supplementary materials for - science...2019/10/30 · water from lake shinji was sampled from...
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science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6465/620/suppl/DC1
Supplementary Materials for
Neonicotinoids disrupt aquatic food webs and decrease fishery yields
Masumi Yamamuro*, Takashi Komuro, Hiroshi Kamiya, Toshikuni Kato, Hitomi Hasegawa, Yutaka Kameda
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Published 1 November 2019, Science 366, 620 (2019)
DOI: 10.1126/science.aax3442
This PDF file includes:
Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S11 Tables S1 and S2 References
1
Materials and Methods
Methods
Lake Shinji (area 79.2 km2, mean depth 4.5 m) is a eutrophic oligohaline lagoon
with a surface water salinity of between 2 and 6 psu. The water layer above the
halocline (ca. 4 m) is well mixed by wind action. The Hii River (Fig. S1) supplies 70%
of the freshwater inflow to Lake Shinji. The watershed of this river covers an area of
approximately 910 km2. Mountain forests cover 89% of this watershed, while rice
paddy and other crop fields cover 9%, and urban areas cover 2% (Izumo River Office:
http://www.cgr.mlit.go.jp/izumokasen/jimusho/suikei-seibi/files/keikaku_02.pdf).
Nutrient concentrations in the effluent from rice paddies determine the nutrient
concentrations of the Hii River (20). Copepods represent more than 95% of the
zooplankton community, while Sinocalanus tenellus represents 96.9% of copepods,
throughout the year (21).
Long-term water quality assessment. We analyzed monitoring data that was
collected monthly for particulate chemical oxygen demand and chlorinity in the surface
water, and for dissolved oxygen in bottom water layer at the center of Lake Shinji.
Surveys were conducted by the Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and
Environmental Science. The same analytical method for chemical oxygen demand
(Japanese Industrial Standard K 0102 17, 100 °C potassium permanganate method) has
been used since April 1984. Particulate chemical oxygen demand was calculated by
subtracting the chemical oxygen demand of Whatman GF/C filtered water from total
chemical oxygen demand. Chlorinity was determined by the Mohr’s method. Dissolved
oxygen concentration was determined by the Winkler’s method.
Long-term zooplankton assessment. Izumo River Office started monitoring
zooplankton abundance at the center of Lake Shinji each month from January 1981. We
obtained zooplankton monitoring data between 1981 and 2017 from the Izumo River
Office, including their permission to use the data. Because neonicotinoid pesticides are
spread in early May when rice is planted, we examined data starting from May 1981
until April 2005. Some data were missing due to poor sampling conditions (December
1981, March 1982, March, April, May 1985, March 1986, March 1987, March 1996). A
plankton net (mesh size 100 m) was towed vertically from 3 m depth to the surface,
and the filtered water was fixed with 5% formaldehyde solution. The volume of filtered
water was calculated by multiplying the area of the net by the towed distance.
Identification and counts of zooplankton individuals were performed in 1 mL
subsamples placed on a glass slide that was observed under a microscope. This process
was repeated until the total zooplankton count exceeded 300. The standing crop was
2
converted to biomass by measuring the body length of each individual of the various
zooplankton species in microphotographs, and using carbon-body length conversion
factors (22).
Long-term fisheries yield assessments. The annual fisheries yield of nine
categories (Hypomesus nipponensis, Plecoglossus altivelis, Salangichthys microdon,
Cyprinus carpio, Carassius spp., Tribolodon hakonensis, Anguilla japonica, Gobioidei
spp., Mugil cephalus, Lateolabrax japonicus and other fishes) since 1952 are available
at the website of the Lake Shinji Fisheries Cooperative Association
(http://shinjiko.jp/relays/download/?file=/files/libs/96/20150604091741688.xls).
Among those, H. nipponensis, P. altivelis, S. microdon, and A. japonica are very
expensive at market, with consistently high fishery effort being guaranteed. However, P.
altivelis mostly lives in freshwater rivers, with less than 10 tons being caught when they
inhabit Lake Shinji during the seaward migration. No individuals have been caught
since 1982. Thus, we examined the relationship between environmental changes at Lake
Shinji and the annual fisheries yield of smelt (H. nipponensis), ice fish (S. microdon),
and eel (A. japonica).
