supplementary material tracking and tracing central ... · poo2.04 120 134 179 185 156 156 120 122...

10.1071/AM16010_AC © CSIRO 2018 Australian Mammalogy 40, 243-253

Supplementary material

Tracking and tracing Central Queensland’s Macroderma - determining the size of the Mount Etna ghost bat population and potential threats

John AugusteynA,E, Jane HughesB, Graeme ArmstrongC, Kathryn RealB and Carlo Pacioni D AQueensland Parks and Wildlife Service, PO Box 3130 Red Hill Qld 4701, Australia BGriffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia CNSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 183 Argent Street, Broken Hill, NSW 2880, Australia DSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia ECorresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Table S1. Caves searched in the Mount Etna area for M. gigas or recent signs of occupation

Cave visited Date Number of M. gigas seen Evidence of M. gigas

Ballroom 14/03/2012 0 No signs 13/02/2013 0 No signs

Bee 21/12/2011 0 No signs

Canyon 13/02/2013 0 No signs

Capricorn Caves 14/03/2012 0 No signs

Carn Dum 15/12/2011 0 No signs

Crystal 21/12/2011 0 No signs

Devils Mouth 13/03/2012 0 No signs 14/02/2013 0 No signs

Dragons Head 14/03/2012 0 No signs 13/02/2013 0 No signs

False Alarm 15/12/2011 0 Some semi recent scats 1 or 2 months old 12/03/2012 0 No signs 27/04/2014 10

Gigas Hall 7/12/2011 8 Lots of scats 14/12/2011 8 Lots of scats 21/12/2011 8 Lots of scats 12/03/2012 3 Lots of scats 27/04/2014 0 Recent scats 14/12/2011 0

Helms Deep 15/03/2012 0 No signs

Honey Comb 14/02/2013 0 No signs

Johansen’s* 5/12/2011 0 No signs 11/12/2011 0 No signs 13/12/2011 0 No signs 21/12/2011 30 Some recent scats in 'Trestle Cave' 3/01/2012 20 Scats 12/03/2012 0

mailto:[email protected]

Mt Etna ghost bat population monitoring

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15/03/2012 0 No signs 14/02/2013 1 22/03/2013

20 Lots of scats between 'E Cave' and 'Rhino' 37 scats collected

Larynx Labrynth 14/03/2012 0 No signs

Lower Johansen’s 15/03/2012 0 No signs 14/02/2013 0 No signs

Main 15/12/2011 0 No signs 15/03/2012 0 No signs

Mine Dusty 21/12/2011 0 No signs

Old timbers 11/12/2011 0 Old scats present 12/03/2012 0

14/02/2013 0 No signs

Shuffle 11/12/2011 0 Some semi recent scats 1 or 2 months old 12/03/2012 0

15/03/2012 0 No signs 22/01/2013 2 14/02/2013 0 No signs 8/01/2015 12 19 scats collected

Strong Word 7/12/2011 0 No recent scats. Old scats present

The Lair 15/12/2011 0 No signs

Walter Reid 14/12/2011 0 Old feeding signs

Winding Stairway 15/12/2011 0 No signs 13/03/2012 0 No signs

Windy Hollow 7/12/2011 0 Two old M. gigas skeletons at bottom of cave

* Several trips were made through Johansen’s Cave after the bats had departed for the evening and the mist nets

erected at the cave entrance/s had been closed.


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Table S2. Details of loci developed from ion torrent sequencing.

Locus Primer sequence (5'-3') Repeat motif Annealing

temperature (°C)

