Superior Entertainment:

Historic Amusement Parks in Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula

Steve Moray

Copyright 2015

1

Introduction

Figure 1 - The Keweenaw Peninsula (In Orange)

Native Americans have mined copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula, located on the

shores of Lake Superior in northern Michigan, for thousands of years.1 But it was not until the

mid-19th Century, when a report to Congress, extolling the bountiful presence of native (pure

metallic) copper, and a treaty with the local Ojibwe (Chippewa) tribe, allowing mineral rights to

the area to pass to the Euro-Americans, caused a copper mining rush in the region.2 In the next

half century, civilization would come to the wilderness of northern Michigan. The copper boom,

and its wealthy east coast investors, allowed for the rapid spread of urban amenities, including

paved roads, electricity, railroads, and even opera houses.3 By the beginning of the 20th Century

a number of amusement parks sprang up all across the Keweenaw. These parks, such as White

City, Electric Park, Freda Park, and Crestview, had many things in common, but most especially

an economic link to various local transportation networks. White City was associated with the

steam ships running on Lake Superior and the Portage Canal. Electric Park was created by a

streetcar company and Freda Park and Crestview were both linked to railroads originally tied to

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(as most things in the Keweenaw were at the time) the mining industry. These local parks were

examples of a national trend of amusement parks being created as new systems of transportation

arose, and owners realizing that new sources of revenue could be created by means of the service

industry as well as their traditional businesses.

Figure 2 - Amusement Parks in the Keweenaw

White City

In the early 1900s steamships made excursions to the Portage Canal entry for tourists to

see the natural sights on the shore of Lake Superior. The White City Amusement Company soon

realized that creating an amusement park at the confluence of the Portage Canal and Lake

Superior would be an advantageous way to generate revenue.4

Because the park was built with the steam ships in mind, a dock to allow passengers entry

and departure to the park was of paramount importance. White City became, not only a

destination, but a departure point for boat tours around the Portage entry as well. In addition to

the dock, the White City Amusement Company built a boardwalk lit by electric lights powered

by a nearby electric generating plant. The park had a pavilion and dance hall that often had five

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person “orchestras” play for the entertainment of the guests. By most accounts the park had an

operating hotel with a dining hall and bar, though some say the “hotel” was only the residence of

the park’s caretakers. In addition to the dining hall, patrons could satisfy their sweet tooth at a

candy and ice cream stand. Rides at the park included a merry-go-round or carousel, and a roller

coaster enjoyed by young and old.5

The natural environment was one of the primary motivations in the conception of White

City and this attraction continued after the park was built. The park encouraged camping on the

property and had a set of eight small cabins that could be rented, as well as space for families to

Figure 3 - Ferry at the White City Docks

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set up their own tents for picnics and overnight stays. In addition to camping, the proximity to

the lake made fishing a popular pastime as well.6

In 1916 one of the principal investors in White City and steamboat pilot, Captain

Bourassas, suffered a deadly heart attack. This personal tragedy occurred in conjunction with a

major economic decline in the immediate area. After World War I, the sandstone quarry located

at nearby Jacobsville closed and the local population dwindled. Combined with the newfound

popularity of the automobile, with its ability to transport people a variety of different places, the

loss of patronage took its toll on White City. It limped along until 1932, when the economic

pressures of the Great Depression finally caused the park to close for good.7

Electric Park

Electric Park first opened June 15, 1902 under the name ‘Anwebida’, meaning “Here Let

Us Rest” in Ojibwe.8 The Houghton County Traction Company created the park as a means to

generate extra streetcar revenue. “The entertainments given will be of the best and will be free of

charge, all that the railway company will make off the investment will be the revenue derived

from the fares to and from the Highlands” said the May 27, 1902 edition of the Copper Country

Evening News.9 The Calumet and Hecla mining company created the Houghton County Traction

Company in 1900 to run streetcars between the two large mining centers of Hancock and

Calumet.

In June of 1905, after a change in management, the park was revamped with added

improvements and a new name, ‘Electric Park’, reflecting its modernity. The park had previously

allowed alcohol, but the new park was to be alcohol free. According to the Daily Mining Gazette

for June 7-13, 1905 “Hereafter, the park will be conducted as a temperance resort, and no more

intoxicating liquors will be sold. An effort will be made to run the resort in a manner that will

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win the approval of the better class of people, and nothing will be permitted at the grounds that

will be in the least degree offensive”. 10 The new management was obviously trying to cater to a

higher class of patrons.