To detect changes to fishing effort, we compiled data on the amount of released
juvenile eel and eyed eggs of smelt every year from 1981 to 2014 from the business
report of Lake Shinji Fisheries Cooperative Association (23).
Macrobenthos assessment. Macrobenthos were surveyed at 248 locations on July
18–30 and August 11–12, 1982 at Lake Shinji (24). To compare the macrobenthos
communities in Lake Shinji between 1982 and the present, we sampled 12 locations on
the west coast, which are closer to the mouth of the Hii River, and 27 locations on the
east coast. Sediment samples (0.1 m2) were collected from an anchored boat using a
Smith-McIntyre grab on August 4–5, 2016. The collected sediments were then washed
through a 0.5-mm sieve. Macrobenthos was preserved with 10% formalin, and the
identification and counting of taxa were performed under a binocular microscope.
Long-term monitoring of Chironomus. plumosus. As eutrophication progressed
in 1970’s, midges of Chironomus plumosus emerging from the lake had reached
intolerable densities. To understand the condition of C. plumosus population, Izumo
River Office started monitoring of the midges of C. plumosus at several points in Lake
Shinji from 1989 to 1992. Sampling points and sampling times were different each
years. Since 1993, Izumo River Office started monitoring of macrobenthos including
the midges of C. plumosus mostly every month at the center of the lake (point 3 in Fig.
S3 (C)), and mostly 4 times per year at three points (1, 7, and 8 in Fig. S3 (C)). We
obtained these monitoring data of C. plumosus from the Izumo River Office, including
3
their permission to use the data. Surface sediments were collected with Ekman grab
(1/25m2) four times at one point. Sediments of ca 0.16 m2 per one point were sieved
with 0.5 mm mesh sieve, and the residue was fixed with neutralized formalin.
Macrobenthos was picked up from the fixed residue under binocular microscope.
Identified macrobenthos was counted and weighed by each species or genera. Number
of C. plumosus was converted to the density per m2.
Neonicotinoid concentrations in the water of Lake Shinji. Water from Lake
Shinji was sampled from three locations once a month from April to June 2018 (Fig.
S1). Rice is primarily planted in the watershed from April 29 through May 5, both of
which are public holidays. Station S7 (ca. 4.5 m deep) is a public monitoring station
where sampling occurs at least three days after a rainfall event to avoid turbid lake
water caused by sediment input from swollen rivers. At Station S7, surface water
samples (2 L) were collected April 10, May 8, and June 4 in 2018 from a boat using a
stainless-steel bucket attached to a string. Stations ST and SA were located at the center
of the south and north shores, with being located ST near the mouth of a small stream
and being SA located within a small port used by local fishermen. At ST, water was
sampled with a stainless-steel bucket at about 80 cm depth by a person wearing waders.
At SA, water was sampled from a jetty, at ca. 1 m depth, with a stainless-steel bucket
attached to a string. Sampling dates at ST and SA were April 23, May 10, and June 12
in 2018. In April and May, no rain had fallen on the two days previous to sampling;
however, it rained for the entire day on June 10 and 11. Water samples from all stations
were immediately transferred to plastic bottles on collection, and were transported to the
laboratory in an ice-box.
We analyzed seven neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran,
imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) that are mainly used on
agricultural lands in Japan. Deutilized certified standards were purchased from Hayashi
Pure Chemicals Industries, Ltd. The pesticide standards mixture was obtained from
Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation. All pesticide standards were >99%
compound purity and the deutilized standards were >97% isotopic purity.
Water samples were filtered through glass fiber filters. Then, 10 ng of the
deutilized internal standards were added to 250 mL of each filtrate. The samples were
passed through Inertsep Pharma® solid phase, which was cleaned up by methanol and
ultrapure water. The neonicotinoids and the internal standards were extracted from the
solid phase by 5 mL methanol. The extract was concentrated to dryness. Then, 500 µL
of 15% methanol was added before liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
analysis on a Waters Acquity H-Class HPLC system coupled to a Waters Xevo TQD
4
triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Neonicotinoids were separated by an Acquity
BEH phenyl column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 75 mm, Waters) at 40 °C. Mobile phase
solvents were 1 mM ammonium acetate solution (A) and methanol (B). The initial ratio
(A:B) was 85:15. Separation was performed using a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 with a
gradient shifting from 85:15 to 5:95 in 9.5 min, held for 1 min, and then returned to the
initial conditions, and kept at equilibration for 2 min. The mass spectrometer was
operated in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and the electrospray ionization mode
selected was the reaction monitoring. The concentrations of neonicotinoids were
calculated by using precursor ions and fragment ions. Quantification limits of
neonicotinoids were 0.1 ng mL-1 for acetamiprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam, 0.2 ng
mL-1 for nitenpyram, 0.3 ng mL-1 for clothianidin and imidacloprid, and 0.5 ng mL-1 for
dinotefuran.
