Discoverer XIV beacon.


1961 An Executive Order by Governor William Quinn establishes the "Haleakala High Altitude Observatory Site," sometimes referred to as Science City, on the summit of Haleakala.


Institute for Astronomy, 2013a

1961 R. Zirkind of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) proposes the ARPA Midcourse Observation Station (AMOS) as an astronomical-quality observatory for obtaining precise measurements and images of reentry bodies and decoys, satellites, and other space objects in the infrared and visible spectrum. During its early years, it was interchangeably referred to as the ARPA Midcourse Optical Station.


Reed et al., 1990

1961 Dr. J. Ruina, ARPA Director at the time, gives his approval for the project, on the condition that the astronomical community agreed it was a good idea, and would actually do research with AMOS.


Reed et al., 1990

1961 Several prominent astronomers meet at Harvard's Smithsonian Optical Observatory and agree that AMOS's planned infrared observing capabilities and its proposed location farther south of the existing U.S. observatories would be beneficial to the astronomical community.


Reed et al., 1990

June 1961

ARPA Order 236 is set up with the University of Michigan (UM). Amendment No. 2 to this order would formally begin the AMOS effort by allocating $8.3 million to UM for telescope design, construction, and eventual operation of the observatory. The ARPA order amendment stated the objectives of AMOS as follows: identification and signature of space objects, establishment of an active program to advance the state of the art of infrared technology and high-resolution imagery, and establishment of a research program in geophysical and astrophysics including the astronomical community.


Reed et al., 1990

1963 UM completes the design of the 1.2-m twin telescopes, one mainly for tracking and the other for special observations, and a 1.6-m telescope to be used predominately for work in the visible spectrum.


Reed et al., 1990

1963 The Army Corps of Engineers begins Phase I of the construction of AMOS atop Haleakala, using land leased from UH at no cost. The Corps constructs all the facilities except for the telescopes and domes.


Reed et al., 1990; Ulibarri and Harvey, 2012

3

Start End Event Category Source Feb 05 1964

UM begins $5 million observatory. Construction/Hardware Updates

Ainsworth, 2012

Feb 08 1964

Groundbreaking set for UM project. Construction/Hardware Updates

Ainsworth, 2012

1965 AMOS satellite tracking facility achieves first light. Programs and Technology “Haleakala to Hubble?” 2000 Jan 27 1965

The Maui News recognizes AMOS as a first-class institution.


Aug 1966

AMOS opens as ARPA’s Midcourse Optical Observatory Station to collect optical measurements on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base (AFB), California, to the Kwajalein Atoll in the Pacific. At the time, its 1.6-m telescope is one of the world’s ten largest astronomical telescopes.

Programs and Technology Duffner, 2009

Nov 02 1966

UM observatory head office moves from Kahului to Wailuku.


Ainsworth, 2012

1967 ARPA designates AMOS site for Western Test Range midcourse observations, with UM conducting operations and maintenance (O&M). About 40 scientists, engineers, and technicians work for UM, about half traveling to the summit on any given day.

Site Management National Science Foundation, 2009

1967 UH establishes the Institute for Astronomy (IfA). Its faculty and staff are involved in astronomy education and in the development and management of the observatories on Haleakala.

Programs and Technology Institute for Astronomy, 2013a

1969 1.2-m twin telescopes become operational for missile launches and space surveillance.


Duffner, undated

1969 1.6-m telescope becomes operational for missile launches and space surveillance.


Duffner, undated

1969 ARPA begins to allow use of facility to outside visiting customers.

Support Duffner, undated

1969 Avco Everett Research Lab (AERL) takes over the technical direction and Lockheed Martin is awarded the O&M contract.

Site Management Reed et al., 1990

1969 Mission eventually evolves into strategic missile observations and space surveillance.

Programs and Technology Duffner, undated

1969 1974 AMOS Phase II, during which time the stated goal is to provide a more space-oriented role for AMOS’s capabilities.


Hartogensis, 1978

May 21 1969

UM relinquishes O&M management of AMOS. Site Management Ainsworth, 2012

Jun 21 1969

Lockheed Corporation takes over O&M management of AMOS.

Site Management Ainsworth, 2012

4

Start End Event Category Source Jun 28 1969

Lockheed Corporation runs AMOS with AERL from Wailuku office.

Site Management Ainsworth, 2012

Jan 06 1972

Lockheed Corporation moves offices to Puunene Hospital. Site Management Ainsworth, 2012

1974 UH builds the Lunar Ranging Experiment (LURE) Observatory atop Haleakala. LURE utilizes a high-powered pulsed laser to obtain distance measurements to five reflector arrays left on the Moon by three Apollo missions and two Russian Federation robot spacecraft.


University of Hawaii, 2013

Nov 01 1974

Dec 31 1977

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), through executive agents in the Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) Space and Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO), contracts with the AERL to conduct Phase III operations at AMOS. This phase concentrates heavily on refinement and optimization of existing systems in addition to installation of new and/or modified hardware and software.

Programs and Technology Hartogensis, 1978

1975 0.6-m Laser Beam Director (LBD) telescope is installed. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, undated

1975 AERL takes over all contracts (two of three site facilities), while AMOS is controlled by DARPA, but Rome Air Development Center (RADC) is the “Executive Agent” for DARPA.

Site Management Duffner, 2002

1975 Visiting Experimenter Program formalized and initiated. Support Duffner, undated Jan 1975

1977 AMOS Phase III. Construction/Hardware Updates

Hartogensis, 1978

1977 AMOS hosts operational adaptive optics silicon-on-insulator imaging system (AF/RADC).

Programs and Technology Ulibarri, 2011

1977 Strategic Air Command (SAC) takes operational control of the twin 1.2-m telescopes and the site is renamed the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS).

Site Management Ulibarri and Harvey, 2012

1977 Transition of 1.2-m telescope to SAC and Air Defense Command (ADCOM).

Site Management Duffner, undated

1977 Transition of the 1.2-m mount to operational space object identification (SOI) data collection.


1978 AMOS begins routine adaptive optics imaging for space situational awareness (SSA), resulting from the DARPA program for the compensated imaging system (CIS) on the 1.6-m telescope.


1978 Real-time handoff of ballistic targets to an over-the-horizon sensor using precision range and angles measurements.

Programs and Technology Marek, 2001

5

Start End Event Category Source Jun 1979

AMOS’s twin infrared 1.2-m telescopes and associated systems become part of the Air Force Space Track Network, which is renamed the Maui Optical Tracking and Identification Facility (MOTIF).


Oct 1979

MOTIF’s paired 1.2-m telescopes become dedicated Space Surveillance Network (SSN) sensors, providing satellite imaging, tracking, and infrared signature data down to +19th magnitude.

Programs and Technology Jane’s, 2007

1980 Construction begins on Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (GEODSS). Three new domes and approximately 10,000 square feet of office and laboratory space on the south side are built.


National Science Foundation, 2009

1981 SAC runs MOTIF while RADC is DARPA’s agent for all AMOS activities/facilities.


1982 Atmospheric Compensation Experiment (ACE) Phase I experiments conducted at AMOS demonstrate atmospheric compensation for a beam propagating along a 150-m horizontal path (with integrated turbulence equal to that for vertical propagation through the entire atmosphere). These experiments serve as a predecessor to modern adaptive optics.

Programs and Technology Greenwood, 1992; AFRL Det 15, 2012f

1982 GEODSS system achieves initial operational capability (IOC), making it one of three operational sites in the world performing ground-based optical tracking of space objects. It employs about 15 O&M personnel.


Duffner, undated

1982 Installation of CIS on the 1.6-m telescope, the first operational application of adaptive optics.


Duffner, undated

1982 World’s first adaptive optics CIS on line at AMOS and operational for over ten years. It provides ongoing support to National Technical Means, National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC), and Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC).


Sep 1982

Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), headquartered at Peterson, is established. Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS) telescope would later provide near-real-time imaging to support this operational unit.


1983 In Phase II ACE experiments, Maui site personnel perform atmospheric compensation of a laser beam propagating to a small aircraft flying above the site.

Programs and Technology Greenwood, 1992; AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Dec 1983

Development of RADC document for the acquisition of AMOS.


1984 The site transitions from DARPA to the U.S. Air Force (USAF) and is assigned to RADC.


6


After test failures with the first three flight tests, the fourth and final test of the Homing Overlay Experiment is successful, intercepting the Minuteman reentry vehicle (RV) with a closing speed of about 6.1 km/s at an altitude of more than 160 km. AMOS supported the Homing Overlay Experiment through acquisition and tracking with the 1.2-m Advanced Multicolor Tracker for AMOS (AMTA) system.


1985 AMOS images shuttle to look for missing tiles. This is the first ever anomaly resolution using resolved imagery.

Public Good/Discoveries AFRL Det 15, 2012b

1985 AMOS signatures used to diagnose problems on Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) with anomaly resolution using SOI photometry.

Support AFRL Det 15, 2012b

1985 First daylight image of a satellite by AMOS using a low-light level television (LLTV) sensor on the 1.6-m telescope. This leads to a specialized camera on the 1.2-m telescope built by DFM Engineering.

Programs and Technology AFRL Det 15, 2012b

1985 World’s first outgoing beam compensation to space targets conducted at AMOS (Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Lincoln Laboratory [MIT/LL] tests to Space Shuttle 51G, Sandia sounding rockets to 600 km).


Sep 23 1985

U.S. Space Command (USSPACECOM), for which AEOS later provides near-real-time imaging support, is established.


Apr 1986

RADC decides to upgrade telescopes at AMOS. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

Sep 1986

RADC makes a proposal for a world-class 4-m telescope at Maui, to be called the AMOS Large Optical Facility Test bed.


Duffner, 2009

Oct 1986

Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) rejects RADC’s proposal for a new telescope at Maui mainly because of its projected costs.


Duffner, 2009

1987 1988 AMOS participates in Surveillance, Acquisition, Targeting, and Kill Assessment (SATKA) Integrated Experiments, using the 1.2-m telescope and long-wave infrared (LWIR) AMTA sensor.


1988 0.8-m Beam Director Tracker installed to support SDIO’s Relay Mirror Experiment.


Duffner, undated

1988 AFSPC becomes host organization of AMOS and AFSC becomes a tenant operating its own R&D resources.

Site Management Ulibarri and Harvey, 2012

1988 1991 Short-Wavelength Adaptive Techniques (SWAT) experiments performed with the 50-cm laser beam director.

Programs and Technology Greenwood, 1992

7

Start End Event Category Source Aug 1988

World’s first synthetic beacon adaptive optics image compensated at AMOS by MIT/LL with Air Force/RADC/AMOS under SDIO sponsorship (using sodium layer).

Public Good/Discoveries Ulibarri, 2011

Jul 1989

RADC proposes a less costly plan for an $18 million telescope, AEOS, with lightweight optics and other cost-saving technologies. It also proposes that the cost of AEOS be shared by SDIO, AFSPC, and the Air Force’s antisatellite planning group.


Duffner, 2009

1990 A congressional delegation led by Hawaiian-elected officials travels to Maui to review the AEOS proposal and to inspect the Haleakala site.

Political Duffner, 2009

1990 Discussions begin on consolidating all AFSC optical sites under Phillips Laboratory (PL).

Site Management Phillips Research Site, undated

1990 John Stanley of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) provides funding in the early 90s to AMOS in support of orbital debris observations.

Programs and Technology AFRL Det 15, 2012g

1990 The Relay Mirror Experiment is conducted; it is the first successful relay of a laser from a ground station to an orbiting relay mirror and back.


Jan 1990

RADC briefs its headquarters, the Electronic Systems Division at Hanscom AFB near Boston, which supports its July 1989 proposal for a less costly AEOS telescope as well as its cost-sharing plan.


Feb 1990

Joint funding backed by AFSPC, SDIO, and an antisatellite planning group falls through due to changing priorities and budgetary constraints.


Feb 1990

Senator Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaii revives AEOS program by gathering support for the program in the Senate.


Mar 1990

AMOS contractors AERL and Textron Defense Systems outline advantages of AEOS in a paper addressing costs, requirements, missions, and users.


Jun 1990

Management of the Maui site shifts from RADC to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL) at Kirtland AFB.


Oct 1990

Rockwell Power Systems begin five-year contract to operate MOTIF and AMOS.

Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012b; AFRL Det 15, 2012d

Nov 1990

Col John Otten, Commander of AFWL, forms a small advisory team to prepare specifications for the AEOS telescope, spelling out pre-contractual work to be completed before money is committed for contracts to design and build the telescope.


Dec 13 1990

PL at Kirtland AFB is established as one of the four new labs in the Air Force.


8

Start End Event Category Source 1991 Department of Defense (DoD) Appropriations Act of 1991

allocated $14.95 million over two years to start the acquisition of a 4-m telescope, moving AEOS from the debate phase to the action phase.


1991 DFM Engineering builds specialized camera on 1.2-m telescope, which is financed entirely by AFSPC. This is the first charge-coupled device (CCD) camera at AMOS. It replaces film camera for uncompensated imaging.


AFRL Det 15, 2012b

1991 The AEOS review committee learns about a 25,000-pound Zerodur mirror blank manufactured for the Army’s Ground-Based Free Electron Laser Technology Integration Experiment (GBFELTIE) but never put into use, and considers its use for AEOS.


Duffner, 2009; Janni, 2012

Jan 01 1991

Technical direction of the AMOS site transferred from Rome Laboratories (formerly RADC) to PL.

Site Management Phillips Research Site, 1994

Jan 1991

The AEOS advisory team headed by Capt Rich Miller decides that AEOS would support the Air Force’s space surveillance missions and might conduct research into a laser antisatellite weapon but would not carry it through to operational use.

Programs and Technology Duffner, 2009; Janni, 2012

Mar 1991

Lt Rich Elder replaces Miller as head of the AEOS review team.