The park featured a pavilion with a fifty by ninety-four foot dance floor, a stage for the

band, and even dressing rooms. Every Sunday (and on other special occasions) the park would

host the Calumet & Hecla Band for the enjoyment of the guests. A kitchen provided food for the

restaurant where patrons could eat, and sets of tables, benches, and chairs were located

throughout the park for picnics. Refreshments sold included sarsaparilla, soda-pop, coffee, and

tea. In addition, snack carts and popcorn wagons plied their trade. Apparently picnicking was so

popular the park needed an entire outbuilding to store its cache of picnic baskets. Unlike White

City, however, camping was not allowed.11

Figure 4 - Electric Park, Winter 1915

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Attractions at Electric Park included twelve rope swings and four boat swings (for

children only), teeter-totters, and slides that both children and adults could enjoy. Proclaiming

the name of the park both literally and figuratively was the ‘Electric Park’ sign. Various accounts

have it as being three by forty feet or six by twenty, but all agree it was an impressive sight, with

over one hundred separate bulbs illuminating the name.12

Electric Park was a popular venue to hold events. At its 1905 grand opening attractions

included entertainment by the Haywood Vaudeville Troupe and a Kinodrome (early moving

pictures) Exhibition.13 In July of 1916 the park played host to the Copper Country Methodist

Convention, featuring scholarly lectures in addition to music.14 Like many social spots in the

Keweenaw, Electric Park hosted a variety of different ethnic societies’ events as well. The

Cornish ‘Cousin Jack’ picnic occurred at the park in August of 1933. The picnic featured a band

and various sporting events such as cricket, wrestling, boxing, ball games, and horse shoes.15 In

June of 1937 the U.P. Federated Italian Societies Reunion and Picnic saw speeches, sports, bocce

ball, and of course hosted a dance accompanied by the music of the Calumet & Hecla Band.16

Although the Houghton County Traction Company went out of business in 1932 due to

the combined effects of the automobile and the Great Depression, the park continued to operate

for a few more years. In May of 1934 a new road was built to access the park, a manifestation of

the very reason its parent company had declined.17 By 1943, however, the park was definitely out

of operation and the wood from the pavilion was sold off and made into a potato warehouse.18

Freda Park

The Copper Range Railroad Company opened Freda Park in June of 1905.19 The railway

had been created to serve the Copper Range mines in the southwest of the Keweenaw Peninsula.

To generate extra income during the weekends when the mines were not in operation, the

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company decided, like many others, to create a tourist destination. In this case, the attraction was

based on the Lake Superior shoreline at Freda. The park had its largest visitation on Sundays

when it made two runs to bring passengers back and forth to the lake.20

The park featured a lakeside pavilion with a forty by ninety-eight foot area where patrons

could dance to music played by an orchestra. Multiple structures dotted the property. Guests

could take cover under the over four hundred foot long shelter when they disembarked from the

train and store their luggage in the baggage house. A kitchen, restaurant, and lunch counter

provided refreshments to guests. Freda Park even had its own ice house to store its supply in

bulk. In addition there was a five stall outhouse and a house just for the caretaker.

Besides dancing, entertainment included riding on the numerous swings (tree swings,

Boyer’s swings, gliding settees), merry-go-rounds, and teeter-totters. Guests could enjoy various

Figure 5 - Agate Beach at Freda Park

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sports in fields set aside for baseball, volleyball, tennis, and soccer, along with a horseshoe pit.

The lake, of course, encouraged swimming and bathing, while the park offered barbeque pits for

the enjoyment of picnickers.

The park lasted a little over a decade, closing on Labor Day, 1919. 21 Once again, the

popularity of automobiles created a decline in passenger revenue leading to the closure of yet

another Keweenaw park.

Crestview

The Keweenaw Central Railroad opened the Crestview “Casino” in June of 1909.