Statistical analyses. Paired and un-paired t-tests were performed in StatView
(SAS Institute Inc., Mac2Win 1990-94 series). Two-sided testing was used with =
0.05.
5
SACenter
STS7
Ohashi River
N
Fig. S1. Study area including the locations of long term water quality and zooplankton
monitoring station (Center) and water sampling stations for neonicotinoid determination
(S7, SA and ST) in Lake Shinji, Japan. Freshwater inflows to the lake are mainly from
the Hii River watershed that includes large areas of rice paddies. The Ohashi River
functions as both an inlet and an outlet depending on sea level. Polyhaline water (18–30
PSU salinity) from Lake Nakaumi flows into Lake Shinji through the Ohashi River
when sea level rises. Urban areas are located to the north and south of the Ohashi River.
6
Fig. S2.
Abundance of the midge, Chironomus plumosus, at 39 sampling locations in Lake
Shinji, Japan, in the summers of 1982 (left) and 2016 (right). The west end of Lake
Shinji receives freshwater inflow from the Hii River, which drains rice paddies that
have been continuously treated with neonicotinoids since 1993. The east end of Lake
Shinji receives polyhaline water from an adjacent coastal lake via the Ohashi River.
1982
4m
2016
4m
0 1.5 3 4.5 6km 0
1 - 100
101 - 500
501 - 1000
1001 - 1500
(/m2)
7
Fig. S3.
Sampling points of the midges of Chironomus plumosus in August 1991 (A), August 1992
(B) and the survey since August 1993 (C). Number of the midges of C. plumosus per m2
collected in August 1991, 1992 and 1993 is shown in parentheses. Sampling occurred
mostly every month at the center of the lake (point 3 in Fig. S3 (C)), and mostly 4 times
per year at three points (1, 7, and 8 in Fig. S3 (C)) after 1993. Data supplied by the Izumo
River Office. See Table S1 (B) for details about numbers of C. plumosus since August
1993.
8
Fig. S4.
Abundance of the mesohaline isopod, Cyathura muromiensis, in Lake Shinji during the
summers of 1982 (left) and 2016 (right). See Fig. S2 for additional details.
1982 2016
0 1.5 3 4.5 6km 0
1 - 100
101 - 200
201 - 300
301 - 400
(/m2)
3m 3m
9
Fig. S5.
Abundance of the oligohaline polychaete Notomastus sp. in Lake Shinji during the
summers of 1982 (left) and 2016 (right). See Fig. S2 for additional details.
1982 2016
0 1.5 3 4.5 6km 0
1 - 200
201 - 400
401 - 800
801 - 1100
(/m2)
5m 5m
10
Fig. S6.
Distribution of Oligochaeta gen spp. in Lake Shinji during the summers of 1982 (left)
and 2016 (right). See Fig. S2 for additional details.
1982 2016
0 1.5 3 4.5 6km 0
1 - 200
201 - 500
501 - 1000
1001 -1500
(/m2)
5m 5m
11
Fig. S7.
Distribution of the mesohaline polychaete, Laonome albicingillum, in Lake Shinji
during the summers of 1982 (left) and 2016 (right). See Fig. S2 for additional details.
1982 2016
0 1.5 3 4.5 6km 0
1 - 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
(/m2)
5m 5m
12
Fig. S8.
Distribution of the mesohaline polychaete, Prionospio japonica, in Lake Shinji during
the summers of 1982 (left) and 2016 (right). See Fig. S2 for additional details.