Mar 1991

The Retro-Assisted Imaging Laser Experiment (RAILE) successfully produces resolved imagery of the four corner cubes on the Relay Mirror Experiment satellite, employing an atmospheric-cancelling three laser beam synthetic aperture technique.

Programs and Technology AFRL Det 15, 2012e

May 1991

AMOS site designated as the Air Force’s Center of Excellence for Imaging Research.

Programs and Technology Phillips Research Site, 1994

May 1991

Lt Rich Elder and Mr. Jim Mayo visit Schott Glass Works representatives in Germany to examine its 25,000-pound Zerodur mirror and determine the necessary modifications that would have to be made in order for it to fit the AEOS.


Duffner, 2009

May 1991

USAF transfers operational control of the AMOS facility from RADC to PL via the Program Action Directive for Strategic Optical Imaging Technology.

Site Management Phillips Research Site, undated

Aug 1991

Phillips Laboratory hosts a pre-proposal conference at Kirtland AFB to inform contract bidders about the AEOS program and status. Fifteen prospective vendors attend.


Oct 1991

Approval is granted for a foundation and pier to support an 8-m telescope base. The rest of the facility (azimuth base and mounting ring, azimuth yoke base, inner gimbal, dome roof, and walls) was built for a 3.67-m telescope.


Duffner, 2009

9

Start End Event Category Source Dec 1991

Plans under way to ship the cut mirror blank from Germany to the United States.


Duffner, 2009

Dec 13 1991

The Air Force awards a $19.3 million dollar contract to Contraves USA to build the AEOS 3.67-m telescope.


May 1992

The Air Force approves Contraves’s telescope design during a preliminary design review.


May 07 1992

Senator Inouye writes a letter to Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) recommending a larger facility to house the original 3.67-m telescope.

Political Phillips Research Site, undated

Jun 11 1992

AEOS cost estimate is $63.9 million for an 8-m base and $58.9 million for a 3.67-m base.

Programs and Technology Air Force Research Laboratory, AEOS Telescope, cost estimates, undated

Nov 1992

Installation of Propulsion High Impact Avionics Technology (PHIAT), the first operational SSA imaging system that improved performance based on post-detection image processing, is complete.


AFRL Det 15, 2012g

1993 AMOS develops an automated video object detection system using a Datacube MaxVideo20 image processing system and a SPARCstation10 workstation for statistical post-processing for the Air Force Orbital Debris Measurements Program.

Programs and Technology Africano et al., 2001

1993 Maui High Performance Computing Center (MHPCC) is established to provide high-performance computing capabilities to the observatory site as a distributed center.

Programs and Technology Ulibarri and Harvey, 2012

1993 Preliminary MHPCC costs estimated at $21 million. Programs and Technology Phillips Research Site, 1994 Jan 21 1993

Workshop held to develop an instrumentation plan for atmospheric science research at AEOS.


Jun 1993

The Air Force approves Contraves’s telescope design during a critical design review.


Jun 1993

Work begins on manufacturing hardware components for the AEOS telescope.


Sep 1993

DoD awards the University of New Mexico (UNM) a $10 million per year “cooperative agreement” to operate the MHPCC through fiscal year 2000.


Dec 1993

Dr. John R. Kenemuth, an optics expert from PL, becomes the technical director of AEOS.

Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012j

1994 1.6-m dome is automated. Construction/Hardware Updates

AFRL Det 15, 2012b

1994 AMOS (Africano, Medrano, Nishimoto) captures the only 3-6 micron images of Comet Shoemaker-Levy impacting Jupiter.


10

Start End Event Category Source 1994 Funds dedicated to support High Performance CO2 Laser

Radar Surveillance Sensor (HI-CLASS) field tests at AMOS and upgrade sensors to include rapid wavelength tunability.

Programs and Technology Duffner, Robert, undated

1994 Lt Col Jim McNally, from PL, becomes AEOS program manager.


1994 MHPCC office opens. Construction/Hardware Updates

AFRL Det 15, 2012b

1994 Researchers make a major technical breakthrough at Maui with the design, development, and deployment of the AMOS Daytime Optical Near-Infrared Imaging System (ADONIS), which allows the site to provide Air Force customers with high-resolution post-processed images in minutes instead of hours.


Duffner, 2009

Jan 1994

Completion of Phase 0 of HI-CLASS, the initial system development and check out. This includes a mission analysis and the establishment of performance requirements.

Programs and Technology Mosley et al., 1998

Jul 1994

The LBD at AMOS undergoes upgrades in support of HI-CLASS.


Duffner, undated

Jul 1994

Two 20-gigaFLOPS machines are added to MHPCC. Construction/Hardware Updates

Phillips Research Site, 1994

Aug 1994

HI-CLASS Phase I tests are completed, revealing that the system exceeded all specifications.


Aug 22 1994

PL awards a $15 million, three-year contract to Hughes Danbury Optical Systems to design and build the adaptive optics system.


Aug 26 1994

The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources authorizes additional construction at the top of Haleakala.


Aug 29 1994

The Army Corps of Engineers issues a contract for $19 million to Kiewit Pacific Inc. of Honolulu to construct the 41,000 square feet AEOS facility.


Sep 1994

HI-CLASS Phase I system is installed at the Maui site. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, undated

Dec 1994

First Observatory Control System (OCS) compliant sensor implemented on the 1.6-m telescope.


Oder, undated

1995 AEOS retains its R&D mission for Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC), while its AFSPC mission evolves into three main areas: space intelligence, space tracking, and space control.


1995 Image data protection system is delivered and installed at USSPACECOM Combined Intelligence Center (CIC).


AFRL Det 15, 2012b

1995 Transition of all telescopes to AFSPC. Site Management Duffner, undated

11

Start End Event Category Source 1995 AMOS and MOTIF are collectively renamed Maui Space

Surveillance Site (MSSS). Site Management Duffner, undated

Jan 1995

Construction begins on the facility foundation and walls to the Coudé room at AEOS facility.


Oder, undated

Jan 1995

Prototype mount control system implemented on the 1.6-m telescope.


Duffner, undated

Feb 1995

AEOS tracker implemented on the 1.6-m telescope. Construction/Hardware Updates

Oder, undated

Apr 15 1995

Senator Inouye presides over the AEOS groundbreaking ceremony that officially signifies the start of the construction.


May 1995

Data from LURE allows scientists to determine the distance between the Earth and the moon to an accuracy of less than 2.0 centimeters.

Public Good/Discoveries Institute for Astronomy, 2013a

May 1995

Experiments conducted using the HI-CLASS CO2 from AMOS (10,000 ft. mean sea level) to sea level over a slant range of 21.3 km to emulate the airborne Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging (DIAL) configuration eventually flown on the Argus C-135 aircraft for the Laser Airborne Remote Sensing (LARS) program.

Public Good/Discoveries AFRL Det 15, 2012e

Jul 11 1995

A 12-hour concrete pour occurs for the first section of the AEOS telescope pedestal.


Duffner, undated

Aug 1995

LI-COR Biosciences awarded the radiometer/photometer contract to Mission Research Corporation for one of the three mission sensors for AEOS with delivery set for March 1997.


Sep 1995

Hughes Aircraft Company awarded LWIR imager contract for one of three AEOS mission sensors with delivery set for December 1997.


Nov 1995

1998 NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) system in operation at GEODSS.

Programs and Technology AFRL Det 15, 2012f

1996 AEOS requests funding of $17.5 million. Political Oder, undated 1996 ADONIS is operational at the site, extending imaging

capabilities to 24 hours daily. Construction/Hardware

Updates Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command, 1995; AFRL Det 15, 2012e

1996 AMOS participates in Technology for Autonomous Operational Survivability (TAOS) satellite experiment.

Programs and Technology Air Force Research Laboratory, 1995

Feb 1996

HI-CLASS Phase II, the system oscillator and receiver-process, installed at MSSS.


AFRL Det 15, 2012e

Feb 27 1996

$1 million is withheld from original funding amount AEOS requests.

Political Oder, undated

12

Start End Event Category Source Apr 06 1996

First returns from a cooperative satellite, the Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-C (GEOS-C), are collected.

Programs and Technology Mosley, 1998

Sep 03 1996

Lt Col Peter D. Keish becomes AEOS program manager. Programs and Technology Oder, undated

Oct 1996

Approximately 95 percent of the work on AEOS is complete.


Oder, undated

Nov 1996

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract to develop ground weather prediction system.

Site Management Oder, undated

Dec 18 1996

Contraves completes factory testing of AEOS telescope at its plant in Pennsylvania.


Duffner, 2009

1997 Maj Chris Washer becomes new AEOS Program Manager.


1997 Maj Dave Richards appointed Branch Chief. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012j 1997 The Raven small telescope team, led by Paul Kervin,

submits a Raven proposal to the Air Force Space Battle lab.


Jan 1997

Integration of Phase III of HI-CLASS at MSSS complete. Programs and Technology Mosley et al., 1998

Feb 03 1997

The AEOS mirror receives its reflective coating, a 100-nanometer layer of aluminum weighing only 3 grams, at Kitt Peak.


Duffner, 2009

Feb 07 1997

AEOS mirror ships to Vancouver, Washington. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

Mar 1997

AEOS telescope arrives in Maui. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

Apr 1997

Kenemuth moves from Albuquerque, NM, to Maui to work with Hughes Danbury on integrating the adaptive optics system with the telescope.


Apr 01 1997

Mar 31 2000

Maj Gen Richard R. Paul serves as Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Commander.

Site Management Wikipedia, 2011

Apr 07 1997

AEOS’s base put in place inside its dome. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

Apr 16 1997

AEOS’s primary mirror put in place inside its dome. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

Apr 22 1997

AEOS’s truss and gimbal put in place inside its dome. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

Apr 22 1997

Fourth heavy lift brings the trunnion, truss, and head ring to the new facility into AEOS.


Oder, undated

Apr 22 1997

Installation of the AEOS telescope is complete. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

May 1997

COMSAT RSI, the dome contractor, finds the cause of problems in raising and lowering the dome and provides the actuator replacement parts needed to complete the fix.


Oder, undated

13


AEOS site is complete. Construction/Hardware Updates

Oder, undated

Jul 1997

AEOS surpasses the Starfire telescope as DoD’s largest telescope.


Jul 05 1997

AEOS dedication held. Political Duffner, 2009

Sep 26 1997

AEOS attains its first light image of a space object, the Ring Nebula, demonstrating its high-quality imaging capability.

Public Good/Discoveries Oder, undated

Oct 16 1997

Oceanit Laboratories, an AEOS contractor, awarded Tibbets Award for excellence in small business at White House ceremony.


Oct 31 1997

Apr 03 2003

Dr. R. Earl Good serves as the Air Force Research Laboratory/Directed Energy (AFRL/DE) Director.

Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012c

1998 A fiber optic link is put in place between the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC) and MHPCC to enable fast data transfer between the imaging sensors at the MSSC and the high-speed computers at MHPCC.


Duffner, 2009

1998 AMOS operational support for the John Glenn STS-95 mission shuttle damage assessment.


1998 Experiments confirm that AEOS’s five dead actuators minimally impact its performance.


Duffner, 2009

1998 MHPCC ranked among the top 100 most powerful supercomputer sites in the world.

Programs and Technology Dongarra, 1998

1998 The Director of Defense Research and Engineering selects MHPCC as one of four distributed centers to receive approximately $16 million in funding over two years.

Site Management “US Expands its High-Performance Computing,” 1998

1998 Transition of MHPCC from Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC) to DoD Supercomputing Resource Center (DSRC).

Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012b

Apr 1998

AEOS is fully operational. Construction/Hardware Updates

Air Force Research Laboratory, AMOS Overview, undated

May 1998

AEOS team anticipated the completion and delivery of the LWIR system.


Oder, undated

Oct 1998

Air Force watchers from AFRL Det 5 in Maui track and photograph images of the Space Shuttle Discovery after receiving readings that an exterior door had either opened or fallen off.

Support Greeley, 2001

Oct 1998

NASA/AFSPC Near-Earth Object Working Group recommends NASA/JPL NEAT program be moved to 1.2-m B37 telescope.


14

Start End Event Category Source 1999 Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)

announces $2.5 million in funding for civilian researchers for use of the Air Force’s most advanced telescopes on Haleakala.

Public Good/Discoveries High Tech Maui, 1999

1999 First Annual AMOS Technologies Conference with 254 attendees, including the Honorable Daniel Inouye.


1999 GEODSS telescopes under control of AFSPC Det. 15. Site Management Duffner, undated 1999 MHPCC installs IBM’s “Deep Blue” RS/6000 SP. Construction/Hardware

Updates High Tech Maui, 1999

1999 Seven telescopes and their associated hardware/facilities, which makes up MSSC, belong to Det 15.


1999 USAF contributes up to $2 million for joint National Science Foundation (NSF) and MSSC project.

Programs and Technology Tanjl, 1999

Feb 1999

Raytheon completes factory acceptance testing of AEOS optics system.


Duffner, 2009

Feb 12 1999

Textron uses expertise developed on Maui to develop new sensors for the U.S. Navy.

Support Missile Defence, 1999

Mar 1999

AEOS adaptive optics system delivered to Maui. Programs and Technology Duffner, 2009

Jun 1999

First light achieved on the LWIR imager, permitting good images of the Hubble Space Telescope.

Public Good/Discoveries “Funds Coming for Civilian Projects at Maui,” 1999

Jun 25 1999

MHPCC initiates efforts to procure and implement upgrades for 40–50 percent of its current hardware.


Maui Space Surveillance System Team, email discussion regarding timeline comments, May, 2012

Jul 29 1999

Due to joint efforts of Raytheon and the AEOS team, the AEOS telescope and adaptive optics systems work together to change the settings on the deformable mirror to generate a high-resolution image for the first time.