Size range

Number of

alleles HO He

GB 018 F: GAGGTCCAACCTCCTACGCT

AC 55 106-132 4 0.38889 0.62381 R: TAAATCCTTTCCCTGCCACA

GB 020 F: CAATCATCCAGCCACTGTCA

AC 55 118-120 2 0.47368 0.51351 R: GAGAAGAGGTCCTTCCGTCC

GB 021 F: GCAGATGTGCTGCAAGAGAA

AC 55 108-132 6 0.63158 0.65861 R: TCTGTCAGAGCATGGGATCA

GB 033 F: GGTATGGACATGGGCAGGTA

AC 55 199-215 4 0.63158 0.61451 R: GCCCTCTCCTGTCACAGCTA

GB 039 F: GCAGCTAGCTTTAGCGCTCTC

AAC 55 146-160 3 0.63158 0.68137 R: TGGAAGAGCTGGAACAGAACA

GB 042 F: CCTCCTCCAGGATAGTATCAGGT

AC 55 206-219 6 0.875 0.75806 R: TGGTGAGACAAACACAGCCTT

GB 044 F: ATCGCAAAGTTTGTCAAGCA

AG 55 201-205 3 0.21429 0.2037 R: AAACCTCGTTAAATAGCGTTCA

GB 045 F: TGGCATCAGCAGATACAATCC

AC 55 178-212 4 0.5625 0.63105 R: TCCAGGGCTGACACTATTACTT

GB 046 F: TTTCCAGAGACTTCGTTTCCC

AC 55 147-191 4 0.78947 0.66714 R: CAAGGTGATGACAGATTTCTAAGGA

GB 057 F: CTCAGAAAGTGCGGCTAGGA

AT 55 155-179 7 0.55556 0.69524 R: GGCCTTGGTACAGCACTCAC

GB 081 F: TGAGCAACCTCAACACTTTCC

AG 55 186-190 2 0.42105 0.47795 R: GACAGCTCCAACCACGAATC


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Fig. S1. Structure results showing the assignment of each individual from the Mount Etna samples

collected in 2011/2012 and Cape Hillsborough

The analysis identified two as the most likely number of clusters. Each vertical column in the bar plot represents an individual and the y-axis shows the proportion of each individual’s genetic composition that belongs to that cluster. Each cluster is colour-coded. The delta K output is included in a table below.

K Reps Mean LnP(K) Stdev LnP(K) Ln'(K) |Ln''(K)| Delta K

1 4 -1659.5 3.3 — — —

2 4 -1317.3 0.2 342.2 323.5 1459.1

3 4 -1298.7 13.2 18.7 56.7 4.3

4 4 -1336.7 24.6 -38 — —

Table generated with Structure harvester (Earl et al 2012). See Evanno et al (2005) or Structure harvester documentation for details on the headings.

Mt Etna Cape Hillsborough


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Table S3. Genotypes for the scat samples collected in 2015.

Sample GB42 GB81 GIGAS11 GIGAS06 GIGAS01 GB20 GB33 GB39 GB18 GB46

poo2.01 206 206 186 190 120 120 179 185 156 160 120 122 207 209 145 145 110 116 poo2.05 206 208 186 190 120 120 183 185 172 172 120 122 203 209 145 158 110 132 205 205

poo2.07 206 206 190 190 179 185 156 186 122 122 203 209 145 145 110 116 205 209

poo2.13 206 210 186 186 120 134 183 185 153 156 120 122 203 252 145 158 110 116 205 205

poo2.16 212 216 186 186 120 134 179 185 156 156 120 122 209 215 145 160 110 110 205 205

poo2.17 208 210 120 134 183 185 153 156 122 122 215 215 160 160 110 110 poo2.09 120 120 179 179 156 186 120 122 209 209 145 145 116 132 poo2.14 208 210 120 134 183 183 153 156 122 122 215 215 110 110

poo2.19 120 120 179 185 156 160 120 122 209 209 poo2.11 120 134 179 185 156 156 120 122 209 215 110 110

poo2.04 120 134 179 185 156 156 120 122 209 215 106 106


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Fig. S2. Foraging locations of the GPS collared M. gigas and the property boundaries. Successive points obtained from the same location (e.g. the bat was stationary) were removed to improve clarity on the map. Broad vegetation types and the Queensland regional ecosystem type (RE) (Queensland Herbarium 2015) have been included. Barb wire is used to fence a majority of the property boundaries across the M. gigas foraging area.

.


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Fig. S3. The average monthly daily minimum temperature for each month between 1988 (when Speaking Tube Cave was destroyed) and 2012 and the difference from the long term monthly minimum average temperature. The months with below average minimum temperatures are those that are represented by the negative values.

-4

-3

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-1

0

1

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5

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6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 81988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Aver

age

mon

thly

dai

ly m

iniu

m te

mpe

ratu

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Month and Year

Average minium daily temperature oC for each winter month presented as the difference from the long-term average monthly minium temperature

supplementary material tracking and tracing central ... · poo2.04 120 134 179 185 156 156 120 122...

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