1982 2016
0 1.5 3 4.5 6km 0
1 - 150
151 - 300
301 - 450
451 - 650
(/m2)
4m 4m
13
Fig. S9. Particulate chemical oxygen demand (mg L-1) and chlorinity in the surface
water and dissolved oxygen of the bottom water at the center of Lake Shinji sampled
every month from May 1984 to April 2005.
14
Fig. S10. Concentration of four kinds of neonicotinoids in the surface water of Lake
Shinji sampled at three stations (see Fig. S1) in April, May, and June 2018.
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
S7 ST SA S7 ST SA S7 ST SA
Thiamethoxam
Imidacloprid
Clothianidin
Acetamiprid
April May June
Co
ncen
tra
tio
n o
f n
eo
nic
otin
oid
(µ
g/L
)
15
Fig. S11. Amount of released juvenile eel and number of eyed eggs of smelt every year
in Lake Shinji from 1981 to 2014. The vertical dashed line indicates when
neonicotinoid use began in the watershed of the lake.
Start of using
neonicotinoids
Weig
ht
of
rele
ased
ju
ven
ile e
el (k
g)
Nu
mbe
r of
rele
ase
d s
me
lt’s
eg
g (
x1
04)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
9001
981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
Year
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Juvenil eel
Smelt's egg
16
Table S1. (A)
Number of the midges of Chironomus plumosus per m2 collected in August at the points
shown in Fig. S3. “NC” denotes no collection was performed. Data supplied by the
Izumo River Office.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Aug-91 0 67 250 67 167 NC NC NC
Aug-92 325 375 0 0 0 0 NC NC
Aug-93 0 NC 0 NC NC NC 0 0
Sampling pointDate
17
Table S1. (B)
Number of the midges of Chironomus plumosus per m2 collected at 4 points shown in
Fig. S3 (C). Sampling occurred mostly every month at the center of the lake (point 3 in
Fig. S3 (C)), and mostly 4 times per year at three points (1, 7, and 8 in Fig. S3 (C)) after
1993. Data supplied by the Izumo River Office.
18
1 3 7 8 1 3 7 8 1 3 7 8
Aug-93 0 0 0 0 Sep-98 1217 0 233 267 Nov-03 0 0 0 0
Sep-93 NC 0 NC NC Oct-98 NC 250 NC NC Dec-03 NC 0 NC 0
Oct-93 NC 0 NC NC Nov-98 NC 692 NC NC Jan-04 NC 0 NC 0
Nov-93 0 0 0 0 Dec-98 NC 558 NC NC Feb-04 0 0 0 0
Dec-93 NC 0 NC NC Jan-99 NC 92 NC NC Mar-04 NC 0 NC 0
Jan-94 NC 0 NC NC Feb-99 175 50 583 533 May-04 0 0 0 0
Feb-94 0 0 0 0 Mar-99 NC 8 NC NC Jun-04 0 0 0 0
Mar-94 NC 0 NC NC Apr-99 NC 0 NC NC Aug-04 0 0 6 0
May-94 0 0 0 0 May-99 1167 0 150 25 Nov-04 0 0 0 0
Jun-94 NC 0 NC NC Jun-99 NC 0 NC NC Feb-05 0 0 0 0
Jul-94 0 0 0 0 Jul-99 750 0 25 0 May-05 6 0 0 0
Aug-94 NC 0 NC NC Aug-99 NC 0 NC NC Jun-05 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-94 0 0 0 0 Sep-99 25 0 42 0 Jul-05 NC 0 NC NC
Oct-94 NC 0 NC NC Oct-99 NC 8 NC NC Aug-05 0 0 0 0
Nov-94 NC 0 NC NC Nov-99 NC 0 NC NC Sep-05 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-94 NC 0 NC NC Dec-99 NC 0 NC NC Oct-05 NC 0 NC NC