Located on the crest of a hill between Phoenix and Eagle River, the park enjoyed a beautiful

view of Lake Superior and took advantage of the cool lake breezes.22

Figure 6 - The Crestview "Casino"

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One of the most substantial structures in any of the Keweenaw parks was the Crestview’s

pavilion. It included a kitchen and lunch rooms, a band stand, and a fifty foot by one hundred

foot dance floor. Unlike some of its competitors, however, the Crestview was lit solely by gas

lamps.23

The house band, the ‘Railroad Four’, played for dances. The park featured a baseball

diamond, a cinder track for races, swings, and tables and benches for picnickers. Despite its

moniker as the Crestview “Casino” (so nicknamed because it was apparently likened to the

Monte Carlo of the Keweenaw), no gambling or alcohol were allowed on the premises. The

kitchen provided such refreshments as sandwiches, frankfurters, ice cream, soda-pop, and

Cracker Jacks. According to interviews, the park was a popular spot for both family picnics and

group outings from fraternal organizations.24

According to the September 23, 1916 edition of the Keweenaw Miner “The attendance

has been so large this year that next season is looked forward to for a still greater attendance…it

is not likely that the resort will be closed next year, if ever, as it has proven to be one of the best

drawing cards of the Keweenaw Central Railway”.25 Ironically, the Keweenaw Central Railway

closed the very next year, running its last train on Christmas Day 1917.26 The park, however,

struggled on for a few more years. Calumet and Hecla acquired the rail line in 1921, but in

September of 1925, the pavilion burnt to the ground and the park was abandoned.27

Commonalities

The amusement parks of the Keweenaw had many aspects in common. First, all the parks

were tied to transportation systems. Crestview and Freda were created by the Keweenaw Central

Railroad and the Copper Range Railroad, respectively, to generate weekend revenue when their

trains, based on the mining industry, would otherwise not be running. A similar situation applies

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to the streetcar line and the Houghton County Traction Company’s Electric Park. And although

White City was not created by a steam ship company, the steamer lines were the reason behind

the park’s inception, and the steam ships greatly benefitted from its existence.

But the relationship to transportation networks was not the only thing these parks had in

common. The kinds of recreation the parks had are examples of what people in the Keweenaw

enjoyed as entertainment. People in the Keweenaw obviously enjoyed dancing. All the parks had

a dance floor with regularly scheduled bands. In fact, the dimensions of the dance floor are all

extremely similar, in each case about fifty feet by one hundred feet. All of the parks had a natural

element to them. White City and Freda were both located on the lakeshore and used the

popularity of the lake to their advantage. Crestview also used the lake to its advantage, but in a

different way. Not located directly on the shore, patrons still had the scenic view of Lake

Superior and were able to enjoy its cool breezes. Even Electric Park, though it lacked access to

the big lake, promoted the natural aspect of its environment, tucked away in the woods, off the

beaten path from Hancock to Calumet. Picnics were apparently also a popular amusement in the

early 20th Century Keweenaw. All the parks catered to picnickers to one degree or another. The

parks also all tried to attract families by providing at least some sort of ride for children, whether

it was as simple as a swing or as grand as White City’s roller coaster.

In large part due to the same reason for their creation, the parks had similar reasons for

their decline. Because the parks were linked to transportation systems, they all at least began to

decline with the rising popularity of the automobile in the nineteen teens. The automobile

allowed families to explore much more without the constraints inherent in dedicated lines of

transportation such as streetcars or railroads that only traveled to a very limited number of

places. This meant that families could either still visit the parks, but without having to pay the

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price of a ticket for their transportation, or they could go find new beaches or patches of forest on

their own. In the first case the transportation companies running or allied with the parks were no

longer making money from passengers. Worse yet, in the second case, no money was being

made at all, not even at the park itself. Even before the Great Depression the parks were already

on the decline by the time some tragedies occurred such as a death or fire that made it not

worthwhile to reopen. If they had not already closed, the Depression caused the final end of the

rest of Keweenaw’s amusement parks.

A National Trend

Other amusement parks around the nation have similar stories to those in the Keweenaw.

Many parks were created by transportation networks. Streetcar lines created Luna Park in

Washington, Overlook Park in Ohio, Ravina Park in Illinois, and Riverview Park in Baltimore.