Programs and Technology Duffner, 2009; AFRL Det 15, 2012c

Aug 1999

AMOS assists UH in capturing infrared images of the moon during an eclipse.

Public Good/Discoveries Tanjl, 1999

Aug 03 1999

AEOS contributes to collection and investigation of data from the NASA’s Lunar Prospective satellite mission.

Support Stimson, 1999

Sep 1999

Hawaii Technology Trade Association (HTTA) is launched to serve the state’s growing technology industry.

Public Good/Discoveries High Tech Maui, 1999

Sep 1999

Sep 2000

Maj Joseph Bishop serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Sep 13 1999

1,100 to 1,200 customers throughout the United States, Pacific, and Asia use the supercomputer since its start of operation in 1994.


15

Start End Event Category Source Sep 13 1999

MSSC takes on new role of helping non-military scientists learn about space and objects such as the moon, asteroids, and nearby planets. MSSC also shares information on which space objects it sees and how well it is able to see them with these scientists.

Political Tanjl, 1999

Sep 13 1999

Students at Maui Community College work with scientists to analyze data from Haleakala processed through the supercomputer.


2000 AFOSR and NSF establish a basic research partnership to allow astronomers access to telescope site.

Public Good/Discoveries Air Force Research Laboratory, AMOS Overview, undated

2000 AEOS adaptive optics system dedicated to SSA and the system at Starfire Optical Range (SOR) used to support beam control research as opposed to imaging research.

Programs and Technology Ulibarri, 2011; AFRL Det 15, 2012i

2000 AEOS becomes fully operational for satellite imaging. Construction/Hardware Updates

Duffner, 2009

2000 Collaboration between AFRL and NASA’s JPL results in transfer of NEAT camera from GEODSS to 1.2-m telescope.


2000 Decision made to “resurrect” original Baker-Nunn telescope and retrofit it with a state-of-the-art CCD.


2000 Management and operation of AEOS made responsibility of AFRL/DE.


2000 Raven telescope becomes fully operational at the Maui site.


Duffner, undated

2000 The AEOS adaptive optics system is identified as one of the most advanced imaging systems in the world for tracking and producing high-resolution images of objects in space.


2000 Transition of all telescopes to AFMC with exception of GEODSS.


2000 Raven and GEODSS transferred to AFSPC. Site Management Nelson, 2003 2000 UH receives contract to run MHPCC. Site Management Duffner, undated Feb 2000

First light achieved on 1.4 x 1.4 deg. field of view NEAT system.


Feb 2000

Contractors who assembled and tested the AEOS system and trained Maui employees on its operation are no longer resident on the island.


Apr 01 2000

May 31 2004

Maj Gen Paul G. Nielsen, PhD, serves as AFRL Commander.


Jul 01 2000

Transition of MHPCC from UNM to UH began, with 90 percent of UNM Maui employees transferring to work under the new UH contract.


Sep 2000

Second Annual AMOS Technologies Conference, with 265 registered participants.

Support Maui Economic Development Board, Inc., 2012

16

Start End Event Category Source Sep 2000

Jul 2002

Maj Raley Marek serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Oct 2000

Site transferred from AFSPC purview to AFRL. Site Management “USAF Space Control Needs Cause Ops Tempo Surge at Maui Site,” 2003

Oct 01 2000

Roles of Det 15 and Det 3 are reversed. Det 15 Directed Energy Beam Improvement (DEBI) became host organization for running entire Maui site. As the new tenant unit, Det 3 is only responsible for operating the three GEODSS telescopes it owns atop the mountain.


2001 A new camera with a wider field of view mounted on the 1.6-m telescope significantly improves the chances of finding a satellite during its single pass over Maui.


Duffner, undated

2001 AFOSR leadership helps to allocate funding to AMOS in Fiscal Year 2001 and provides guidance on implementation of a basic research program at AMOS.


2001 AFRL Det 15 initiates a project to develop and integrate a suite of wide field of view (WFOV) sensor systems.


Africano et al., 2001

2001 AFSPC certifies Raven as a contributing sensor to the integrated Threat Warning/Attack Assessment network.


2001 AMOS collects data on ten missile flights, the most ever in a one-year period in the history of the Maui site.

Public Good/Discoveries Duffner, undated

2001 Det 3 converts the third GEODSS telescope (and its supporting hardware) into a better-performing telescope.


Duffner, undated

2001 MHPCC develops new imaging algorithms and software designed to enhance clarity of optical images provided by the telescopes at MSSC.


Duffner, undated

2001 MHPCC makes substantial progress developing and testing cutting-edge parallel computing software and hardware used for advancing modeling and simulation work to support the warfighter.


2001 MHPCC ranked as 12th largest supercomputer in the world.


2001 MHPPC devotes over three million hours of high-speed computing time to modeling and simulation studies supporting nine Air Force and Navy priority programs.

Support Duffner, undated

2001 MHPPC hosts the first IBM Linux Supercluster in the DoD inventory.


Duffner, undated

2001 JPL pays for time on the 1.2-m telescopes. Programs and Technology Duffner, undated 2001 NSF provides an additional $250,000 for outside scientists

to participate in the Maui basic research program. Public Good/Discoveries Duffner, undated

17

Start End Event Category Source 2001 Number of approved government and non-government

researcher accounts that permit individuals the right to use MHPCC total 910 during the first quarter of Fiscal Year 2001.


2001 Progress on the OCS upgrade program allows the operation of any telescope from consoles located at a number of locations at the MSSC. This allows the system to operate without downtime in the event that the AEOS facility fails.


Duffner, undated

2001 Project Phoenix, an effort to bring the Baker-Nunn camera back to operational status, begins.


Law, 2002

2001 The Raven small telescope team, led by Paul Kervin, technical director for AMOS, receives the prestigious Air Force Science and Engineering Award in the category of Engineering Achievement. The Raven consistently provides more accurate data to AFSPC than any of the three GEODSS telescopes.


2001 Visiting group of astronomers use the AMOS facilities to study the atmosphere around Titan.


Jan 16 2001

The Air Force praises Raytheon for its success in the design, fabrication, installation, and test of the AEOS adaptive optics system and Visible Imager.


Feb 2001

Trex, a subcontractor to Boeing, is given full responsibility to operate and maintain the AEOS adaptive optics system.


Mar 2001

AMOS AFRL collaborates with NASA’s JPL on the NEAT program.

Site Management Africano et al., 2001

Mar 2001

AMOS uses spectrographs for debris observation research.


Jun 2001

Renovated Baker-Nunn Telescope scheduled to be made available for viewing.


Aug 2001

Telescope time at AMOS costs an estimated $2,000/hour. Programs and Technology Greeley, 2001

2002 AFRL/DE supports construction of a mirror coating facility at Maui.


Phillips Research Site, 2005

2002 First SSA conference held in conjunction with AMOS Conference.

Support AFRL Det 15, 2012b

2002 2012 Collaboration with the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office located in Houston. The purpose is to build the Meter-Class Acquisition Telescope (MCAT) on Roi-Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands.

Programs and Technology AFRL Det 15, 2012g

18

Start End Event Category Source Jan 2002

Mar 2005

Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MauiMALT) consortium measures sodium abundance over Haleakala using University of Illinois light detection and ranging (LIDAR) (35 nights of data).

Public Good/Discoveries AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Jul 2002

Jan 2004

Lt Col Jeffrey McCann serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander.

Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Sep 2002

Third Annual AMOS Technologies Conference brings together approximately 320 people.

Support Nelson, 2003

Oct 2002

Responsibilities of USSPACECOM, for which AEOS provides real time imaging, transferred to U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM).


Dec 2002

AEOS Burst Camera installed for observing gamma ray burst (GRB) optical afterglows.


AFRL Det 15, 2012f

2003 AEOS images Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System missile intercept.


Jan 28 2003

AMOS takes images of the Space Shuttle Columbia in orbit four days before its reentry.

Public Good/Discoveries National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2003

2003 MHPCC serves as a testing site for hybrid small waterplane area craft (HYSWAC).

Public Good/Discoveries Jane’s, 2003

2003 AMOS team provides operational support for the Columbia accident investigation (STS-107).


Apr 04 2003

Jun 28 2003

Col Mark D. Stephen serves as AFRL/DE Director. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012c

Jun 02 2003

10–15 percent of AMOS’s telescope time is allocated for non-defense research.

Support Nelson, 2003

Jun 02 2003

Lt Col Jeffrey McCann reports that the MHPCC is managed by AFRL.

Site Management Nelson, 2003

Jun 02 2003

Some of MSSC’s basic research money is applied to look at novel ways to perform adaptive optics, one of which is the development of non-mechanical actuators. Some of the basic research dollars would be spent looking for new adaptive optics techniques for use five to ten years from now.


Nelson, 2003

Jun 29 2003

Sep 22 2006

Dr. L. Bruce Simpson serves as AFRL/DE Director. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012c

Sep 2003

Maui HiBrite laser demonstrates repeatable success in hitting retro-reflector satellites, including Lageos, Explorer, and Geos.


Sep 2003

Fourth Annual AMOS Technologies Conference, with 415 registered participants.


Oct 2003

Risk assessments and studies of the hazards associated with moving the 3.67-m telescope shows the best solution is to re-coat AEOS mirror at the top of Haleakala.


19

Start End Event Category Source Oct 10 2003

Senate allocates an additional $2.6 million to install medium-wave infrared adaptive optics on AEOS.

Political “Maui’s Defense Sector to Profit from FY 2003 Department of Defense Appropriations,” Winter 2002–2003

2004 House and Senate authorizers recommend a $10 million increase beyond the $6.3 million DoD request for MSSC to fund the high accuracy network determination system (HANDS).

Political “USAF Space Control Needs Cause Ops Tempo Surge at Maui Site,” 2003

2004 NASA collaborates with AMOS in three main observation programs.

Support Africano et al., 2004

2004 The High-Performance Software Applications Institute for Space Situation Awareness is established at the MHPCC.

Programs and Technology Air Force Research Laboratory, AMOS Overview, undated

2004 2008 AEOS observes 21 GRB notifications with ten detected afterglows.

Public Good/Discoveries Flewelling, 2009

Jan 2004

Jul 2004

Maj Kelly Hammett serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Mar 06 2004

Identification of J002E3 as an artificial satellite is placed within the research interests of AMOS.

Programs and Technology Lambert, 2004

Mar 24 2004

Researchers use results from observations of large rocket bodies and satellites in both lower and geosynchronous Earth orbits at AMOS to study physical properties of orbital debris.

Support Jorgensen, 2004

May 28 2004

Jun 04 2004

National Research Council (NRC) reviews the effectiveness of the Maui Astronomy Research Program, a program jointly funded and managed by AFOSR and NSF, in encouraging competitive research.

Study Kahn, 2004

Jun 01 2004

Nov 30 2005

Maj Gen Perry L. Lamy serves as AFRL Commander. Site Management Wikipedia, 2011

Jun 15 2004

Jun 30 2006

Dr. Jim F. Riker serves as AMOS Branch Chief. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Jul 2004

Football, a Maui-to-SOR handover experiment, demonstrates precision satellite handover.


Jul 2004

Jul 2005

Lt Col Brent Richert serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Aug 16 2004

AMOS provides assistance with development of Cosmos 1, the world’s first solar sail craft..

Support “Cosmos 1 Solar Sail Passes New Milestone,” 2004

Sep 2004

Fifth Annual AMOS Technologies Conference, with 485 registered participants.


Nov 20 2004

Active Track program begins, which supports timely characterization, dim object detection, and exquisite characterizations of objects in space.


2005 Significant increase in the cost of using the large AMOS telescope makes it impossible for the Maui Astronomy Research Program to continue.

Programs and Technology Kahn, 2004

20

Start End Event Category Source 2005 The Senate Appropriations Committee, led by Daniel

Inouye of Hawaii, mandates a study to assess whether the AFRL Maui site may be more effectively managed by the AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate rather than by AFRL/DE. The study concludes that MSSC should remain under AFRL/RD management.

Study Vansuch, 2005

Mar 05 2005

Northrop Grumman awarded $201,000 to provide technical support to AMOS.

Site Management Domenici, 2005

Jun 2005

Beam Director Telescope (BDT) roll-away enclosure completed, allowing low elevation projection for Critical Measurements and Counter-Measures (CMCM) 1 & 2 support. The roll-away replaces the original clamshell dome.


AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Jul 2005

AEOS High-resolution Visible and Infrared Spectrograph (HiVIS) spectropolarimeter operated by UH observes impact of Comet Tempel 1 as part of worldwide support for the NASA Deep Impact mission.

Public Good/Discoveries AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Jul 2005

Jun 2007

Lt Col Janet Augustine serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander.


Aug 2005

First two of four launches of the CMCM program conducted in collaboration with Missile Defense Agency (MDA) at AMOS. These long-range interactions and missile complexes provide invaluable data collection and analysis.


Sep 2005 Sixth Annual AMOS Technologies Conference, with 540 registered participants.


Oct 13 2005

AMOS 3.6-m telescope acquires some limited temporal photometry of the Galaxy 15 satellite in its post-launch period, establishing a baseline photometric record. Galaxy 15 is later discovered to have an anomaly.

Support Larose, May 23, 2012

2006 Collaboration with NASA to assist in anomaly resolution of their Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite, which had stopped responding.

Support AFRL Det 15, 2012g

2006 Congress appropriates $45.9 million to MSSC. Political George C. Marshall Institute, 2007 2006 MHPCC increases computational capability to over 60

teraFLOPS. Construction/Hardware

Updates Ulibarri and Harvey, 2012

Jan 01 2006

Oct 31 2007

Maj Gen Ted F. Bowlds serves as AFRL Commander. Site Management Wikipedia, 2011

Apr 2006

Third and fourth launches of the CMCM program conducted in collaboration with MDA at AMOS. These interactions and missile complexes provide invaluable data collection and analysis.