Jan-95 NC 0 NC NC Jan-00 NC 0 NC NC Nov-05 0 0 0 0
Feb-95 0 0 0 0 Feb-00 0 0 200 0 Dec-05 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-95 NC 0 NC NC Mar-00 NC 0 NC NC Jan-06 NC 0 NC NC
Apr-95 NC 0 NC NC Apr-00 NC 0 NC NC Feb-06 0 0 0 0
May-95 0 0 0 0 May-00 0 0 0 0 Mar-06 NC 0 NC NC
Jun-95 NC 0 NC NC Jun-00 NC 0 NC NC Apr-06 NC 0 NC NC
Jul-95 0 0 0 0 Jul-00 0 0 0 0 May-06 0 0 0 0
Aug-95 NC 0 NC NC Aug-00 NC 0 NC NC Jun-06 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-95 0 0 0 0 Sep-00 0 0 0 0 Jul-06 NC 0 NC NC
Oct-95 NC 0 NC NC Oct-00 NC 0 NC NC Aug-06 0 0 0 0
Nov-95 NC 0 NC NC Nov-00 NC 0 NC NC Sep-06 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-95 NC 0 NC NC Dec-00 NC 0 NC NC Oct-06 NC 0 NC NC
Jan-96 NC 0 NC NC Jan-01 NC 0 NC NC Nov-06 0 0 0 0
Feb-96 0 0 0 0 Feb-01 0 0 0 0 Dec-06 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-96 NC 0 NC NC Mar-01 NC 0 NC NC Jan-07 NC 0 NC NC
Apr-96 NC 0 NC NC Apr-01 NC 0 NC NC Feb-07 0 0 0 0
May-96 0 0 0 0 May-01 0 0 0 0 Mar-07 NC 0 NC NC
Jun-96 NC 0 NC NC Jun-01 NC 0 NC NC Apr-07 NC 0 NC NC
Jul-96 0 0 0 0 Jul-01 0 0 0 0 May-07 0 0 0 0
Aug-96 NC 0 NC NC Aug-01 NC 0 NC NC Jun-07 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-96 0 0 0 0 Sep-01 0 0 0 0 Jul-07 NC 0 NC NC
Oct-96 NC 0 NC NC Oct-01 NC 0 NC NC Aug-07 0 0 0 0
Nov-96 NC 0 NC NC Nov-01 NC 0 NC NC Sep-07 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-96 NC 0 NC NC Dec-01 NC 0 NC NC Oct-07 NC 0 NC NC
Jan-97 NC 0 NC NC Jan-02 NC 0 NC NC Nov-07 0 0 0 0
Feb-97 0 0 0 0 Feb-02 0 0 0 0 Dec-07 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-97 NC 0 NC NC Mar-02 NC 0 NC NC Jan-08 NC 0 NC NC
Apr-97 NC 0 NC NC May-02 0 0 0 0 Feb-08 0 0 0 0
May-97 0 0 0 0 Jun-02 NC 0 NC NC Mar-08 NC 0 NC NC
Jun-97 NC 0 NC NC Jul-02 NC 0 NC NC Apr-08 NC 0 NC NC
Jul-97 0 0 0 0 Aug-02 0 0 0 0 May-08 0 0 0 0
Aug-97 NC 0 NC NC Sep-02 NC 0 NC NC Jun-08 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-97 0 0 0 0 Oct-02 NC 0 NC NC Jul-08 NC 0 NC NC
Oct-97 NC 0 NC NC Nov-02 0 0 0 0 Aug-08 0 0 0 0
Nov-97 NC 0 NC NC Dec-02 NC 0 NC 0 Sep-08 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-97 NC 0 NC NC Jan-03 NC 0 NC 0 Oct-08 NC 0 NC NC
Jan-98 NC 0 NC NC Feb-03 0 0 0 0 Nov-08 0 0 0 0
Feb-98 0 0 0 0 Mar-03 NC 0 NC 0 Dec-08 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-98 NC 0 NC NC May-03 0 0 0 0 Jan-09 NC 0 NC NC
Apr-98 NC 0 NC NC Jun-03 0 0 0 0 Feb-09 0 0 0 0
May-98 0 0 0 8 Jul-03 NC 0 NC 0 Mar-09 NC 0 NC NC
Jun-98 NC 42 NC NC Aug-03 0 0 0 0 Apr-09 NC 0 NC NC
Jul-98 1108 17 1842 8 Sep-03 NC 0 NC 0 May-09 0 0 0 0
Aug-98 NC 0 NC NC Oct-03 NC 0 NC 0 Jun-09 NC 0 NC NC
Sampling pointDate Date
Sampling point Sampling pointDate
19
Table S1. (B) Continued
1 3 7 8 1 3 7 8