Many of these parks also boasted attractions like Electric Park’s electric sign. Willow Grove had

an electric fountain. Overlook Park attracted visitors with an automatic piano. Riverview Park

was very similar to the parks in the Keweenaw, boasting of its band and electric lights.28

Hershey Park, in Pennsylvania, was originally created to accompany the planned utopian

company town established by Milton Hersey of Hershey Chocolate. Hershey Park had close ties

with local transportation, including Hershey’s own trolley transit system, along with a spur from

the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The park was able to have electric lights powered by the

same plant that ran electricity to the chocolate factory. Attractions included vaudeville shows, a

carrousel, and a swimming pool. Milton Hershey kept investing more into his park and it soon

contained a roller coaster and other rides, and even a zoo. Due to the backing of Hershey’s vast

fortune, earned from his chocolate empire, Hershey Park was able to weather the Great

Depression even though the park itself was not making a profit.29

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Cedar Point, in Ohio, much like White City, was located on the lakeshore and was closely

allied with the steamship lines. Cedar Point, however, went through its growth a number of

decades before parks in the Keweenaw. Its pavilion was built in 1887 and contained a theater,

photography studio (neither found in the Keweenaw Parks) kitchen, beer garden, and bowling

alley. The first roller coaster appeared in the park in 1892 and by 1897 hotels began to show up.

Cedar Point was also heavily invested in building many new thrill rides as the years went on.30

Coney Island also started as the natural attraction to the beach. It became a popular spot

for New Yorkers to come and enjoy the sun, sand, and surf. The amusement parks that evolved

out of this attraction at Coney Island, however, were not owned by a single company, but many

competing companies side by side. The relationship with transportation networks ended up being

somewhat backwards at Coney Island, as each park established its own rail lines to and from the

city. Like Cedar Point, Coney Island also had not just the parks, but hotels for people to stay in.

The parks at Coney Island were modeled after the attractions at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair.

Luna Park was known for its spectacular display of electric lights and its many towers.

Dreamland and Steeplechase built rides for people to enjoy. The ride that gave Steeplechase Park

its name had patrons “racing” on mechanical horses along a hilly track. As the automobile

became more popular, people were looking for ever more thrilling rides and the management at

the Coney Island parks was only too happy to oblige and provided roller coasters and other thrill

rides, in addition to the swimming, food, and other entertainment to be had.31

While many amusement parks suffered the same fate as those in the Keweenaw,

especially those based on transportation networks such as streetcar lines, some like Hershey

Park, Cedar Point, and Coney Island, remained popular attractions long after the advent of the

automobile and the Great Depression. Their success can be explained in a number of ways. All

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the successful parks, especially Hershey Park, benefited from much more substantial monetary

investment. In addition, the successful parks diversified and expanded their attractions to include

features such as hotels, and faster, more thrilling rides that could not be found anywhere else.

Finally, the populations nearby these successful parks were much higher than those in the

Keweenaw, and the parks were able to use those numbers to their advantage. The amusement

parks in the Keweenaw Peninsula just did not have the attractiveness of the successful parks, nor

did they have the population base to keep them in business. When the automobile became a

popular means of amusement, the parks in the Keweenaw just couldn’t keep up, and the Great

Depression drove the final nail in the coffin.

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Notes

1 Lankton, Larry. Hollowed Ground: Copper Mining and Community Building on Lake Superior, 1840s-1990s. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2010, 9. 2 Ibid, 12-13 3 Ibid. 4 N.A. White City: The History of an Early Copper Country Recreational Area: Fourth of A Local History Series. Lake Linden: Monette, 1975. 5 N.A. White City: The History of an Early Copper Country Recreational Area: Fourth of A

Local History Series. Lake Linden: Monette, 1975. —. "Popular Excursions." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country

Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 15 Jun 1902. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 N.A. "Anwebida, Remember?" Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper

Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 06 Sep 1980. 9 N.A. "Rush Work." Copper Country Evening News. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper

Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, May 27 1902. 10 N.A. "Park to open." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country

Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 10 Jun 1993. 11 McCurdy, Delia. "Electric Park Memories Shared." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech

Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 06 Dec 1991.

Monette, Clarence J. Houghton County's Streetcars and Electric Park: Fifty-Five of A Local History Series. Lake Linden: Monette, 2001.

N.A. "Electric Park Ad." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Electric Park. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, N.Y.

—. "Park to open." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 10 Jun 1993. 12 Ibid. 13 N.A. "Park to open." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 10 Jun 1993. 14 N.A. "Convention is set to begin." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 15 Jul 1993.

15

15 N.A. "'Cousin Jacks' to play." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 08 Aug 1933. 16 N.A. "Annual Reunion and Picnic." Sunday Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives &

Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 27 Jun 1937.