21


Manpower and money is allocated to improve MSSC technology, such as actuators, mechanical piston-like devices that continually reshape the deformable mirror to make adaptive optics possible, and the system’s cameras, especially the CCD components in the cameras.


Nelson, 2003

Jun 02 2006

MSSC reports working on new algorithms to sharpen images of space objects, improving post-image processing.

Public Good/Discoveries Nelson, 2003

Jul 01 2006

Jul 31 2008

Dr. Kip Kendrick serves as AMOS Branch Chief. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Sep 10 2006

Sep 14 2006

Seventh Annual AMOS Technologies Conference brings together over 400 scientists, engineers, and technical managers from academia, industry, government, and the military.


Sep 22 2006

Jan 08 2007

Col Kirk M. Kloeppel (acting) serves as AFRL/DE Director. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012c

2007 AMOS engages in multiple methods to overcome atmospheric blurring.

Programs and Technology Matson, 2007

2007 Congress appropriates $50.4 million to MSSC. Political George C. Marshall Institute, 2007 2007 With the financial support of AMOS, a multi-frame blind

deconvolution (MFBD) algorithm called Physically-Constrained Iterative Deconvolution (PCID) is efficiently parallelized and is able to produce image restorations in only a few seconds.


Matson, 2007

Jan 08 2007

Oct 23 2010

Ms. Susan J. Thornton serves as AFRL/DE Director. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012c

Jun 2007

Jun 2009

Lt Col Mark Leonard serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Sep 12 2007

Sep 15 2007

Eighth Annual AMOS Technologies Conference brings together over 550 participants and included representation from across the United States, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Japan, Russia, Switzerland, and Taiwan.


Sep 18 2007

Senator Inouye requests $24 million in earmarks for MSSC.

Political Needham, 2011

Nov 2007

Chinese antisatellite weapons test highlights the importance of national security space programs, resulting in Congressional appropriations $100 million above the President’s budget request for programs aimed at improving U.S. SSA capabilities.

Political George C. Marshall Institute, 2007

Nov 01 2007

Jan 31 2010

Maj Gen Curtis M. Bedke serves as AFRL Commander. Site Management Wikipedia, 2011

2008 Congress appropriates $41.4 million to MSSC. Political Mazol, 2010 2008 President’s budget requests $5.2 million for MSSC, a

significant decrease. Political George C. Marshall Institute, 2007

22

Start End Event Category Source Jun 2008

Jun 15 2008

Given the possibility that Congress might reduce or eliminate add-ons in a political environment increasingly averse to congressional earmarks, as well as the eventual retirement of Senator Inouye, Major General Bedke forms a Task Force to determine the best way for the Maui site to end its dependency on congressional add-on funding.

Study Crawford et al., 2008

Aug 01 2008

Apr 24 2012

Ms. Laura J. Ulibarri serves as AMOS Branch Chief. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Aug 21 2008

Mirror recoat facility ribbon cutting ceremony. Construction/Hardware Updates

Air Force Research Laboratory, 2008

Sep 16 2008

Sep 19 2008

Ninth Annual AMOS Technologies Conference brings together over 580 scientists, engineers, and technical managers from across the nation to listen and discuss the latest in SSA, military space capabilities, and related technologies.


Dec 2008

General Bedke (then AFRL/CC) charges Col Gary Hopper to plan for the financial and contractual changes necessary to make the Maui site solvent without congressional earmarks. Many of these changes support recommendations of the Maui Task Force and are given to the AFRL/RD to implement.

Study Hopper et al., 2010

Dec 06 2008

The first Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) telescope, PS1, goes online.


Wikipedia, 2012

2009 AMOS operational support for the Astronaut Safety for Hubble Repair Mission.


2009 Congress appropriates $36.4 million to MSSC. Political Mazol, 2009 2009 Research paper uses Cray XD1 supercomputer located at

MHPCC to explore the scalability of PCID as a function of the number of worker processors used in a worker process.

Programs and Technology Matson, 2009

2009 Researchers conduct tests on turbulence compensation approach using AEOS telescope.

Programs and Technology Vorontsov et al., 2009

Jul 2009

Oct 2010

Lt Col James Greer serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander. Site Management AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Sep 01 2009

Sep 04 2009

Tenth Annual AMOS Technologies Conference brings together more than 630 scientists, engineers, and technical managers from ten countries, including China, Japan, Italy, and Russia.

Support Schumacher, 2009; Maui Economic Development Board, Inc., 2012

Sep 29 2009

Senator Inouye criticized for adding $208 million of earmarks, including a $20 million for Boeing’s operation of MSSC.

Political Smith, 2009

Feb 01 2010

Apr 30 2011

Maj Gen Dr. Ellen M. Pawlikowski serves as AFRL Commander.


23

Start End Event Category Source Feb 04 2010

End of Active Track program. Programs and Technology AFRL Det 15, 2012e

Mar 11 2010

Control of the mount is lost and the AEOS telescope rotates in azimuth until it reaches the end of travel. The azimuth drive motor is the source of the failure. Over the next six months, the problem is explored and a method for removing the motor is developed.


AFRL Det 15, 2012h

May 13 2010

The first PAN-STARRS telescope, PS1, begins full-time science observations.


Wikipedia, 2012

May 19 2010

Jun 19 2010

AFRL/RD response to General Bedke's requests to implement some of the financial and contractual changes study and produce a modernization plan for the Maui site. This modernization plan intends to make the Maui site attractive to defense and intelligence community customers, making it more of an operational, rather than research, facility and eliminating its dependence on congressional add-on funding by (Fiscal Year) 2017.

Study Thornton, May 19, 2010; Thornton, June 18, 2010

Aug 12 2010

The Optical Society of America selects Venkata S.R. Gudimetla, a senior research physicist at MSSC, as a senior member.

Site Management Dailey, 2010

Sep 14 2010

Sep 17 2010

Eleventh Annual AMOS Technologies Conference brings together over 620 experts in the fields of space surveillance and optical systems development from all over the world.


Oct 01 2010

Apr 24 2012

Lt Col Michael Harvey serves as AFRL Det 15 Commander.


Oct 24 2010

Dr. David Hardy serves as AFRL/DE Director. Site Management United States Air Force, 2011

Feb 2011

DoD awards UH cost reimbursement contract for research, development, operations, and management of the Maui Supercomputing Center.

Site Management University of Hawaii, 2011

Feb 02 2011

Senator Inouye accepts two-year ban on earmark requests.

Political Needham, 2011

May 13 2011

Jul 29 2012

Maj Gen Dr. William McCasland serves as AFRL Commander.


Jul 16 2011

First instance of photographed glow from atmospheric pressure disturbances generated by tsunami observed, raising hopes that the technique could be used to predict the arrival of future waves.

Public Good/Discoveries Borg, 2011

Aug 2011

Nine months after the removal of the AEOS broken azimuth drive motor, a new motor for AEOS is delivered and reinstalled over the course of several weeks.


AFRL Det 15, 2012f

Sep 13 2011

Sep 16 2011

Twelfth Annual AMOS Technologies Conference, with 632 registered participants.

Support Schumacher, 2011; Maui Economic Development Board, Inc., 2012

24

Start End Event Category Source Sep 13 2011

Senator Inouye reaffirms his support for AMOS. Political Schumacher, 2011

Jan 19 2012

Hardy Modernization Plan seeks to engage defense customers. Under the plan, the Maui site proposes to offer two primary products for defense customers: a Wide Eye optical “space fence” and Narrow Eye for local search and characterization of deep space and dim objects.

Study Hardy, 2012

25

References

Africano, J. L., E. G. Stansbery, and P. W. Kervin, “The Optical Orbital Debris Measurement Program at NASA and AMOS,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34, No. 5, 2004, pp. 892–900.

Africano, John, et al., “AMOS Debris Observations,” in Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Space Debris, March 19–21 2001, Darmstadt, Germany, Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, October 2001.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding technical capabilities, April 9, 2012a.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding the timeline, April 13, 2012b.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding team comments on the timeline, April 17, 2012c.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding the timeline, April 23, 2012d.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding the timeline, April 24, 2012e.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding the timeline, April 25, 2012f.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding the timeline, April 26, 2012g.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding the timeline, May 2, 2012h.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding AEOS adaptive optics system, May 11, 2012i.

AFRL Det 15, email discussion with staff regarding leadership appointment dates, May 23, 2012j.

Ainsworth, Gail, compiler and editor, “The Index to the Maui News: 1951–1973,” Maui Historical Society, Wailuku, Maui, HI, 2010. As of May 18 2012: http://www.mauimuseum.org/UserFiles/File/Maui_News/maui_index_6-17-10.pdf

Air Force Research Laboratory, AEOS Telescope, cost estimates, undated. Available from Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, Kirtland AFB, NM.

Air Force Research Laboratory, AMOS Overview, cost estimates, undated. Available from Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, Kirtland AFB, NM.

http://www.mauimuseum.org/UserFiles/File/Maui_News/maui_index_6-17-10.pdf

26

Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials & Processes Technology Area Plan, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio: Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command, Directorate of Science & Technology, May 1, 1995.

Air Force Research Laboratory: Detachment 15, Mirror Recoat Facility: Ribbon Cutting Ceremony, Ceremony Program, Pukalani, Hawaii, August 21, 2008.

Borg, J., “Scientists Aglow After Big Discovery During Tsunami,” The Honolulu Star-Advertiser, July 16, 2011. As of June 26, 2013: http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110716__Scientists_aglow_after_big_discovery_during_tsunami.html?id=125680443

“Cosmos 1 Solar Sail Passes New Milestone,” Space Daily, August 16, 2004. As of June 22, 2012: http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Cosmos_1_Solar_Sail_Passes_New_ Milestone.html

Crawford, N., D. Frost, T. Pensa, and O. Younossi, “Transitioning the Maui Space Surveillance System: A Campaign Plan,” PowerPoint presentation, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., June 2008.

Dailey, Jeanne, “AFRL Physicist Attains Special Recognition,” news release, August 20, 2010. As of June 22, 2012: http://www.kirtland.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123218538%3E

Domenici, Pete, U.S. Senate, “Domenici Applauds Work Done for Air Force Research Lab,” news release, March 3, 2005.

Dongarra, Jack J., Hans W. Meuer, and Erich Strohmaier, Top 500 Supercomputer Sites, 11th ed., June 18, 1998. As of June 22, 2012: http://www.uni-mannheim.de/rum/ueber_uns/dokumentationen/ berichte_des_rechenzentrums/top500_juni_1998_pdf/top500_juni_1998.pdf

Duffner, Robert W., AFRL/VSIH, interview with Thomas W. Thompson, History, AFRL/Information Directorate regarding MSSC/AMOS, AFRL Rome, Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, November 20, 2002.

Duffner, Robert, data files on Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site background, undated. Available from Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, Kirtland AFB, NM.

Duffner, Robert, The Adaptive Optics Revolution: A History, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2009.

Flewelling, Heather Anne, Observations of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows with the AEOS Burst Camera, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, ProQuest/UMI, AAT 3382181, 2009.

http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/20110716__Scientists_aglow_after_big_discovery_during_tsunami.html?id=125680443

http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Cosmos_1_Solar_Sail_Passes_New_Milestone.html

http://www.kirtland.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123218538%3E

http://www.uni-mannheim.de/rum/ueber_uns/dokumentationen/berichte_des_rechenzentrums/top500_juni_1998_pdf/top500_juni_1998.pdf

27

“Funds Coming for Civilian Projects at Maui,” BMD Monitor, September 17, 1999, p. 8.

George C. Marshall Institute, “National Security Space FY 2008 Budget: Overview and Assessment,” Marshall Policy Outlook, November 2007.

Greeley, Jim, “Space Watchers (Detachment 5, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hawaii),” Airman, August 1, 2001. As of August 23, 2012: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78397889.html

Greenwood, Darryl P., and Charles A. Primmerman, “Adaptive Optics Research at Lincoln Laboratories,” The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1992.

“Haleakala to Hubble...” Real Estate, December 2000, p. C4.

Hardy, D., Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate (AFRL/RD), “Update on AFRL Way Ahead to Define Operational & Sustainment Needs of Maui and SOR,” briefing to Mr. Bruce Carlson, Albuquerque, NM, 2012.

Hartogensis, J., and Avco Everett Research Lab Inc., AMOS Phase III Program, Vol. 1, Accession Number ADB027059, March 1978.

Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command, “FY96 Advanced Weapons Technology Area Plan,” Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio: Directorate of Science & Technology, 1995.

High Tech Maui Staff, “Bytes,” High Tech Maui, Fall 1999, p. 1.

High Tech Maui Staff, “Tracking Man-Made Space Objects,” High Tech Maui, Winter 2001–2002, p. 2.

Hopper, Gary, Steve Ewers, Jackie Organisciak, Lisa Gallagher, and James Roche, “Maui Task Force,” Final Out Brief to Gen Curt Bedke, December 2010.

Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, “IfA Maui History,” 2013a. As of March 17, 2013: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/haleakalanew/history.shtml

Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, “The Haleakala Period,” 2013b. As of March 17, 2013, 2013: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/steiger/haleakala_period.htm

Jane’s, “Tests Loom as Twin-Hull Hybrid Craft Is Launched,” Jane’s Defense Weekly, June 23, 2003.

Jane’s, “Space Defense - Operators,” Jane’s Space Systems and Industry, March 7, 2007.

Jane’s, “Space Defense - Research & Development,” Jane’s Space Systems and Industry, January 17, 2012.

http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-78397889.html

http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/haleakalanew/history.shtml

http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/users/steiger/haleakala_period.htm

28

Janni, Joseph, email discussion with the author regarding team comments on the timeline, April 1, 2012.