Jul-09 NC 0 NC NC Jun-13 NC 0 NC NC
Aug-09 0 0 0 0 Jul-13 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-09 NC 0 NC NC Aug-13 0 0 0 0
Oct-09 NC 0 NC NC Sep-13 NC 0 NC NC
Nov-09 0 0 0 0 Oct-13 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-09 NC 0 NC NC Nov-13 0 0 0 0
Jan-10 NC 0 NC NC Dec-13 NC 0 NC NC
Feb-10 0 0 0 0 Jan-14 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-10 NC 0 NC NC Feb-14 0 0 0 0
Apr-10 NC 0 NC NC Mar-14 NC 0 NC NC
May-10 0 0 0 0 Apr-14 NC 0 NC NC
Jun-10 NC 0 NC NC May-14 0 0 0 0
Jul-10 NC 0 NC NC Jun-14 NC 0 NC NC
Aug-10 0 0 0 0 Jul-14 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-10 NC 0 NC NC Aug-14 0 0 0 0
Oct-10 NC 0 NC NC Sep-14 NC 0 NC NC
Nov-10 0 0 0 0 Oct-14 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-10 NC 0 NC NC Nov-14 0 0 0 0
Jan-11 NC 0 NC NC Dec-14 NC 0 NC NC
Feb-11 0 0 0 0 Jan-15 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-11 NC 0 NC NC Feb-15 0 0 0 0
Apr-11 NC 0 NC NC Mar-15 NC 0 NC NC
May-11 0 0 0 0 Apr-15 NC 0 NC NC
Jun-11 NC 0 NC NC May-15 0 0 0 0
Jul-11 NC 0 NC NC Jun-15 NC 0 NC NC
Aug-11 0 0 0 0 Jul-15 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-11 NC 0 NC NC Aug-15 0 0 0 0
Oct-11 NC 0 NC NC Sep-15 NC 0 NC NC
Nov-11 0 0 0 0 Oct-15 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-11 NC 0 NC NC Nov-15 0 0 0 0
Jan-12 NC 0 NC NC Dec-15 NC 0 NC NC
Feb-12 0 0 0 0 Jan-16 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-12 NC 0 NC NC Feb-16 0 0 0 0
Apr-12 NC 0 NC NC Mar-16 NC 0 NC NC
May-12 0 0 0 0 Apr-16 NC 0 NC NC
Jun-12 NC 0 NC NC May-16 0 0 0 0
Jul-12 NC 0 NC NC Jun-16 NC 0 NC NC
Aug-12 0 0 0 0 Jul-16 NC 0 NC NC
Sep-12 NC 0 NC NC Aug-16 0 0 0 0
Oct-12 NC 0 NC NC Sep-16 NC 0 NC NC
Nov-12 0 0 0 0 Oct-16 NC 0 NC NC
Dec-12 NC 0 NC NC Nov-16 0 0 0 0
Jan-13 NC 0 NC NC Dec-16 NC 0 NC NC
Feb-13 0 0 0 0 Jan-17 NC 0 NC NC
Mar-13 NC 0 NC NC Feb-17 0 0 0 0
Apr-13 NC 0 NC NC Mar-17 NC 0 NC NC
May-13 0 0 0 0
Sampling point Sampling pointDate Date
20
Table S2.
List of all zoobenthos collected from 39 sampling locations during August 2016.
Species Number of locations
Mollusca Iravadia elegantula 33
Corbicula japonica 30
Assiminea lutea japonica 7
Trapezium liratum 1
Annelida
Prionospio japonica 38
Laonome albicingillum 35
Hediste sp. 14
Polydora sp. 7
Notomastus sp. 7
Carazziella sp. 5
Sigambra phuketensis 3
Capitella capitata 2
Cistenides okudai 2
Eteone longa 1
Heteromastus sp. 1
Oligochaeta gen. spp. 12
Arthropoda
Tanypodinae spp. 33
Neomysis sp. 10
Leucon simanensis 9
Melita spp. 7
Apocorophium acutum 4
Cyathura muromiensis 2
Ampithoe valida 1
Kamaka sp. 1
Gnorimosphaeroma
naktongense
1
Chironomus sp. 1
Ampithoe valida 1
Others
Nemertea gen. spp. 24
Platyhelminth gen. sp. 23
21
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