17 N.A. "New park road." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 24 May 1984. 18 McCurdy, Delia. "Electric Park Memories Shared." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech

Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 06 Dec 1991.

19 N.A. "Freda Park Opening." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper

Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 17 Apr 1909. —. "Freda Park Opens Sunday." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Freda

Park. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, N.Y.

—. "Opening of Freda Park." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 15 Jun 1910. 20 Brinkman, William. "The Freda Park Train." The Champion Line. Copper Range Historical Society, Nov 1992. Monette, Clarence J. Freda, Michigan, End of the Road. Lake Linden: Monette, 1989. N.A. "Trains for Freda." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country

Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 22 Jun 1912. 21 Brinkman, William. "The Freda Park Train." The Champion Line. Copper Range Historical

Society, Nov 1992. Monette, Clarence J. Freda, Michigan, End of the Road. Lake Linden: Monette, 1989. N.A. "Enjoy the Cool Lake Superior Breezes at Freda Park on the Copper Range Railroad."

Evening Copper Journal. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 12 Jul 1912.

—. "Freda Park Advertisement." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Freda Park. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 1906.

—. "Freda Park Opening." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 17 Apr 1909.

—. "Freda Park Opens Sunday." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Freda Park. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, N.Y.

—. "Opening of Freda Park." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 15 Jun 1910.

—. "Trains for Freda." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 22 Jun 1912.

16

22 N.A. "Crestview Opens Tomorrow." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement - Crestview. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, N.Y. 23 N.A. "70 Years is reflected via Casino." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Vertical File. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan, N.Y. 24 Maki, Wilbert. "One 'last ride' on the Keweenaw Central." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan

Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 11 Aug 1988.

Monette, Clarence J. Keweenaw Central Railroad and the Crestview Resort: Fifty Second of A Local History Series. Lake Linden: Monette, 1997.

N.A. "70 Years is reflected via Casino." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Vertical File. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, N.Y.

—. "Crestview Closing on Sunday." The Keweenaw Miner. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 23 Sep 1916.

—. "Crestview Opens Tomorrow." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement - Crestview. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, N.Y.

—. "Special Train Service." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement - Crestview. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, N.Y.

25 N.A. "Crestview Closing on Sunday." The Keweenaw Miner. Michigan Tech Archives &

Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 23 Sep 1916.

26 Maki, Wilbert. "One 'last ride' on the Keweenaw Central." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan

Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 11 Aug 1988.

27 N.A. "Crestview burned in September." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement -

Crestview. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, 02 Sep 1972.

28 Sullivan, Frank. Trolleycars: Streetcars, Trams, and Trolleys in North America: A

Photographic History. Osceola: Motorbooks International, 1995. 29 Whitenack, Pamela Cassidy. Hershey Park. Charleston: Arcadia, 2006. 30 Francis, David W. Cedar Point. Charleston: Arcadia, 2004. 31 Berman, John S. Coney Island. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2003.

17

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—. 1980. "Anwebida, Remember?" Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Sep 06.

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18

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—. 1916. "Crestview Closing on Sunday." The Keweenaw Miner. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Sep 23.

—. N.Y. "Crestview Opens Tomorrow." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement - Crestview. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan.

—. N.Y. "Electric Park Ad." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Electric Park. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan.

—. 1912. "Enjoy the Cool Lake Superior Breezes at Freda Park on the Copper Range Railroad." Evening Copper Journal. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Jul 12.

—. 1906. "Freda Park Advertisement." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Freda Park. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan.

—. 1909. "Freda Park Opening." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Apr 17.

—. N.Y. "Freda Park Opens Sunday." Copper Country Vertical File: Parks - Amusement Parks - Freda Park. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan.

—. 1984. "New park road." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, May 24.

—. 1910. "Opening of Freda Park." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Jun 15.

—. 1993. "Park to open." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Jun 10.

—. 1902. "Popular Excursions." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Jun 15.

—. 1902. "Rush Work." Copper Country Evening News. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, May 27.

—. N.Y. "Special Train Service." Copper Coutnry Vertical File: Parks - Amusement - Crestview. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan.

—. 1912. "Trains for Freda." Daily Mining Gazette. Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Collections, Michigan Technological University, Michigan, Jun 22.

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