Jorgensen, K., “Physical Properties of Orbital Debris from Spectroscopic Observations,” Advances in Space Research, Vo. 34, No. 5, 2004, pp. 1021–1025.

Kahn, S., Chair, Committee on Review of USAF-Supported Astronomical Research, letter to Dr. Lyle H. Schwartz, Director, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 2004.

Lambert, J. V., et al., “Photometric and Spectral Analysis of MPC Object J002E3,” IEEE Aerospace Conference 2004, Conference Proceedings, Vol. 5, 2004, pp. 2866–2873.

Law, B., J. Africano, K. Hamada, P. Sydney, V. Soo Hoo, T. Soo Hoo, J. Barros, D. Nishimoto, D. O’Connell, and P. Kervin, “The Phoenix Telescope at AMOS: Return of the Baker-Nunn Camera,” Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Proceedings, SPIE, Vol. 4836, 2002. As of June 22, 2012: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/proceedings/resource/2/psisdg/4836/1/119_1

Marek, Raley, Site Commander Det 15, Air Force Research Laboratory, “Introduction to AMOS Support to SBIRS_LOW,” briefing slides, August 14, 2001.

Matson, C. L., “Fast and Optimal Multiframe Blind Deconvolution Algorithm for High-Resolution Ground-Based Imaging of Space objects,” Applied Optics, Vol. 48, No. 1, 2009, pp. A75–A92.

Matson, C., “PCID and ASPIRE 2.0 – The Next Generation of AMOS Image Processing Software,” Proceedings of the Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference, Hawaii, 2007, p. E60.

Maui Economic Development Board, Inc., “Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference,” Archives, 2012. As of March 13, 2012: http://www.amostech.com/?page_id=24

Maui Space Surveillance System Team, email discussion with the author regarding timeline comments, May, 2012.

“Maui’s Defense Sector to Profit from FY 2003 Department of Defense Appropriations,” High Tech Maui, Winter 2002–2003, p. 2.

Mazol, J., “FY 2009 National Security Space Appropriations,” Marshall Policy Outlook, George C. Marshall Institute, 2009.

Mazol, J., “Considering the FY 2010, National Security Space Budget,” Marshall Policy Outlook, George C. Marshall Institute, 2010.

Missile Defence, “Textron Systems to Build Trackers for US Navy,” Jane’s Missiles & Rockets, Vol. 3, No. 2, February 12, 1999, p. 56.

http://spiedigitallibrary.org/proceedings/resource/2/psisdg/4836/1/119_1

http://www.amostech.com/?page_id=24

29

Mosley, Debora E., Charles L. Matson, and Stanley R. Czyzak, “Applications of the HI-CLASS (High-Performance CO2 Laser Radar Surveillance Sensor) Laser System for Active Imaging of Space Objects,” Laser Radar Technology and Applications III, Conference Proceedings, SPIE Vol. 3380, 1998.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, STS-107: U.S. Air Force Optical Supercomputing Site (AMOS) Imagery, April 2003. As of June 22, 2012: http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=8128

National Science Foundation, “Facility History at Haleakala High Altitude Observatory Site,” Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), May 2009, p. 1–21. As of June 22, 2012: http://atst.nso.edu/files/docs/NHPA/SDEISTable1-2_FacilityHistoryat_HO.pdf

Needham, V., “Inyoue Reads Writing on Wall, Agrees to Earmark Moratorium,” The Hill, 2011, p. 3.

Nelson, Ray, “Air Force Increases Research at Maui Telescope Complex,” Space and Missile Defense Report, June 2, 2003.

Oder, Barron K., et al., Philips Laboratory Annual History: 1 October 1996 – 30 October 1997, Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH), Kirtland AFB, NM, undated.

Phillips Research Site, History Office, paper on the background of advanced electro-optical system (AEOS), Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, undated.

Phillips Research Site, History Office, Phillips Laboratory - Annual History: October 1, 1992 – 30 September 1995, Vol. 1, Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, May 1994.

Phillips Research Site, History Office, Air Force Research Laboratory Annual History: October 2003 – September 2004, Vol. 1, Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, October 12, 2005.

Phillips Research Site, History Office, Air Force Research Laboratory Annual History: 2004–2005, Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Research Site History Office (AFRL/RVIH) archives, September 22, 2006.

Potter, Robert E., and Robert M. Kamins, Mālamalama: A History of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI: UH Press, 1998.

Reed, Sidney G., Richard H. Van Atta, and Seymour J. Deitchman, DARPA Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Projects, Vol. 1, IDA Paper P-2192, Alexandria, Va.: Institute for Defense and Analyses, February 1990. As of March 17, 2013: http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/amos-history.pdf

http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=8128

http://atst.nso.edu/files/docs/NHPA/SDEISTable1-2_FacilityHistoryat_HO.pdf

http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/amos-history.pdf

30

Schumacher, Cindy, “Maui AMOS Conference Provides Stellar Networking Opportunity,” Maui Weekly, October 1, 2009. As of June 22, 2012: http://mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/500400/Maui-AMOS-Conference-Provides-Stellar-Networking-Opportunity.html

Schumacher, Cindy, “Our Space,” Maui Weekly, 2011. As of June 22, 2012: http://www.mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/503898.html

Smith, Jeffrey, “Defense Bill, Lauded by White House, Contains Billions in Earmarks,” The Washington Post, September 29, 2009, p. A06.

Stimson, Dan, “Space Observers Differ on Moon Probe’s Success,” Albuquerque Tribune, August 3, 1999, p. A-4.

Tanjl, Edwin, “Air Force Alters View on Telescopes,” Honolulu Observer, September 13, 1999, p. 1.

Thornton, Susan, Director, Directed Energy Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, “Maui Space Surveillance System Sustainment Way Ahead Status Brief,” briefing delivered May 19, 2010.

Thornton, Susan, Director, Directed Energy Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, “Maui Space Surveillance System Transition Strategy,” briefing delivered June 18, 2010.

Ulibarri, Laura, Air Force Research Laboratory, “Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Overview,” briefing delivered September 13, 2011.

Ulibarri, Laura, and Michael Harvey, AMOS 2012 Visitor Guidebook, Kihei, HI: AFRL/RDSM, 2012.

United States Air Force, “Biographies: Dr. David Hardy,” The Official Website of the U.S. Air Force, February 2011. As of May 18 2012: http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=7719

University of Hawaii, “Gifts, Grants and Contracts for February 2011,” 2011. As of August 23, 2012: http://www.ors.hawaii.edu/files/BOR%20Consolidated-02-2011.pdf

“USAF Space Control Needs Cause Ops Tempo Surge at Maui Site,” Inside the Air Force, Vol. 14, No. 23, June 6, 2003.

“US Expands its High-Performance Computing,” Jane’s International Defence Review, Vol. 031, No. 006, June 1, 1998, p. 82.

Vansuch, Gregory, AFRL/DE, et al., “Air Force and Missile Defense Agency Study on Organization of the Maui Space Surveillance Site (MSSS),” Response to Congressional Mandate, 2005.

http://mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/500400/Maui-AMOS-Conference-Provides-Stellar-Networking-Opportunity.html

http://www.mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/503898.html

http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=7719

http://www.ors.hawaii.edu/files/BOR%20Consolidated-02-2011.pdf

31

Vorontsov, Mikhail, Jim Riker, Gary Carhart, V. S. Rao Gudimetla, Leonid Beresnev, Thomas Weyrauch, and Lewis C. Roberts, Jr., “Deep Turbulence Effects Compensation Experiments with a Cascaded Adaptive Optics System Using a 3.63 m Telescope,” Applied Optics, Vol. 48, No. 1, 2009. As of June 22, 2012: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-48-1-A47

Wikipedia, “List of Commanders of Air Force Research Laboratory,” Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., October 12, 2011. As of May 29, 2012: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_Commanders_of_Air_Force_Research_Laboratory

Wikipedia, “Pan-STARRS,” 2012. As of June 22, 2012: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-STARRS

http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-48-1-A47

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commanders_of_Air_Force_Research_Laboratory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-STARRS

Jan Jan Feb Jul Jan Jul Aug Sep Oct Jan May May Jun Jul Aug Sep Jan Jan May Sep Jan Jan Feb Mar Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jun Oct Jan Jan Jan Sep Jan Dec Jan Jun Jan Oct Apr Sep Oct Jan Jan Jul Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan May Jun Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Jan Feb Mar Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Jul Aug Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Jun Oct Nov Dec Jan Jun Jul Aug Dec Jan May Jun Jul Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Jan Feb May Jul Aug Sep Oct Feb

1951 1952 1954 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

A Sixty Year Timeline of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS)

Created with Timeline Maker Professional. Produced on Sep 16 2013.

Legend: Programs and Technology Construction/Hardware Updates Support Political Public Good/Discoveries Study Site Management

1951Grote Reber

recognizes thescientific merit and

practicality ofHaleakala as an

optical site.

Apr 1955Dr. Walter R. Steigerfrom the University of

Hawaii (UH)Department of Physicsconducts a site surveystudy near the summit

of Haleakala todetermine the

suitability of thelocation for a solar

observatory.

1956Dr. Whipple from the

SmithsonianAstrophysical

Observatory selectsHaleakala as one of

the twelve sites for itsglobal network of

twelve Baker-Nunntelescope/camera

systems dedicated totracking the Vanguard

satellite. At hisrequest, Dr. Mees,

former vice presidentfor research at the

Eastman KodakCompany, provides

financial support to UHto build a satellite

tracking station atopHaleakala.

Jul 11 1956

Prior to theestablishment of theoptical station, the

U.S. Army begins six-month star tracking

project at Haleakala.Jun 22 1957

Haleakala takes onimportant InternationalGeophysical Year rolewith satellite tracking.

Jul 01 1957UH's satellite tracking

facility is ready. It usesa meteor-tracking

Schmidt camera untilthe Baker-Nunn

telescope arrives.

Oct 04 1957Sputnik launch

provides motivationfor the establishmentof a satellite tracking

system in Hawaii.

1958The Baker-Nunn

telescope arrives andis installed. These

large telescopiccameras, based on

the Schmidt telescope,are designed

specifically to providespace object tracking

information onsatellites.

May 07 1958Tracking station

photographs SputnikII.

Apr 20 1960Tracking camera

photographs Tiros Iweather satellite.

Jun 25 1960

Prior to theestablishment of theoptical station, the

U.S. Army launchesProject Betty satellite

tracking project atPuunene.

Aug 17 1960Tracking camera

photographs Echo I.

Aug 20 1960Haleakala observers

are first to obtainphoto of Discoverer

XIV beacon.

1961Dr. J. Ruina, ARPADirector at the time,

gave his approval forproject, on the

condition that theastronomical

community agreed itwas a good idea, and

would actually doresearch with AMOS.

1961

An Executive Order byGovernor William

Quinn establishes the"Haleakala High

Altitude ObservatorySite," sometimes

referred to as ScienceCity, on the summit of

Haleakala.

1961Several prominent

astronomers met atHarvard's Smithsonian

Optical Observatoryand agreed thatAMOS's planned

infrared observingcapabilities and itsproposed location

farther south of theexisting US

observatories wouldbe beneficial to the

astronomicalcommunity.

1961R. Zirkind of the

Advanced ResearchProjects Agency

(ARPA) proposes theARPA Midcourse

Observation Station(AMOS) as an

astronomical-qualityobservatory for

obtaining precisemeasurements andimages of reentry

bodies and decoys,satellites, and otherspace objects in theinfrared and visiblespectrum. During itsearly years, it wasinterchangeably

referred to as theARPA Midcourse

Optical Station(AMOS).

Jun 1961ARPA Order 236 is

set up with theUniversity of Michigan(UM). Amendment No.2 to this order would

formally begin theAMOS effort by

allocating $8.3 millionto UM for telescope

design, construction,and eventual

operation of theobservatory. The

ARPA orderamendment stated theobjectives of AMOS asfollows: identification

and signature ofspace objects,

establishment of anactive program to

advance the state ofthe art of infrared

technology and high-resolution imagery,

and establishment ofa research program in

geophysical andastrophysics including

the astronomicalcommunity.

1963

UM completes thedesign of the 1.2-mtwin telescopes, onemainly for trackingand the other for

special observations,and a 1.6-m telescope

to be usedpredominately forwork in the visible

spectrum.

1963The Army Corps ofEngineers begins

Phase I of theconstruction of AMOSatop Haleakala, usingland leased from UH

at no cost. The Corpsconstructs all the

facilities except for thetelescopes and

domes.

Feb 05 1964

UM begins $5 millionobservatory.

Feb 08 1964

Groundbreaking setfor UM project.

1965AMOS satellitetracking facility

achieves first light.

Jan 27 1965The Maui News

recognizes AMOS asa first-class institution.

Aug 1966AMOS opens as

ARPA's MidcourseOptical Observatory

Station to collectoptical measurements

on intercontinentalballistic missiles

(ICBMs) launchedfrom Vandenberg AirForce Base (AFB),

California, to theKwajalein Atoll in the

Pacific. At the time, its1.6-m telescope is

one of the world's tenlargest astronomical

telescopes.

Nov 02 1966

UM observatory headoffice moves from

Kahului to Wailuku.

1967

ARPA designatesAMOS site for

Western Test Rangemidcourse

observations, with UMconducting operations

and maintenance(O&M). About 40

scientists, engineersand technicians work

for UM, about halftraveling to the summit

on any given day.

1967UH establishes the

Institute for Astronomy(IfA). Its faculty andstaff are involved in

astronomy educationand in the

development andmanagement of the

observatories onHaleakala.

19691.2-m twin telescopesbecome operationalfor missile launches

and spacesurveillance.

1969Mission eventually

evolves into strategicmissile observations


1969 - 1974

AMOS Phase II, duringwhich time the statedgoal is to provide a

more space-orientedrole for AMOS's

capabilities.

19691.6-m telescope

becomes operationalfor missile launches


1969ARPA begins to allow

use of facility tooutside visiting

customers.

1969Avco Everett

Research Lab (AERL)takes over the

technical direction andLockheed Martin isawarded the O&M

contract

May 21 1969UM relinquishes O&M

management ofAMOS.

Jun 21 1969Lockheed Corporation

takes over O&Mmanagement of

AMOS.

Jun 28 1969

Lockheed Corporationruns AMOS with AERL

from Wailuku office.

Jan 06 1972Lockheed Corporation

moves offices toPuunene Hospital.

1974UH builds the LunarRanging Experiment(LURE) Observatory

atop Haleakala. LUREutilizes a high-

powered pulsed laserto obtain distance

measurements to fivereflector arrays left on

the Moon by threeApollo missions and

two RussianFederation robot

spacecraft.

Nov 01 1974 - Nov01 1974

The DefenseAdvanced Research

Projects Agency(DARPA), through

executive agents inthe Air Force Systems

Command (AFSC)Space and Missile

Systems Organization(SAMSO), contracts

with the AERL toconduct Phase III

operations at AMOS.This phase

concentrates heavilyon refinement and

optimization of existingsystems in addition to

installation of newand/or modifiedhardware and

software.

19750.6 m Laser Beam

Director (LBD)telescope installed.

1975Visiting ExperimenterProgram formalized

and initiated.

Jan 1975 - 1977AMOS Phase III.

1975AERL takes over all

contracts (two of threesite facilities), while

AMOS is controlled byDARPA but Rome AirDevelopment Center

(RADC) is the“Executive Agent' for

DARPA.

1977AMOS hosts

operational adaptiveoptics silicon-on-insulator imaging

system (AF/RADC).

1977

Transition of 1.2-mtelescope to SAC andAir Defense Command

(ADCOM).

1977Strategic Air

Command (SAC)takes operational

control of the twin 1.2-m telescopes and thesite is renamed the Air

Force Maui OpticalStation (AMOS).

1977Transition of the 1.2-

m mount tooperational space

object identification(SOI) data collection.

1978AMOS begins routine

adaptive opticsimaging for space

situational awareness(SSA), resulting fromthe DARPA programfor the compensatedimaging system (CIS)

on the 1.6-mtelescope.

1978Real-time handoff ofballistic targets to an

over-the-horizonsensor using precision

range and anglesmeasurements.

Jun 1979AMOS's twin infrared1.2-m telescopes andassociated systems

become part of the AirForce Space Track

Network, which isrenamed the Maui

Optical Tracking andIdentification Facility

(MOTIF).

Oct 1979MOTIF's paired 1.2-m

telescopes becomededicated SSN

sensors, providingsatellite imaging,

tracking and infraredsignature data downto +19th magnitude.

1980

Construction beginson Ground-Based

Electro-Optical DeepSpace SurveillanceSystem (GEODSS).

Three new domes andapproximately 10,000square feet of office

and laboratory spaceon the south side are

built.

1981SAC runs MOTIF while

RADC is DARPA'sagent for all AMOSactivities/facilities.

1982Atmospheric

CompensationExperiment (ACE)

Phase I experimentsconducted at AMOS

demonstrateatmospheric

compensation for abeam propagating

along a 150-mhorizontal path (with

integrated turbulenceequal to that for

vertical propagationthrough the entire

atmosphere). Theseexperiments serve as

a predecessor tomodern adaptive

optics.

1982

Installation of CIS onthe 1.6-m telescope,the first operational

application of adaptiveoptics.

1982

GEODSS systemachieves initial

operational capability(IOC), making it one ofthree operational sites

in the worldperforming ground-

based optical trackingof space objects. Itemploys about 15O&M personnel.

1982

World's first adaptiveoptics satellite imagingsystem (CIS) on line at

AMOS andoperational for over

ten years. It providesongoing support toNational Technical

Means to the NationalAir and Space

IntelligenceCenter/Joint SpaceOperations Center

(NASIC/JSpOC).

Sep 1982Air Force Space

Commandheadquartered at

Peterson established.Advanced Electro-

Optical System(AEOS) telescopelater provides nearreal-time imaging to

support thisoperational unit.

1983In Phase II ACE

experiments, Maui sitepersonnel perform

atmosphericcompensation of a

laser beampropagating to a small

aircraft flying abovethe site.

Dec 1983Development of RADC

document for theacquisition of AMOS.

1984

The site transitionsfrom DARPA to the

U.S. Air Force (USAF)and is assigned to

RADC.

Jun 10 1984After test failures with

the first three flighttests, the fourth and

final test of theHoming OverlayExperiment was

successful,intercepting the

Minuteman reentryvehicle (RV) with a

closing speed ofabout 6.1 km/s at analtitude of more than

160 km. AMOSsupported the Homing

Overlay Experimentthrough acquisition

and tracking with the1.2-m Advanced

Multicolor Tracker forAMOS (AMTA)

system.

1985AMOS images shuttle

to look for missingtiles. This is the first

ever anomalyresolution using

resolved imagery.

1985AMOS signaturesused to diagnose

problems on DefenseMeteorological

Satellite Program(DMSP) with anomalyresolution using SOI

photometry.

1985First daylight image of

a satellite by AMOSusing a low-light level

television (LLTV)sensor on the 1.6-m

telescope. This leadsto a specialized

camera on the 1.2-mtelescope built byDFM Engineering.

1985World's first outgoingbeam compensation

to space targetsconducted at AMOS

(MassachusettsInstitute of

Technology/LincolnLaboratory [MIT/LL]

tests to Space Shuttle51G, Sandia sounding

rockets to 600 km).

Sep 23 1985U.S. Space Command(USSPACECOM), for

which AEOS laterprovides near real-

time imaging support,is established.

Apr 1986RADC decides to

upgrade telescopes atAMOS.

Sep 1986

RADC makes aproposal for a world-

class 4-m telescope atMaui to be called theAMOS Large Optical

Facility Test bed.

Oct 1986Strategic Defense

Initiative Organization(SDIO) rejects RADC's

proposal for a newtelescope at Mauimain because if its

projected costs.

1987 - 1988AMOS participates in

Surveillance,Acquisition, Targetingand Kill Assessment(SATKA) IntegratedExperiments, usingthe 1.2-m telescope

and long-waveinfrared (LWIR) AMTA

sensor.

19880.8-m Beam DirectorTracker installed to

support SDIO's RelayMirror Experiment.

1988 - 1991Short-Wavelength

Adaptive Techniques(SWAT) experiments

performed with the 50-em laser beam

director.

1988

AFSPC becomes hostorganization of AMOSand AFSC becomes a

tenant operating itsown R&D resources.

Aug 1988World's first synthetic

beacon adaptiveoptics image

compensated atAMOS by MIT/LL with

AirForce/RADC/AMOS

under SDIOsponsorship (using

sodium layer).

Jul 1989RADC proposes a

less costly plan for an$18 million telescope,AEOS, with lightweightoptics and other cost-saving technologies. Italso proposes that the

cost of AEOS beshared by SDIO,

AFSPC, and the AirForce's antisatellite

planning group.

1990A congressional

delegation led byHawaiian-electedofficials travels toMaui to review the

AEOS proposal and toinspect the Haleakala

site.

1990John Stanley of NASA

provides funding inthe early 90s to AMOS

in support of orbitaldebris observations.

1990Discussions begin onestablishing PhillipsLaboratory (PL) andconsolidating all Air

Force SystemsCommand (AFSC)

optical sites under it.

1990RADC briefs its

headquarters, theElectronic Systems

Division at HanscomAFB near Boston,which supports the

proposal.

1990The Relay Mirror

Experiment isconducted; it is the

first successful relayof a laser from a

ground station to anorbiting relay mirror

and back.

Feb 1990Joint funding backedby Air Force Space

Command (AFSPC),SDIO, and an

antisatellite planninggroup falls through

due to changingpriorities and

budgetary constraints.

Feb 1990Senator Daniel K.Inouye of Hawaii

revives AEOSprogram by gathering

support for theprogram in the

Senate.

Mar 1990AMOS contractorsAvco and TextronDefense Systems

outline advantages ofAEOS in a paperaddressing costs,

requirements,missions, and users.

Jun 1990

Management of theMaui site shifts from

RADC to the Air ForceWeapons Laboratory

at Kirtland AFB.

Oct 1990Rockwell Power

Systems begin five-year contract to

operate MOTIF andAMOS.

Nov 1990Col John Otten,

Commander of theWeapons Lab, formsa small advisory team

to preparespecifications for the

AEOS telescope,spelling out

precontractual work tobe completed beforemoney is committed

for contracts to designand build the

telescope.

Dec 13 1990

PL at Kirtland AFB isestablished as one ofthe four new labs in

the Air Force.

1991The AEOS reviewcommittee learns

about the Zerodur, a25,000-pound mirrorblank manufactured

for the Army's Ground-Based Free Electron

Laser TechnologyIntegration Experiment(GBFELTIE) but never

put into use, andconsiders its use for

AEOS.

1991Department ofDefense (DoD)

Appropriations Act of1991 allocated $14.95million over two yearsto start the acquisition

of a 4-m telescope,moving AEOS from

the debate phase tothe action phase.

Jan 01 1991Technical direction of

the AMOS sitetransferred from

Rome Laboratories toPL.

1991DMF builds

specialized camera on1.2-m telescope,which is financed

entirely by AFSPC.This is the first CCDcamera at AMOS. It

replaces film camerafor uncompensated

imaging.

1991The AEOS advisory

team headed by CaptRich Miller decidesthat AEOS wouldsupport the AirForce's space

surveillance missionsand might conduct

research into a laserantisatellite weapon

but would not carry itthrough to operational

use.

Mar 1991Lt Rich Elder replacesMiller as head of theAEOS review team.

Mar 1991The Retro-Assisted

Imaging LaserExperiment (RAILE)

successfully producesresolved imagery of

the four corner cubeson the Relay MirrorExperiment satellite,

employing anatmospheric-

cancelling three laserbeam synthetic

aperture technique.

May 1991AMOS site designated

as the Air Force'sCenter of Excellence

for Imaging Research.

May 1991

USAF transfersoperational control ofthe AMOS facility from

RADC to PL via theProgram Action

Directive for StrategicOptical Imaging

Technology.

May 1991Lt Rich Elder and Mr.Jim Mayo visit Schott

Glass Worksrepresentatives in

Germany to examineits 25,000-pound

Zerodur mirror anddetermine the

necessarymodifications thatwould have to be

made in order for it tofit the AEOS.

Aug 1991Phillips Laboratory

hosts a pre-proposalconference at KirtlandAFB to inform contract

bidders about theAEOS program and

status. Fifteenperspective vendors

attend.

Oct 1991Approval is grantedfor a foundation and

pier to support an 8-mtelescope base. The

rest of the facility(azimuth base and

mounting ring, azimuthyoke base, inner

gimbal, dome roof,and walls) was built for

a 3.67-m telescope.

Dec 1991Plans under way toship the cut mirror

blank from Germanyto the United States.

Dec 13 1991The Air Force awardsa $19.3 million dollarcontract to Contraves

USA to build theAEOS 3.67-m

telescope.

May 1992The Air Force

approves Contraves'stelescope design

during a preliminarydesign review.

May 07 1992Senator Inouye writesa letter to Secretary ofthe Air Force (SECAF)

recommending alarger facility to house

the original 3.67-mtelescope.

Jun 11 1992AEOS cost estimate is$63.9 million for an 8-

m base and $58.9million for a 3.67-m

base.

Nov 1992Installation of

Propulsion HighImpact Avionics

Technology (PHIAT),the first operationalSSA imaging system

that improvedperformance basedon post-detection

image processing, iscomplete.

1993AMOS develops an

automated videoobject detectionsystem using a

Datacube MaxVideo20image processing

system and aSPARCstation10workstation forstatistical post-

processing for the AirForce Orbital Debris

MeasurementsProgram.

1993Maui High

PerformanceComputing Center

(MHPCC) establishedto provide high

performancecomputing capabilities

to MSSC as adistributed center.

1993Preliminary Maui High

PerformanceComputing Center

(MHPCC) costsestimated at $21

million.

Jan 21 1993Workshop held to

develop aninstrumentation plan

for atmosphericscience research at

AEOS.

Jun 1993The Air Force

approves Contraves'stelescope design

during a critical designreview.

Jun 1993Work begins onmanufacturing

hardware componentsfor the AEOS

telescope.

Sep 1993

DoD awarded theUniversity of New

Mexico (UNM) a $10million per year

"cooperativeagreement" to operate

the MHPCC throughfiscal year 2000.

Dec 1993Dr. John R. Kenemuth,an optics expert from

PL, becomes thetechnical director of

AEOS.

19941.6-m dome is

automated.

1994AMOS (Africano,

Medrano, Nishimoto)captures the only 3-6

micron images ofComet Shoemaker-

Levy impactingJupiter.

1994Funds dedicated to

support HighPerformance CO2

Laser RadarSurveillance Sensor

(HI-CLASS) field testsat AMOS and upgrade

sensors to includerapid wavelength

tunability.

1994MHPCC office opens.

1994Lt Col Jim McNally,from PL, becomes

AEOS programmanager.

Jan 1994Completion of Phase0 of HI-CLASS, the

initial systemdevelopment andcheck out. This

includes a missionanalysis and theestablishment of

performancerequirements.

1994Researchers make a

major technicalbreakthrough at Maui

with the design,development, anddeployment of the

AMOS DaytimeOptical Near-Infrared

Imaging System(ADONIS), whichallows the site toprovide Air Force

customers with high-resolution post-

processed images inminutes instead of

hours.

Jul 1994

The LBD at AMOSundergoes upgrades

in support of HI-CLASS.

Jul 1994

Two 20-gigaFLOPSmachines are added

to MHPCC.

Aug 1994HI-CLASS Phase I

tests are completed,revealing that the

system exceeded allspecifications.

Aug 22 1994

PL awards a $15million, 3-year

contract to HughesDanbury Optical

Systems to designand build the adaptive

optics system.

Aug 26 1994The Hawaii

Department of Landand Natural

Resources authorizesconstruction at the top

of Haleakala.

Aug 29 1994The Army Corps ofEngineers issues a

contract for $19million to Kiewit Pacific

Inc. of Honolulu toconstruct the 41,000

sqft AEOS facility.

Sep 1994HI-CLASS Phase I

system installed at theMaui site.

Dec 1994First Observatory

Compliant Software(OCS) compliant

sensor implementedon the 1.6 m

telescope.

1995AEOS retains its R&Dmission for Air ForceMaterial Command

(AFMC), while its AFSpace Command

mission evolves intothree main areas:space intelligence,

space tracking, andspace control.

1995Image data protectionsystem delivered and

installed atUSSPACECOM

Combined IntelligenceCenter (CIC).

Jan 1995Construction begins

on the facilityfoundation and wallsto the Coudé room at

AEOS facility.

Jan 1995Prototype mountcontrol system

implemented on the1.6-m telescope.

1995AMOS and MOTIF arecollectively renamed

Maui SpaceSurveillance Site

(MSSS)

1995Transition of all

telescopes to AFSPC

Feb 1995AEOS tracker

implemented on the1.6-m telescope.

Apr 15 1995Senator Inouye

presides over theAEOS groundbreaking

ceremony thatofficially signifies the

start of the AEOSconstruction.

May 1995Data from LURE

allows scientists todetermine the

distance between theEarth and the moon to

an accuracy of lessthan 2.0 centimeters.

May 1995Experiments

conducted using theHI-CLASS CO2 from

AMOS (10,000 ft.mean sea level) to

sea level over a slantrange of 21.3 km to

emulate the airborneDifferential Absorption

(DIAL) configurationeventually flown on

the Argus C-135aircraft for the Laser

Airborne RemoteSensing (LARS)

program.

Jul 11 1995A 12-hour concretepour occurs for thefirst section of theAEOS telescope

pedestal.

Aug 1995LI-COR Biosciences

awarded theradiometer/photometer

contract to MissionResearch Corporation

for one of the threemission sensors for

AEOS with delivery setfor March 1997.

Sep 1995

Hughes AircraftCompany awarded

LWIR imager contractfor one of three AEOSmission sensors with

delivery set forDecember 1997.

Nov 1995 - 1998NASA/Jet Propulsion

Laboratory (JPL) Near-Earth Asteroid

Tracking in operationat MSSS GEODSS.

1996AEOS requestsfunding of $17.5

million.

1996

ADONIS is operationalat the site, extending

imaging capabilities to24 hours daily.

1996AMOS participates in

Technology forAutonomousOperational

Survivability (TAOS)satellite experiment.

Feb 1996HI-CLASS Phase II,

the system oscillatorand receiver-process,

installed at MSSS.

Feb 27 1996$1 million is withheldfrom original funding

amount AEOSrequests.

Apr 06 1996First returns from a

cooperative satellite,the Geodetic EarthOrbiting Satellite-C

(GEOS-C), arecollected.

Sep 03 1996Lt Col Peter D. Keish

becomes AEOSprogram manager.

Oct 1996Approximately 95

percent of the work onAEOS is complete.

Nov 1996Small Business

Innovation Research(SBIR) contract todevelop ground

weather predictionsystem.

Dec 18 1996Contraves completes

factory testing ofAEOS telescope at itsplant in Pennsylvania.

1997The Raven small

telescope team, led byPaul Kervin, submits aRaven proposal to theAir Force Space Battle

lab.

Jan 1997Integration of Phase IIIof HI-CLASS at MSSS

complete.

1997Maj Chris Washer

becomes new AEOSProgram Manager.

1997Maj Dave Richardsappointed Branch

Chief.

Feb 03 1997The AEOS mirror

receives its reflectivecoating, a 100-

nanometer layer ofaluminum weighingonly 3 grams, at Kitt

Peak.

Feb 07 1997AEOS mirror ships to

Vancouver,Washington.

Mar 1997AEOS telescopearrives in Maui.

Apr 1997Kenemuth moves from

Albuquerque, NM toMaui to work with

Hughes Danbury onintegrating theadaptive opticssystem with the

telescope.

Apr 01 1997 - Mar31 2000

Maj Gen Richard R.Paul serves as AirForce Research

Laboratory (AFRL)Commander.

Apr 07 1997AEOS's base put in

place inside its dome.

Apr 16 1997AEOS's primary mirrorput in place inside its

dome.

Apr 22 1997AEOS's truss and

gimbal put in placeinside its dome.

Apr 22 1997Installation of the

AEOS telescope iscomplete.

Apr 22 1997Fourth heavy lift

brings the trunion,truss, and headring to

the new facility intoAEOS.

May 1997

COMSAT RSI, thedome contractor, findsthe cause of problemsin raising and lowering

the dome andprovides the actuator

replacement partsneeded to complete

the fix.

Jun 30 1997AEOS site is

complete.

Jul 1997AEOS surpasses theStarfire telescope as

DoD's largesttelescope.

Jul 05 1997AEOS dedication held.

Sep 26 1997AEOS attains its first

light image of a spaceobject, the Ring

Nebula, demonstratingits high-quality

imaging capability.

Oct 16 1997Oceanit Laboratories,an AEOS contractor,

awarded TibbetsAward for excellencein small business at

White Houseceremony.

Oct 31 1997 - Apr03 2003

Dr. R. Earl Goodserves as the AirForce Research

Laboratory/DirectedEnergy (AFRL/DE)

Director.

1998A fiber optic link is putin place between the

Maui SpaceSurveillance Complex(MSSS) and MHPCCto enable fast data

transfer between theimaging sensors atthe MSSS and the

high-speed computersat MHPCC.

1998Transition of MHPCC

from AtmosphericSciences ResearchCenter (ASRC) to

DoD SupercomputingResource Center

(DSRC).

1998AMOS operational

support for the JohnGlenn STS-95 mission

shuttle damageassessment.

1998Experiments confirm

that AEOS's five deadactuators minimally

impact itsperformance.

1998MHPCC ranked

among the top 100most powerful

supercomputer sitesin the world.

1998The Director of

Defense Researchand Engineering

selects MHPCC asone of four distributed

centers to receiveapproximately $16

million in funding overtwo years.

Apr 1998AEOS is fullyoperational.

May 1998AEOS team

anticipated thecompletion and

delivery of the LWIRsystem.

Oct 1998NASA/AFSPC Near-

Earth Object WorkingGroup recommends

NASA/JPL NEATprogram be moved to1.2m B37 telescope.

Oct 1998Air Force watchersfrom AFRL Det 5 in

Maui track andphotograph images of

the Space ShuttleDiscovery after

receiving readingsthat an exterior doorhad either opened or

fallen off.

1999Air Force Office ofScientific Research

(AFOSR) announces$2.5 million in funding

for civilianresearchers for use of

the Air Force's mostadvanced telescopes

on Haleakala.

1999

First annual AMOSTechnologies

conference with 254attendees including

the Honorable DanielInouye.

1999GEODSS telescopes

under control ofAFSPC Det 15.

1999MHPCC installs IBM's"Deep Blue" RS/6000

SP.

1999

Seven telescopes andtheir associated

hardware/facilities,which makes up MSSS,

belong to Det 15.

1999USAF contributes upto $2 million for joint

National ScienceFoundation (NSF) and

MSSS project.

Feb 1999Raytheon completesfactory acceptance

testing of AEOS opticssystem.

Feb 12 1999Textron uses

expertise developedon Maui to developnew sensors for the

U.S. Navy.

Mar 1999AEOS adaptive optics

system delivered toMaui.

Jun 1999

First light achieved onthe LWIR imager,permitting good

images of the HubbleSpace Telescope.

Jun 25 1999MHPCC initiates

efforts to procure andimplement upgradesfor 40-50 percent ofits current hardware.

Jul 29 1999Due to joint efforts of

Raytheon and theAEOS team, the

AEOS telescope andadaptive optics

systems work togetherto change the settings

on the deformablemirror to generate a

high-resolution imagefor the first time.

Aug 1999

AMOS assists UH incapturing infrared

images of the moonduring an eclipse.

Aug 03 1999AEOS contributes to

collection andinvestigation of data

from the NationalAeronautics and

SpaceAdministration's(NASA's) Lunar

Prospective satellitemission.

Sep 1999Hawaii TechnologyTrade Association

(HTTA) is launched toserve the state's

growing technologyindustry.

Sep 1999 - Sep2000

Maj Joseph Bishopserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Sep 13 19991,100 to 1,200

customers throughoutthe United States,

Pacific, and Asia usethe supercomputer

since its start ofoperation in 1994.

Sep 13 1999MSSC takes on newrole of helping non-

military scientists learnabout space and

objects such as themoon, asteroids, and

nearby planets.MSSC also shares

information on whichspace objects it seesand how well it is ableto see them with these

scientists.

Sep 13 1999Students at Maui

Community Collegework with scientists to

analyze data fromHaleakala processed

through thesupercomputer.

2000

AFOSR and NSFestablish a basic

research partnershipto allow astronomersaccess to telescope

site. 2000

Raven and GEODSStransferred to AFSPC.

2000AEOS adaptive opticssystem dedicated toSSA and the system

at Starfire OpticalRange (SOR) used tosupport beam controlresearch as opposedto imaging research.

2000AEOS becomes fully

operational forsatellite imaging.

2000

UH receives contractto run MHPCC.

2000

Collaboration betweenAFRL and NASA's JPL

results in transfer ofNEAT camera fromGEODSS to 1.2-m

telescope2000

Raven telescopebecomes fully

operational at theMaui site.2000

Decision made to"resurrect" original

Baker-Nunn telescopeand retrofit it with a

state-of-the-artcharge coupleddevice (CCD).

2000The AEOS adaptive

optics system isidentified as one ofthe most advancedimaging systems in

the world for trackingand producing high-resolution images of

objects in space.

2000Management and

operation of AEOSmade responsibility of

the Air ForceResearch

Laboratory's DirectedEnergy (DE)Directorate.

2000

Transition of alltelescopes to AFMC

with exception ofGEODSS .

Feb 2000Contractors who

assembled and testedthe AEOS system and

trained Mauiemployees on itsoperation are no

longer resident on theisland.

Feb 2000First light achieved on1.4 x 1.4 deg field ofview NEAT system.

Apr 01 2000 - May31 2004

Maj Gen Dr. Paul G.Nielsen serves as

AFRL Commander.

Jul 01 2000Transition of MHPCC

from UNM to UHbegan, with 90

percent of UNM Mauiemployees

transferring to workunder the new UH

contract.

Sep 2000Second Annual AMOS

TechnologiesConference, with 265registered attendees.

Sep 2000 - Jul 2002Maj Raley Marek

serves as AFRL Det15 Commander.

Oct 2000

Site transferred fromAir Force Space

Command purview toAFRL.

Oct 01 2000

Roles of Det 15 andDet 3 are reversed.

Det 15 DirectedEnergy Beam

Improvement (DEBI)became host

organization forrunning entire Maui

site. As the newtenant unit, Det 3 isonly responsible foroperating the three

GEODSS telescopes itowns atop the

mountain.

2001Project Phoenix, aneffort to bring the

Baker-Nunn cameraback to operational

status, begins.

2001The Raven small

telescope team, led byPaul Kervin, technical

director for AMOS,receives the

prestigious Air ForceScience and

Engineering Award inthe category of

EngineeringAchievement. TheRaven consistently

provides moreaccurate data to

AFSPC than any ofthe three GEODSS

telescopes.

2001AMOS collects data onten missile flights, themost ever in a one-year period in the

history of the Maui site.2001

MHPCC develops newimaging algorithms

and softwaredesigned to enhance

clarity of opticalimages provided by

the telescopes atMSSC.

2001Number of approved

government and non-government

researcher accountsthat permit individuals

the right to useMHPCC total 910

during the first quarterof Fiscal Year 2001.

2001A new camera with a

wider field of viewmounted on the 1.6-mtelescope significantlyimproves the chances

of finding a satelliteduring its single pass

over Maui.

2001MHPCC makes

substantial progressdeveloping and

testing cutting-edgeparallel computing

software andhardware used for

advancing modelingand simulation work tosupport the warfighter.

2001AFRL Det 15 initiatesa project to developand integrate a suiteof wide field of view

(WFOV) sensorsystems.

2001Visiting group of

astronomers use theAMOS facilities to

study the atmospherearound Titan.

2001

JPL pays for time onthe 1.2-m telescopes.

2001MHPPC hosts the first

IBM LinuxSupercluster in the

DoD inventory.2001

Progress on the OCSupgrade program

allows the operation ofany telescope from

consoles located at anumber of locations atthe MSSS. This allowsthe system to operate

without downtime inthe event that theAEOS facility fails.

2001AFOSR leadership

helps to allocatefunding to AMOS in

Fiscal Year 2001 andprovides guidance onimplementation of a

basic researchprogram at AMOS.2001

MHPCC ranked as12th largest

supercomputer in theworld.

2001AFSPC certifies

Raven as acontributing sensor tothe integrated Threat

Warning/AttackAssessment network.

2001NSF provides an

additional $250,000for outside scientiststo participate in theMaui basic research

program.

2001MHPPC devotes overthree million hours of

high-speed computingtime to modeling and

simulation studiessupporting nine Air

Force and Navypriority programs.

2001Det 3 converts the

third GEODSStelescope (and its

supporting hardware)into a better-

performing telescope.

Jan 16 2001The Air Force praises

Raytheon for itssuccess in the design,fabrication, installation,and test of the AEOS

adaptive optics systemand Visible Imager.

Feb 2001Trex, a subcontractorto Boeing, is given full

responsibility tooperate and maintain

the adaptive opticssystem.

Mar 2001AMOS uses

spectrographs fordebris observation

research.

Mar 2001

AMOS AFRLcollaborates with

NASA's JPL on theNear-Earth Asteroid

Tracking (NEAT)program.

Jun 2001Renovated Baker-Nunn Telescope

scheduled to be madeavailable for viewing.

Aug 2001Telescope time at

AMOS costs anestimated $2,

000/hour.

2002AFRL/DE supportsconstruction of a

mirror coating facilityat Maui.

2002

First SSA conferenceheld in conjunction

with AMOSConference.

2002 - 2012Collaboration with theNASA Orbital Debris

Program Officelocated in Houston.The purpose is to

build the Meter-ClassAcquisition Telescope(MCAT) on Roi-Namur,

Kwajalein Atoll,Marshall Islands.

Jan 2002 - Mar2005

Maui Mesosphere andLower Thermosphere

(MauiMALT)consortium measures

sodium abundanceover Haleakala usingUniversity of Illinoislight detection and

ranging (LIDAR) (35nights of data).

Jul 2002 - Jan 2004

Lt Col Jeffrey McCannserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Sep 2002Third Annual AMOS

TechnologiesConference brings

togetherapproximately 320

people.

Oct 2002

Responsibilities ofUSSPACECOM, for

which AEOS providesreal time imaging,transferred to U.S.

Strategic Command(USSTRATCOM).

Dec 2002AEOS Burst Camera

installed for observinggamma ray burst

(GRB) opticalafterglows.

2003AMOS team providesoperational support

for the Columbiaaccident investigation

(STS-107).

2003AEOS images Aegis

Ballistic MissileDefense Systemmissile intercept.

2003MHPCC serves as atesting site for hybridsmall waterplane area

craft (HYSWAC).

Jan 28 2003AMOS takes imagesof the Space Shuttle

Columbia in orbit fourdays before its

reentry.

Apr 04 2003 - Jun28 2003

Col Mark D. Stephenserves as AFRL/DE

Director.

Jun 02 200310-15 percent of

AMOS's telescopetime is allocated for

non-defenseresearch.

Jun 02 2003Lt Col Jeffrey McCann

reports that theMHPCC is managed

by AFRL.

Jun 02 2003Some of MSSS's basic

research money isapplied to look at

novel ways to performadaptive optics, one

of which is thedevelopment of non-

mechanical actuators.Some of the basic

research dollars wouldbe spent looking fornew adaptive opticstechniques for use

five to ten years fromnow.

Jun 29 2003 - Sep22 2006

Dr. L. Bruce Simpsonserves as AFRL/DE

Director.

Sep 2003Fourth Annual AMOS


Sep 2003Maui HiBrite laser

demonstratesrepeatable success inhitting retro-reflector

satellites includingLageos, Explorer, and

Geos.

Oct 2003Risk assessments andstudies of the hazards

associated withmoving the 3.67-m

telescope shows thebest solution is to re-coat AEOS mirror atthe top of Haleakala.

Oct 10 2003Senate allocates an

additional $2.6 millionto install medium-wave

infrared adaptiveoptics.

2004House and Senate

authorizersrecommend a $10

million increasebeyond the $6.3

million DoD requestfor MSSS to fund the

high accuracy networkdetermination system

(HANDS).

2004NASA collaborateswith AMOS in threemain observation

programs.

2004 - 2008AEOS observes 21

gamma ray burst(GRB) notificationswith ten detected

afterglows.

2004The High-

Performance SoftwareApplications Institutefor Space Situation

Awareness isestablished at the

MHPCC.

Jan 2004 - Jul 2004

Maj Kelly Hammettserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Mar 06 2004Identification of

J002E3 as an artificialsatellite is placed

within the researchinterests of AMOS.

Mar 24 2004Researchers use

results fromobservations of large

rocket bodies andsatellites in both lowerand geosynchronousEarth orbits at AMOS

to study physicalproperties of orbital

debris.

May 28 2004 - Jun04 2004

National ResearchCouncil (NRC) reviews

the effectiveness ofthe Maui Astronomy

Research Program, aprogram jointly funded

and managed byAFOSR and NSF, in

encouragingcompetitive research.

Jun 01 2004 - Nov30 2005

Maj Gen Perry L.Lamy serves as AFRL

Commander.

Jun 15 2004 - Jun30 2006

Dr. Jim F. Rikerserves as AMOS

Branch Chief.

Jul 2004Football, a Maui-to-

Starfire Optical Range(SOR) handover

experiment,demonstrates

precision satellitehandover.

Jul 04 2004 - Jul 042005

Lt Col Brent Richertserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Aug 16 2004AMOS providesassistance with

Cosmos 1Development.

Sep 2004Fifth Annual AMOS


Nov 20 2004Active Track program

begins, whichsupports timely

characterization, dimobject detection, and

exquisitecharacterizations of

objects in space.

2005Significant increase inthe cost of using the

large AMOS telescopemakes it impossible

for the MauiAstronomy ResearchProgram to continue.

2005

The SenateAppropriations

Committee, led byDaniel Inouye of

Hawaii, mandates astudy to assess

whether the AFRLMaui site may be more

effectively managedby the AFRL SpaceVehicles Directorate

rather than byAFRL/DE. The studyconcludes that MSSCshould remain under

AFRL/RDmanagement.

Mar 05 2005Northrop Grumman

awarded $201,000 toprovide technicalsupport to AMOS.

Jun 2005Beam Director

Telescope (BDT) roll-away enclosure

completed, allowinglow elevation

projection for CriticalMeasurements andCounter-Measures

(CMCM) 1 & 2support. The roll-awayreplaces the original

clamshell dome.

Jul 2005 - Jun 2007

Lt Col Janet Augustineserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Jul 2005AEOS High-resolutionVisible and Infra-redSpectrograph (HiVIS)

spectropolarimeteroperated by UH

observes impact ofComet Tempel 1 as

part of worldwidesupport for the NASADeep Impact mission.

Aug 2005

First two of fourlaunches of theCMCM program

conducted incollaboration with

MDA at AMOS. Theselong-range

interactions andmissile complexesprovide invaluabledata collection and

analysis.

Sep 2005Sixth Annual AMOS


Oct 13 2005AMOS 3.6-m

telescope acquiressome limited temporal

photometry of theGalaxy 15 satellite in

its post-launch period,establishing a

baseline photometricrecord. Galaxy 15 islater discovered tohave an anomaly.

2006Collaboration withNASA to assist in

anomaly resolution oftheir Imager for

Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global

Exploration (IMAGE)satellite, which had

stopped responding.

2006Congress

appropriates $45.9million to MSSS.

2006MHPCC increases

computationalcapability to over 60

TeraFLOPS.

Jan 01 2006 - Oct31 2007

Maj Gen Ted F.Bowlds serves as

AFRL Commander. Apr 2006

Third and fourthlaunches of theCMCM program

conducted incollaboration with

MDA at AMOS. Theseinteractions and

missile complexesprovide invaluabledata collection and

analysis.

Jun 02 2006MSSC reports workingon new algorithms tosharpen images of

space objects,improving post-image

processing.

Jun 02 2006

Manpower and moneyis allocated to improve

MSSS technology,such as actuators,

mechanical piston-likedevices that

continually reshapethe deformable mirror

to make adaptiveoptics possible, and

the system's cameras,especially the charge-

doupled devicecomponents in the

cameras.

Jun 02 2006U.S. Space Commandchanges its name and

merges with U.S.Strategic Command

(STRATCOM),causing MSSS to

provide operationaldata to STRATCOM

as well.

Jul 01 2006 - Jul 312008

Dr. Kip Kendrickserves as AMOS

Branch Chief.

Sep 10 2006 - Sep14 2006

Seventh AnnualAMOS TechnologiesConference bringstogether over 400

scientists, engineers,and technical

managers fromacademia, industry,

government, and themilitary.

Sep 22 2006 - Jan08 2007

Col Kirk M. Kloeppel(acting) serves asAFRL/DE Director.

2007AMOS engages in

multiple methods toovercome

atmospheric blurring.

2007Congress


2007With the financial

support of AMOS, anmulti-frame blind

deconvolution (MFBD)algorithm called

Physically-Constrained IterativeDeconvolution (PCID)

is efficientlyparallelized and is

able to produce imagerestorations in only a

few seconds.

Jan 08 2007 - Oct23 2010

Ms Susan J. Thorntonserves as AFRL/DE

Director.

Jun 2007 - Jun 2009

Lt Col Mark Leonardserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Sep 12 2007 - Sep15 2007

Eighth Annual AMOSTechnologies

Conference bringstogether over 550participants and

includedrepresentation from

across the UnitedStates, Australia,

Bulgaria, Canada,France, Japan, Russia,

Switzerland, andTaiwan.

Sep 18 2007Senator Inouye

requests $24 million inearmarks for MSSS.

Nov 01 2007 - Jan31 2010

Maj Gen Curtis M.Bedke serves as

AFRL Commander.

Nov 2007Chinese antisatellite

weapons testhighlights the

importance of nationalsecurity space

programs, resulting inCongressional

appropriations $100million above the

President's budgetrequest for programs

aimed at improvingU.S. SSA capabilities.

2008Congress


2008President's budget

requests $5.2 millionfor MSSS, a significant

decrease.

Jun 2008 - Jun 152008

Given the possibilitythat Congress mightreduce or eliminate

add-ons in a politicalenvironment that wasincreasingly averse to

congressionalearmarks, as well as

the eventualretirement of SenatorInouye, Major General

Bedke forms a TaskForce to determinethe best way for theMaui site to end its

dependency oncongressional add-on

funding.

Aug 01 2008 - Apr24 2012

Ms Laura J. Ulibarriserves as AMOS

Branch Chief.

Aug 21 2008Mirror recoat facility

ribbon cuttingceremony.

Sep 16 2008 - Sep19 2008

Ninth Annual AMOSTechnologies

Conference bringstogether over 580

scientists, engineersand technical

managers from acrossthe nation to listen

and discuss the latestin SSA, military space

capabilities andrelated technologies.

Dec 2008General Bedke (thenAFRL/CC) chargesCol Gary Hopper toplan for the financial

and contractualchanges necessary to

make the Maui sitesolvent withoutcongressional

earmarks. Many ofthese changes

supportedrecommendations ofthe Maui Task Forceand were given to the

AFRL/RD toimplement.

Dec 06 2008The first Panoramic

Survey Telescope andRapid Response

System (Pan-STARRS) telescope,

PS1, goes online.

2009AMOS operational

support for theAstronaut Safety for

Hubble RepairMission.

2009Researchers conduct

tests on turbulencecompensation

approach using AEOStelescope.

2009Congress


2009Research paper uses

Cray XD1supercomputer

located at MHPCC toexplore the scalability

of PhysicallyConstrained IterativeDeconvolution (PCID)

as a function of thenumber of worker

processors used in aworker process.

Jul 2009 - Oct 2010

Lt Col James Greerserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Sep 01 2009 - Sep04 2009

Tenth Annual AMOSTechnologies

Conference bringstogether more than

630 scientists,engineers and

technical managersfrom ten countries,

including China,Japan, Italy, and

Russia.


criticized for adding$208 million of

earmarks, including a$20 million for

Boeing's operation ofMSSS.

Feb 01 2010 - Apr30 2011

Maj Gen Dr. Ellen M.Pawlikowski serves as

AFRL Commander.

Feb 04 2010End of Active Track

program.

Mar 11 2010Control of the mount

is lost and thetelescope rotates in

azimuth until itreaches the end oftravel. The azimuthdrive motor is the

source of the failure.Over the next six

months, the problemis explored and a

method for removingthe motor isdeveloped.

May 13 2010The first PAN-

STARRS telescope,PS1, begins full-time

science observations.

May 19 2010 - Jun19 2010

AFRL/RD response toGeneral Bedke's

requests to implementsome of the financial

and contractualchanges study and

produce amodernization plan for

the Maui site. Thismodernization plan

was intended to makethe Maui site attractive

to defense andintelligence communitycustomers, making it a

more of anoperational, rather

than research, facilityand eliminating its

dependence oncongressional add-on

funding by (FiscalYear) 2017.

Aug 12 2010The Optical Society of

America selectsVenkata S.R.

Gudimetla, a seniorresearch physicist at

MSSS, as a seniormember.

Sep 14 2010 - Sep17 2010

Eleventh AnnualAMOS TechnologiesConference bringstogether over 620

experts in the in thefields of space

surveillance andoptical systems

development from allover the world.

Oct 01 2010

Lt Col Michael Harveyserves as AFRL Det

15 Commander.

Oct 24 2010

Dr. David Hardyserves as AFRL/DE

Director.

Feb 2011

DoD awards UH costreimbursement

contract.

Feb 02 2011Senator Inouye

accepts two-year banon earmark requests.

May 13 2011 - Jul29 2012

Maj Gen Dr. WilliamMcCasland serves as

AFRL Commander.

Jul 16 2011First instance of

photographed glowfrom atmospheric

pressure disturbancesgenerated by tsunami

observed, raisinghopes that the

technique could beused to predict the

arrival of futurewaves.

Aug 2011Nine months after theremoval of the brokenmotor, a new motor is

delivered andreinstalled over thecourse of several

weeks.

Sep 13 2011Twelfth Annual AMOS



reaffirms his supportfor AMOS.

Jan 19 2012Hardy Modernization

Plan seeks to engagedefense customers.Under the plan, the

Maui site proposes tooffer two primary

products for defensecustomers: a WideEye optical “spacefence” and Narrow

Eye for local searchand characterizationof deep space and

dim objects.

support rand for more information · 2013-12-16 · viii the timeline is provided in both tabular...

Documents